Bo co thc tp xng in

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Mc lc..1 LI M U....2 PHN I. L THUYT MY IN.....3 I. TNG QUAN V MY IN.....3 1. Khi nim chung....3 2. Phn loi. . 3 3. Cu to chung. . 4 4. Nguyn l lm vic c bn. . 4 5. Cc thng s chnh.....5 6. Vt liu ch to..5 7. Pht nng v lm mt dy qun. .6 II. MY BIN P. .6 1. Khi nim chung. .6 2. Cu to. 7 3. Nguyn l lm vic. .8 III. MY IN KHNG NG B...9 1. Khi nim chung. 9 2. Cu to 10 3. Nguyn l lm vic 11 PHN II. THC HNH QUN DY STATO NG C KHNG NG B12 I. DY QUN STATO NG C KHNG NG B..12 1. Mt s i lng c trng .12 2. Mt s cng thc tnh ton . 12 3. Phn loi.. 12 4. Yu cu..13 5. Qun dy stato ng c khng ng b . 13 II. THC HIN QUN DY NG C KHNG NG B.. 14 1. Bi tp 1 : qun dy ng khun phn tn 1 lp. 14 2. Bi tp 2 : qun dy ng tm tp trung 1 lp...17 KT LUN ......20

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LI M U Vi mi sinh vin ngoi vic tip thu kin thc l thuyt trn ging ng th vic tip xc thc t l yu cu khng th thiu i vi sinh vin. Do thc tp l mt trong nhng yu cu tt yu ca sinh vin bt c trng i hc no trn c nc. L thuyt trn sch v phi i km vi thc tin th sinh vin mi thc s c th hiu r l thuyt hc ng thi trang b c phn no kin thc thc t gip sinh vin sau khi tt nghip ra trng c th nm bt v ho nhp tt vi cng vic thc tin v khng b m h v cng vic trong tng lai. Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni l mt trng k thut, thc hin phng chm hc i i vi hnh hng nm u t chc cho sinh vin giai on o to chuyn ngnh c i thc tp. Mc d kinh ph v c s vt cht cn hn hp, song nh trng, khoa in ni chung v b mn Thit b in-in t ni ring ht sc to iu kin cho chng em c thi gian thc tp ti xng in lm quen vi cc thit b my mc dng c, thc hnh v kim tra li kin thc. Thi gian ch c 3 tun, tuy khng thc s nhiu nhng thc s qu gi i vi chng em, gip chng em c ci nhn trc quan hn, cng c cc kin thc hc. Em xin chn thnh cm n khoa v b mn to iu kin cho chng em c thc hnh ti xng, c bit l cc thy c tn tnh hng dn, gip chng em hon thnh tt t thc tp va qua. Sau y em xin trnh by cc ni dung thu hoch c qua t thc tp ti xng in : - Phn 1 : L thuyt : l thuyt v my in. - Phn 2 : Thc hnh : thc hnh qun dy ng c khng ng b 3 pha ng khun phn tn 1 lp v ng tm tp trung 1 lp.

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I. TNG QUAN V MY IN. 1. Khi nim chung. Trong qu tnh khai thc s dng cc ti nguyn thin nhin phc v cho nn kinh t quc dn, khng th khng ni n s bin i nng lng t dng ny sang dng khc. Cc thit b in t thc hin s bin i c nng thnh in nng hoc t in nng thnh c nng da trn nguyn l cm ng in t c gi l my in. My in dng lm my bin i nng lng l phn t quan trng nht ca bt c thit b in nng no. N c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vn ti, cc h iu khin v t ng iu chnh khng ch 2. Phn loi. My in c nhiu loi v c nhiu cch phn bit chng nh: - Phn loi theo cng sut. - Phn loi theo cu to. - Phn loi theo chc nng. - Phn loi theo dng in (mt chiu v xoay chiu). - Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic. S tm tt phn loi my in :

Nhng y ta phn loi theo nguyn l bin i nng lng nh sau : - My in tnh.(H1) My in tnh lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t, do s bin i t thng gia cc cun dy khng c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau.
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My in tnh thng gp l my bin p. My in tnh dng bin i thng s ca dng in, nh my bin p bin i hai thng s ca dng in l gi tr p v gi tr dng. - My in quay.(H2) Nguyn l lm vic cng da vo hin tng cm ng in t, lc in t, do t trng v dng in ca cc cun dy c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau gy ra. Loi my ny thng dng bin i cc dng nng lng. Cc my in bin i c nng thnh in nng c gi l cc my pht in v cc my in dng bin i ngc li c gi l ng c in. Cc my in u c tnh thun nghch, ngha l u c th bin i nng lng theo hai chiu. Nu a c nng vo phn quay th my in s lm vic ch my pht, nu a in nng vo th phn quay ca my s sinh ra cng c hc.

