MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON INNOVATIVE IDEAS OF BUSINESS

ON
"RECYCLED PET BOTTLES USED IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES”
UNDER TOPIC
“USING WASTE MATERIALS TO BUILD TECH MACHINES AND
HARDWARE"
Prepared in fulfilment of the requirement for 1ST Semester of

Executive Master of Business Administration

At
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

SESSION-2024-26

Under the Supervision of Submitted by

Prof. Nalin Bharti (HOD) Devesh Kumar

MBA 1ST Sem
ID No- IITP004421

Centre for Educational Technology Indian

Institute of Technology Patna
Academic Section, Admin Block, Floor-3rd, Room No.301,
Main Road, Amhara, Bihta-801106 Patna, Bihar, India
 PREFACE

I am delighted to present my minor project report for the first

semester of my EMBA program.

This project aims to explore "Recycled PET Bottles used in

Textile Industries” under topic “Using Waste Materials To
Build Tech Machines and Hardware" to provide practical
insights.
I extend my gratitude to my project guide, Mr. Shiv Shankar
Sahu, Senior Technical Assistance (CIPET:CSTS-Ranchi), for his
guidance and support throughout this endeavour. Additionally, I
would like to acknowledge Prof. Nalin Bharti, the Head of the
Department, for his leadership and encouragement.

Prepared by-
Devesh Kumar
 DECLARATION

I, Devesh Kumar pleased to present my mini-project report for the

first semester of my EMBA program.
The objective of this project is to delve into the topic of
"Recycled PET Bottles used in Textile Industries” under
topic “Using Waste Materials To Build Tech Machines and
Hardware" to provide practical insights.
I express my gratitude to my project guide for acknowledging my
dedication to studying the impact of waste materials and how to
build tech machines and its expansion by using it, particularly in
revolution which is helping in ease of access to every sector.

Warm Regards,
Devesh Kumar
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the Indian Institute of

Technology Patna for their invaluable support and guidance
throughout this project & gratitude to my project guide, Mr. Shiv
Shankar Sahu, Senior Technical Assistance (CIPET:CSTS-Ranchi),
for his guidance and support throughout this endeavour.
Additionally, I would like to acknowledge Prof. Nalin Bharti, the
Head of the Department, for his leadership and encouragement.

Their encouragement has been instrumental in the successful

completion of this endeavour.

Sincerely,

Devesh Kumar

ABSTRACT
Now days, the increased economic growth as well as urbanization in developing
countries have led into extensive construction activities that generate large amounts of
wastes. Material wastage in construction projects resulted into huge financial setbacks
to builders and contractors. In addition to this, it may also cause significant effects over
aesthetics, health, and the general environment. These wastes need to be managed as
well as their impacts needs to be ascertained to pave way for their proper management,
however in many cities of India wastes materials management is still a problem.
Nowadays scientists are required to create closed-cycle technologies for handling the
waste; they have to reduce the waste amounts and the anthropogenic carbonic trace on
the Earth, and they are supposed to use the recycled materials.

In this research work we are discussing the method for the management and control of
waste by using it to build tech machines and hardware for mini startup as well as micro
level business. The main objective of this work is present the waste control procedures
included as part of particular site management in general based on pull learning process
and focusing process transparency principle based on qualitative and quantitative data
collection techniques.
Additionally, we are presenting the literature survey study over waste management
system as well as create technology by using waste.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction: Introduction of the Topic

2. Rationale of the study.
3. Review of literature: Review of the existing/related studies on the selected topic.
4. Research Methodology:
A. Statement of Problem,
B. Objectives of the Project,
C. Scope of the study
D. Research Design
E. Nature and Source of data/information required if any
F. Sample and Sampling method with rationale.
G. The Questionnaire and other methods used
H. Reliability and Validity of the Study
I. Data collection & Data Analysis
5. Results and Discussion: The Interpretation of the data Summary and Conclusion
6. Recommendations
7. Implications
8. Limitations of the Project & Direction for further research
9. References / Bibliography

