PRACTICE TEST III MODEL ANS

1. Attempt any FIVE MARKS

1) State any two salient features of Solid Waste Management Rule (SWM), 2016.
 Integration of waste pickers/ rag pickers and waste dealers/ Kabadiwalas in the formal
system should be done by State Governments, and Self Help Group, or any other
group to be formed. 01

 No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste generated by him, on streets,
open public paces outside his premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.
01
2) List collection methods of Municipal Solid Waste.

Collection system Based on the availability of service

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley Service - 01
3. Set out Set Back Service -
4. Backyard Service –

Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

1. Hauled Container System 01
2. Stationary Container System

3) Enlist sources of Biomedical waste.

Following are the sources of biomedical waste.
1) Hospitals
2) Health Clinics
3) Nursing Homes 02
4) Medical Research Laboratories
5) Pharmacies
6) Blood Banks
7) Funeral Homes
8) Veterinary Homes
4) State the sources of E-waste
1. Large Household Appliances (Washing machine, Refrigerators, A.C. etc.)
2. Small Household Appliances (Vacuum cleaner, Coffee machine, Iron etc.)
3. Office, Information and Communication Equipment (PC’s, Laptops, Mobiles,
Telephones, Fax machines, Printers etc.)
4. Entertainment and Consumer, Electronics and Toys, Leisure, Sports and 02
 Recreational Equipment’s. (Televisions, VCR/DVD Players, Hi-Fi sets, Radio etc
and electric train, Treadmills, Vending machine etc.)
5. Lighting Equipment (Fluorescent tubes and lamps, electric fused bulbs and tube
lights etc.)
6. Electric and Electronic Tools (Drills, Electric saws, Sewing machines etc.)
7. Security and Health Care Equipment (Surveillance and control equipment and
medical instruments etc.)
5) List the existing legal provisions made for SWM (any two).
1. Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on the Streets,
Open Defecation.
2. Duty of Occupiers of Premises to Store Solid Waste at Source of Generation.
3. Duty of Occupier not to Mix Recyclable /Non-Bio-degradable Waste and Domestic
Hazardous Waste with Food Waste etc.
4. Duty of Societies/ Associations/ Management of Commercial Complexes to Clean
their Premises and to Provide Community Bins.
5. Community Bins to be Kept in Good Condition.
6. Duty of Occupiers to Deposit Solid Waste in Community Bins.
7. Duty of Local Body to Provide and Maintain "Waste Storage Depots“
8. Duty of Occupier of Households/Shops/Establishment to Hand Over the Recyclable
Material/Non-Bio-degradable Waste to the Waste Collectors/ Waste Purchasers /
Recyclers.
02
9. Duty of Occupier of Households, Shops and Establishments to Deposit Domestic
Hazardous/Toxic Waste in Special Bins Provided by the Local Body.
10. Duty of Local Bodies to Collect Waste from Community Bins and to Deposit it at
Waste Storage Depots for Onward Transport.
11. Duty of Local Bodies to Clean All Public Streets, Open Public Spaces and Slum
Areas.
12. Duty of Local Body to Transport the Waste Stored at the Waste Storage Depots
Regularly.
13. Duty of Local Body to Arrange for Processing of Food/Biodegradable Waste
through Appropriate Technology and Disposal of Rejects.
14. Prohibition Against Deposition of Building Rubbish.
15. Prohibition on Disposal of Carcasses, etc.
16. Punishment for Littering on Streets and Depositing or throwing any Solid Waste
in Contravention of the Provisions of this Act.
6) (c) Define communicable and non-communicable disease with example.
1. Communicable diseases-
Houseflies may be important in the transmission of Enteric infections, particularly
responsible for infant diarrhea and dysentery. 01
2. Non-Communicable diseases-
Solid waste during its segregation, reuse /recovery /recycling may cause eye
irritation, respiratory diseases, hand/leg injuries, poisoning, hearing defects etc.
01
2. Attempt any THREE : 12
1.
Suggest with justification appropriate disposal method for E-waste.
 The disposal Methods of E waste are:
1)Recycling–
Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable material. Monitors, CRT,
keyboards, laptop, telephone board, CD, mobiles, CPU, cables can be recycled.
2)Reuse– 02
By adopting second hand use with little modification we can reuse equipment
/material and thereby reducing quantity of solid waste. E.g. Donating old version
computers to primary school etc.
3)Land filling:
Trenches are made on flat surfaces or undulations on ground surface also utilized. Soil
is excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by
thick layer of soil. Presently secure land filling are provided with some facilities like
02
impervious liner made up of plastic or impervious clay. Leachate collection basin is
provided to collect and transfer the leachate to leachate treatment plant.
Environmental risk from land filling of E waste cannot be neglected because the
condition of land filling site are different from a native soil, particularly concerning
the leaching behavior of metals.
4)Incineration:
It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the waste material is
burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature. Advantage of
