Li

ni

Cng ngh vin thng v ang c nhng b-c pht trin t ph. Cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh thng tin khc nh-: in t, tin hc, quang hc cng ngh thng tin cng ngh thng tin mang li cho con ng-i nhiu li ch v nhiu lnh vc trong cuc sng x hi nh-: nhu cu trao i thng tin, gio dc, y hc, thng tin qung b kinh t Thng tin di ng l mt trong nhng mng thng tin mang li nhiu li ch kinh t, ph hp vi nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ton x hi. Ngay t u khi ra i h thng thng tin di ng -c h-ng ng mt cch tch cc vi nhu cu ngy cng tng. Tc tng tr-ng mt thu bao tng nhanh cng vi yu cu v dch v i hi thi gian thc ca h thng rt cao. Do vy, h thng h thng thng tin di ng s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) v k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) gp rt nhiu kh khn. gii quyt vn ny cc hng Vin thng ln trn th gii trong c qualcomm xut ph-ng n -a k thut phn chia theo m (CDMA) vi k thut tri ph vo ng dng trong thng tin di ng. Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v th nghim ng-i ta thy rng CDMA c rt nhiu -u im so vi FDMA v TDMA,vi -u im khng cn nghi ng ca n thc s -c cc nh khoa hc, cc nh khai thc cng ngh cng nhn v tr hng u trong t-ng lai, v hin ti -c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc ginh cho con ng-i, v c hng triu thu bao ca cng ngh CDMA t ra rt hi lng v cht l-ng ca n.Ph-ng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA c kh nng p ng t-ng i d dng nhiu loi hnh dch v v cung cp dung l-ng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc ph-ng thc a truy nhp (FDMA) v (TDMA). Hn na l k thut tri ph vi -u im l kh nng chng nhiu v tnh

bao mt cao, chnh l k thut c th m ch c CDMA mi c. Cng ngh CDMA v ang tng b-c -c -a vo nghin cu v p dng trong mng vin thng Vit Nam. CDMA l mt cng ngh c nhiu vn phc tp, hiu su vn ny phi c nhiu thi gian v ti liu th-c t. Nh-ng trong khun kh c hn nn n ny ch tp trung vo xem xt v tng qut v cng ngh CDMA v nhng ng dng ca CDMA trong thng tin di ng. Ni dung bo co gm: Ch-ng I: Tng quan v thng tin di ng Ch-ng II: Cc Ph-ng php a truy nhp v k thut tri ph trong CDMA Ch-ng III:Nhng ng dng ca h thng CDMA Do thi gian v kh nng cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st em xin nhn nhng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn trong khoa T-VT em lm tt hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n su sc ti thy gio: Nguyn Vn nh h-ng dn gip , ch bo tn tnh gip em hon thnh tt n tt nghip ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n! Ng-i thc hin Nguyn Vn Chin

CHNG I
Tng quan v thng tin di ng
I. tng quan v cc h thng thng tin di ng
I.1 lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng

in thoi di ng ra i t nhng nm 1920, khi in thoi di ng -c s dng nh- l cc ph-ng tin thng tin gia cc n v cnh st M. Mc d cc khi mim t ong, cc k thut tri ph, iu ch s v cc cng ngh v tuyn hin i khc -c bit n hn 50 nm tr-c y, dch v in thoi di ng mi n u nhng nm 1960 mi sut hin cc dng s dng -c v khi n ch l cc sa i thch ng ca h thng iu vn. Cc h thng in thoi di ng u tin ny t tin li v dung l-ng rt thp so vi cc h thng hin nay. Cui cng, cc h thng in thoi t ong iu tn song cng s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) xut hin vo nhng nm 1980. Cui nhng nm 1980 ng-i ta nhn thy rng cc h thng t ong t-ng t khng th p ng -c nhu cu ngy cng tng vo th k sau nu nh- khng loi b -c cc hn ch c hu ca cc h thng ny hng Khng cho php gim ng k gi thnh ca thit b di Khng m bo tnh b mt ca cc cuc gi dng v c s h tng Phn b tn s hn ch, dung l-ng thp Ting n kh chu v nhiu xy ra khi my di ng Khng p ng -c cc dch v mi hp dn i vi khch

chuyn dch trong mi tr-ng pha inh a tia

Khng t-ng thch gia cc h thng khc nhau, c bit

Chu u, lm cho thu bao khng th s dng -c my di ng ca mnh n-c khc. Gii php duy nht loi b cc hn ch trn l phi chuyn sang s dng k thut thng tin s cho thng tin di ng cng vi cc k thut a truy nhp mi. H thng thng tin di ng s s dung k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) u tin trn th gii -c ra i Chu u v c tn gi l GSM. Ban u h thng ny -c gi l Nhm c trch ng theo tn gi ca nhm -c CEPT Hi ngh cc c quan qun l vin thng v b-u chnh Chu u c ra nghin cu tiu chun. Sau tin cho vic th-ng mi ho GSM -c gi l H thng thng tin di ng ton cu. GSM -c pht trin t nm 1982khi cc n-c bc U gi ngh n CEPT qui nh mt dch v vin thng chung chu U bng tn 900 Mhz. Lc u vo nhng nm 1982-1985 ng-i ta bn lun v vic nn xy dng mt h thng s hay t-ng t. Nm 1985 h thng s -c quyt nh. B-c tip theo l chn la gia gii php bng rng hay bng hp. Nm 1986 mt cuc kim tra ngoi hin tr-ng -c t chc ti Paris, cc hng ua ti vi gii php ca mnh. Thng 5 nm 1986 gii php TDMA bng hp -c la chn ng thi 13 n-c ng k vo bin bn ghi nh thc hin cc quy nh, nh- vy m ra mt th tr-ng di ng s c tim nng ln. Tt c cc hng khai thc k MoU ha s c mt h thng GSM vn hnh vo 1/7/1991. Mt s n-c cng b kt qu ph sng cc vng rng ln ngay t u, trong khi mt s n-c khc s bt u phc v bn trong v xung quanh th . Vit Nam h thng thng tin di ng s GSM -c -a vo t nm 1993, hin nay ang -c cng ty VMS v GPC khai thc rt

hiu qu. M h thng AMPS t-ng t s dng ph-ng thc FDMA -c trin khai vo gia nhng nm 1980, cc vn v dung l-ng pht sinh cc th tr-ng di ng chnh nh-: New york, Los Angeles M c chin l-c nng cp h thng ny thnh h th ng s: chuyn ti h thng TDMA -c lin hip c ng nghip vin th ng TIA k hiu l IS-54. Cui nhng nm 1980 mi vic tr ln r rng l IS-54 gy tht vng.Vic kho st khch hng cho thy cht l-ng ca AMPS tt hn. Rt nhiu hng ca M lnh nht vi TDMA. AT&T l hng ln duy nht s dng TDMA. Hng ny pht trin ra mt phin bn mi: IS -136, cn -c gi l amps s (D-AMPS). Nh-ng kh ng ging nh- IS - 54, GSM t -c cc thnh c ng. C l s thnh c ng ny ch cc nh pht trin ra h thng GSM dm thc hin mt hi sinh ln l tm kim cc th tr-ng Chu u v Chu h kh ng thc hin t-ng thch giao din v tuyn gia GSM v AMPS. Nh- vy cc hng Ericsson v Nokia tr thnh cc hng dn u c s h tng v Lucent. Tnh trng trn to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu m tm ra mt ph-ng n th ng tin di ng s mi. tm kim th ng tin di ng s mi ng-i ta nghin cu c ng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). C ng ngh ny s dng k thut tri ph tr-c c cc ng dng ch yu trong qun s. -c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom, sau -c gi l th ng tin Qualcom pht trin c ng ngh CDMA cho th ng tin di ng v nhn -c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u c ng ngh ny -c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim tuyn th ng v v tuyn l mi cuc thoi i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay c ng ngh ny tr thnh tuyn s v b li cc hng Motorola v

cng ngh thng tr Bc M. Qualcom -a ra phin bn CDMA u tin -c gi l IS-95 . Cc mng CDMA th-ng mi -c -a vo khai thc ti hn Quc v Hng Cng. CDMA cng -c mua hoc -a vo th nghim Achentina , Braxin Chile, Trung quc. c ,Thi Lan , p ru, Philippin, Ixaren, v mi y l Nht Bn. Tng Cng Ty B-u Chnh Vin thng Vit Nam cng c k hoch th nghim CDMA. Nht bn vo nm 1993, NTT -a ra tiu chun thng tin di ng s u tin ca n-c ny JPD(Japanese Personal Digital Cellular System - H thng t ong s ca Nht Bn ) tng thm dung l-ng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng, tn s ca cc h thng ny ang -c chuyn t vng 800-900Mhz vo vng 1,8-1,9Ghz. Mt s n-c -a vo s dng c hai tn s . Song song vi s pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng t ong ni trn, cc h thng thng tin di ng hn ch cho mng ni ht s dng my cm tay khng dy s cng -c nghin cu pht trin. Hai h thng in hnh cho loi thng tin ny l DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecomunications - Vin thng khng dy s tng c-ng) ca Chu u v PHS (Personal Handyphone System - H thng my in thoi cm tay c nhn) ca Nht Bn cng -c -a vo th-ng mi. Ngoi cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t, cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh: Global v Iridium cng -c -a vo th-ng mi trong nm 1998. Nh- vy s kt hp gia cc h thng thng tin di ng ni trn s to ln mt h thng thng tin di ng c nhn PSC cho php

mi c nhn thng tin mi thi im v bt c ni no m h cn thng tin. p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng v cc dch v vin thng mi ang tin ti h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 -c gi l h thng thng tin di ng bng rng. Vit Nam, GPC v VMS hin ang khai thc 2 mng thng tin di ng s Vinaphone v Mobiphone theo tiu chun GSM. Cng ty SPT lin doanh vi cng ty SLD d kin s -a vo khai thc h thng thng tin di dng theo tiu chun IS-2000 vo cui nm2001. Ngoi ra p ng cc dch v mi nht l cc dch v truyn s liu, cc hng khai thc dch v thng tin di ng Vit Nam ang nghin cu chuyn dn sang thng tin di dng th h ba. Tr-c mt cng ngh thng tin di ng th h 2,5 -c -a vo s dng . hai nh khai thc mng Vinaphone v Mobiphone -a vo mng ca h cng ngh WAP v GPRS, cn SPT s dng ngay t u tiu chun IS - 2000. Cc cng ngh ny cho php tng dung l-ng truy nhp ln n 144kbps v truy nhp trc tip vo mng Internet.
I.2 Gii thiu tng quan v CDMA

Cho d cc nghin cu ca CDMA bt u t rt nhiu nm tr-c, nh-ng s kin quan trng nht cho vic ng dng CDMA vo thng tin di ng mt t l i hi ton th ln th 14 cu hi ng t- vn V tuyn Quc t (CCIR) t chc vo thng 6 nm 1978 TOKYO (Nht Bn). Hi ngh ny xem st k thut tri ph nh- l mt k thut then cht y ha hn cho h thng thng tin di ng mt t dung l-ng ln. K t cuc gp ny c nhiu nghin cu ng dng ca tri ph i vi thng tin di ng mt t. Phng

nghin cu v tuyn, B b-u chnh vin thng nht bn (ngy nay l phng nghin cu thng tin ) pht trin cc h thng thc nghim cho chui tri ph trc tip DS/SS (Direct Sequence/Spread Sprectrum) v nhy tn FH (Frequency Hopping) vo nm 1981 v thc hin cc th nghim vo cc nm 1981-1986. Kt qu l cc th nghim cho thy: tn . Nhy tn nhanh FFH c tnh chng pha inh chn tn cao v k thut ny c hiu qu cao hn nhiu khi kt hp vi k thut sa li tr-c (FEC). Tuy nhin cc kt qu ch-a thc y -c vc s dng tri ph vo thng tin di ng mt t bi v : Cng ngh thit b cn non tr c th to ra mt thit b iu khin cng sut nhanh, mt iu cn thit gim cc nh h-ng ca cc hiu ng khng mong mun trong cc h thng DS/SS. Kh c th sn sut -c mt b tng hp FFH . Dung l-ng h thng khi s dng k thut tri ph -c -c Mt my thu Rake c th t hp cc -ng trc tip v -ng tia tr mt cch hiu qu trong cc iu kin pha inh chn

on l thp so vi h thng chia FM t-ng t ang s dng Kt qu l, phn ln cc k s- thng tin di ng mt t kt thc cc nghin cu ca mnh v cc h thng CDMA vo gia thp k 80 Tuy nhin vo cui nhng nm 1980. Qualcomm Inc -a ra mt h thng DS/CDMA lm tng dung l-ng h thng ln 10 n 20 ln so vi h thng in thoi di ng ci tin (AMPS). Bi v vic tng

dung l-ng h thng nh- vy l rt hp dn cho cc h thng chia cng nh- cc h thng thng tin c nhn trong t-ng lai, nhiu k s- bt u nghin cu pht trin cc h thng CDMA. Khi Qualcomm Inc -a ra h thng DS/CDMA, phn ln mi ng-i nghi ng v kh nng tng dung l-ng h thng ln 10 20 ln, bi v cc h thng tri ph -c nh gi l khng hiu qu trong vic tng dung l-ng h thng. Cc c im chnh gip nng cao dung l-ng h thng l: S ra i ca mch tch hp mt cao LSI( large scale M chp vi t l m thp v m trc giao -c t hp mt Chuyn giao mm v mm hn, mt loi k thut phn Integration) iu khin cng sut nhanh vi di ng hn 80dB.
-

cch hiu qu vi k thut DS/SS ci thin nhy my thu.