1. INTRODUCTION

Economic and population growth and industrialization in the world together cause an
increase in the amount of waste. As a consequence of all these, while the more intensive
use of natural resources is inevitable, the wastes created by the ever-increasing
consumption tendency have reached the huge amounts that threaten the environment
and human health due to their quantity and harmful contents. For this purpose, waste
policies should be developed and waste management studies should also be carried out,
especially in the field of recycling these wastes, because of long decomposition time of
these wastes in the environment causing landfill problem.
Waste management system enables collection, categorization, reduction, recycling, and
reuse of waste. At present, countries’ intensive efforts on waste management are
striking. Waste management, which has an important place among environmental
protection policies, should prevent the rapid depletion of natural resources and minimize
the potential risks of the wastes to the environment and human health.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a versatile material and has a wide range of
applications such as clothing, acoustic panels, sportswear, agricultural nets, nonwovens,
sheets and films, straps, engineering resins, food and beverage bottles, bottles,
packaging materials, reinforcement in building construction, etc. Among these products,
bottle grade PET is generally used for water and beverage packaging due to its
lightweight, inexpensive price, resistance to microorganisms, and light. Bottles of water,
soft drinks, and other beverages constitute 83–84% of global PET resin requirement.
Furthermore, the projected demand for PET packaging materials is forecasted to reach
20 million tons by 2019 with an annual increase of 4.6%.
With the widespread application of PET, large quantities of PET waste were inevitably
created. PET has no side effects on the human body and does not pose a direct threat to
the environment. On the other hand, it is regarded as a harmful material because of its
high volumetric fraction in the waste stream and high resistance to atmospheric and
biological agents.
Due to poor biodegradation of PET, it is difficult to remove waste. It is possible to
suggest two acceptable solutions; burning and recycling. Burning method arises
releasing toxic fumes into the atmosphere, causing environmental pollution and health
risks.
As an acceptable solution, the recycling of PET bottles enables the conservation of
natural sources such as fossil fuels and energy, solving landfill problem, reducing
greenhouse gas emission, lowering carbon footprint, creating new business
opportunities as well as a contribution to the national economy. In addition, recycling
processes are the best way to economically reduce PET waste. With both reduced
energy costs and raw material costs, recycling fiber production has become a form of
production with a significant economic advantage. Two forms of PET bottle recycling can
be distinguished as a closed loop and open loop recycling. Closed loop recycling or
bottle-to-bottle refers to a product system that recycles post-consumer waste within the
same system. Open loop recycling denotes the utilization of recycled material in another
product system such as bottle-to-fiber recycling. Figure 1 displays the process of bottle-
to-fiber recycling.

2. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

The rationale behind this study of PET recycling for textiles is important because it can
help to:
 Reduces waste: PET is 100% recyclable and can be recycled many times
 Environmental Impact:
 a. Reduction of Carbon Footprint: PET bottle recycling helps reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by minimizing the need for virgin plastic
production. The energy savings achieved through recycling contribute to a
lower carbon footprint compared to the production of new PET bottles.

b. Conservation of Resources: Recycling PET bottles conserves valuable

resources, such as petroleum, which is a major component of virgin plastic
production. By reusing existing materials, we decrease the demand for raw
resources and alleviate the strain on natural ecosystems.

c. Mitigation of Pollution: Improper disposal of PET bottles leads to

environmental pollution, with these bottles taking hundreds of years to
decompose. Recycling helps prevent the accumulation of plastic waste in
landfills and oceans, reducing the negative impact on ecosystems and
marine life.

 Economic Benefits:
 Job Creation: The recycling industry generates employment opportunities,
from collection and sorting to processing and manufacturing. Investing in PET
bottle recycling infrastructure can stimulate economic growth and contribute to
the creation of green jobs.

 Resource Efficiency: Recycling PET bottles promotes resource efficiency by

extracting value from used materials. This reduces the need for expensive
extraction and refining processes associated with virgin plastic production,
leading to cost savings for businesses.

 Market Development: The recycled PET market is growing, creating new

business opportunities. As consumer awareness of sustainability increases,
companies that adopt recycled PET materials can gain a competitive
advantage, fostering innovation and market development in Textile Sector.

 Social Considerations:
 Community Engagement: Recycling initiatives encourage community
participation and awareness. Public education programs on the importance of
waste segregation and recycling promote responsible consumer behaviour and
civic engagement.

 Health and Well-being: Reduced environmental pollution resulting from PET

bottle recycling positively impacts public health. Communities benefit from
cleaner air, water, and soil, leading to improved overall well-being.
  Global Responsibility: Adopting PET bottle recycling practices aligns with
global efforts to address plastic pollution and promote a sustainable future. It
reflects a shared responsibility to protect the environment for current and
future generations.

 Challenges and Solutions:

 Collection Infrastructure: Developing efficient collection systems is crucial to
increasing recycling rates. Governments, businesses, and communities should
collaborate to establish convenient and accessible collection points.

 Technological Advancements: Investing in research and development of

advanced recycling technologies can improve the efficiency and cost-
effectiveness of PET bottle recycling processes.

 Consumer Education: Raising awareness among consumers about the

benefits of recycling and the environmental impact of PET bottles is essential
for fostering a culture of responsible consumption and waste management.

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Globally, around 500 million tons of plastic polymer is consumed as a single-use product
and out of it, only 9 % goes for recycling. In contrast, the remaining 91 % is thrown as
solid waste and goes

for landfills or dumped in water bodies. Available data indicates that about 100 billion
plastic bottles are sold only in the USA. Plastics dumped in the ocean is the biggest
threat to aquatic life; as per the study, 100 % of marine animal muscles have contended
microplastic. In 2020, the consumption of PET bottles was 1.1 million tonnes and 0.99
million tonnes, respectively. The estimated annual value of India’s organised PET
recycling sector is between Rs 3,000 and Rs 4,000 crore. In India, organised players
recycle 60 and 70 percent of PET bottles that are discarded. It should be noted that this
estimate disregards PET used to create straps, sheets, and non-food containers as well
as PET recycled by the unorganised sector. The overall PET recycling rate will be higher
if the aforementioned categories are considered. the largest percentage of recycled PET
is used in the textile industry, followed by the packaging industry. Other industries that
use recycled PET include the automotive industry, the electronics industry, and the
construction industry.