incineration of E waste is the reduction of waste volume and utilization of energy
content of combustible materials. However polluted gasses and large amount of
combustions are produces.
2. Explain health problems to persons during handling municipal solid waste.
Following are the Health problems to person during handling of solid waste:
1)Infections-
Skin and blood infection due to direct contact with solid waste.
- Eye and respiratory infections due to infected dust. 01
- Various diseases due to bites of animals feeding on waste.
- Intestinal infection transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
2) Chronic diseases-
The incinerator operators are at the risk of chronic respiratory
diseases including cancer due to exposure of incinerated products and hazardous 01
compounds
2)Accidents – 02
During handling of heavy containers, it causes bone or muscle Disorders.
- Cutting caused due to sharp objects present in the waste
- Burning caused due to hazardous chemicals mixed in the waste
3. Write name of any four transport vehicles with their capacities used for
transporting municipal solid waste. 01
• Litter bin:
 It is provided on road side having capacity 60 to 150 Lit. It is useful for collecting
the waste to be thrown by citizens moving on the road.
• Broom: The long handle brooms are useful for sweeping the streets.
• Shovels:
It is useful for digging, lifting and moving the bulk waste materials. The broad blade
fixed shovels are most commonly used for collection of waste.
• Hand Carts:
It is the fabricated hand moving vehicle which contains 6 to 8 bins having 25 lit
capacity. It is suitable for collecting the waste from very narrow roads location. 01
• Animal Carts: These vehicles are driven by horses, donkeys and other animals used
for collecting the waste. The capacity of these vehicles varies from 2 to 4 m3.
There is no need of fuel for collection of waste.
• Mechanical Road Sweeper:
The Street sweepers are mounted on the collecting trucks provided with suction
mechanism which clean the street with and the waste
is sucked by vacuum action in the truck. 01
• Tractors: The tractors having capacity 6 m3 are useful for collecting the refuse from
household or storage points.
• Trucks: Trucks having capacity 5 to 6 m3 are useful for collection and 01
transportation of waste from communal sites.
• Dumpers:
Dumpers are used for collection and transportation of large quantity of solid waste.
The main advantage of using dumper is that it can be empted immediately due to
hydraulic mechanism. This type of vehicle utilises body capacities of about 12 m3
• Compactor vehicles:
A compactor vehicles compact the solid waste by using mechanical pressure which
reduce the volume of waste. The capacity of this vehicle varies from 5 to 10 m3
4. Explain provisions regarding duties of waste generator, made in MSW Rules,
2016.
The provisions regarding duties of waste generator, made in MSW Rules, 2016 are as
follows.
1)Segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely
biodegradable, non-bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins
and handover segregated wastes to authorized waste pickers or waste collectors as per
the directions or notification by the local authorities from time to time.
2)Wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc.,
3)Store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated in his 01
 own premises and shall dispose of as per the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016
4)No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on
streets, open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
5)All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as
specified in the bye-laws of the local bodies. 01
6)No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons
at any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days 01
in advance and such person or the organizer of such event shall ensure segregation of
waste at source and handling over of segregated waste collector or agency as specified
by the local body.
7)Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated
during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, 01
wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such
waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
3. Attempt any THREE : 12
1) Explain the methods of collection of recyclables.
The methods of collection of recyclables are as follows.
1. Curbside collection 2. Buy back centers
3. Drop off centers 4. Deposit Programs
Curbside collection:
In this method the resident in urban or sub urban area sorts recyclable household
waste according to type of material in separate bins which are placed on curb side or
at collection point weekly or fortnightly which is collected by municipal workers. 01
Buy back centers:
Buy back centers established at central locations purchase the cleaned recyclable 01
sorted waste from residents. These centers send this collection to recycling factories.
Drop off centers:
01
The collected recyclables is dropped at reprocessing plants directly.
Deposit Programs:
The resident purchases households after paying deposit amount. After use waste
containers are given back to sellers getting back deposit along with bonus point for 01
redemption for next purchase.

