GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JALNA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(DESIGN OF STEEL ASD RCC STRUCTURE)

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

“Types Of Formwork use for Rcc Structure At Site ”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(CIVIL ENGINEERING -CE5l)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

S.L. HAKE

SUBMITTED BY

Sr.No. Student Name Enrollment

No.

01 PRANAV RAMESH INGALE 2201200074

02 MANOJ ISHWARDAS BHISE 2201200007

 CERTIFICATE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JALNA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
A.Y.2024-25

This is to be certified that Mr. Pranav Ramesh Ingale and Manoj Ishwardas
Bhise with Enrollment no. 2201200074 & 2201200007 Micro Project Entitled
“Types Of Formwork use for Rcc Structure At Site .” being submitted here with for the
award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD & TECHNICAL
EDUCATION (MSBTE) is
the result of Micro-Project work completed under my supervision and guidance.

Place : Jalna (Prof.S.L.HAKE )

Date : / /2024 Micro-Project Guide

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guide S.L. HAKE Department of Civil Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Jalna for
giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over one semester. The work presented
here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and inspiring guidance,
incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation during all phases of our
group Micro-project work. I am greatly indebted to him.
I am very much thankful to Dr. S. L. HAKE, Head of Department of Civil Engineering
departments and Prof. Dr. N .R. Jawade Principal, Government Polytechnic, Jalna, for his
encouragement and providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the Institute
to carry out experiments and complete this Micro-project work.
I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our
friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.
I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense
help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my
studies without which my work would no the seen light to the day.With warm regards,

Yours Sincerely,

Place:Jalna -----------------------------------------------------

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 DECLARATION
We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled “Types Of Formwork use

for Rcc Structure At Site.” is written and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic Jalna
during Year 2023-2024, fourth Semester for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement
of DESIGN OF STEEL AND RCC STRUCTURE subject under Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the guidance of
S.L. HAKE is our original work. The empirical findings in this project are based on thed ata
collected in this project is taken Different sources.

SR.NO. NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE

1 PRANAV RAMESH INGALE 2201200074

2 MANOJ ISHWARDAS BHISE 2201200007

4
INTRODUCTION

Sustainable management of the available water resource is a challenging task for the new
millennium. As stated by the World Water Council, “There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not
having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people
and the environment – suffer badly” (World Water Council, 2000). Remote Sensing techniques have
been used effectively in integrated development and management of water resources of India
(Balakrishnan, 1986).

Water has very low spectral reflectance in the visible part of the Electro Magnetic Region (EMR)
whereas snow or ice has very high spectral reflectance in visible and near infrared (NIR) part of the EMR.
Pure water absorbs nearly all incident energy in both the near infrared and middle infrared (MIR)
wavelengths. The low reflectance of water in visible and NIR band has advantage in Remote Sensing as
water becomes clearly distinguishablefrom either vegetation or soil cover throughout the reflective
infrared portion.
Types of Satellite Imagery
In the field of Geographic Information Systems, satellite imagery has emerged as a vital tool,
providing a multitude of data for a wide range of applications starting from urban planning to
environmental monitoring where the visible or non-visual data that Earth observation satellites collect
while orbiting the Earth is referred to as satellite imagery and by utilizing sensors that capture
electromagnetic radiation at visible, infrared and microwave frequencies, these satellites can offer a
comprehensive image of the planet’s surface. Acquiring satellite imagery serves the primary purpose of
monitoring, analyzing and understanding the dynamic changes occurring on Earth’s surface. Satellite
imagery is crucial to the field of Geographic Information Systems for the collection, analysis and
interpretation of spatial data. The representation of characteristics or objects on Earth’s surface through
the use of images captured by artificial satellites orbiting the planet is known as satellite photography
and it has grown to be an essential tool for many industries.

 Following are types of Satellite Imagery

1) Optical Satellite Imagery
Our comprehensive, unbiased knowledge connects you with the best optical satellite
imagery and processing options to fulfil your project requirements. Our status as an
independent supplier for satellite operators around the globe guarantees comprehensive and
impartial advice, every time. We supply and add value to visible and infrared satellite imagery
with spatial resolutions ranging from 30 cm to 30 m and down to sub-daily monitoring
capabilities.

2) Multispectral Imagery:

Data in wavelengths other than those visible to the human eye is captured by multispectral
images where the several bands that make up these photos each stand for distinct electromagnetic
spectrum areas. Multispectral photography is used in GIS for environmental monitoring, vegetation
analysis and land cover classification.

3) Hyperspectral Imagery:

By collecting a plethora of tiny and contiguous spectral bands, hyperspectral imagery raises the
bar for multispectral imaging and in a variety of applications including pollution detection, precision
farming and mineral identification, this high spectrum resolution enables in-depth investigation.

4) Panchromatic Imagery:

Usually in the visible range, panchromatic imagery is the capture of a wide spectrum of light in
one band where these high-resolution photos are useful for projects like infrastructure building,
urban planning and other projects needing comprehensive visual interpretation.
5) Radar Satellite Imagery

a) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR):

SAR is an active remote sensing technique that produces high-resolution images by measuring
the reflections of microwave signals it emits and because SAR images can penetrate clouds and
darkness, it is useful for applications such as topography mapping, subsidence monitoring and
disaster response.

b) Interferometric SAR (InSAR):

Interferograms or surface deformations over time are produced by merging numerous SAR
images in a technique known as interferometric SAR (InSAR) and this method is essential for tracking
tectonic activity, landslides and sinking in the earth.

6) Thermal Infrared Imagery

Thermal Infrared Satellite Imagery:

By capturing the heat that surfaces release, thermal infrared satellite imagery sheds light on
temperature fluctuations where applications of GIS include researching thermal anomalies in natural
ecosystems, monitoring urban heat islands and evaluating energy efficiency.

7) LiDAR Satellite Imagery

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR): LiDAR creates extremely precise three-dimensional models
by measuring the distance between a sensor and the Earth’s surface using laser beams and its data is
essential to GIS for managing forests, modeling terrain, and urban planning.
Satellite Image processing
Till now, various image processing techniques have been introduced. These techniques help to
identify the water features using the data from the satellite. There are single-band and multiband
methods used for the image processing. Through the single-band method, only one threshold value is
used to extract the features from the water. The error is common in the single-band method because of
the mixing of water pixels with the different cover types. But it has been said that classification
techniques provide a better result if used to extract the surface water than the single-band methods

The main dataset includes the information retrieved through the satellite images. It is required
to produce raw data from the previous images produced through several satellites with some specific
resolution. After that these images need to rectify and corrected to measure the surface reflectance. It is
necessary to organize the images spatially into 1 X 1-degree cell area. Obtained images are organized in a
data tiles. In this way, through these data files a complete time series of observation for every Water
Detection using Satellite Images Obtained through Remote Sensing 1927 single pixel which can be used
for analysis.