Here are the percentages of recycled PET used in each industry:

 Textile industry: 35%

 Packaging industry: 25%

 Automotive industry: 15%

 Electronics industry: 10%

 Construction industry: 10%

 Percentage of Recycled PET Used by Industry

10% • Textile industry

10%
• Packaging industry
35%
• Automotive industry
• Electronics industry
15%
• Construction industry

25%

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Statement of the Problem:

The primary problem in pet recycling research is the limited and inconsistent recycling
infrastructure for pet waste products, particularly plastic and food waste. This leads to
several significant issues:

 Environmental Pollution: Pet waste, especially plastic items like toys, collars,
and packaging, can contribute to plastic pollution in landfills and waterways. This
pollution harms marine life, contaminates ecosystems, and releases harmful
chemicals.

 Resource Wastage: Many pet waste products, especially plastic, are recyclable
but often end up in landfills due to lack of proper collection and processing
facilities. This represents a significant waste of valuable resources.

 Public Health Concerns: Improper disposal of pet waste, especially feces, can
lead to the spread of diseases such as parasites and bacteria. This poses a risk to
human and animal health.

 Economic Loss: The lack of a robust pet recycling infrastructure can result in
economic losses due to missed opportunities for resource recovery and the costs
associated with waste disposal.

B. Objectives of the Project

A PET recycling project should aim to address the challenges and opportunities
associated with recycling pet waste products. The specific objectives might include:

 Environmental:

 Reduce plastic pollution: Minimize the amount of PET waste that ends up in
landfills and waterways.

 Conserve resources: Recover and reuse valuable materials from PET waste.
 Protect ecosystems: Prevent the negative impacts of PET waste on marine life and
other ecosystems.

 Economic:

 Create jobs: Develop a sustainable recycling industry that generates employment

opportunities.

 Reduce waste disposal costs: Lower the costs associated with landfill disposal of
PET waste.

 Promote economic growth: Stimulate economic activity through the development

of new recycling technologies and businesses.

 Social:

 Raise awareness: Educate the public about the importance of recycling pet waste
products.

 Promote sustainable practices: Encourage pet owners and businesses to adopt

environmentally friendly practices.

 Improve public health: Reduce the risk of disease transmission associated with
improper disposal of pet waste.

 Technological:

 Develop efficient recycling processes: Research and implement innovative

technologies for recycling PET waste.

 Improve separation and sorting: Develop effective methods for separating PET
waste from other municipal waste streams.

 Explore new recycling markets: Identify and develop new markets for recycled PET
products.
C. Scope of the Study

1. PET plastic waste generation and its environmental impacts:

 Single-use Culture: The prevalence of single-use PET products, particularly
beverage bottles, contributes to a massive amount of waste.
 Lack of Recycling Infrastructure: In many regions, recycling facilities may be
limited or inefficient, leading to a portion of PET waste ending up in landfills or the
environment.
 Economic Factors: Low recycling rates can be attributed to economic factors, such
as the cost of collection and processing.

2. Growing demand for sustainable textiles:

Recycled PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) has emerged as a popular and

sustainable alternative to traditional textile fibers. As environmental concerns
continue to rise, consumers and businesses are increasingly seeking eco-friendly
options for clothing and other textile products.

Benefits of Recycled PET Textiles

 Reduced Environmental Impact:

 Waste Reduction: Recycling PET plastic diverts it from landfills, reducing

pollution and conserving resources.

 Energy Conservation: The process of recycling PET requires less energy

compared to producing virgin PET, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

 Reduced Water Usage: Recycled PET textiles often require less water during
production than traditional fibers.

 Durability and Performance:

 Strength and Resilience: Recycled PET fibers are known for their strength
and durability, making them suitable for various textile applications.
  Moisture-wicking Properties: PET fabrics can effectively wick away moisture,
making them comfortable to wear in warm weather.

 Quick-drying: Recycled PET textiles dry quickly, preventing discomfort and

promoting hygiene.

3. Collection and Sorting of Post-Consumer PET Waste

The effective collection and sorting of post-consumer PET (Polyethylene

Terephthalate) waste is crucial for its successful recycling. Proper sorting ensures
that PET is separated from other materials, minimizing contamination and
improving the quality of the recycled material.

 Collection Methods
 Curbside Collection: Many municipalities have implemented curbside collection
programs where residents can place PET waste in designated bins for collection.
 Drop-off Centers: Communities often establish drop-off centers where people can
bring recyclable materials, including PET, for sorting and processing.
 Bottle Drives: Organized bottle drives can be a valuable way to collect large
quantities of PET waste.

 Sorting Techniques
 Manual Sorting: In smaller-scale operations, PET waste may be sorted manually by
human workers. This method can be labor-intensive and time-consuming.
 Optical Sorting: Advanced optical sorting technologies use cameras and sensors to
identify different materials based on their physical properties, such as color,
shape, and density. PET waste can be accurately sorted using this method.
  Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy: NIR spectroscopy can differentiate between PET
and other plastics based on their molecular structure, providing a highly accurate
sorting method.

4. Recycling processes:

 Mechanical Recycling

 Shredding: PET waste is shredded into smaller pieces to facilitate further

processing.

 Washing and Cleaning: The shredded PET is washed to remove contaminants such
as food residues and labels.

 Sorting: Optical sorting technologies are used to separate PET from other plastics
and impurities.

 Flaking: The sorted PET is flaked into small, uniform pieces.