-

tp, -c s dng ci thin nhy my thu cng nh- lm gim cc nh xut hin trong thi gian ngn ca nhiu cng knh(CCI) do vic b pha inh su.
-

Cc b m ho thoi tc bin i -c s dng lm Phn b theo sector -c s dng gim CCI

gim nhiu khi knh thoi khng c tn hiu, v vy lm gim CCI.

-

V th, dung l-ng cao ca h thng Qualcomm -c cho l do c s thch hp hiu qu ca k thut DS/SS v cc k thut khc theo cc chin l-c sau: Loi b cc nguyn nhn lm hn ch cc dung l-ng h thng. iu khin cng sut nhanh,b m ho thoi tc bin i v chia thnh cc sector l cc phn ca chin l-c ny.

Ci thin nhy my thu ci tin dung l-ng h

thng. M chp h s nh v chuyn giao mm v mm hn l cc phn ca chin l-c ny. Ngoi cc ci tin k thut ny, s ra i ca DS/CDMA cn l kt qu ca k thut v thit b -c pht trin gn y c bit l mch tch hp rt ln VLSI( very large scale integration) v x l tn hiu sDSP (Digital signal brocessing). Khi so snh cc thit b x l chung tm (CPU) trong nm 1980 vi nm 1990 c th thy rng nm 1980 CPU mi ch l 16 bit, n nm 1990 l 64 bit, nhanh gp 50 ln. Vi kh nng nh cng t-ng t nh- vy. Nm 1990, dung l-ng b nh cng gp 50 ln so vi nm 1980 i vi DSP, nm 1980 th DSP ch-a ra i, nh-ng nm 1990 c cc DSP du phy ng. Cng ngh DSP l mt lc y rt mnh cho vic ng dng ca TDMA v CDMA cho cc h thng chia thc t bi v mt chip DSP c th thc hin cc s l cc tn hiu phc tp, nh- cc b cn bng thch ng, my thu Rake, m ho thoi, Vi nn tng v k thut v lch s, vo nm 1985 y ban thng tin lin lc lin bang m( FCC) cp php cho vic ng dng tri ph vo cc thit b s dng trong nghnh cng nghip, khoa hc v Y t: v tuyn thng dng v cho cnh st. Sau vo nm1993, Hip hi cng nghip vin thng chp nhn ngh h thng DS/ CDMA ca Qualcomm Inc. lm chun tm thi cho cc h thng chia s.

I.3 Cu trc chung ca m hnh h thng thng tin di dng I.3.1 M hnh tham kho h thng thng tin di ng Mt h thng thng tin di ng bao gm nhiu phn t vt l, chng c th l cc phn t ring r hay t cng vi cc phn t lgic khc. Tuy nhin cc phn t ny phi t-ng tc vi nhau kt hp hot ng. t-ng tc cc bn tin phi -c pht i trn cc giao din gia hai phn t. Nu hai b phn chc nng tch bit v nu giao din -c chun ho th nh cung cp dch v c th mua sn phm t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Tuy nhin vn ch-a m bo hot ng tt v tiu chun lin kt ny c th khng bao hm -c tt c cc kha cnh khai thc. Phn ny s trnh by cc b phn chc nng v cc giao din -c chun ho gia cc b phn ny. M hnh tham kho h thng thng tin di ng -c cho hnh 1.2

Hnh 1.2 M hnh tham kho h thng thng tin di ng

Cc phn t chnh ca m hnh tham kho nh- sau:  Trm di ng , MS MS (Mobile Station)l thit b duy nht m ng-i s dng c th th-ng xuyn nhn thy ca h thng. MS c th l thit b t trong t hay thit b sch tay hoc thit b cm tay. Loi thit b nh cm tay s l thit b trm di ng ph bin nht. Ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v s l cho giao din v tuyn MS cn phi cung cp cc giao din cho ng-i s dng (nh- loa, dn hin th, bn phm qun l cuc gi) hoc giao din vi mt s thit b khc (my tnh c nhn, Fax ). Hin nay ng-i ta ang c gng sn xut cc thit b u cui gn nh u ni vi trm di ng.  Trm thu pht gc, BTS Mt trm BTS (Base Tranceiver Station) bao gm cc thit b pht thu, anten v s l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s cc chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU (Transcoder/ Adapter Rate Unit- khi chuyn i m v tc ). TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho h thng thng tin di ng -c tin hnh, y cng -c thc hin thch ng tc trong tr-ng hp chuyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nh-ng cng c th t n xa BTS v thm ch trong nhiu tr-ng hp n -c t gia BSC v MSC.  B iu khin trm gc, BSC BSC (Base Station Controller) c nhim v qun l tt c cc giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa ca BTS v

MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (Handover). Mt pha BSC -c ni vi BTS cn pha kia ni vi MSC. Trong thc t BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Vai tr ch yu ca n l qun l knh giao din v tuynv chuyn giao. Mt BSC trung bnh c th qun l ti vi trm chc BTS ph thuc vo l-u l-ng ca cc BTS ny. BTS cng c th kt hp chung vi BSC vo mt trm gc.  Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng, MSC h thng thng tin di dng chc nng chuyn mch chnh c thc hin bi MSC (Mobile Serveices Switching Center), nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n cc ng-i s dng mng thng tin di dng. Mt mt MSC giao din vi BSC, mt khc n giao din vi mng ngoi. MSC lm nhim v giao din vi mng ngoi -c gi l MSC cng (GMSC: Gate MSC). Vic giao din vi mng ngoi m bo thng tin cho cc ng-i s dng mng thng tin di ng i hi cng thch ng IWF(IWF: Inter Working Funtion- Cc chc nng t-ng tc). Mng thng tin di ng cng cn giao din vi mng ngoi s dng kh nng truyn ti ca cc mng ny cho vic truyn ti s liu ca ng-i s dng hoc bo hiu gia cc phn t ca mng. Chng hn mng thng tin di ng c th s dng mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS No 7), mng ny m bo hot ng t-ng tc gia cc phn t trong mt hay nhiu mng thng tin di ng. MSC thch hp cho mt vng th v ngoi c dn c- vo khong mt triu ng-i (vi mt thu bao trung bnh). kt ni MSC vi mt mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca mng thng tin di ng vi cc mng ny. Cc

thch ng ny -c gi l cc chc nng t-ng tc(IWF). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. N cho php kt ni vi cc mng: PSPDN (Packet Switched Piblic Data NetworkMng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi) hay CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network- Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh), n cng tn ti khi cc mng khc ch n thun l PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network- Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng ) hay ISDN (Integrated Services Digital network- mng s lin kt a dch v). IWF c th -c thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring. tr-ng hp 2 giao tip gia MSC v IWF -c m.  B ghi dch v th-ng tr, HLR.

Ngoi MSc mng thng tin di ng bao gm c cc c s d liu. Cc thng tn lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng -c l-u gi HLR (Home Location Register) khng ph thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao. HLR cng cha cc thng tin lin quan n v tr hin thi ca thu bao. Th-ng HLR l mt my tnh ng ring khng c kh nng chuyn mch v c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao. Mt chc nng con ca HLRl nhn dng trung tm nhn thc AUC, nhim v ca trung tm ny l qun l an ton s liu ca cc thu bao -c php.  B ghi nh v tm tr, VLR

VLR (Visitor Location Register) l c s d liu th 2 trong mng thng tin di ng. N -c ni vi mt hay nhiu MSC v c nhim v l-u gi tm thi s l-ng thu bao ca cc thu bao ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC t-ng ng v ng thi l-u gi s liu v v tr ca

thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR. Cc chc nng VLR th-ng -c lin kt vi cc chc nng MSC.  Khai thc v bo d-ng mng H thng khai thc OS ( Operration system) thc hin khai thc bo d-ng tp chung trong mng thng tin di ng. Khai thc l cc hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh-: ti ca h thng, mc chn, s l-ng chuyn giao (hand over) gia hai , nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st -c ton b cht l-ng ca dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi s l cc s c khai thc cng bao gm s thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut thin hin thi. chun b tng l-u l-ng trong t-ng lai, tng vng ph. Vic thay i mng c th thc hin mn qua bo hiu ( chng hn thay i thng s chuyn giao thay i bin gii t-ng i gia hai ) hoc thc hin cng i hi s can thip ti hin tr-ng( chng hn b xung thm dung l-ng truyn dn hay lp t mt trm mi) h thng vin thng hin i khai thc thc hin bng my tnh v -c tp chung mt trm. Bo d-ng c nhim v pht hin nh v v sa cha cc s c hng hoc. N c mt s quan h vi khai thc cc thit b mng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht hin mt s s c hay d bo s c thng qua t kim tra.Trong nhiu tr-ng hp ng-i ta d phng cho thit b thit b s c thay bng thit b d phng. S thay th ny c th thc hin t ng ngoi ra vic gim nh s c c th thc hin bng ng-i khai thc bng iu khin t xa. Bo d-ng cng bao gm c cc hot ng ti hin tr-ng nhm thay th thit b b s c.

H thng khai thc v bo d-ng c th -c xy dng trn nguyn l TMN mt khc h thng khai thc v bo d-ng li -c ni n my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ng-i my.  Qun l thu bao v trung tm nhn thc, AUC Qun l thu bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xo thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b xung. Nh khai thc phi truy nhp -c tt c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh c-c cc cuc gi. C-c ph phi -c tnh v gi n thu bao. Qun k thu bao mng thng tin di ng ch lin quan n HLR v mt thit b OS ring chng hn mng ni HLR vi cc thit b giao tip ng-i my cc trung tm giao dch vi thu bao. Vic qun l thu bao -c thc hin thng qua mt kho nhn dng b mt duy nht cho tng thu bao. AUC(AUthentication Center) qun l cc thng tin nhn thc v m lin quan n tng c nhn thu bao da trn kho b mt ny. Kho ny cng -c t trong HLR hay MSC hay c lp vi c hai. Kho ny cng -c l-u gi vnh cu v b mt trong b nh MS. GSM b nh ny c dng SIM-CARD c th rt ra v cm li -c  Qun l thit b EIR

Qun l thit b di ng -c thc hin bi b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR ( Equyment Identity Regiter). EIR l-u gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR -c ni n MSC thng qua -ng bo hiu kim tra s -c php ca thit b. Mt thit b khng -c php s bi cm.  Cc mng ngoi

Mng thng tin ny bao gm cc mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network), mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN(Intergated Serviece Digital Network) mng di ng cng cng mt t PLMN(public Land Mobile Network) v mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi PSPDN(Packet Switched Public Data Network).

CHNG II Cc phng php a truy nhp v k thut tri ph

II.1. Phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA FDMA l ph-ng php a truy nhp ph bin nht cho cc h thng thng tin mt t, bi v n phn bit cc knh mt cch d dng bng cc b lc trong min tn s. Thc t tt c cc h thng chia dng k thut t-ng t u s dng FDMA. u im quan trng nht ca FDMA l phn cng n gin v n c th phn bit cc knh bng cc b lc v khng cn phi c ng b hay iu khin nh thi nh- trong cc h thng TDMA hay CDMA. Hn na y chng ta ch phi xem st pha inh phng. Bi v rng bng thngca mi knh trong h thng FDMA l rt hp. Mt khc dung l-ng ca h thng FDMA ph thuc rt ln vo s khng n nh ca tn s sng mang. Gi thit chng ta ch xt truyn thoi. Khi tc bt ca b m ho thoi l Rb(bit/s), mc iu ch l M, h s tr-t l E, rng bng thng l W ch cho mi knh tnh theo cng thc: W ch =
(1  E ) Rb  2H f c log 2 M

Trong H l khng n nh ca tn s sng mang, c gi tr khong 3 v 10 6 i vi thit b u cui Nht Bn v 2H f c l

khong bo v cn thit trnh chng ph do s khng n nh ca sng mang. Trong cc h thng c vng rng, dung l-ng h thng c th -c biu din bng s knh thoi trn mt di thng n v. Khi di thng n v -c chn l 1 Mhz, dung l-ng h thng l N ch (s knh thoi
N ch !

trn
10 6 Wch

mt

di

thng

Mhz)-c

tnh

nh-

sau:

