Goals
1. Be able to provide an overview of the sources of our energy and how we use
it
2. Be able to identify the cellular location of energy generation
3. Be able to explain the significance of exergonic and endergonic reactions in
metabolism.
I 4. Be able to list the stages in catabolism and describe the role of each.
fixed 5. Be able to explain and give examples of the roles of ATP, coupled reactions,
and oxidized and reduced coenzymes in metabolic pathways.
6. Be able to describe what happens in the citric acid cycle and explain its role
in energy production.
7. Be able to describe in general the electron-transport chain, oxidative
phosphorylation, and how they are coupled.
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21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
provides
energy
usethisenergy
• Living things do mechanical and chemical work, synthesizing
molecules and moving them across cell membranes.
eneray
• The energy used by all but a very few living things on earth comes
from the sun.
• Plants convert sunlight to potential energy stored in the bonds of
carbohydrates.
• Animals use this energy, and store the excess in the bonds of fats.
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21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
• Our bodies have specific requirements for
energy.
– Energy must be released from food gradually.
– Energy must be stored in accessible forms.
– Release of energy must be finely controlled.
– Just enough energy must be released as heat
to maintain constant body temperature.
– Energy must be available to drive chemical
reactions that are not favorable at body
temperature.
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21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
• Chemical reactions either release or
absorb energy according to the formula:
temperature
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
Entropy
FreeEnenay Enthalpy
• Reactions in living organisms are no
different from reactions in a chemistry
laboratory.
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21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
i Ei
whenwelook ran
[Link]
ThisRen
• Spontaneous
i
reactions release
It
free
hita men can be spontaneous
sfavorable bio or non spontaneous
we are going energy. Exergonic reactions are the
to a more
stable setof
source of biochemical energy. releaseofeneray
prodents
requiresaninput
enerffput I eneray
I
notspontaneous
spontaneous
exergonic
M bleyouneedto
put in E for
Rxn he ran to
occur
theproducts are exedra thefts
ÉM
at a lower
eneraythanthe energy output enerayinput enerayinput ÉÉÉii
Reactants
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the productsare morestable than reactants
21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
• The greater the amount of free energy
It ite
released, the further a reaction proceeds themorefavorable
toward product formation before reaching the Ren
equilibrium. theproducts are
enersensible
• Reactions requiring an input of energy are
endergonic.
• Free energy changes switch sign for the importantlater
reverse of the reaction, but the value does TEYdiff
not change. Ren
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
GlAGmeansHeran is endersmic
c an exergmic
Fanmistereverseof photosynthesis so
• Living systems make use of this in thegg If opposite
biochemical pathways. a series of bio
itemizing
• Energy is stored in the products of an
overall endergonic reaction pathway. a sa s
• This stored energy is released in an
enerayis
overall exergonic reaction pathway that L I AG released
regenerates the original reactants.
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21.1 Energy, Life and Biochemical Reactions
does my own on its own thereneeds
• Endergonic—A nonspontaneous reaction Iggy
or process that absorbs free energy and
enamod has a positive ΔG. m
enemy
• Exergonic— A spontaneous reaction or
It in s
process that releases free energy and has
a negative ΔG. pwaves will have a loverenergy than
favorable run Rearants
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21.2 Cells and Their Structure
• There are two main categories of cells:
prokaryotic and eukaryotic. focus m in demsots
• Prokaryotic cells are usually found in
single-celled organisms (bacteria, blue-
green algae).
• Eukaryotic cells are found in single-celled
yeast, and in all plants and animals.
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21.2 Cells and Their Structure
• Eukaryotic cells are about 1000
A phospholipid bilayeris related times larger than prokaryotic
to the structure of cells.
the cell • Features include:
– Membrane-enclosed
nucleus
– Organelles are small,
functional units that perform
specific tasks.
– Cytoplasm is the region
between the cell and
nuclear membranes.
– Cytosol is the fluid part of
the cytoplasm, with
electrolytes, nutrients and
enzymes in solution.
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21.2 Cells and Their Structure
a listof
organelles
andtheir
funition
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21.2 Cells and Their Structure
• Mitochondria, the cell’s “power plants,” are the most important of
the organelles for energy production. mitoshondria generate Aep
• The citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix.
• Electron transport and ATP production take place at the inner surface of
the inner membrane.
• The numerous folds in the inner membrane—known as cristae—
increase the surface area over which these pathways can take place.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
• All the chemical reactions that take place in an
organism constitute its metabolism. series of biomemical runs
• Most reactions occur in metabolic pathways.
linearcyclic responsible foraiff
rxn
I
examines
O ai p
pathways
southmainay
enzymes are present in all 1 enzyme
sequences responsible
pathways
feralpen
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21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
men we look aitt biochemical axn
Ems it
eneray
release E
requiresE
pay attention togibbs freeenemy to det if the Ren is catabolism or anabolism
• Catabolism—Metabolic reaction pathways that break
DGC down food molecules and release biochemical energy.
• Anabolism—Metabolic reactions that build larger
AGH biological molecules from smaller pieces. Ini's I In ÉIÉz
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21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
start
III Immense
molecules
thishappens in thebody
11 511 they are more
biohemical ran
Thesugar
protein and
D
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
Stage 1: Digestion
• Enzymes in saliva, the stomach, and the small
intestine convert large molecules to smaller
molecules. catabolism energetically favorable releasesE
• Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and
seriesof
other sugars. polymers monomers
amides
• Proteins are broken down to amino acids, and
triacylglycerols. monomers
• Lipids are broken down to glycerol plus long-chain
carboxylic acids, termed fatty acids.
• These smaller molecules are transferred into the
blood for transport to cells throughout the body.
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21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
Stage 2: Acetyl-Coenzyme A
production
• The small molecules from
digestion follow pathways
that move their carbon
atoms into two-carbon acetyl
groups.
• The acetyl groups are
attached to coenzyme A by
a bond between the sulfur of
the thiol group on coenzyme
as A and the carbonyl carbon
atom of the acetyl group.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
Stage 2: Acetyl-Coenzyme A
production
• The small molecules from
digestion follow pathways that
move their carbon atoms into
two-carbon acetyl groups.
• Acetyl groups are attached to
coenzyme A by a bond
between sulfur of the thiol
group on coenzyme A and the
end of carbonyl carbon of the acetyl.
stage2 • Acetyl-CoA is an intermediate
wegenerate in the metabolism of all food
acetylCoA molecules.
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21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
Stage 3: Citric acid cycle
• Within mitochondria, the acetyl-group
carbon atoms are oxidized to the carbon
dioxide that we exhale.
• Most of the energy released in the
oxidation leaves the citric acid cycle in the
generating and chemical bonds of reduced coenzymes
storingone ray (NADH, FADH2).
end
• Some energy leaves the cycle stored in the
stage
3 chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) or a related triphosphate.
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21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
Stage 4: ATP production fromstage3
g
• Electrons from the reduced coenzymes are passed
from molecule to molecule down an electron-
transport chain.
• Their energy is harnessed to produce ATP.
• At the end of the process, these electrons—along
with hydrogen ions from the reduced coenzymes—
combine with oxygen to produce water. water
• The reduced coenzymes are oxidized by
angL
atmospheric oxygen, and the energy that they carried engagey
is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP molecules.
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