 Melting and Extrusion: The flakes are melted and extruded into pellets or fibers.

 Reprocessing: The recycled PET pellets or fibers can be used to manufacture new
PET products, such as bottles, clothing, and packaging materials.
 Chemical Recycling

 Glycolysis: PET is reacted with ethylene glycol to produce terephthalic acid and
bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET).

 Hydrolysis: PET is reacted with water to produce terephthalic acid and ethylene
glycol.

 Methanolysis: PET is reacted with methanol to produce dimethyl terephthalate

(DMT) and ethylene glycol.

 Purification: The resulting products are purified to remove impurities.

 Repolymerization: The purified monomers are repolymerized to produce new PET.

5. Existing Applications of Recycled PET in Textiles
 Recycled polyester (rPET) has become a popular choice in the textile industry due
to its environmental benefits and versatility. Here are some of the common
applications of rPET in textiles:

 Apparel

 Clothing: Shirts, pants, jackets, dresses, and sportswear, Indian cricket team t-
shirts made from recycled PET bottles.

 Accessories: Bags, hats, scarves, and belts

 Home Textiles

 Fabrics: Curtains, upholstery, bed linens, and towels

 Carpeting: Rugs and floor coverings

 Technical Textiles

 Geotextiles: Erosion control, filtration, and reinforcement

 Automotive: Seat covers, carpets, and interior components

 Industrial: Filtration materials, packaging, and insulation

D. Research Design

 Literature Review: Extensive research on Recycled PET in textiles, including

scientific publications, industry reports, other relevant sources is conducted to
gather information on technology, its technical specifications, enabling
technologies, and potential applications. This literature review provides a solid
foundation for understanding the current state of knowledge and research in the
field.

 Expert Interviews: In-depth interviews are conducted with stakeholders in the

textile industry, including manufacturers, suppliers, policymakers, and
 environmental organizations to gain insights into the challenges, opportunities,
and implications of rPET used in Textile deployment. These interviews allow for the
collection of first-hand experiences, opinions, and perspectives from individuals
directly involved in the development and implementation of technology.

 Case Studies: Specific case studies of textile companies that have successfully
implemented rPET in their products.

 As of November 2021, we are recycling around 77000 MT of PET waste and

manufacturing around 60000 MT of recycled polyester Staple Fibre every year. PET
bottle polyester is used across different industries due to its properties. To fulfill
our production requirements, we buy different types of PET wastes such as used
PET bottles, PET Flakes, PET Chips and other similar wastes. 1.2 Cr. PET Bottles
recycled per day.
- https://www.jbecotex.com/

S.
No. Companies using recycled PET for Textile products

1 Agarwal Polyfill Pvt Ltd, Kolkatta

2 Alliance Fibres Pvt Ltd, Surat, Gujarat

3 Allied Fibre, Kashiput, Uttrakhand

4 Amicotex, Solan, HP

5 Bhavesh Polymer, Nashik

6 Capitol Fibres Pvt. Ltd., Nashik

7 Ganesha Ecosphere (Raipur, Rudrapur, Bilaspur)

8 Himalaya Fibres Ltd, Solan (HP)

9 Mahalaxmi Spintex Pvt Ltd, Solan, (HP)

10 Nirmal Fibres, Moradabad (UP)

11 Obeettee, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand

12 Pacific Harish Ind Ltd, Nashik, MH

13 Pashupati Fibres, Kashipur, Uttrakhand

14 Polyole Fibre Ltd., Daman

15 Rishisraj Filamnent Ltd, Kalapur (MH)

16 Shiva Texfabs Ltd (Ludhiana, Punjab, Kalaemb HP)

17 Unitech Fibres, Tarapur (MH)

18 Aqua Fiber Industries, Mohali, Punjab

19 Badri Eco Fiber Private Limited, Bhopal

20 BLS Ecotec, Delhi

21 Dharmesh Textiles Ltd., Bhiwani, Haryana

22 Eminent Dealers Pvt. Ltd., Bhilwara, Rajasthan

23 Indian Organic Chemicals Ltd., Chennai

24 Jaiambe Manufacturers, Bhayandar, MH

25 JB Ecotex, Surat, Gujarat

26 K. K. Fiber, Kaleamb, HP

27 Komal Fibers, Saregaon, Gujarat

28 NextGen Fibres PVt. Ltd., Silvassa

29 Renaissance (Formerly Divine), Kutch, Gujarat

Reliance Industries Ltd. (Barabanki-UP, Hoshiarpur-Punjab, Nagothane-

30 MH)

31 Rizwan Export House,

32 RPG Industrial Products Pvt. Ltd., Meerut (U.P)

33 RSWM Ltd (LNJ Bhilwara Group), Rajasthan

34 Saroj Microchem, Mumbai

35 Shakti Polymer, Mumbai

36 Shree Renga Polymers, Karur Tamil Nadu

37 Shree Salasar Polyflex, Jaipur

38 Sulochana, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu

39 Suncity Synthetics Ltd., Jodhpur

40 Tejaria Polytex, Jaipur

41 Vishal Poly Fibers Pvt. Ltd., Surat, Gujarat

Source of Data - http://www.petrecycling.in/pet-recycling-in-india/

 Surveys and Questionnaires: Primary data is collected through surveys and

questionnaires targeting relevant stakeholders, such as businesses, consumers,
and industry professionals. These surveys aim to gauge perceptions, expectations,
and concerns regarding recycling technology, as well as assess the level of
awareness and readiness for its adoption.