Tuy vy h thng FDMA cn c mt vi im bt li Nhiu iu ch tng theo s l-ng sng mang Kh thc hin vic truyn dn vi tc thay i do mt

thit b u cui cn s dng nhiu Modem. Do vy vic truyn kt hp thoi v phi thoi cng kh. Cn phi c b lc pht v thu gi tr Q(h s phm cht)cao m bo vic chn lc knh cao. II.2. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) TDMA l mt ph-ng php cho php ng-i s dng truy nhp mt bng tn -c n nh , mi knh chim ton b bng tn h thng, nh-ng ch trong mt khong thi gian gi l khe, theo chu k. Lc u TDMA -c s dng cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh vo cui nhng nm 1960 khc phc cc nh-c im ca cc h thng FDMA. H thng v tinh TDMA th-ng mi u tin -c -a vo hotng u tin Canada nm 1976. Vo u nhng nm 1980, cc nh nghin cu xut vic ng dng TDMA cho cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t. Tuy nhin vo thi im ng-i ta cho rng TDMA khng ph hp cho

thng tin di ng mt t do vic iu khin nh thi phc tp. n nm 1982, CEPT thnh lp mt u ban v GSM v mt GSM v bt u -a ra cc t tnh cho h thng chia s ton Chu u, trong c xt n TDMA. Cui cng vo nm 1988 TDMA -c chn lm ph-ng php truy nhp cho h thng GSM. Sau nhiu nghin cu chuyn su v TDMA ca u ban ny, cc k thut TDMA cho thng tin di ng mt t -c pht trin mnh. Kt qu l gi y TDMA l ph-ng php truy nhp ph bin cho cc thng tin di ng mt t v n -c p dng cho nhiu h thng chia th h t h thng hai v nhiu h thng in thoi khng dy trn th gii. II.3. phng php a truy nhp theo m CDMA II.3.1. -u im, nh-c im ca h thng CDMA. u im ca h thng CDMA. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA l h thng thng tin s dng k thut tri ph. Trong h thng, ton b bng tn -c s dng chng cho mi trm di ng. Cc -u im ni bt ca h thng ny l: Hiu qu s dng tn s, hot ng tt trong mi tr-ng c nhiu mnh, kh nng chng pha inh a -ng, chuyn vng mm, kh nng m bo thng tin. a. Hiu qu s dng tn s. Trong h thng thng tin s dng k thut tri ph a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA th cho php mi trm di ng s dng chung ton b ph tn s. Tn hiu -c iu ch sng mng v tri ph ti pha pht ng thi gii iu ch sng mang v gii tri ph ti pha thu. Trong h thng th mi trm di ng ch khc nhau m tri ph. Theo nguyn l , h s ti s dng tn s trong

h thng CDMA th lun t gi tr cao nht l 1. Ton b ph tn s -c s dng cho mi t bo v mi trm di ng. y l mt trong nhng -u im ln ca h thng thng tin di ng t bo s CDMA so vi h thng khc. b. Kh nng chng nhiu ca h thng CDMA. Kh nng chng nhiu ca h thng CDMA l rt tt. i vi nhiu -ng truyn bng hp th khi thu tri ph chng khng nh h-ng ln ti cht l-ng thng tin. Bi v cng sut nhiu bng hp b tri ph o ph thu -c l rt nh so vi ph tn hiu mong mun cho nn ta coi nh- khng ng k. i vi h thng l bng rng th mc nh h-ng ca nhiu ln h thng tu thuc vo tng loi nhiu bng rng khc nhau. Nh-ng cc ngun nhiu tc ng n thng tin ca h thng th-ng c ph thp hn nhiu so vi tn hiu mong mun. Do s nh h-ng ca n trong h thng cng khng ng k. tng hiu qu hot ng, tng dung l-ng v cht l-ng ca h thng, gim ti thiu nhiu cho cc t bo khc nhau hai ln cn nhau nh- :s dng anten nh h-ng, gim st chu k hot ng tch cc ca tn hiu thoi, iu khin cng sut. c. Kh nng chng pha inh a -ng Fading a -ng do cc nh h-ng ca knh truyn c th gy ra cc tn tht rt ln n ch ca tn hiu c ch. chng li fading a -ng ta c th s dng cc m sa si hay b thu a -ng thch ng Rate khi tn hiu s -c b p do tn tht fading a -ng. + M sa sai gm: M tch chp: -c s dng rt hiu qu trong vic chng li cc li knh truyn ngu nhin bi khi m ho cc bt d liu -c tro trt t truyn.

M Reed Solomon: l mt b m ho khi truyn khi tuyn tnh. C th s dng kt hp hai loi m ny tng hiu qu chng nhiu. + B thu a -ng thch ng Rake: thu phn tp tn hiu nhiu -ng ( trnh by phn trn). d. Kh nng bo mt thng tin. Trong h thng thng tin CDMA s dng k thut tri ph nh m tri ph cho nn trn -ng truyn dn th ph tn hiu th-ng chm trong nhiu. C ngha l ph ca thng tin hu ch nm trong ph ca nhiu. Do , nhng trm di ng khc khi khng c m tri ph hp l thi khng c kh nng nhn bit v thu -c thng tin h-u ch . Nh m CDMA c kh nng bo mt thng tin, chng nghe trm v chng truy nhp tri php tt. e. Chuyn vng trong h thng thng tin CDMA rt linh hot thc hin c hai qu trnh chuyn vng cng v chuyn vng mm khi n du chuyn qua b t bo hay sector m vn m bo cht l-ng thng tin khng xy ra gin on hay mt thng tin l mt -u im ni bt ca k thut CDMA. Bn cnh nh-ng -u im th h thng thng tin di ng s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA con c nhng nh-c im l: Hiu ng gn xa v hiu ng nhiu. Nh-c im ca h thng CDMA + Hiu ng xa l hiu ng m tn hiu thu -c ca my di ng pha xa ca trm gc b tn hiu thu -c ca my di ng gn trm gc c cng sut ln chn p cho nn nh h-ng ti thng tin i vi thng tin di ng xa. khc phc nh-c im ny ng-i ta s dng ph-ng php iu khin cng sut sao cho tn hiu thu -c ti trm gc ca tt c cc trm di ng trong vng phuc v l nh- nhau.

Qu trnh ny ng thi tit kim -c ngun pin cho my di ng, lm tng thi gian m thoi ca my di ng. + Hiu ng t nhin gy bi dy m khng trc giao. Tuy nhin khng c dy m no l hon ton trc giao c. Cc thnh phn khng trc giao trong tn hiu ca nhng ng-i s dng khc nhau s xut hin nh- l nhiu trong tn hiu u mong mun.

II.3.2. Khi nim c bn v CDMA

Tin hi u c t ch n

Nhi u

Tin hi u trc ti p M #1 R (chip / )s c R (bit / s) b i u ch T c T c B tng quan 2T c

T hi n u tr

M #1

nT c

B tng quan

K h p t ph t n p

S li u

T c

B tng quan

H h 3.1: Cu h h c a m y ph t v m y n n t h u t r o n g h t h n g c c h t h n g CDMA

Hnh 3.1 cho thy cu hnh my pht v my thu cho h thng CDMA. Gi thit tc bit tn hiu ngun thu l R b bit/s. my pht tn hiu ngun -c nhn vi mt m ch nh ban u (m #1 trong hnh 3.1)vi tc chp l R c chip/s v sau -a vo mt b iu ch cu ph-ng. Kt qu l di thng tn hiu ngun rng gp G p = R c / R b ln so vi tin hiu ban u . Bi v tt c cc thit b u cui s dng cng mt tn s sng mang v tc chp (di thng), tt c cc tn hiu khc tn hiu ngun u -c coi l tn hiu CCI . Ti my thu CDMA, tn hiu mong mun -c tch ra do tnh t-ng quan gia tn hiu thu -c v mt m dng my pht (m #1trong hnh 3.1). Khi chui tri ph ca my thu v my pht ng b, ph tn hiu thu -c gn ging nh- ph tn hiu ngun. Mt khc, di thng tn hiu ca tn hiu nhiu vn gi nguyn rng

ngay c sau khi ly tn hiu t-ng quan. Kt qu l, t s cng sut sng mang trn CCI (C/I c ) cho u ra b t-ng quan -c ci thin l 10log 10 G(dB) khi so vi u vo b t-ng quan theo cng thc (C/I c ) out [dB] =G[dB] + (C/I c ) in [dB] Khi trng thi -ng truyn -c xem l c pha inh chn tn v tr thi gian ca sng tr di hn khong thi gian 1 chp, chng ta c th tch thnh phn -ng truyn th nht nu nh thi m tri ph -c ng b vi -ng th nht bi v t-ng quan gia -ng th nht v cc -ng khc s nh ti mc c th b qua do gi tr t t-ng quan thp khi thi gian tr di hn khong thi gian 1 chp. Mt khc, khi nh thi m tri ph ng b vi mt trong cc nh thi -ng tn hiu tr, chng ta c th tch thnh phn -ng tr. Do chng ta c th t -c phn tp -ng truyn khi chng ta thc hin ng b m tri ph vi tng nh thi -ng truyn .
B ng t hthng n

(a)

T s n Thi gian chi m knh

Ng i d ng 5 Ng i d ng 4 Ng i d ng 3 Ng i d ng 2 Ng i d ng 1 (b) Thi gian

T ns

Ng i d ng 4

Ng i d ng1

Ng i D ng 2

Ng i d ng 3

Ng i d ng 5 Thi gian

(c)

(a)

Hnh 3.2 Khi nin v h thng CDMA Ph tn ca h thng CDMA

(b) (c)

M hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi vi 5 ng-i dng Phn b knh

Hnh 3.2(b) cho ta thy ph ca h thng CDMA. c im c tnh phn bit ln nht ca h thng CDMA l tt c cc thit b u cui chia s ton b bng thng ca h thng v mi tn hiu ca thit b u cui -c phn bit bi m. Khi mi ng-i dng gi mt yu cu ti BS, BS s ch nh mt trong cc m tri ph cho ng-i dng. Khi 5 ng-i dng khi u v duy tr cc cuc gi nh- trn hnh 3.2(b), th thi gian v tn s b chim dng nh- trn hnh 3.2(c)

II.4. ng b cho CDMA II.4.1 ng b m tri ph C nhiu ph-ng php -c -a ra ng b m tri ph : Vng kho tr B lc ghp kt hp

B lc ghp kt hp l ph-ng php ph bin nht ng b m tri ph.

T hi d n u n thu c

TC

TC
F3

TC
F2

TC
F1

TC
F0

F N P1

F N P 2

ra t ng quan u

TC
 1/ N P T hi d n u n thu c

NpTC

TC

(a)

TC

TC

TC

FN

P 1

F2

F1

F0

ra t ng quan u

(b)

Hnh 3.3 Cu hnh b lc ghp cho ng b m (a) B lc ghp tch (b) B lc tch ghp kiu qu iu ch

Hnh 3.3 cho thy cu hnh b lc ghp. Khi ng b nh thi chp tr-c khi ng b m tri ph, c th s dng cu hnh nhtrn hinh 3.3(a). Gi thit chui PN vi d di N p -c s dng, bin ca mi chp l 1hoc 1v khong thi gian mt chip l Tc . Chui -c biu din nhN p 1

F (t ) !

F H (t  18 )
1 c 1 0

l vector mt lc v vector tng ch mt lc c b lc ghp cho bi

y n ! y ( nTc ), y (n  1)Tc ,..., y (n  N p  1)Tc
hn
N p 1

? ! F

, F N p  2 ,...., F 2, F1, F 0

Khi tt c cc thnh phn l-u tr trong vc t mt lc bng cc thnh phn ca tng ch mt lc t-ng ng, u ra ca b lc ghp -c cho bi cng thc:
 > n ! hn T y n

s tr thnh N p . Mt khc khi vc t mt lc khng bng vect tng ch mt lc , Z n tr thnh 1do tnh t t-ng quan ca m PN. Do khi Z n -c chun ho bi N p , Z n bng 1ch khi vect mt lc v vect tng tch mt lc bng nhau; nu khng, n bng
1 . Bi v Np

m tri ph -c lp vi chu k l khong thi gian N p chip nh- trn hnh 3.3(a). Chng ta c th pht hin nh thi ng b bng cch tm nh thi nh xut hin th-ng xuyn ca u ra b lc ghp. Tuy nhin chng ta c th s dng kiu mch ng b m tri ph ca hnh 3.3(a) ch khi thc hin ng b nh thi chp tr-c khi ng b ny . Tht khng may iu ny khng th do C/Ic thp tr-c khi nn ph ca h thng CDMA. Do chng ta phi s dng mt k thut ly mu qu thc hin ng b m tri ph Hnh 3.3(b) l mch ng b m tri ph dng k thut ly mu qu trong v d tc ly mu l 4 ln tc chip. Trong tr-ng hp ny vect mt lc v vect tng ch mt lc -c cho bi
T T 3 3 y n ! y( nTc ), y ( nTc  c ), y (nTc  c ), y (nTc  Tc ), y ((n  1)Tc ),..., y ((n  N p  1)Tc  Tc ) 4 2 4 4
T

hn ! F N p 1, F N p  1, F N p 1, F N p 1, F N p  2,..., F 1 , F 1 , F 1, F 1 , F 0 , F 0 , F 0 , FF 0

v u ra ca b lc ghp -c cho bi biu thc

 > n ! hn T y n

Dng sng ca u ra ca b t-ng quan -c ch ra trn hnh 6.18(b). Nh- ta thy trn hnh im ly mu ti -u ng vi nh thi chp . Do chng ta c th thc hin nh thi chp nu ta

tm im cc i ph-ng xut hin th-ng xuyn vi chu k l khong thi gian 1 chip. II.4.2 ng b nh thi chip trong h thng CDMA i vi CDMA ng b nh thi chp kh hn so vi ng b nh thi k t do cc h thng TDMA bng hp, bi v ISI gy ra bi pha inh chn tn lm ng hon ton th mt ca mi chp . Mt ph-ng php ng b nh thi chip l pht hin im cc i a ph-ng trung bnh ca mt ct tr. Mt ct tr ca knh thu -c bng cch tnh t-ng quan gia tn hiu bng gc thu -c ca knh dn v m tri ph Cho thy cu hnh ng b nh thi chip c th s dng mt ct tr v hot ng ca n. Gi thit rng nh thi ly mu vi cc b chuyn i A/-c nh ngha nh- sau: t k ,l ,m ! kT f  1Tc  Trong
Tc

m Tc M

l khong thi gian chip

M ) Tc

Tn s ly mu cho chuyn i A/D l f AD (! Mf chip !

