Joule

The joule ( /dul/ or /dal/); symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or Nm), or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (18181889). In terms firstly of base SI units and then in terms of other SI units:

Reflection: Joule is a unit used to measure work when the answer is calculated.

Mechanical Advantage

Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. The model for this is the law of the lever. Machine components designed to manage forces and movements in this way are called mechanisms. An ideal mechanism transmits power without adding to or subtracting from it. This means the ideal mechanism does not include a power source, and is frictionless and constructed from rigid bodies that do not deflect or wear.

Reflection: Mechanical advantage is finding the ratio of output force to input force.

Efficiency

Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose. It is often used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. "Efficiency" has widely varying meanings in different disciplines.

Reflection: Efficiency is expressed or measured as a percent. The more percent the efficiency, the more efficient the machine is.

Inclined Plane

An inclined plane is a straight ramp that is cut into a hillside and used for moving loads up and down the hill. Often the inclined plane was provided with cars riding on rails and pulled up and lowered down using a cable drive system powered by a steam engine. An example is the Johnstown Inclined Plane which was built in the late 1800s. Renaissance scientists added the inclined plane to the five of simple machines described by Hero of Alexandria. It is a flat surface that lies at an angle relative to level ground used to form a ramp to raise and lower a load.

Reflection: An inclined plane is a flat, sloped surface. A good example of an inclined plane is a ramp.

Wedge

A wedge is a triangular shaped round tool, a compound and portable inclined plane, and one of the six classical simple machines. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift an object, or hold an object in place. It functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces. The mechanical advantage of a wedge is given by the ratio of the length of its slope to its width. Although a short wedge with a wide angle may do a job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a narrow angle.

Reflection: A wedge is a device that is thick at one end and thin at the other end. It is similar to an inclined plane but an inclined plane is to walk on and a wedge is an inclined plane itself.

Screw
A screw is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as an external thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as an internal thread, often in the form of a nut or an object that has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position objects.

Reflection: A screw is used to tightened things up and the more threads the screw has the more it is tight and more distance it will tighten.

Lever
A lever (/lvr/ or UK /livr/) is constructed from a beam attached to ground by a hinge, or fulcrum. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. The word comes from the French lever, "to rise", cf. a levant. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever.

Reflection: A lever is a machine that is a rigid bar and can rotate freely on a fixed point. A lever has three classes.

Different Classes of Levers

First-Class Levers:

Second-Class Levers:

Third-Class Levers:

Reflection: The three classes of levers are different by the positions of the fulcrum, input force, and input force.

Wheel and Axle

The wheel and axle is one of six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists drawing from Greek texts on technology. Hero of Alexandria identified the wheel and axle as one of five simple machines used to lift weights. This is interpreted to be the windlass which consists of crank or pulley connected to a cylindrical barrel that provides mechanical advantage to wind up a rope and lift a load such as a bucket from a well. The wheel and axle is generally considered to be a wheel attached to an axle so that these two parts rotate together.

Reflection: Wheel and axle is a simple machine that is fastened together and rotates an axis.

Compound Machines
A compound machine is a machine formed from a set of simple machines connected in series with the output force of one providing the input force to the next. For example a bench vise consists of a lever (the vise's handle) in series with a screw, and a simple gear train consists of a number of gears (wheels and axles) connected in series. The mechanical advantage of a compound machine is the ratio of the output force exerted by a machine divided by the input force applied on another machine.

Reflection: A compound machine is a machine that is formed by combining two or more simple machines together.

Reflection: This worksheet is about simple machines and work, power, and machines. It makes me understand the formula and how to calculate power, work, and, mechanical advantage. Reflection: This worksheet shows the amount of pressure from the bottom of the sea up to the sky. Reflection: This worksheet is about carbon atom, the crystal structure, and the chemical formula of each structural formula. Reflection: This is the Chapter 8 Test and I did very badly in this test because I didnt try my best. But I will try harder next time. Reflection: This is the Chapter 10 Test and I didnt pass if I didnt use the bonus ticket. It was only 2 points away from passing but I did better from the previous test. Reflection: This is the Chapter 11 Test and I passed this test without a bonus ticket. But I still regret some of the questions that I answered wrong because I changed the answers.