 Questionnaires targeting data as follow-

 Out of 59 persons, 71.2%

persons know how it is
ecofriendly.
  Out of 61 persons, 83.6% persons
know about the PET Recycling.

 Out of 56 persons, 62.5% persons give

response to PET Recycling is Very
Important.

 Ques. How often do you use PET products (bottles, containers, etc.)?
 Total 59 persons respond the answer.
 Out of 59, 74.6% persons using PET Bottle Daily.
 PET bottles recycle-rate globally

Europ
Japan US India
e

72% 33% 66% 90%

 Data Analysis: Appropriate statistical techniques and qualitative analysis methods

are employed to analyse the collected data from various sources. Quantitative data
is analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, while qualitative
data is analysed through techniques such as content analysis, coding, and thematic
analysis. The integration of both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods
provides a comprehensive understanding of the research findings.

E. Nature and Sources of Data:

 The study utilizes both primary and secondary data sources to gather
comprehensive and reliable information. Data and information are collected from
various sources like Interviews with subject matter experts, researchers, industry
 professionals, and industrial reports. Additionally, data gathered through Surveys
and Questionnaires, Case Studies, reputable online sources, such as technology
websites, industry blogs, and news articles.

F. Sample and Sampling Method with Rationale:

For the survey and interview components of the study, a stratified sampling
methods will be employed.
 Stratified Sampling:
Stratified random sampling is used because it ensures that different subgroups
(strata) of the rPET material are adequately represented in the sample. This is
particularly important in rPET sourcing, as the material may vary based on its origin,
processing methods, and pre-consumer vs. post-consumer categories.

G. The Questionnaire and Other Methods Used:

The study will employ several data collection methods, including questionnaires,
interviews, and case study analysis, to gather comprehensive and reliable
information from various sources.

 Questionnaires:

Structured questionnaires will be designed to collect quantitative and qualitative data

from relevant stakeholders, including businesses, consumers, and industry
professionals. The questionnaires will be developed based on the research
objectives and will cover various aspects of Recycling technology, such as
awareness, adoption readiness, perceived benefits and challenges, and
expectations.

The questionnaires will include a combination of closed-ended questions (e.g.,

multiple-choice, Likert scales) and open-ended questions to capture both
quantitative and qualitative data. The closed-ended questions will facilitate
 statistical analysis, while the open-ended questions will provide insights into
respondents' opinions, experiences, and perspectives.

The questionnaires will be administered through various channels, including online

surveys, email distribution, and in-person distribution (where applicable), to ensure
a diverse and representative sample.

 Interviews:

In-depth, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with subject matter experts,

researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals directly involved in the
development and implementation of Recycling technology. The interviews will
follow an interview guide with open-ended questions to allow for flexibility and
exploration of emerging themes and insights.

H. Reliability and Validity of the Study:

To ensure the reliability and validity of the study, multiple data collection methods will
be employed, and data will be triangulated from various sources. Additionally, the
questionnaire will be pilot-tested to assess its reliability and validity before
administering it to the target sample. Furthermore, efforts will be made to minimize
bias and ensure objectivity in data collection and analysis.

I. Data Collection and Data Analysis

Data collection will involve conducting interviews with industry experts and
practitioners, administering surveys or questionnaires to businesses, and gathering
information from relevant literature and case studies. Data analysis will entail
qualitative analysis of interview transcripts, thematic analysis of survey responses,
and quantitative analysis of survey data using statistical tools. The findings will be
 synthesized to draw conclusions and insights regarding the role of automation in
recycling industries and its impact on business performance.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: THE INTERPRETATION OF

THE DATA SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A. Technical Capabilities and Enabling Technologies:

PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) recycling in the textile industry offers a sustainable

solution to reduce waste and conserve resources. It involves transforming discarded
PET materials, such as plastic bottles and textile fibers, into new textile products. The
process requires a combination of technical capabilities and enabling technologies.
 Technical Capabilities:
 Material Sorting and Separation: Accurate sorting and separation of PET from
other materials is crucial for efficient recycling. Technologies like near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIR) and optical sorting systems can be used to identify and isolate
PET-based materials.
 Material Preparation: PET materials need to be prepared for recycling by
cleaning, shredding, and washing to remove contaminants and impurities.
Mechanical shredders and washing machines are commonly used for this purpose.
 Depolymerization: The process of breaking down PET polymers into smaller
molecules is known as depolymerization. This can be achieved through either
chemical or mechanical methods. Chemical depolymerization involves using strong
acids or bases to break the ester bonds in PET. Mechanical depolymerization, such
as melt-spinning, involves heating and stretching the PET fibers to reduce their
molecular weight.
 Repolymerization: The depolymerized PET monomers are then repolymerized to
form new PET polymers. This process involves heating the monomers under
controlled conditions to promote polymerization.
 Fiber Formation: The repolymerized PET is extruded into fibers that can be used
in various textile applications. Spinning technologies like melt-spinning and
solution spinning can be used to create fibers with different properties.
 Textile Manufacturing: The recycled PET fibers can be woven, knitted, or
nonwoven into fabrics for various textile products, such as clothing, home textiles,
and technical textiles.