T f (! N p Tc ) l khong thi gian tch lu cho vic tnh t-ng

quan k=0,1,2, , N p  1( N p l s chp trong 1 chu k ca m tri tr )

m=0,1,2, ,M-1. C mi Tc giy c th thu -c nh a ph-ng ca mt ct tr ny mt ln, v im ny ng vi nh thi chp mt cch chnh

xc. V d m = 3 ng vi thi im ny. Do khi thu -c tn hiu u ra ca b lc phi hp ti t ! t k ,l ,m , g (t k ,l ,m ) ! g ( k , l , m) Tnh gi tr kh nng tc thi tho biu thc
W (k , l , m ) ! g (k , l , m )
2

v tch lu gi tr trong b tch ku chu k M, hm kh nng dng lgarit sau d thu -c trong b tch lu th m nh- sau:
A( m) !
N ap N p 1

W ( k , l , m)

k !0 l !0

kt qu l c th thu -c nh thi chp bng cch tm mt b tch lu m vng c gi tr tch lu cc i . Ch tiu BER ca h thng DS/CDMA s dng k thut d m h tr knh nn sng dn, v s ng b nh thi chip trong cc iu kin pha inh Rayleigh phng v pha inh la chn tn s , trong N ap ! 16, N p ! 256, f d ! 40 Hz , Gi thit m hnh Rayleigh 2 tia l knh pha inh la chn tn s . T hnh v ny ta c th khng nh rng s ng b nh thi chip lm vic rt tt thm ch trong cc iu kin pha inh Rayleigh phng v pha inh chn tn.

II.4.3 ng b tn s sng mang(b dch tn) Dch tn l nguyn nhn khng th trnh -c, lm gim hiu qu trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn, bi v tn s sng mang thay i lin tc theo nhit . Nu dch tn tn ti gia tn s sng mang v tn s ca b giao ng ni ht ti my thu ( f off ), th c th theo ri mt ph cng sut ca knh bi my thu nh- sau:
S( f ) ! 4f d b0 ( f  f off ) 2 1 fd

iu ny c ngha l s bin i knh, gm c tc ng ca

f off , -c xc nh b f off  f d . Nu cc k thut b pha inh cng

c th b s bin i pha inh do dch tn, chng ta khng phi s dng mch AFC, nh- vy s lm cu hnh mch my thu n gin hn. Tuy nhin khng phi l tr-ng hp th-ng gp. Do chng ta cn AFC lm gim dch tn ti mt gi tr nh hn m c th b -c bng cc k thut b pha inh. Tr-c tin, xt khong c th b ca dch tn bng cc k thut b pha inh. Cho thy BER theo ch tiu f off  f d i vi 16 QAM khi
Eb / N 0 ! 40dB , trong s dng k thut b pha inh h tr k t dn .

C th thy cc k thut b pha inh c th b f off nu f d  f off nh hn tc bin i knh cc i c th chp nhn -c i vi k thut ny. V d khi thnh phn tn s cao tn c th chp nhn -c ca bin i knh l 150 Hz v gi tr cc i ca f d l 80 Hz, chng ta c th chp nhn f off nh hn 70 Hz. Trong cc h thng thc t, s tn ti tn s c iu chnh ca b giao ng ni khong 3 x10 6 . iu ny c ngha l, v d nu

tn s sng mang l khong 1 Ghz, tn s sng mang c th c mt s khng chnh xc ti 3 Khz. Do trong my thu cn c mt vi chc nng AFC. a)Ph-ng php xc nh quay pha s dng mt t m c bit Mt trong cc ph-ng phap AFC n gin l pht hin vic chuyn pha trung bnh gia cc t m c bit lin tip trong cc k t. Gi thit chuyn pha gia k t (k-1) v k t th k trong r m c bit -c truyn l U k . Li chuyn pha -c xc nh bi:
dN k ! N k  U k ! 24 f off Ts  N noise

Thc t, U k cng thu -c theo cch ny. Gi thit tn hiu bng gc thu -c ca k t t m c bit th k -c biu din l :
u k ! u I , k  ju Q , k
U k v dU k -c xc nh nh- sau:
* exp( jN k ) ! u k u k 1

! (u I ,k u I ,k 1  u Q ,k u Q ,k 1 )  j (u Q, k u I , k 1 u I ,k u Q,k 1 ) ! U k  jV k

exp( jd* k ) ! exp( j* k ) exp( j* k ) ! (U k  jVk )(cosU k  j sin U k )

= (U k cosU k  Vk sin U k )  j (Vk cosU k  U k sin U k )

! ( X k  jYk ) f off -c tnh theo cng thc: N u[ 1 Yk 1 1 k ! 0 ! tan 2TTs N u[ 1 Xk k !0

f off

Trong N u[ l s k t t m c bit.

Trong ph-ng php ny, chuyn pha gia hai k t lin tip phi bng - , 0 hoc
T 2 T bi v chng ta khng th pht hin h-ng quay 2

pha trong tr-ng hp chuyn pha  T hoc T . Hn na f off cc i c th pht hin b hn ch bi f off khong
T 2 tan 1 U T 2 1 bi v tan 1 U l lin tc trong 4Ts

V d :khi mt h thng p dng tc k t l 20000k t /s,

f off c th pht hin ln nht l 5khz.

b)Ph-ng php pht hin quay mt ct tr s dng knh dn trong h thng CDMA Trong h thng CDMA, mt knh dn -c ghp vo -ng xung o mt ct tr cho -ng xung ti tng thit b u cui. Do nu mt b giao ng ni trong ca mi thit b u cui c th ng b vi tn s sng mang ca -ng xung, mi thit b u cui c th to ra tn s sng mang -ng ln ca n ng b vi BS. T c th loi b dch tn gia BS vi thit b u cui c -ng xung ln -ng ln. Bi v pha ca knh dn khng iu ch trn ton gii nn c th chn mt cch tu khong thi gian ( Tn ) o pha trung bnh m khng cn phi quan tm n tc k t ca knh l-u l-ng . Gi thit rng nh thi chip v nh thi ng b PN -c thc hin Khi chng ta nhn tn hiu bng gc thu -c vi chui Pn ng b v ly tch phn trong di (t  Tm / 2, t  Tm / 2) c th thu -c pha tn hiu thu * t . Bi v knh dn mang mt tn hiu khng iu ch, s khc pha d*(t ) ! * (t )  *(t  Tm ) biu din quay pha trong khong thi gian Tm . Do khi ly trung bnh d* (t ) trong mt khong

xc nh c th thu -c f off t-ng t nh- ph-ng php pht hin quay pha. II.4.4 ng b khung ng b khung trong h thng thng tin di ng mt t s da trn cng ngh TDMA. Mi khe trong khung cha mt SL c th lp thnh b khung. Hnh 3.4 l mch ng b khung trong c nhim v tnh t-ng quan gia tn hiu thu -c bng tn gc v SLSW. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th thu -c cc nh t-ng quan ti cc thi im ngu nhin khc do vic pht hin sai ti cc thi im . Cho d c th loi b cc nh t-ng quan xut hin do pht hin sai bng cc b sai hin ng-ng, ta khng th loi b cc cc nh mt cch hon ton. do , ng-i ta cn s dng cc mch bo v tr-c v sau phi i km cc b pht hin ng-ng loi b cc nh ngu nhin nh- vy, nh- hnh
T ch nh m Ng ng T ch nh m

t hi n u Thu c Bng gc

T ng quan

L ng ng y

Mch bo v nh thi khung Tr c v sau

SLSW

Ng ng

Ng ng

HINH 3.4: Khi nim mch ng b khung

Trong qu trnh thu ban u i vi cc ng b khung, ng b khung -c thit lp khi thit b thu pht hin ra NB nh lin tip vi khong thi gian l mt chu k khung (Tf). qu trnh ny -c gi l bo v sau NB trng thi. Ngay c khi h thng ng b khung, do

nh h-ng ca nhiu v pha inh m trong nhiu trr-ng hp ta khng th pht hin nh t-ng quan t SLSW.

Tr ng th i m t ng b Tr ng th i 0 Kh gxu gn b T on n g f K o n xu gn b T hg n g f

B ov tr c

Tr ng th i 1

Tr ng th i 2

Tr ng th i N Tr ng th i ng b H h 3.5 v d v s t r n g t h i c a m c h bo n v t r u c v sau .

Mt ng b khi khng pht hin -c cc nh t-ng quan trong NF ln lin tip ti thi im m l ra nh o phi xut hin. Qu trnh ny l bo v tr-c NF trng thi. Hnh 3.5 cho thy s trng thi ca mch bo v tr-c v sau, trong gi thit NF v NB l N. Trong phn tr-c, chng ta gi thit ch c mt nh t-ng quan trong mi khe nu khng c nh pht hin sai. iu ny ng khi knh truyn chu nh h-ng ca AWGN hoc pha inh Rayleigh phng. Tuy nhin, trong cc iu kin truyn thc t, c th c mt vi nh t-ng quan xung quanh SLSW do cc -ng tn hiu tr.

B ov s u a

K thu ca t s T hi n u Thu B ng gc

Quy t c tinhch nh

T ng quan

L y Ng ng

M ch bo v Tr c v sau

T ch nh m

.. Tuy 1 n Tuy 2 n thi thuy 1 nh n

Ng ng

Ph ng ph p t ch tuy n m nh nh t nh thi nh thi tuy 1 n tuy 2 n

C c ph ng ph p kh c H h 3.6: v d v h o t n g c a m c h n g b h t h i k h u n g , n n t r o n g n g t r u y n d n g m 3 n g t r u y n d n g m 3 n g b n h h n g b i ph a i n h Ra y l ei g h m t c c h c l p.

Cho thy mt v d v hot ng mch ng b nh thi khung, trong -ng truyn dn gm ba -ng b tc ng c lp bi pha inh Rayleigh. Nh- ta thy trn hnh 3.6, c ba nh t-ng quan -c -a vo b pht hin ng-ng, mt vi nh trong nhm nh c th -c pht hin. Tt nhin, s cc nh pht hin -c trong nhm ph thuc vo mc ng-ng. Kt qu l, khong thi gian nh thi gian c rung pha. Ngoi ra vic nh thi khung quyt nh chn -ng no ph thuc vo cc k thut b pha inh. Khi chng ta s dng mt b cn bng thch nghi chng ta phi kho nh thi khung vo -ng th nht . Mt khc khi chng ta s dng k thut b pha inh Rayleigh phng chng ta phi kho nh thi khung vao -ng mnh nht . p ng cc yu cu ny, cn chia mch ng b nh thi khung thnh cc mch iu chnh th v iu chnh tinh nh- hnh 3.6. Trong giai on iu chnh th , nh thi trung bnh cho nhm

nh t-ng quan SLSW -c pht hin vi khong gao ng l s dTs , trong d l mt s nguyn d-ng, Ts l khong thi gian mt k t v rng ca khong ny l( 2dTs ) -c gi l ca s pht hin.Trong tr-ng hp ny, ng b khung t -c khi N B nh lin tip vi mt khong thi gim l T f  dTs -c pht hin . Trong th tc bo v tr-c s mt ng b -c pht hin ch khi N f nh lin tip ti nh thi khung vi khang dao ng nh thi l s dTs khng th pht hin -c. Trong qu trnh diu chnh tinh, ng-i ta tm im nh thi khung ti -u bng cch s l mt ct tr xung quanh nh thi khung d d -c pht hin trong giai on iu chnh th bng cch s dng k thut ph hp vi k thut chng pha inh t-ng ng.

II.5. Nguyn l v k thut tri ph trong CDMA II.5.1 Nguyn l chung II.5.1.1 Khi nim v k thut tri ph . K thut tri ph -c s dng ln u tin trong cc h thng thng tin trong qun i M vo nhng nm 1940, nhm che du nhng thng tin v nhiu c . Gn y k thut tri ph -c ng dng trong lnh vc dn s trong h thng thng tin vin thng v tuyn. t-ng ca k thut tri ph trong cc h thng thng tin di ng l da vo nh l Shannon. nh l ny -c pht biu nhsau : Vi mt knh thng tin c tp m trng cng tnh (AWGN) th t-ng quan gia dung l-ng, cng sut v rng di tn cho bi cng thc sau: C = B.log(1+S/N) (3-1)

Trong : C l dung l-ng ca knh truyn. B l rng di tn ca tn hiu . S/N l t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut nhiu. Nh- vy vi cng mt dung l-ng C ta c th truyn tn hiu qua knh vi t s tn hiu trn tp m rt thp nu tn hiu c ph rt rng. im ny c th thc hin -c nh k thut tri ph tn hiu cn truyn v pha pht v nn ph thu -c pha thu.H thng thng tin dng k thut tri ph cho php lm vic tt cc iu kin truyn thng tin trong mi tr-ng c nhiu mnh , thm ch c th che giu -c tn hiu chm trong nn nhiu.Nh khng nhng tn hiu -c truyn chnh xc m cn lam i ph-ng rt kh c th nhn ra -c tin tc mnh ang truyn i . Hn na, nh vic s dung cc m tri ph ( m gi ngu nhin ) trong cc k thut tri ph nn i ph-ng khng th gii m -c thng thin. H thng thng tin tri ph la h thng thng tin c bng tn pht ln hn rt nhiu so vi bng tn tn hiu gc. Bng tn pht ca h thng -c tri ph c lp vi tn hiu . Tuy vy,khng phi h thng thng tin no c di rng u l h thng thng tin tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin -c gi l tri ph nu tho mn ba yu t sau: Yu t 1: Tn hiu sau khi tri ph c rng bng tn Yu t 2: S trai ph th-ng -c th-c hin bi tn hiu ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi tn hiu gc ca n. tri ph gi l m tri ph.M tri ph nay th-ng c lp vi tn hiu m n c tc lp hn nhiu vi tc oc d liu.