2) Explain any four characteristics of Hazardous waste.

Ignitability –
Ignitable wastes creates fires under certain conditions or wastes which are spontaneously
combustible, or have a flash point less than 60oC. 01

Corrosivity –
Corrosive waste are acids or bases that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as 01
storage tanks, drums and barrels.
 -
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions, toxic
fumes, gases, or vapours when mixed with water. 01

-
Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed. When toxic wastes are disposed 01
of on land, the liquid drained from this waste get contaminated which forms leachate.

3) Explain vermi composting process and state its concept.

Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually
red wigglers, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food
waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. 01
Vermicomposting- Concept

01

sand.
ver over the sand.
01

01

.
4) Describe by products from incineration process and state their uses. Product
from incineration process with their use are:-
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for 01
Preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as Road
metal.
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing. 01
3. The heat produced during incineration can be used for generating steam which
can be used for electricity generation by running the turbines. 01
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material or blending in
01
cement.
4. 12
Attempt any THREE :
1. Explain the mechanical Composting Method

compost. It is recommended to use refuse of 1.5cm particle size in this method.

on of refuse are continually adjusted. Care is taken
to see that quantity of air should not exceed 2m3/kg of volatile solid per day.
e to trenching and open windrow composting.
– 6 days. 02
 02

Students may draw the flowchart of Dano Process which is called as Mechanical composting-

2. Explain various control measures of industrial waste.

Following are the Control measures taken for industrial waste:
1.Optimization of resources:
Waste reduction at individual and institutional level goes side by side with the 01
utilization of raw materials.
2.Using again the Scrap Material:
This is the process in which individual and industry reuses the waste material as soon
as it is produced. This keeps it from becoming a waste material. 01
3.Quality control improvement and process monitoring:
This technique is to ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is 01
increased by the inspection of frequency and monitoring point's inspection.
4.Exchanging Waste:
This is the technique in which the waste product, which comes out of a process, 01
becomes a raw material for another process. This is another way for reducing waste.
5.Point of use from ship:
 To maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials to be used with the
manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with less packages and wrappings can
save from the waste production.
6.Zero waste:
This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the source and at all
points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no waste. It is a design
philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste
management.
3. State the importance of public participation in solid waste management.
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people. 01
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and
Implementation of solid waste management. 01
3. To play an important role in permitting process in case of hazardous waste
as well as municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal
01
authorities for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc. 01
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.

4. Explain the recycling of industrial waste.

The recycling of various industrial wastes such as Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, lime
sludge,
Ferro alloy slag, Nonferrous metal waste, phosphogypsum, etc are as follows.
1. Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for manufacturing of cement, light 01
weight aggregates, insulating bricks, precast concrete, soil stabilization, land
reclamation etc.
2. Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for manufacture of cement, 01
refractory, ceramic material, aggregates etc.
3. Phosphogypsum waste from Chemical plants is recycled for manufacture of 01
gypsum plaster, boards, tiles, cement products etc.
4. Nonferrous metal industry waste is recycled for manufacture of binder material,
construction blocks, heavy clay products, colored concrete, floor tiles, polymer doors 01
etc.
5. Lime sludge from paper allied industries is recycled for manufacturing of building
5. 24
Attempt any Four :
1. (a)Explain four salient features mentioned in biomedical waste management and
handling as per 1998.
The ministry of environment and forests notified the bio medical waste rules in July
1998.
Following are the features-
  It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is
handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.
 The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories
etc. are therefore required to set in places the biomedical waste disposal &
treatment facilities as per schedule V & VI respectively.
 Segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of BMW according to
schedule1, Schedule 2 &3, Schedule 4 respectively.
 For the effective BMW management the state government shall establish
prescribed authority for granting authorization to concern occupier/operator;
who are required to maintain the annual & accident records of the facility.
(Note- The students may explain any of the provision or schedule of the BMW
rule1998 then accordingly the credit may be given. )
2. Discuss the origin and effects of the following E-Waste constituents on human
health :
(i) Cadmium
(ii) Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR)
(iii) Lead
(iv) Hexavalent Chromium
(v) Mercury
(vi) Plastic Compounds