 Enabling Technologies:
 Advanced Sorting Technologies: NIR spectroscopy and optical sorting systems
with improved accuracy and efficiency are essential for effective PET recycling.
 Energy-Efficient Processing: Technologies that reduce energy consumption
during the recycling process, such as heat recovery systems and energy-efficient
machinery, are crucial for sustainability.
  Chemical Recycling: Developing new chemical recycling processes that are more
efficient and environmentally friendly is an area of active research.
 Mechanical Recycling: Improving the efficiency and quality of mechanical
recycling processes, including melt-spinning and solution spinning, is essential for
producing high-quality recycled PET fibers.
 Textile Innovation: Developing new textile applications and products that utilize
recycled PET fibers can help drive demand and promote sustainable practices.

B. Potential Applications and Use Cases:

PET recycling offers a wide range of potential applications and use cases across
various sectors. Here are some examples:
 Textile Industry

 Clothing: Apparel made from recycled PET fibers, such as shirts, pants, and
jackets, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional fabrics.
 Home Textiles: Items like blankets, pillows, and curtains can be made from
recycled PET, providing a durable and eco-friendly option.

 Technical Textiles: Recycled PET fibers can be used in applications like

automotive interiors, filtration materials, and geotextiles.

 Packaging Industry

 Bottles: Recycled PET can be used to produce new PET bottles, creating a closed-
loop recycling system.

 Food Packaging: PET can be used for food packaging applications like trays, cups,
and lids.

 Consumer Goods Packaging: Recycled PET can be used for packaging various
consumer goods, such as electronics, toys, and household items.

 Automotive Industry

 Interior Components: Recycled PET can be used to produce car interior

components like seat covers, carpets, and headliners.

 Exterior Components: PET can be used in automotive exterior components like

fender liners and door panels.

 Construction Industry

 Insulation: Recycled PET can be used as insulation material in buildings, providing

thermal and acoustic benefits.

 Geotextiles: PET geotextiles can be used in construction applications like erosion

control, road stabilization, and drainage systems.

 Consumer Goods Industry

 Furniture: Recycled PET can be used to produce furniture components like chairs,
tables, and storage units.
 Consumer Electronics: Recycled PET can be used in the casings of consumer
electronic devices like computers, televisions, and smartphones.

 Other Sectors

 Industrial Applications: Recycled PET can be used in various industrial

applications, such as automotive parts, engineering plastics, and medical devices.

 Agricultural Applications: Recycled PET can be used for agricultural purposes like
mulch films and greenhouse coverings.

C. Challenges and Issues:

While PET recycling offers significant environmental benefits, it faces several

challenges and issues that need to be addressed for widespread adoption.

 Contamination and Impurities

 Contamination: PET materials often contain contaminants like food residues,

labels, and other plastics, which can interfere with the recycling process.

 Impurities: The presence of impurities can degrade the quality of recycled PET
fibers and limit their usability in certain applications.

 Sorting and Separation

 Difficulty in Sorting: Accurate sorting of PET from other materials, especially

when mixed with similar-looking plastics, can be challenging.

 Contamination Risk: Inefficient sorting can lead to contamination of recycled PET

batches, affecting product quality.

 Depolymerization and Repolymerization

 Energy Consumption: The depolymerization and repolymerization processes can
be energy-intensive, increasing the overall cost of recycling.

 Quality Issues: The quality of recycled PET can be affected by the

depolymerization and repolymerization conditions, potentially limiting its
performance in certain applications.

 Fiber Quality and Performance

 Physical Properties: Recycled PET fibers may have different physical properties
compared to virgin PET, such as lower tensile strength or reduced colorfastness.

 End-Use Limitations: These differences can limit the suitability of recycled PET
fibers for certain textile applications, such as high-performance fabrics or
garments.

 Market Demand and Economic Viability

 Limited Market: The market for recycled PET textiles may be limited, especially
in comparison to virgin PET.

 Economic Challenges: The cost of recycling PET can be higher than using virgin
PET, making it less economically attractive for some manufacturers.

 Infrastructure and Technology

 Lack of Infrastructure: In many regions, the infrastructure for PET recycling,

including collection, sorting, and processing facilities, may be inadequate.

 Technological Limitations: Advancements in recycling technologies, such as

improved sorting systems and depolymerization methods, are needed to address
the challenges associated with PET recycling.
 6. RECOMMENDATIONS

Recycling PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) in the textile industry is an essential

practice that can significantly reduce waste and promote sustainability. Here are
some recommendations for effective PET recycling in the textile sector:

 Implement Circular Economy Practices

 Closed-Loop Recycling: Encourage brands to adopt closed-loop systems where
post-consumer PET garments are collected, recycled, and turned into new textile
products.

 Collaboration with Recycling Facilities: Partner with specialized recycling

facilities that can efficiently process PET waste into high-quality recycled fibers.

 Adopt Sustainable Sourcing

 Recycled PET (rPET): Use rPET as a primary raw material in textile production.
Brands like Patagonia and Adidas already utilize rPET, promoting the concept to
consumers.

 Certified Recycled Materials: Ensure that recycled materials are certified by

organizations such as Global Recycled Standard (GRS) to maintain transparency
and quality.