Yu t 3: Ti pha thu, gi tri ph -c thc hin bi s

t-ng quan vi tn hiu thu vi bn sao cc m tri ph -c s dng pha pht. Ch : Mt h thng thng tin s dng cc k thut iu ch v gii iu ch truyn thng nh- iu pha, iu tn, iu ch xung m . Tuy c rng bng truyn dn ln hn rng bng truyn ca tn hiu d liu nh-ng khng phi l h thng tri ph v l do l trong cc h thng thng thin khng tho mn yu t 2 v yu t 3 ca nh ngha h thng thng tin tri ph.

M hnh khi qut ca h thng thng tin tri ph -c biu din trong hnh (3-7).

b(t) Sn
I () I 1 ()

Sn

Hnh 3-7 : M hnh khi qut h thng thng tin tri ph Nhng thnh tu trong thng tin v truyn thng -c -a trn nn tng t-ng phat cng nhiu thng tin trn mt bng tn hp cng tt. Cc h thng thng tin ny -c gi l h thng thng tin bng hp (Sn). Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph hnh3-7), hot ng ca my thu v my phat -c chia lam 2 b-c : a. Ti my pht: + B-c 1: Chng ta cs th xem nh- l iu ch cp 1,khi tn hiu nh phn b(t)u vo -c chuyn vo tn hiu bng hp Sn. + B-c 2: chng ta coi nh- iu ch cp 2 l ni p dng k thut tri ph k hiu I (). Kt qu ca iu ch ny l m rng ph ca bng tn tn hiu thnh bng tn rng. Sau khi -c tri ph bng m tri ph th thu -c tn hiu u ra pha phat l Sn. b. Ti pha thu: + B-c 1: L qu trnh -c nn ph k hiu l I 1 (). Thc cht l qu trnh nn ph l s t-ng quan ca tn hiu thu -c Swvi bn sao m tri ph -c ng b.Sau khi tri ph tn hiu bng rng Sw -c tn hiu dng gc Snca tn hiu bng hp .

+ B-c 2: Tn hiu bng hp sau khi qua gii iu ch, tn hiu bng hp -c khi phc tr li dang d liu ban u b(t). tn hiu tri ph p dng rt hiu qu trong h thng thng tin di rng do c cc -u im ln: chng nhiu ci thin cht l-ng thng tin. Tng dung l-ng, bo mt. II.5.1.2 Phn loi k thut tri ph. nng cao cht l-ng ca h thng thng tin da vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) i vi h thng t-ng t v t s li bt( BER)i vi h thng thng tin s,chng ta c th thc hin -c thng qua k thut tri ph.Do cc c im ring bit m ng-i ta c ph rng W(Hz)v thi gian tn ti T th ta c s phn l-ng ph l 2WT. tng s phn l-ng ph ta c th tng W hoc tng thi gian Tnh ktx thut nhy thi gian(Time hopping). Cn c vo cu trc v ph-ng php iu ch ng-i ta phn ra cc loi sau: -Tri ph trc tip(DS-Direct Sequense): y l ph-ng php n gin nht trong k thut tri ph v -c s dng rng ri trong h thng thng tin di ng, v tinh, rada, Tn hiu b tri ph rng ra nh cng modul 2 ca tn hiu gc vi m tri ph PN. - Tri ph tn s ( FH Frenquency Hopping) : thc cht l s dch chuyn tn s -c chn theo m. thnh phn c bn ca h thng l to b m PN v b tng hp tn s. - Tri ph nhy thi gian (TH- Time Hopping): nguyn l l bn tin d liu c tc dng s Rb -c phn b khong thi gian truyn dn di hn thi gian cn thit s dng truyn bn tin

bng cc h thng thng th-ng. Trong khong thi gian ny dng s liu -c gi i theo tng loi ph hp vi s iu khin ca m PN. Ngoi ba loi trn cn c cc k thut tri ph khc l s kt hp gia chng nh-: DS/FH, FH/ TH. DS/FH/TH II.5.1.3 c im ca k thut tri ph. a. Trit nhiu: Thng th-ng xt cc nh h-ng i vi T s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) i vi h thng t-ng t. Xc sut li bt (BER) i vi h thng thng tin s. cht l-ng ca h thng thng tin ng-i ta da vo cc thng s sau:

Cc thng s ny rt quan trng cng vic m bo cht l-ng thng tin. V vy cn phi o l-ng, iu khin v cn c nhng bin php nhm ci thin cc thng s .T cc kt qu l thuyt cho ta thy mt s bin php ci thin cc thng s ny: Ph-ng php 1: Tng cng sut ca tn hiu nhm tng t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N). Nh-ng ph-ng php ny ch thc thin mt cch c gii hn do s rng buc v mt k thut. Gii hn v mt cng sut ngun v mt ph. Ph-ng php 2: Ko di thi gian lm vic ca tn hiu trong h thng shay lm gim nh xc sut nhiu tc ng vo tn hiu. Bin php ny s gim nh tc truyn tin. Ph-ng php 3: Tri rng ph ca tn hiu nhm nng cao c tnh ca thng s nh gi bi m hnh h thng tri ph. Theo hnh 3-7) gi s tn hiu tri ph pha pht Sw nhn -c pha thu vi s c mt ca nhiu i0(t). Sau khi nn ph ti my thu ta c :
I 1 ( S w  in (t )) ! I 1 (I ( S 0 )  in (t )) ! S n  iw

(3-2)

Khi nn ph ta thu -c tn hiu v dng bng hp hu ch van u v ua tn hiu v dng bng rng iw.

Sau b lc bng hp k hiu l F() l mt b lc bng thng c bng tn Bn T-ng -ng vi rng bng thng ca Sn ta c: F(Sn+iw)= Sn+ F(iw) = Sn+ iwr (3-3) S ch c mt phn nng l-ng ca nhiu i qua b lc, cn li thnh phn nhiu trong bng l iwr v rng bng Bn ca thnh phn nhiu iw t-ng ng ln hn nhiu ln rng bng Bn ca thnh phn nhiu cn li iwr. Hnh (3-8) cho chung ta thy biu ph ca qu trnh trn. Do chng ta c cng sut nhiu trn bng: P(iwr) = L i Bn (3-4) Trong L i l h thng cng sut nhiu. Cng sut ny c lin h vi cng sut tng ca nhiu P(iwr)=
P(i w ) P(iw) .Bn = G Bw

(3-5)

Trong G= Bw/Bn -c gi l h s tng ch. T cng thc (3-4), (3-5) ta thy cng sut b nn trong qu trnh ph. Gi s nu mc ca nhiu qu ln th s l ban u c th -c tin hnh l nn nhiu tr-c khi tin hnh nn ph. Mt bng hp trong bng tn -c chim bi nhiu -c to ln v vi thut ton thch hp c kh nng cho php thay i nhng thng s ca nhiu. Phn tch trn cho tr-ng hp nhiu c bng tn tp trung quanh v xc nh v tr bt k trong bng tn pht.
Sn

a)

Sw b) Sn in Sw f0 f

c) fi

Li
Sn in Sw

d)

Hnh 3-8: Biu ph ca ca trnh tri v nn ph Tip theo chng ta xt s nh h-ng ca nhiu tch cc( nhiu c ) v nh h-ng ca mi tr-ng tp m trng (Gauss) i vi h thng thng tin tri ph. Tp m trng Gauss theo m hnh ton hc l c ph nng l-ng phn b u v hn trn tt c cc tn s, tuy nhin i vi mt h thng thng tin xc nh tp m trng Gauss ch c nh h-ng c hi trong b rng ph ca tn hiu m thi. i vi nhiu c ( nhiu do i ph-ng c gy ra ) do cng sut l c han, bn gy nhiu trong mt s thi im xc nh no khng bit -c chnh xc to ca tn hiu c ch, do vy pha bn gy nhiu th-ng phi la chn mt trong hai ph-ng n sau: + Ph-ng n 1: Thc hin gy nhiu tt c cc to tn hiu ca h thng, vi nng l-ng ca nhiu l nh- nhau trn tt c to ph ca tn hiu bng cch nh- vy cng sut nhiu gy ra ti mi to tn hiu s b gim nh m cng sut tng cng gy nhiu l rt ln. + Ph-ng n 2: Tp trung cng sut nhiu ca ngun nhiu vo mt bng hp no ca ph tn hiu. Vi ph-ng n ny gia tng -c cng sut nhiu tc ng nh-ng xc sut tc ng vo ng to ph c ch s gim nh.

Hnh (3-8) cho chng ta thy mt cch trc quan hiu qu ca vic tri ph chng nhiu. Vi mt ph nng l-ng ca tn hiu tr-c khi tri ph l G(f) v sau khi tri ph l Gss. T hnh (3-8a) chng ta thy do tnh cht ca tp m trng N0 khng thay i khi ta thc hin tri ph. Nh- vy tri ph trong mi tr-ng tp m trng khng ci thin -c c tnh ca h thng. T hnh (3-8) vi cng sut ca ngun nhiu l J do mt ca ngun nhiu l J0= J/W. Trong W : l rng ph tn hiu c ch tr-c khi tri ph.
phca t? hi n u

phca nhi u

tru c tri ph

tru c tri ph

sau khi tri ph

Ph? g nhi d ng chi?n thu 1 a y u t sau khi tri phl 1 n

Ph? g nhi d ng chi?n thut 2 a y u sau tri ph

Hnh 2-9 hiu qa ca tri ph chng nhiu. a. Tri ph vi s c mt ca tp m trng b. Tri ph vi s c mt ca nhiu c

 ph-ng n gy nhiu 1 gy nhiu ng u ti tt c cc to ca tn hiu, trong tr-ng hp ny mt ph cng sut nhiu s b gim i Wss/W ln ( tr-c tri ph mt ca cng sut ngun nhiu s ch l J0= J/Wss ) c ngha la mt ca ph cng sut ngun nhiu gim ch cn J0= J/W ss. Wss. L rng ph tn hiu sau khi tri ph. ph-ng n gy nhiu 2: Gy nhiu tp trung trong di hp ca to ph tn hiu vi rng ph nhiu c nh h-ng l Wi v mt ca cng sut ngun nhiu l J0= W p Gi. P= W i./W ss.l t s gia rng ph nhiu m bn gy nhiu la chn vi rng ph sau tri ph trong 0 e p e 1. Vy gy nhiu cho tn hiu tri ph c hiu qa ngang bng i vi tn hiu ch-a tri th bn gy nhiu nht thit phi tng mt cng sut ngun nhiu thm 1/p ln so vi ban u( gy nhiu cho tn hiu ch-a tri ph). Nhn xt: Khi b gy nhiu theo ph-ng n 1 nh k thut tri ph m c mt cng sut nhiu gim i Wss./W ln. Nu ta chn t s W ss./W ln th hiu qu chng nhiu ca h thng s rt ng k. Khi b gy nhiu theo ph-ng n 2 th i vi h thng thng tin tri ph th xc sut gy nhiu hiu qu khng ch ph thuc vo vic la chn to gy nhiu m cn ph thuc vo t s P= Wi./Wss. a. Gim mt nng l-ng: Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph, th ph ca tn hiu hu ch -c tri ra trn b rng ph ln hn do mt cng sut tn hiu -c gim nh vi mt cng sut tn hiu nh nh- vy vic pht hin ra s c mt ca tn hiu l rt kh khn. nh c

tnh nn nhiu tn hiu trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph mi tr-ng nhiu mnh gn nh- b che lp bi nhiu m vn m bo khi phc tn hiu ti cc u thu thch hp nu c bn sau m tri ph -c ng b. Cc my thu bt k trong cng h thng s khng c kh nng tch sng -c tn hiu ca my thu khc, cc h thng thng tin nh- th gi l h thng thng tin xc sut tch sng thp(Low Prabability of Detection- LPD). b. u im ca ph-ng php a truy nhp theo m(CDMA). Thng qua k thut tri ph bng rng: Mi ng-i s dng -c dng mt m tri ph xc nh c lp vi tt c nhng ng-i s dng khc trong cng h thng v cng s dng chung mt rng bng tn pht ca h thng. Do h thng m bo -c s b mt v thng tin gia nhng ng-i s dng. Trong h thng CDMA c nhiu tn hiu tri ph cng tn ti trong cng mt bng tn pht chung, v vy mi my thu s nhn -c tng nhng tn hiu ca tt c nhng ng-i s dng khc. Qu trnh nn ph cho chng ta thy -c tn hiu bng hp gc nu tn hiu l ph hp vi my thu v to ra tn hiu bng rng hay tp m khi tn hiu l khng ph hp. Sau khi i qua v lc bng hp th ta thu -c tn hiu ban u. Nh- vy vic phn bit cc tn hiu ca nhng ng-i s dng khc nhau trong cng mt h bt k vi tt c nhng ng-i s dng khc nhau. II.5.2 K thut tri ph trc tip DS/SS. II.5.2.1 Nguyn tc trit nhiu trong h thng thng tin tri ph trc tip.