Constituent Health Effect

Cadmium It is associated with deficits in cognition,
learning, behaviour and neuromotor skill in
children. It has also been linked to kidney
damage.
Brominated Flame impaired development of the nervous system,
Retardants liver damage, damage to endocrine system.
Lead highly toxic; damage to nervous system, blood
systems; kidneys; reductive organs.
Hexavalent Highly Toxic cause cancer
Chromium

Plastic Compound Respiratory Problem, Lung Damage

Mercury highly toxic; damage to nervous system, blood
systems; kidneys; reductive organs.
3. Define Pyrolysis. State the product of incineration process with their use.
Pyrolysis Process of waste Treatment:
It is the process of thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature in
an inert (oxygen deficient) atmosphere or vacuum, producing a mixture of
combustible (Carbon monoxide, Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2,
C2H6]) and non combustible gases.

Advantages of Pyrolysis Process:

 1. Reduces greenhouse gases emissions and waste going to landfill.
2. Produces a marketable product like gases, bio-oil, bio-chemicals and charcoal.
3. Low risk of water pollution.
4. Low risk of odour.
5. High recovery rate of resources.
6. Minimal risk of health consequences

4. Explain major provisions of Construction and Demolition Waste Management

Rules 2016.
The Provisions for Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules,
2016 areas follows.
1.Duties of waste Generators
•Every waste generator shall segregate construction and demolition waste and deposit
at collection center or handover it to the authorized processing facilities
•Shall ensure that there is no littering or deposition so as to prevent obstruction to the
traffic or the public or drains.
•Large generators (who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons
per project in a month) shall submit waste management plan and get appropriate
approvals from the local authority before starting construction or demolition or
remodeling work,
•Large generators shall have environment management plan to address the likely
environmental issues from construction, demolition, storage, transportation process
and disposal / reuse of C & D Waste.
2.Duties of Service providers and Contractors
•The service providers shall prepare a comprehensive waste management plan for
waste generated within their jurisdiction, within six months from the date of
notification of these rules ,
•Shall remove all construction and demolition waste in consultation with the
concerned local authority on their own or through any agency.
3. Duties of State Government and Local Authorities
•The Secretary, UDD in the State Government shall pre pare their policy with respect
to management of construction and demolition of waste within one year from date of
final notification of these rules
5. Enlist varieties of Industrial solid waste.
The varieties of Industrial Solid Waste are as follows:
1) Coal Ash
2) Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag
3) Phosphogypsum
4) Red Mud
6) Waste Sludge and Residues
7) Potential Reuse of Solid Wastes.

Coal Ash:
The research and development carried out in India for utilization of fly ash for making
building materials has proved that fly ash can be successfully utilized for production
of bricks, cement and other building materials.
Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag:
The Blast Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slags in integrated iron and
steel plants are at present dumped in the surrounding areas of the steel plants making
hillocks encroaching on the agricultural land.
Phosphogypsum:
Phosphogypsum is the waste generated from the phosphoric acid, ammonium
phosphate and hydrofluoric acid plants.
Red Mud:
Red mud as solid waste is generated in non-ferrous metal extraction industries like
aluminum and copper. The red mud at present is disposed in tailing ponds for settling,
which more often than not finds its course into the rivers, especially during monsoon.
Lime Mud: Lime sludge, also known as lime mud, is generated in pulp & paper mills
which are not recovered for reclamation of calcium oxide for use except in the large
mills.
Waste Sludge and Residues: Treatment of industrial wastes/effluents results in
generation of waste sludge/residues which, if not properly disposed, may cause
ground and surface water pollution.
Potential Reuse of Solid Wastes: Research and Development (R&D) studies
conducted by the R&D Institutions like Central Building Research Institute,
Roorkee (CBRI) and the National Council for Building Research, Ballabgarh
(NCBR) reveal that the aforesaid solid wastes has a very good potential to be
utilized in the manufacture of various building materials