 Enhance Collection and Sorting Systems

 Efficient Collection Programs: Establish collection points for post-consumer PET

garments to streamline the recycling process.

 Advanced Sorting Technologies: Use AI and machine learning technologies to

improve sorting accuracy and efficiency in recycling facilities, maximizing the
volume of recyclable PET.

 Innovate Recycling Technologies

 Chemical Recycling: Invest in chemical recycling technologies that can break

down PET into its original monomers, allowing for the production of virgin-quality
PET fibers.

 Mechanical Recycling: Promote mechanical recycling processes that can convert

PET bottles and textiles into fibers suitable for new garments.

 Educate and Engage Consumers

 Awareness Campaigns: Launch campaigns to educate consumers about the
importance of recycling PET and the impact of their choices on the environment.

 Take-Back Programs: Implement take-back programs where consumers can

return their used PET garments for recycling incentives.

 Design for Recycling

 Sustainable Design Practices: Encourage designers to create textiles that are

easier to recycle, such as avoiding blends that are difficult to separate during
recycling.

 Use of Mono-Materials: Opt for single-material designs to facilitate recycling

processes.

 Government and Policy Support

 Supportive Legislation: Advocate for policies that incentivize recycling

initiatives and provide funding for research and development in PET recycling
technologies.

 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Encourage regulations that hold

manufacturers responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, including
recycling.

 Industry Collaboration

 Join Initiatives and Networks: Participate in industry collaborations focused on

sustainability, such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s Circular Economy 100 or
the Textile Exchange.

 Share Best Practices: Foster a culture of sharing innovations and best practices
among companies to drive collective progress in PET recycling.
 7. IMPLICATIONS

The widespread deployment and adoption of Recycling technology are expected to have
far-reaching implications across various sectors and aspects of society. The following are
some of the key implications that emerge from this study:

 Environmental Implications

 Waste Reduction: Recycling PET bottles reduces the volume of plastic waste in
landfills and oceans, mitigating pollution and its harmful effects on ecosystems.
 Resource Conservation: Using recycled PET (rPET) conserves natural resources,
such as petroleum, which is the primary raw material for virgin PET production.
This can lead to reduced extraction and depletion of these resources.

 Lower Carbon Footprint: The energy required to produce rPET is significantly

lower than that for virgin PET. This reduction in energy consumption leads to lower
greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.

 Water Conservation: Recycling processes generally use less water than virgin
plastic production, helping to conserve water resources.

 Less Environmental Pollution: Recycling reduces the potential for chemical

leaching from plastics in landfills and decreases air pollution associated with
plastic incineration.

 Economic Implications

 Job Creation: The recycling industry creates jobs in collection, sorting,

processing, and manufacturing, contributing to local economies.

 Cost Savings: Using recycled materials can be cheaper than sourcing virgin
materials, leading to cost savings for manufacturers. This can also translate to
lower prices for consumers.

 Market Growth: The demand for sustainable textiles is rising, leading to a

growing market for rPET products. Companies that adopt recycled materials can
enhance their market position and appeal to eco-conscious consumers.

 Innovation Opportunities: The integration of rPET into textiles can spur

innovation in the fashion and textile industry, promoting new product lines and
sustainable practices.

 Social Implications
  Consumer Awareness and Behaviour: Increased availability of recycled PET
textiles can raise consumer awareness about sustainability and encourage
responsible consumption habits.

 Corporate Responsibility: Brands that utilize rPET can demonstrate corporate

social responsibility (CSR), improving their reputation and fostering customer
loyalty.

 Support for Sustainable Practices: Recycling PET into textiles promotes

broader discussions and initiatives surrounding sustainability and circular economy
practices.

 Education and Advocacy: The recycling and textile industries can engage in
educational campaigns to inform the public about the importance of recycling and
its impact on the environment.

8. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT & DIRECTION FOR

FURTHER RESEARCH

 Limitations of the Project-

 Material Quality and Properties:

 Degradation: Repeated recycling can degrade the quality of PET, leading to lower
strength and durability of the final textile products.
 Performance Issues: Textiles made from recycled PET may not perform as well
as those made from virgin materials in terms of softness, color retention, and
moisture management.

 Contamination of Feedstock:

 Sorting Challenges: Contaminated or improperly sorted PET bottles can lead to

reduced quality in the recycled material, affecting its usability in textiles.

 Impurities: Residual substances in bottles (e.g., labels, caps, and non-PET

components) can negatively impact the recycling process and final product quality.

 Economic Viability:

 Cost of Recycling: The cost associated with collecting, sorting, and processing
PET bottles into rPET can be high, potentially making it less economically viable
compared to using virgin materials.

 Market Fluctuations: The price of recycled materials can fluctuate significantly,

influenced by global oil prices and demand for virgin plastics.

 Technical Challenges:

 Processing Technology: Current recycling technologies may not efficiently

handle the variety of PET bottle types, leading to potential losses in yield and
quality.

 Limited Scale: Many recycling facilities operate on a small scale, which may
hinder the ability to meet demand for rPET textiles.

 Consumer Perception:

 Quality Concerns: Consumers may perceive textiles made from recycled

materials as inferior, affecting market acceptance.