3. Cu to chung. My in gm c mch t (khp kn bi li thp) v mch in (cc cun dy) lin quan cht ch ti nhau, dng bin i qua li gia cc dng nng lng nh in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc (ng c in) hay ngc li t cc dng nng lng khc thnh in nng (my pht in) hoc dng bin i cc thng s in nng nh bin i in p dng in,tn s,s pha Li thp ca my in l mch t khp kn dn t thng, cn cc mch in gm hai hay nhiu dy qun c th chuyn ng tng i vi nhau cng cc b phn g lp. 4. Nguyn l lm vic c bn. My in lm vic da trn nguyn l cm ng in t. N tun th theo 2 nh lut l: nh lut cm ng in t (nh lut Faraday) v nh lut v lc in t (nh lut Laplace). 4.1. nh lut cm ng in t. Pht biu: S bin thin tng t thng mc vng trong mch in s to ra mt sc in ng t l vi o hm ca tng t thng bin thin . d Biu thc: e dt Trong : e : sut in ng cm ng : tng t thng mc vng trong mch in Dng khc: e B.l.v Trong : e : sc in ng cm ng B : t cm l : chiu di thanh dn trong t trng v : tc chuyn ng ca thanh dn theo hng vung gc vi t cm 4.2. nh lut v lc t. Pht biu: Lc in t tc dng ln thanh dn mang dng in t trong t trng c ln t l thun vi chiu di ca thanh dn, cng dng in chy qua thanh dn v cng t trng ni cha thanh dn. f B.l.i.sin Biu thc: Trong : f : lc in t tc dng ln thanh dn B : cng t trng
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Bo co thc tp xng in l : chiu di thanh dn i : cng dng in trong thanh dn : gc gia vc t t cm vi dng in i chy trong thanh dn

HBKHN

5. Cc thng s chnh. Mi mt my in c mt b cc thng s nh mc m bo khi vn hnh my c th t c hiu sut cao nht, n nh v an ton nht ng thi m bo bn, tui th my. Qua cc thng s ca my in ta cng c th chn c loi my in ph hp vi yu cu s dng Cc thng s ni chung thng dng l: in p nh mc, dng in nh mc, dung lng v cng sut nh mc, tc nh mc 6. Vt liu ch to. 6.1. Vt liu tc dng. Vt liu tc dng gm vt liu dn t v vt liu dn in. Cc vt liu ny s lm nhim v thc hin cc chuyn i in t trong my in. Vt liu dn t: Dng ch to mch t cho my in. Ngi ta thng dng cc loi thp c tnh cht t khc nhau cho cc loi my in khc nhau. Loi thp thng dng l thp l k thut in, c hm lng Silic khc nhau nhng khng vt qu 4.5%. Hm lng Silic ny dng hn ch tn hao do t tr v tng in tr ca thp gim tn hao do dng in xoy. Thng thng cc loi thp k thut in c b dy 0.35 hay 0.27 mm dng cho my bin p v 0.5mm dng cho my in quay. Cc l thp ny s c ghp li vi nhau gim tn hao do dng in Fuco gy nn. Theo cch ch to ngi ta phn thp k thut in ra lm hai loi: cn nng v cn ngui. Thp cn ngui c c tnh t tt hn thp cn nng. l t thm cao hn, tn hao thp t hn. Thp cn ngui chia lm hai loi: d hng v ng hng. Loi d hng th tnh nng t tnh theo hng dc theo hng cn th tt hn hn do n thng c dng trong my bin p. Cn loi thp ng hng th c c tnh t theo mi hng l nh nhau nn thng c dng trong my in quay. Vt liu dn in: Thng dng l ng. ng dng lm dy qun phi t tiu chun tp cht khng qu 0.1%. Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn dng nhm lm vt liu dn in. 6.2. Vt liu kt cu. L loi vt liu dng ch to ra cc b phn chi tit truyn ng hoc kt cu cho my in theo cc dng cn thit, m bo cho my chy bnh thng. Ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu nh gang, thp, kim loi mu, hp kim hoc cc vt liu bng cht do. 6.3. Vt liu cch in. Dng ch to cc b phn ngn cch gia cc b phn mang in vi b phn khng mang in cng nh gia cc b phn mang in vi nhau (cc pha). Nhng vt liu ny c vai tr rt quan trng trong my in v n m bo s an ton trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca my. Do n cn m bo nhng yu cu nh bn nhit cao, dn nhit tt, chu m, chu c ha cht v c bn c nht nh. V cc vt liu cch in c bn khc nhau nn ngi ta chia n ra thnh 7 loi theo cp nhit lm vic ca chng : Cp cch in Y A E B F H C Nhit lm vic 90 105 120 130 155 180 >180 Khi my lm vic, do cc tc ng khc ca iu kin lm vic m bn ca vt liu cch in s b gim. Theo thc nghim nu nhit lm vic cho php tng qu t 8-10C th tui th vt liu cch in s gim i mt na. Do khi lm vic cn trnh my in qu ti lm tng nhit trong thi gian di.