Ti b iu ch tn hiu cn pht i sau iu ch l S(t). Tn hiu ny c tc l R(pbs). Tc tri ph PN (C(t))c tc ln hn nhiu tc gi liu cn truyn i. Gi s b rng ph ca tn hiu d liu S(t) l X(w) v b rng ca tn hiu tri ph l G(w). Tn hiu nhn i s ca tn hiu d liu v tri ph bin i thao thi gian S (t).C(t) t-ng -ng vi vic nhn chp rng ph tn s ca hai ph tn s tn hiu d liu v m ph l X(w) v G(w): S (t).C(t) X(w). G(w) Nu tn hie d liu l tn hiu d liu bng hp so vi m tri ph th ph ca tn hiu d liu l nh so vi ph cu m tri ph.Do ph ca tn hiu tch S (t).C(t) c rng ph gn nh rng m tri ph. Ti b iu ch,tn hiu hn -c nhn vi bn sao m ri ph (m tri ph ti my thu).Gi s nhn tn hiu l l t-ng v tn hiu truyn ti my thu khng c nhiu. Ph tn hiu nn li. Nu c bt k mt tn hiu khng mong mun no ( nhiu bng hp) th ti my thu do nhn v m tri ph -c ng bo vi my pht thif ph ca nhiu s -c tri rng ra ging nh- tri ph tn hiu d liu pht. Nh- vy tn hiu thu mong mun -c nn ph li sau -c loc thu tn hiu cn thit. Trong ph ca tn hiu khng mong mun b tri rng ph ra. Hay ni cch khc mt ph cng sut tn hiu sau khi nn -c tng ln cn mt ph cng sut ca cc tn hiu khng mong mun b lm gim i.

S(t )

B lc

Hnh 2-10 Nh- vy, qua qu trnh nn ph nu so snh t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu v sau b nn ph ta thy t s tn hi trn tp m (S/N) u ra tng ln r rt. Tm li bn cht v kh nng trit nhiu ca h thng tri ph c th trnh by nn gn li nh- -c ,minh ho hnh (3-11).

t? hi n u
Nhi u

Tri

t? hi n u

Nhi u

t? hi n u N?n

Hnh 2-11: Tri ph nn trong h thng tri ph DS. Ti my pht vic nhn tn hiu d liu vi m tri ph chnh v vic tri ph cu tn hiu d liu trn nn ph ca m tri ph (m tri ph c rng rt ln so vi tn hiu d liu) Ti my thu tn hiu thu o nn ph nh vic nhn tn hiu thu -c vi bn sao m tri ph pha thu -c ng b.Sau khi nhn vi bn sao m tri ph th ph tn hiu -c nn li. Sau nh qu trnh lc m tn hiu mong mun -c tch ra. Nh- vy, tn hiu mong mun -c phc hi sau khi nhn vi m tri ph ln th hai ti my thu.Trong khi cc tn hiu khng maong mun khc (nhiu) ch -c nhn vi m tri ph c mt ln nn ph b tri rng ra. Do , mt cng sut b gim st. Chnh v vy, h thng thng tin dng k thut tri ph th hot ng tt hn trong mi tr-ng c nhiu mn

II.5.2.2 K thut tri ph trc tip kiu BPSK(DS - BPSK). Dng c bn nht trong h thng thng tin tri ph trc tip l gii thut iu ch tri ph dch pha nh phn (DS - BPSK). Th-ng gi tt l k thut tri ph BSPK. K thut tri ph c s sau:

S( t) S( t) Sm( t)

r(t ) x(t )
Lc thng

iu ch pha

S( t) di

Gii iu

ch

C(t)

C(t)

Dao ng
2 p .cos [ 0 t

Hnh 2-12: S tri ph trc tip BPSK(DS - BPSK) Tn hiu u ra Sm(t) ti pha u ra ca b iu ch pha th c cng sut l p, tn s gc ca tn hiu l [ 0 -c iu ch pha bi tn hiu u vo m(t) c dch pha l U m (t ) . Tn hiu Sm(t) c rngbng thngtruyndn tithiu lR/n vi r l tc ca bt d liu m(t), n l ss bt thng tin trong mt k hiu.
S m (t ) ! 2 p cos? 0 (t )  U m (t ) A [

(3-6)

Tn hiu Sm(t) pha u ra ca b iu ch pha tip tc -c tri ph bng vic nhn S t (t ) ! S m (t ).Ct ! 2 p .C (t ).cos? 0 (t )  U m (t ) A [ (3-7)

vi m tri ph PN(C(t))th thu -c tn hiu bng rng St(t). Tn hiu St(t). c rngbng tn rt ln so vi rng bng tn ca tn hiu Sm(t). Tn hiu St(t) -c mang ra pht v -c truyn theo knh truyn ti my thu. Trn knh truyn, tn hiu bng rng tn hiu st(t) khng nhng b lm tr m cn -c cng thm nhiu ca tn hiu khng mong mun. Nu my thu,tn hiu thu -c l r(t) c mang mt tr v nhiu nht nh. My thu nhn -c tn hiu sau mt khong thi gian tr Td v cng thm mt l-ng nhiu. Gii ph tn hiu thu -c r(t) -c thc hin cng nh m tri ph PN. M tri ph ti pha thu -c ng b vi pha pht. Tn hiu thu r(t) -c nhn vi m ph PN: C( t - Td). Trong Td l thi gian truyn dn do my thu nh gi. Tn hiu sau khi tri ph s l X(t):
X (t ) ! 2 p C( t - Td).C(t - T' d ). cos? 0 t  U m t  Td  J A [

(3-8)

Trong J l pha ngu nhin gy ra bi tp m v nhiu. Khi my thu -c ng b vi my pht th Td = T d , v C(t) l cc bt nh phn 1 th C( t - Td).C(t - T' d ) = C( t - Td).C(t - Td ) =1 Khi biu thc (3-8) tr thnh:
X (t ) ! 2 p . cos? 0t  U m t  Td  J A [

(3-9)

Do , ti u ra ca b iu ch, tn hiu Sm(t) -c hi phc sau khc tn hiu tng qut mt gc pha ngu nhin J . Sau khi tn hiu Sm(t) gii iu ch PSK kt hp tuyn tnh v chn lc tn hiu thu s -c tn hiu m(t)l tn hiu nh phn 1 th U m (t ) s nhn gi tr l 0 v 4 nn Sm(t) v St(t) s tr thnh:

Sm(t) ! 2p .m(t ) cos [0 t

St(t) =

2 p .c (t ).m(t ) cos [0t

Lc ny ch cn s dng b iu ch pha s con d liu s -c cng modul 2 vi m tra ph tr-c khi -a vo b iu ch pha. Trng tn hiu BPSK -c s dng cho tt c iu ch tri ph v iu ch d liu trong hnh a, b, c, d l dng sng d liu, m tri ph Sm(t), St(t). Hnh e, f minh ho tn hiu tr truyn dn Td = 0. N-ng m tri ph thu (hnh e) khng ng pha vi m tri ph pht nn tn hiu sau khi tri ph (hnh f) th ta khng khi phc li tn hiu. Hnh (g) minh ho tn hiu tr truyn dn Td = 0 v m tri ph thu -c ng b vi tn hiu tri ph pht nn tn hiu tri ph hnh (g) phc hi -c tn hiu Sm(t).

Hnh 3-13: Cc dng sng trong tri ph DS- BPSk a. d liu pht b.m tri ph c. d. sng mang iu ch BPSK Sm(t) Tn hiu tri ph St(t) Tn hiu thu r(t) khi T=0

e. f. g.

Tr-ng hp m tri ph thu lnh ng b Tc/2 C(t-T/2) Tn hiu thu khng gii tri ph do lnh ng b Tn hiu Sm(t)= C(t).S(t) -c tri ph vi C(t) ng b

Ch : Ti hnh (3-12) trong s khi ca h thng thng tin tri ph BPSK th trnh t trong vic nhn vi m tri ph PN tr-c hay sau nhn vi qu trnh nhn vi tn hiu sng mang l khng nh h-ng g. V trong s tri ph BPSK l m phng cc h thng thng tin tuyn tnh theo thi gian.Tn hiu tri ph PN -c coi nhmt m -c bit i vi cc pha pht v pha thu. Khi pha thu xc nh -c m ny th n c th tri ph -c tn hiu -c tri ph c -c thng tin mong mun. Ni mt cch khc, tt c cc my thu bt k nu khng c m tri ph ph hp so vi my pht th khng th no thu v tch -c tn hiu . Bi v m tri ph ca gi tr 1 ging nh- l nhiu. II.5.2.3 K thut tri ph trc tip kiu QPSK (DS QPSK t -c hiu qu cao trong truyn dn tn hiu s. Cc k thut iu ch nhiu mc -c p dng. Mt trong nhng k thut l k thut iu ch pha cu ph-ng QPSK ( hay iu ch dch pha mt mc). S h thng s dng k thut tri ph iu ch dch pha cu ph-ng DS QPSK nh- sau:
p cos[[ 0 t  U m (t )]

St1(t) S1(t)

iu ch pha

Hybrid cu

ph-ng

C2(t) St2(t)

dao ng

p cos[[0 t ]

Hnh 2-14 : S my pht tn hiu tri ph cn bng cu ph-ng Ti my thu h thng tn hiu gc m(t) -c diu ch pha tn hiu bi tn hiu sng mang. Tn hiu ra ca b iu ch l: Sm(t)

Sm(t) =

2p .m(t ) cos? 0 t  U m  [ t A

(3-10)

Trong P l cng sut ca my pht tn hiu gc m(t), [ 0 l tn ss gc ca tn hiu sng mang iu pha. U m (t ) l dch pha ca tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch so vi tn hiu sng mang ,
U m (t ) -c x nh hon ton ph thuc vo tn hiu gc m(t).

Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch pha Sm(t) -c -a ti b Hydrid cu ph-ng hay b sai ng cu oh-ng cn ph-ng cn bng . B Hydrid ny c nhim v chia tn hiu Sm(t) theo hai li khc nhau ng thi chia i cng sut. Mi mt -ng -c tri ph vi mt m ph khc nhau C1(t), C2(t).Khi tri ph mi h-ng c mt tn hiu tri ph u ra nh- sau: S t1 (t) = S t 2 (t) =
p c1 (t ). cos? 0 t  U m  [ t A

(3-11) (3-12)

p c 2 (t ) cos? 0 t  U m  [ t A

Sau hai tn hiu tri ph -c cng vi nhau tr-c khi cho pht. tn hiu l St(t): St(t)=
p c1 (t ) 2p . cos? 0 t  U m  s [ t A p c 2 (t ) cos? 0 t  U m  [ t A

(3-13) Trong C1(t), C2(t) l m tri ph c gi tr s 1. Vi thi gian tr truyn n l Td th tn hiu thu -c r(t) s l: r(t)=
p c1 (t  Td ). cos? 0 t  U m   [ t A p c2 (t  Td ) sin ? 0 t  U m  [ t A

(3-14) Tn hiu thu -c trong tr-ng hp trn sau khi -c truyn trn knh truyn v ta gi s rng tn hiu thu -c khng c nhiu xy ra m ch c tr thi gian truyn sng.

C1(t Td)

2cos [( [ 0 + [ IF )t + J ]

X(t) r(t) B chia cng r(t) Y(t)

C2(t Td)

Lc thng gii r(t)

Gii u ch pha

m(t)

2cos [( [ 0 + [ IF )t + J ]

Hnh 3-15 S khi my thu tn hiu tri ph cu ph-ng cn bng. Tn hiu r(t) -c cho vo b chia cng sut th tch thnh 2 -ng, mi -ng ny oc tri ph bng m tri ph c1 (t  Td ) v
c2 (t  Td ) th thu -c hai thnh phn tn hiu X(t) v Y(t):

X(t)=
p c1 (t  Td ).c1 (t  T ' d ). cos? n t  U m t A [ 2 p c2 (t  Td ).c2 (t  T ' d ) sin? n t  U m t A [ 2

(3-15) Y(t)
p [ c1 (t  Td ).c1 (t  T ' d ). sin? n t  U m t A 2 p [ c2 (t  Td ).c2 (t  T 'd ) cos? n t  U m t A 2

(3-16) Khi m tri ph pha thu ng b vi m tri ph pha pht hay ni cch khc l thi gian tr Td = T 'd . Th khi :

X(t) = Y(t) =

p cos? n t  U m t A [ 2 p sin ? n t  U m t A [ 2

p sin? n t  U m t A [ 2 p cos? nt  U m t A [ 2

(3-17) (3-18)

Tn hiu hai h-ng sau khi -c tri ph th -c cng li.Khi tn hiu tng l r(t): r(t)=X(t)+Y(t)= 2 19) Do ti u ra ca b tri ph tn hiu Sm(t) -c phc hi d-i dng r(t). Khi r(t) -c gii iu ch kt hp s cho ra d liu ta mong mun ban u. Trong h thng thng tin s dng k thut tri ph trc tip dch m cu ph-ng (DS - QPSK), hai m tri ph C1(t) v C2(t) -c s dng cho hai nhnh cu ph-ng khc nhau yu cu phi c cng mt thi gian chip. Chng c th l tn hiu m tri ph PN c lp vi nhau hoc do cng mt tn hiu m tri ph C(t) to ra . nh gi h thng DS QPSK, ta phi xet xem cc tnh nng tn hiu ca h thng nh- rng bng tn s dng, tng ch s l v t s tn trn tp ( v chung quyt nh xc sut li ). So snh gia h thng DS QPSK v h thng DS BPSK ta thy rng: Nu nh- mt tn hiu c th trun bi h thng DS QPSK s dng na rng bng tn th cc yu cu v tng ch s l v t s tn trn tp (SNR) cng t -c nh- s dng trong h thng DS BPSK. cn nu dung m d liu -c truyn bi h thng DS QPSK cng vi yu cu v s dng bng tn v PG ging nhau so vi h thng DS QPSK th h thng DS QPSK c t s tn trn tp (SNR) tt hn gp 2 ln [2] dn n xc sut bt nh hn. Hay ni
p cos? n t  U m t ! [ A 2 2 p cos? n t  U m t A [ 2

(3-

cch khc, h thng thng tin c th truyn vi tc gp 2 ln so vi tn hiu -c truyn trong h thng DS QPSK vi cng rng bng, cung PG v SN.