 Awareness Levels: Limited public awareness about the benefits of recycled

textiles can impact demand.
 Environmental Concerns:

 Energy Use in Recycling: Although recycling generally requires less energy than
producing virgin plastics, it still consumes significant energy, contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions.

 Chemical Use: The recycling process may involve chemicals that could pose
environmental risks if not managed properly.

 Directions for Further Research

 Improving Recycling Technologies:

 Advanced Sorting Techniques: Research into more efficient sorting

technologies (e.g., AI-based sorting systems) can help improve the quality of input
materials.

 Innovative Processing Methods: Developing new recycling methods (e.g.,

enzymatic recycling) that can effectively handle contaminated or mixed PET
materials may enhance overall yield and quality.

 Enhancing Material Properties:

 Blending with Other Fibers: Investigating the blending of rPET with natural or
other synthetic fibers to improve the properties of the final textile products.

 Additives and Treatments: Research into additives or treatments that can

enhance the performance of rPET textiles (e.g., improving moisture wicking or UV
resistance).

 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):

 Conducting comprehensive LCAs to understand the environmental impacts of

recycling PET into textiles compared to alternative materials and disposal
methods. This can help identify the most sustainable practices.

 Economic Models:
 Developing economic models that account for the full lifecycle costs of recycling
and the benefits of reduced environmental impact, potentially guiding policy
decisions and investment in recycling infrastructure.

 Consumer Research:

 Investigating consumer attitudes and behaviors towards recycled textiles to

develop effective marketing strategies that improve acceptance and demand.

 Educational campaigns that increase awareness about the benefits of recycling

and the quality of rPET textiles.

 Conclusion

The use of recycled PET bottles in the textile industry offers a significant
opportunity to reduce environmental impact, promote sustainability, and
create innovative products.

By diverting PET bottles from landfills, conserving resources, and reducing carbon
emissions, recycling PET contributes to a more circular economy. Additionally, the use of
recycled PET in textiles can create new market opportunities, stimulate job growth, and
promote sustainable consumption habits.

However, addressing challenges such as microplastic shedding, chemical use, and

quality consistency is crucial to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of this
practice. By investing in research and development, improving recycling technologies,
and promoting consumer awareness, the textile industry can continue to harness the
benefits of recycled PET while minimizing its environmental and social impacts.

In conclusion, recycling PET bottles into textiles is a critical step towards a more
sustainable textile industry. By continuing to innovate and address existing limitations,
stakeholders can contribute to environmental preservation, economic growth, and social
responsibility, ultimately fostering a more circular economy that benefits both people
and the planet.

9. REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Barman NK, Bhattacharya SS, Mandot A. Mechanical properties of melt-spun

monofilaments produced from virgin and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends.
International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. 2015;6:4517-4525

2. Damayanti, H.-S. Wu, Strategic possibility routes of recycled PET, Polymers 13

(2021) 1475, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091475.

3. Y. Celik, M. Shamsuyeva, H.J. Endres, Thermal and mechanical properties of

the recycled and virgin PET—Part I, Polymers 14 (2022) 1326,

https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071326.

4. N.-K. Kim, S.-H. Lee, H.-D. Park, Current biotechnologies on depolymerization

of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and repolymerization of reclaimed monomers

from PET for bio-upcycling: a critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 363 (2022)

127931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127931.

5. PET Recycling India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

http://www.petrecycling.in/about-us/

6. JB Ecotex Limited, https://www.jbecotex.com/group-of-company#jb-ecotex

7. Shen L, Nieuwlaar E, Worrell E, Patel MK. Life cycle energy and GHG emissions of PET
recycling: Change-oriented effects. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2011;
16:522-536. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-011-0296-4

8. Telli A, Özdil N, Babaarslan O. Usage of PET bottle wastes in textile industry and
contribution to sustainability. Journal of Textiles and Engineer. 2012; 19:49-55. DOI:
10.7216/130075992012198607

9. FICCI, “Potential of plastic industry in northern India with special focus on plasticulture
and food processing”, 2014.

10. Malik N, Kumar P, Shrivastava S & Ghosh S B, Int J Plastics Technol, 21(1) (2017)

11. Study: PET recycling process – bottles increasingly environmentally

friendly". Newsroom.Kunststoffverpackungen. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 6
March 2022.

12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling

13. Tournier, V.; et al. (8 April 2020). "An engineered PET depolymerase to break down
and recycle plastic bottles". Nature. 580 (7802): 216–
9. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..216T. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4. PMID 32269349. S2CI
D 215411815
14. PET-Recycling Forum; "Current Technological Trends in Polyester Recycling"; 9th
International Polyester Recycling Forum Washington, 2006; São Paulo; ISBN 3-00-
019765-6

15. http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/india-recycles-90-of-its-pet-waste-
outperforms-japan-europe-and-us-study/story-yqphS1w2GdlwMYPgPtyb2L.html NCL and
PET Packaging Association for Clean Environment (PACE) Data release Feb 2017. The
figure is strikingly high and could place India as among the top recycles of PET. The
reason is thought not to be due to a strong recycling culture or infrastructure at the
consumer end, but by ragpickers who collect and sell the bottles discarded as normal
trash to reprocessors. The industry is supposed to be a ₹3200 crore one>