WDM l phng thc ghp knh quang theo bc sng (Wavelength Division Multiplexing).

Thng thng trong tuyn thng tin quang im ni im, mi mt si dn quang cho mt tia laser vi mt bc sng nh sng truyn qua, ti u thu, b tch sng quang tng ng s nhn tn hiu t si ny. Mi mt sng laser ny mang mt s tn hiu in vi mt ph nht nh. Hi: ngh cho bit nguyn l c bn ca k thut ghp bc sng quang WDM? p: WDM l phng thc ghp knh quang theo bc sng (Wavelength Division Multiplexing). Thng thng trong tuyn thng tin quang im ni im, mi mt si dn quang cho mt tia laser vi mt bc sng nh sng truyn qua, ti u thu, b tch sng quang tng ng s nhn tn hiu t si ny. Mi mt sng laser ny mang mt s tn hiu in vi mt ph nht nh. T nhng nm 1980, cng ngh si quang c nhiu tin b nn phng thc ghp knh quang theo bc sng c ng dng trong mng vin thng ng trc v quc t. y, WDM cho php ta tng dung lng knh m khng cn tng tc bit ca ng truyn v cng khng dng thm si dn quang. Hnh 1 minh ho cu hnh ca h thng WDM. Trong cc lung tn hiu quang t cc ngun c cc bc sng khc nhau l1, l2,..., ln c ghp li nh b ghp knh MUX. B ghp MUX phi m bo t suy hao v khng cho s xuyn nhiu gia cc lung. Cc lung tn hiu sau khi ghp c truyn trn mt si quang ti pha thu. Trn mt tuyn ng c c ly di th chm sng quang c khuch i nh cc b khuch i.

Hnh 1

B chia lung DEM, ti u thu s tch cc lung sng quang l1, l2,..., ln ti cc b thu Rx tng ng ca tng lung. Tip theo cc b tch sng quang trong thit b thu Rx, khi phc li cc tn hiu in ca tng lung tng ng vi pha pht. Nh ta bit, ghp knh l bin php ghp mt s knh tn hiu in thnh mt lung chung c dung lng thng tin ln hn. Trong nhng nm 1960, ni ti cc h thng thng tin nhiu knh ta quen ni ti cc tn hiu in v c 2 cch ghp l ghp theo tn s FDM (trong h thng truyn dn analog, ta thng quen gi l k thut ti ba) v ghp theo thi gian TDM. Ti y chng ta hy xem xt gia WDM v FDM c g ging nhau v khc nhau. Ta bit rng bc sng dao ng l ca nh sng l s nghch o ca tn s f nn WDM c phn tng t nh FDM tc l ph tn hiu phn b theo trc tn s. im khc nhau l cc ngun pht quang lm vic bc sng nm (nanomet) tng ng vi tn s rt cao (hn 200.000GHz). Cc sng quang ny b iu ch trc tip bi tn hiu thng tin in. Tn hiu in ny c di ph nht nh, nhng so vi di ph ca ngun pht quang th ch s dng phn rt nh bng tn truyn dn ca si quang. S b ta c th biu din cc lung tn hiu quang nh hnh 1b. H thng truyn dn WDM theo hai hng c th nh hnh 2, khng quy nh pht mt u v thu mt u. Nh vy, ta c th pht thng tin ti bc sng l1 theo mt lung ng thi cng truyn thng tin theo hng ngc li ti bc sng l2.

Hnh 2 Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca h thng thng tin quang, k thut ghp knh quang li xut hin k thut ghp knh quang theo thi gian OTDM (Optical Time Division Multiplexing) c rt nhiu trin vng. Mt k thut ghp knh khc cng c ng dng trong mng thng tin quang l ghp knh quang theo tn s OFDM (Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing). K thut OFDM cho php cc lung c tn s mang khc nhau c ng thi truyn qua v chim mt di ph nht nh trong lung sng nh sng. Cng ngh OFDM ang c trin khai thc nghim, s knh c th ghp trong mt lung quang c th ti hng trm. OFDM c coi nh l bin php ghp

quang c mt dy c. Mi mt knh thng tin c tc ln hn 1Gbyte nh ghp knh quang theo tn s OFDM ta c th thit lp c tc truyn dn cao hn 1Tbit/s (1Tera=103Giga). Ghp theo WDM nh hng su sc n cu trc ca h thng thng tin quang. N cho php khai thc mt cch n gin v kinh t lng thng tin vo mt si quang n mode trn c ly di v tng mm do ca cu trc phn phi. Nhng ng truyn dn th nghim t c tc lu lng 160Gbit/s phn phi trn 8 knh ghp theo bc sng. Hn na, ghp theo WDM khng ch gim bt nh hng ca tn sc m cn chng c tn hao do phn cc. Cc h thng thng tin quang hin i c s dng b khuch i quang ghp nhiu knh theo WDM. Nu vi lu lng l 2,5Gbit/s, ghp theo WDM t 8 n 16 lung th ta thc hin c mt ng thng tin quang vi lu lng l 20Gbit/s n 40Gbit/s trn mt si n mode m vn dng li c cc thit b ghp knh v phn knh hin c. Ni mt cch khc, WDM cho php tng tch s lu lng nhn vi c ly trn mt si quang.