C1(t Td)

2cos [( [ 0 + [ IF )t + J ]

X(t) r(t) B chia cng r(t) Y(t)

C2(t Td)

Lc thng gi i r(t)

Gii u ch pha

m(t)

2cos [( [ 0 + [ IF )t + J ]

II.5.2.4 Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu tri ph DS Sng mang -c iu ch pha bi d liu m(t) l: Sm(t) =
2 p cos? 0t  U m t [ A

(3-20)

V tn hiu tri ph pht BPSK l: St(t) = Sm(t). C(t) =

2 p cos? 0 t  U m t A [

(3-21)

Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu pht c th tnh t bin i Fourier ca hm t-ng quan. Tn hiu Sm(t) c lp vi C(t) nn hm t- t-ng quan Rt( X ) ca tch s C(t).Sm(t) s bng vi tch ca cc ham t t-ng quan hay: Rt( X ) = Rm( X ).Rc( X ) Mt ph cng sut St(t)l bin i Fourier ca Rt( X ) v ta c th tnh PSDt(f) qua vic p dng nh l tch chp trong min tn s:
g

PSDm(f) = PSDt(f)* PSDc(f) = PSD m (f) * PSDc(f f )df

-g

(3-22)

Xt tr-ng hp d liu nh phn m(t) tc R = 1/Tbiu ch BPSK sng mang v iu ch tri ph cng l BPSK Mt ph cng sut tn hiu BPSK l :
PTb sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tb PTb sin 4( f  f 0 )Tb PSDm(f) =  2 4( f  f 0 )Tb 2 4 ( f  f 0 )Tb
2 2

(3-23)

M tri ph l tn hiu nh phn s 1 nn mt ph ca cng sut ca C(t) l:

sin 4 fTc PSDm(f) = Tc 4fTc
2

(3 24)

Mt tri ph tn hiu DS l:
PTbTc PSDt(f) = 2 sin 4 ( f  f )T sin 4 ( f  f )T g 4( f  f0 )0Tb b * 4( f  f0 )0Tc c df ' + 
2 2
g 2 2

g sin 4 ( f  f ' ) PTbTc sin 4 ( f ' f 0 )Tc df ' * 2 4 ( f ' f 0 )Tc g 4 ( f  f ' )

PT T PSDt(f) = b c 2

sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc 4 ( f  f )T 0 c

g sin 4 ( f ' f 0 )Tb * g 4 ( f ' f 0 )Tb

g 2

df ' +

PTbTc 2

sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc 4 ( ff 0 )Tc

sin 4 ( f ' f )T g 4( f ' f 0 )0Tb b df ' 

2 2

SPD(t) SPD(t)

PTbTc sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc 1 PTbTc sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc 1  2 2 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc Tb 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc Tb

sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc PTc sin 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc + 2 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc 4 ( f  f 0 )Tc
2 2

(3 - 25)

T cng thc (3 22) v (3 25) ta thy rng mt ph tn hiu sau khi tri ph -c m rng Tb/Tc = Rc/R ln. Hnh (3-16) minh ho th ph cng sut ca tn hiu tr-c khi tri ph PSDm(f) v sau tri ph PSDt(f).

Tn hiu QPSK l tng ca hai tn hiu BPSK c lp v trc giao nn mt cng sut s l tng i s mt ph cng sut ca hai thnh phn

Hnh 2-16: Mt ph cng sut tn hiu a)Tr-c tri ph v b) sau tra ph. II.5.2.5 ng b trong tri ph DS. S ng b ca chui g ngu nhin ti my thu vi chui gi ngu nhin ti my pht l yu t c bn nhn ng tn hiu. N cho php my thu nhn ra thng tin hu ich m(t). Dng b gm hai qu trnh: ng b th (bm). ng b tinh (d).
S(t) C(t)

Ta c s nguyn l thu m DS CDMA.

1 S1(t) C(t+ H )

BPF S2(t)

B tch sng -ng bao

So snh

dch m

B to m

3
S3(t)

4
S3(t)

in p ng-ng

Hnh 2-17: Nguyn l thu m trong DS CDMA

Gi s tn hiu nhn -c l: S1(t) = St.C(t+ H ) (3-26)

Tr-c qu trnh bm cc chui m tri ph u thu lch pha so vi m tri ph u pht mt gi tr H no ,nn tn hiu u ra b nhn c dng l: S2(t) = S1(t).C(t+ H ) (3 -27)

Tn hiu ny -c -a qua b gii thng (BPF) c tn s trung tn [ 0 , di thng rng t-ng ng vi ph m(t) nh-ng hp so vi ph ca C(t).Tn hiu sau b lc gii thng (BPF) -a dn b tch sng -ng bao pht hin gi tr nh ca tn hiu ny. Nu tn hiu sng mang iu ch bi m(t) khng i th tn hiu u ra ca b tch sng -ng bao c gi tr hm t-ng quan nh- sau: S3(t) = C(t).C(t + H ) = Rc (H ) (3-28)

Rc (H ) nhn gi tr cc i H ! 0 . Bin in p u ra ca b

tch sng -ng bao ph thuc vo H . Nu ga tr in p ra nh hn ng-ng th H -c gia tng trong thi gian chip Tc. Qu trnh -c lp li cho n khi bin in p ra v-t qu mc ng-ng ( t-ng ng vi H ! 0 ). Th n s chuyn sang qu trnh d tm .

Ta c s m t nguyn l d tm m c dng nh- sau:

BPF Tch sng -ng bao

1 E( H )

T Rc H  c 2

Sm B to m B lc mch vng

(3) Tr (2) BPF 3

e(H ) ! (1)  (2)

T Rc H  c 2

Tch sng -ng bao

Hnh 2-18: Nguyn l d tm m trong DS CDMA Sau qu trnh bm th chui m PN c -c do b to chui gi ngu nhin trong nhnh sm l C(t+Tc/2), cn trong nhnh tr l C(t - Tc/2). Hai tn hiu u ra b tch sng -ng bao s tr cho nhau s to ra tn hii e( H )

T T Rc H  c  Rc H  c e( H ) = 2 2

(3-29)

Tn hiu ny sau khi qua b lc mch vng s iu khin qu trnh to chui C(t) Du hiu e( H )chi th h-ng iu chnh ca vic to m.

chng III nhng ng dng ca h thng CDMA

V mt l thuyt, FDMA v TDMA u c cng dung l-ng. trong thc t cc bng tn -c cch nhau bi bng tn bo v,cc khong bo v ny lm lng ph s phn trm no ca tng rng bng tnv v th dung l-ng thc t nh. C FDMA v TDMA u i hi iu khin tp chung. FDMA cc trm gc phi n nh tn s cho ng-i s dng tch cc theo yu cu. TDMA ngoi vic n nhkhe thi gian trm gc v tt c cc ng-i s dng tch cc phi duy tr cng chun thi gian. Mi ng-i s dng tch cc -c ding mt bng tn hay mt khong thi gian v ng-i ny s lm ch mt tr-ng truyn dn m khng b tranh chp v hiu nng truyn dn s -c s dng bi t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N). CDMA ng-i s dngtch cc c th thm nhp vo ton b bng B v c th t do tm trong mi thi im. n thi im i vi thng tin ting CDMA c hiu sut s dng bng tn nh- FDMA v TDMA ta thy CDMA c -c nhng -u im sau: + Gim nh h-ng ca pha inh nhiu tia cc tn hiu ph hpvi thu kt hp phn tp.

+ Loi b nhiu i vi tn hiu bng hp, cc h thng tri ph t nhy cm vi nhiu bng hp. + Dung l-ng ca CDMA c gii hn mn cn FDMA v TDMA c gii hn dung l-ng cng. Tnh t- hu v bo mt chng k chm. CDMA c tnh nng v-t tri so vi FDMA v TDMA trong mi tr-ng t ong. trong h thng thng tin di ng t ong mt t, vng phc v -c ph bi cc , vng th yu cu phc v cao, c kch th-c nh v mt cao. vng ngoi v vng nng thn cc ln hn v mt cng thp hn. Tm ca cc l trm gc khc v tp hp li to ln mng t ong. Vng bin gii cc hnh trn v chng ln vi nhau tn s phn b cho mt c th s dng li mt s khc nh s che chn khong cch ci h s ti s dng tn s. Chnh h s ti s dng ny lm cho h thng CDMA t ong tt hn h thng FDMA t ong. Mt khc vi h thng CDMA t ong cc trm di ng s dng cng bng tn v khng s dngli tn s i hi kht khe hthng CDMA t ong l iu khin cng sut, trm di ng khng iu khin cng sutpht ca n theo khong cch cng vi tn hiu tri ph n cc trm di ng sng mang ny tng gim cng cc tn hiu iu ch v khng ch ng vai tr chun ng b cho thng tin -ng ln m cn l chun iu khin cng sut. III.1. Phn tch dung l-ng h thng CDMA III.1.1. Dung l-ng -ng ln h thng CDMA tt c cc knh l-u l-ng u ding chung mt knh v tuyn.

v vy tn hiu mnh thu -c t trm di ng gn s che khut tn hiu yu t t trm di ng xa trm gc. iu khin cng sut -ng ln s gim nhiu giao thoa gy ra hin t-ng gn xa ni trn. cng sut pht i t mt trmdi ng j phi -c iu chnh tu theo khong cch Rj n trm gc. PJ = PR(RJ/R)n Trong : - PJ: Cs -c pht i t trm di ng - RJ: Khong cch t trm di ng ny n trmdi ng gc - R: Bn knh - N: S ph thuc vo c tnh tn hao -ng truyn (n = 4) Nu b qua nhiu giao thoa t cc ln cn, t s C/I nhn -c t trm gc.
C ! I 1 R ! R M 1 PR ( Rj ) 4 .R j 4 1 PR ( Rj ) 4 .R 4

M 1

(1)

S dng ph-ng trnh (1) v khi coi M rt ln ta c:

M ! Bt 1 . Rt Eb N0

Qua tnh ton ta thy dung l-ng -ng ln cao hn nhiu so vi dung l-ng -ng xung. h thng CDMA dung l-ng -c xc nh t dung l-ng -ng xung. III.1.2. Dung l-ng -ng xung. H thng CDMA c dung l-ng cao hn h thng FDMA v TDMA v h thng ny c th s dng h s ti s dng bng mt c ngha l cc trm gc cnh nhau c th s dng cng bng tn. Tuy nhin giao thoa ng knh s l mt tr ngi ca mng CDMA th-ng

-c gi l nhiu giao thoa a thm nhp (MAI Multiple Access Interence). Ti s dng tn s vi tn s ti s dng ph hp l bin php hiu qu gii quyt nhiu ng knh trong FDMA v TDMA nh-ng khng phi l gii php thch hp trong h thng CDMA. h thng ny iu khin cng xut chnh xc v phn tp cc -ng trn -c s dng chng li cc nh h-ngca nhiu dng knh. Ta xtt s tn hiu trn nhiu cho hai tr-ng hp sau: + Khng c iu khin cng xut. + C iu khin cng sut.

a. dung l-ng khi khng co iu khin cng sut: Dung l-ng v tuyn -c tnh t t s C/I ca -ng xung khi khng c iu khien cng sut, t s C/I thu -c mt trm di ng nm trn danh gii mt . Khi ta xt n nhiu ca cc ln cn:
C E .R  n 1 ! ! n n n n I E ( M  1) R  2EMR  3EM (3R )  6EM (2,633R ) 3,31( M  1) Trong :

n: l s nguyn d-ng c ch-ng suy hao -ng truyn (th-ng chn n = 4 cho mi tr-ng di ng)

E : l hng s c ch-ng cho suy hao -ngtruyn.

M: l s knh l-u l-ng. R: l bn knh . T s C/I lin quan trt ch vi t s Eb/N0 bng tn c s.
C Eb Rb ! I N 0 Bt

(1)

Trong : Eb: l nng l-ng bit. N0: l tp m Gauss trng cng trong quy i t nhiu (b qua t tp m). Rb: l tc bit s l bng gc Bt: l ton b bng tn ca mt knh CDMA. Nu b qua mt khi M n ta c:
M ! B 1 1 . t. (Knh/) 3,3123 Rt Eb N0

(2)

b. Dung l-ng khi c iu khin cng sut. C th tng dung l-ng -ng xung bng cch s dng mt s iu khin cng sut ph hp vic s dng s iu khin cng sut -ng xung c th gim nhiu giao thoa i vi cc knh ln cn th ch cn gim nhiu giao thoa gia cc knh, l-u l-ng trong mt v c ph-ng trnh:
C R n 1 ! ! n I ( M  1).R M 1

(3)

Suy ra khi M ln nu b qua 1 ph-ng trnh (1) v ph-ng trnh (3) ta c:

M ! Bt 1 . Rb Eb No

So snh vi ph-ng trnh (2) ta thy dung l-ng tng ln 3,3 ln. III.2. Nhng dng chuyn giao thng tin di ng CDMA. Chuyn giao cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA trong khi trm di ng -c thc hin thng tin knh l-u l-ng, tn ti hai dng chuyn giao mm v hai dng chuyn giao cng: - Chuyn giao gia cc hay chuyn giao mm. - Chuyn giao gia cc on hay chuyn giao mm hn. - Chuyn giao gia cc h thng CDMA ny n cc h thng CDMA khc. - Chuyn giao gia cc h thng CDMA n cc h thng t-ng t. III.2.1.Chuyn giao mm v mm hn. Da trn nguyn tc kt ni: ni tr-c khi ct. chuyn giao mm hay chuyn giao gia cc l chuyn giao -c tn hiu gia cc vi nhau.

Chuyn giao mmg hn hay chuyn giao gia cc on vi nhau l chuyn giao gia cc on con cng mt . Chuyn giao mm l chuyn giao trong trm di ng thng tin vi mt trm gc mi m ch-a ct thng tin vi trm gc c v mi lm vic cng mt tn s. III.2.2.Chuyn giao cng. Da trn nguyn tc: ct tr-c khi ni chuyn giao ny kt ni vi knh c b ct tr-c khi kt ni vi knh mi -c thc hin. Chuyn giao cng gm: - Chuyn giao gia CDMA n CDMA: Trm di ng chuyn dch gia cc hay on lm vic tn s CDMA khc nhau. - Chuyn giao cng gia CDMA n t-ng t: Trm di ng chuyn knh l-u l-ng CDMA n knh ting t-ng t. III.3 ng dng ca cng ngh CDMA K thut tri ph -c ng dng ln u tin trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun i M vo nh-ng nm 1940, nhm che du thng tin v chng nhiu c . Tuy nhin, vi thp nin sau k thut ny t -c quan tm nn kh nng ng dng ca n c phn hn ch, cho mi n cui nhng nm 1970 trn th gii mi they ni n, k thut tri ph trong cc h thng thng tin di ng v trong nhng nm gn y nh -u th tuyt vi ca trong h thng thng tin di ng v mt lot cc h thng thng tin khc m k thut tri ph thc s pht trin rm r. Ngay t khi cc h thng thng tin t-ng t v TDMA -c -a vo th nghim c cc sut ng dng vo th-ng mi cho h thng CDMA. Nm 1987 G.cooper v Nettleton c sut p dng cng ngh CDMA cho h thng thng tin di ng t ong t -c dung l-ng h thng cao hn. sut ny -c

-a ra cng vi thi im m h thng in thoi di ng t-ng t AMPS (American Mobile phone System h thng in thoi di ng M) ang -c -a vo th nghim. H thng GSM -c Chu u cng nhn la h thng thng tin di ng s bng tn hp u tin cng s dng k thut nhy tn chem. Kt hp vi TDMA ci thin cht l-ng truyn dn trong mi tr-ng pha inh nhiu tia. Cc mng CDMA th-ng mi -c -a vo khai thc tai nhiu n-c trn th gii v Vit Nam l mt trong nhng n-c cng -a vo th nghim, m c tr-ng l hng S- Phone i vo hot ng.Trong lnh v-c thng tin v tinh ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng cng ngh CDMA. c bit v s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l h thng thng tin v tinh qu o thp (LEO- Low Earcth Orbit ) Loral/ Qualcom Star s dng 48 v tinh, h thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO- Medium Earcth Orbit ) TRW s dng 12 v tinh. Cc h thng thng tin t ong, hin nay ang giai on th 2 cng. p ng cc nhu cu ngy cng tng v cc dch v thng tin di ng ngay t cc nm u ca nhng nm 1990, ng-i ta tin hnh nghin cu hoch nh h thng thng tin di ng th h 3. ITU- R ng-i ta ang tin hnh cng tc tiu chun ho phin bn ca h thng ny vi tn gi l UMTS (Universal mobile Telecommunication System- h thng vin thng di ng ton cu). H thng ny s lm vic gii tn 2 GHz. N s cung cp rt nhiu loi hnh dch v tin ch nh-: dch v in thoi, dch v s liu tc cao, truyn thanh Tc cc i ca ng-i s dng s t n 2M bit/s, tc ny ch c cc pico trong nh, cn cc dch v vi tc 14,4 Kbit/s s -c bo m cho di ng thng th-ng

cc macro. Ng-i ta cng tin hnh nghin cu cc h thng v tuyn th h 3 c tc ln hn 2 Mbit/s cho ng-i s dng. h thng thng tin bng rng MBS ( Mobile Broodband System) d kin nng tc ca ng-i s dng n STM-1 (155,52 Mbit/s). i vi MBS cc sng mang -c s dng cc b-c sng mm v rng bng tn 64 GHz. Th h thng tin di ng th- 3 s phi l th h thng tin di ng cho cc dch v di ng truyn thng c nhn a ph-ng tin. Hp th- thoi s -c thay th b-u thip in t -c lng ghp hnh nh, tr thnh hnh nh v cc cuc thoai thng th-ng tr-c y -c b sung cc hnh nh tr thnh cuc thoi c hnh, thng tin -c thc hin nhanh chng thun li mi lc mi ni. y h 3. - Mng phi l bng rng, c kh nng truyn thng a ph-ng tin: Ngha l mng phi m bo tc bt ca ng-i s dng n 2 Mbit/s. - Mng phi c kh nng cung cp rng bng tn (dung l-ng) theo yu cu. iu ny xut pht t vic thay i tc bt ca dch v khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn m bo -ng truyn v tuyn khng i xng vi tc bt cao -ng xung v tc thp -ng ln. - Mng phi cung cp thi gian truyn theo yu cu: Ngha l m bo cc kt ni chuyn mch cho ting, cc dch v video v cc kh nng s liu gi cho cc dch v s liu. - Cht l-ng dch v phi khng thua km cht l-ng dch v mng c nh, nht l i vi ting. Yu cu chung i vi h thng thng tin di ng th

- Mng phi c kh nng s dng ton cu, ngha l bao gm c phn t thng tin v tinh. - H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 xy dung trn c s tiu chun chung ITM-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000). *W-CDMA l mt phn t cu trc mng t bo 3G v h thng CDMA c nhiu c tnh k thut ging W-CDMA. Giao din v tuyn s dng UMTS l ph-ng thc W-CDMA, S la chn cng m, cho php t dung l-ng mng ln vi s phn b tn s khan him. Vic s dng W- CDMA c mt s -u im: - Tiu chun cho W- CDMA s -c m ging nh- v tuyn GSM hin nay - W-CDMA bng tn ln hn nn cho php dung l-ng ln hn ng b cc trm BTS khng cn ph thuc vo h thng v tuyn th 2 (GPS- H thng nh v ton cu) do pha khc khai thc. - W- CDMA m bo dung l-ng theo yu cu nh vic ci thin ng k hiu sut s dng tn s. C th m bo s l-ng ng-i gi ng thi ln hoc s dch v a ph-ng tin nh tu theo yu cu. Cc nh nghn cu cc truyn gia trn th gii ang n lc nghin cu xut ra cho tiu chun ca h thng thng tin di ng. Nhn chung xu th pht trin ca thng tin di ng trn th gii cho they rng: cc h thng thng tin di ng s hoc s dng cng ngh thm nhp CDMA hoc s dng k thut lai ghp m ch yu l kt hp gia CDMA v TDMA.

K thut tri ph CDMA v ang -c -a vo s dng, cng ngh tri ph CDMA cng ang -c nghin cu s dng cho cc mang a truy nhp khng phi v tuyn nh- mng thng tin a truy nhp quang.

Kt lun
Trong thi gian lm n ny, ti thy rng h thng thng tin di ng CDMA l h thng mi m Vit Nam. Qua qu trnh nghin cu ta liu v c tm hiu thc t ti thy h thng thng tin di ng CDMA c nhiu -u im ni tri so vi cc h thng thng tin di ng khc, mc d vn khng trnh khi nh-c im nh-ng vn c th khc phc -c. N c th em li nhiu li ch c v kinh t ln m bo cht l-ng thng tin, p ng -c nhu cu ngy cng tng v s pht trin thng tin ca x hi. Ni dung ca n ny cp n cng ngh CDMA, cng ngh tri ph trong CDMA, tiu biu l h thng I-S 95 v gii thiu qua v h thng IS 2000 (h thng 3G) trong t-ng tai v cc s liu thc t Chng ta ang trong thi k giao thi ca h thng thng tin di ng th gii th hai v th ba. Trong khi xu h-ng ca th gii tt yu s dng cng ngh tri ph cho h thng thng tin di ng th ba. V vy, chng phi nhanh chng nm bt h thng v tch cc chun b cho vic thnh lp mng thng tin di ng CDMA th h th ba ti Vit Nam. Nh-ng trong iu kin thc t Vit Nam hin nay th h thng GSM ang s dng c hiu qu. Nh-ng hy vng mt ngy gn y vi s u t- v h tr vn ca n-c ngoi cng vi s nng ng, s thng minh, ham hc hi ca ng-i Vit Nam. Chng ta s kp thi chuyn dch sang h thng thng tin th h th ba mt cch c hiu qu trong t-ng lai gn. Do thi hn v trnh ca ti cn hn ch, ti liu tham kho cn t. Vic nghin cu ti liu ch yu l l thuyt, cc s liu y thc t ch-a -c p dng c th mi ang chun b cho trin khai mng. Cho nn cc vn trnh by trong y cn nhiu thiu xt, tc gi mong -c s gp ca tt c mi ng-i - nhng ng-i quan tm n vn ny. Tuy nhin ti hy vng rng y s l ti liu tham kho b ch cho nhng ai quan tm n n ngh mi. Cui cng, tc gi xin by t li cm n su sc ti thy gio Thc s Nguyn Vn nh cng cc go vin tr-ng hc Vin K thut Qun

s. i hc Bch Khoa, i hc Dn lp ng gip em lm tt bn n ny.

Nhng t vit tt ting Anh hay s dng

: Advancend Mobile Phone System- H thng in thoi tin tin AWGN : Additive White Gassan Noise- Tp m trng chun cng tnh BCH : Broadeast Channel- Knh qung b BPSK : Binary Phase Shift Network- Kho dch pha nh phn BSC : Base Station Control- B iu khin trm gc BS : Base Station- Trm gc BTS : Base Transceiver Station- Trm thu pht gc CODEC : Codec and Decode CDMA : Codec Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo m FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian DS : Direct Sequence- Chui trc tip ETMA : European Telecommunication Stadard institute- Vin tiu chun Vin Thng Chu u PN : Pseud Noise- Tp m gi ngu nhin PSNT : Public Switched Telephone Network- Mng in thoai cng cng QPSK : Quadrature Phase Shift Network- Kho dch pha cu ph-ng TMN : Telecommunication Management Network- Mng qun l vin thng W-CDMA: Wide band- CDMA- CDMA bng rng AMPT

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M u ................................................................................................ 1 Chng I: Tng quan v thng tin di ng ...................... 3 I. Tng quan v cc h thng thng tin di ng........................... 3 I.1. Lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng ............................... 3 I.2. Gii thiu tng quan v CDMA ............................................. 7 I.3 Cu trc chung ca m hnh h thng thng tin di ng ..... 9 I.3.1. M hnh tham kho ca h thng thng tin di ng 9 Chng II: Cc phng php a truy nhp v k thut tri ph ............................................................................................................. 1 6 II.1. Ph-ng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA ...................................................................................................... 1 6 II.2. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian ...................................................................................................... 1 7 II.3. Ph-ng php a truy nhp theo m CDMA ...................................................................................................... 1 8 II.3.1. u im, nh-c im ca h thng CDMA .............................................................................................. 1 8

II.3.2. Khi nim c bn ca CDMA .............................................................................................. 2 1 II.4. ng b cho CDMA ..................................................................................................... 2 3 II.4.1 ng b m tri ph .............................................................................................. 2 3 II.4.2. ng b nh thi chip trong h thng CDMA .............................................................................................. 2 5 II.4.3. ng b tn s sng mang (b dch tn) .............................................................................................. 2 7 II.4.4. ng b khung .............................................................................................. 2 9 II.5. Nguyn l v k thut tri ph trong CDMA ...................................................................................................... 3 3 II.5.1 Nguyn l chung ............................................................................................. 3 3 II.5.1.1. Khi nim v k thut tri ph ............................................................................................ 3 3

II.5.1.2. Phn loi k thut tri ph ............................................................................................ 3 6 II.5.1.3. c im ca k thut tri ph ............................................................................................ 3 7 II.5.2 K thut tri ph trc tip DS/SS ............................................................................................ 4 2 Chng III: Nhng ng dng ca h thng CDMA ............................................................................................................. 5 7 III.1 Phn tch dung l-ng h thng CDMA ...................................................................................................... 5 8 III.1.1 Dung l-ng -ng ln ............................................................................................ 5 8 III.1.2 Dung l-ng -ng xung ............................................................................................ 5 9 III.2 Chuyn dng chuyn giao thng tin di ng CDMA ...................................................................................................... 6 1 III.2.1 Chuyn giao mm v mm hn ............................................................................................ 6 1

III.2.2 Chuyn giao cng ............................................................................................ 6 2 III.3. ng dng cng ngh CDMA ...................................................................................................... 6 2 Kt lun ................................................... 6 6 Nhng t vit tt ting anh hay s dng ................................................... 6 7