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7. Pht nng v lm mt dy qun. Trong my in xy ra qu trnh bin i hoc truyn ti nng lng v c s tn hao nng lng p . Trong my pht in tn hao ch yu l trong li thp( do hin tng t tr v dng xoy), trong in tr dy qun my in v do ma st cc trc, lc cn ca qut lm mt my pht in ... tn hao ny lm nng my v nh hng n cht lng ca vt liu cch in. lm mt my in, nhit lng sinh ra phi c tn ra mi trng xung quanh bng cch tng din tch tip xc ca my in vi khng kh lm mt, tng tc i lu ca khng kh xung quanh hoc ca mi trng lm mt. Thng v my in, c ch to c cnh ti nhit v i vi my in c cng sut ln thng c h thng qut gi hoc bm nc lm mt. Kch thc ca my, phng php lm mt phi c tnh ton v la chn, cho tng nhit ca vt liu cch in my khng vt qu tng nhit cho php, m bo cho vt liu cch in lm vic lu di khong 20 nm. Khi my in lm vic ch nh mc, tng nhit ca cc phn t khng vt qu tng nhit ca cc phn t cho php. Khi my qu ti, tng nhit s vt qu nhit cho php, v th khng cho php qu ti lu di.

II. MY BIN P. 1. Khi nim chung. bin i in p ca dng in xoay chiu t in p cao xung in p thp hoc ngc li ta s dng my bin p. Ngy nay do vic s dng in nng pht trin rng ri nn c nhng li my bin p khc nhau: 1 pha, 3 pha, 2 day qun, 3 dy qun nhng chng u da trn mt nguyn l - nguyn l cm ng in t. 1.1. nh ngha. My bin p l mt thit b in t loi tnh, lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t, bin i mt h thng dng in xoay chiu in p ny thnh mt h thngdng in xoay chiu in p khc vi tn s khng thay i. Do my bin p ch lm nhim v truyn ti hoc phn phi nng lng ch khng bin i nng lng. u vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in c gi l s cp, u ra ni vi ti gi l th cp. Cc i lng thng s s cp trong k hiu ghi ch s 1: s vng dy s cp N1, in p s cp U1, dng in s cp I1, cng sut s cp P1 Tng t bn th cp c ch s 2: N2, U2, I2, P2 1.2. Cng dng. My bin p c vai tr quan trng trong h thng in. N l 1 khu quan trng dng truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Cc nh my in cng sut ln thng xa cc trung tm tiu th in v th cn phi xy dng cc ng dy truyn ti in. in p my pht thng l 6.3, 10.5, 15.75, 38.5 kV. nng cao kh nng truyn ti v gim tn hao cng sut trn ng dy phi gim dng in chy trn ng dy bng cch nng cao in p. V vy u ng dy cn t my bin p tng p. Mt khc in p ca ti thng khong 127 ti 500V, ng c cng sut ln thng 3 ti 6 kV, v vy cui ng dy cn t my bin p gim p.

Ngoi ra, my bin p cn c dng trong cc l nung, hn in, o lng hoc lm ngun in cho cc thit b in, in t cn nhiu cp in p khc nhau
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1.3. Phn loi. Theo s pha: my bin p mt pha v my bin p ba pha. Theo cng dng: - My bin p in lc: lm nhim v truyn ti v phn phi in nng. - My bin p chuyn dng: dng cho cc mc ch c th nh luyn kim, hn - My bin p t ngu: dng bin i in p trong phm vi khng ln. - My bin p o lng: gim in p, gim dng in khi a vo cc ng h o. - My bin p th nghim: dng th nghim cc in p cao. 1.4. Mt s i lng nh mc. - Dung lng hay cng sut nh mc Sm: cng sut ton phn( biu kin) a ra th cp. - in p v dng in dy s cp nh mc U1m, I1m. - in p v dng in dy th cp nh mc U2m, I2m. - Tn s nh mc fm. 2. Cu to. My bin p c cu to t ba b phn chnh: li thp, dy qun v v my. Ty vo tng nhim v khc nhau m chng c cu to t nhng loi vt liu khc nhau. 2.1. Li thp. Li thp c dng lm mch dn t, ng thi lm khung qun dy qun. Theo hnh dng li thp, ngi ta chia ra my bin p kiu li v my bin p kiu bc. Li thp my bin p c lm t tn silic cn ngui d hng, t thng lun i theo chiu cn l chiu c t dn ln, l thp c ghp t cc l tn c ct cho mt gc nht nh. Cch ghp ny dng trong cc mch t c dy tm tn trong khong t 0.20-0.35 mm. Khi b dy tm tn nh hn 0.20 mm ngi ta dng cng ngh mch t qun l tn v dnh hnh dy 0.10 mm. Li thp ca my bin p bao gm 2 phn. - Phn tr: l phn qun dy. - Phn gng: Kt ni cc phn tr li v to thnh mch t kn. Tr v gng c p cht vi nhau bng c vt. Do dy qun thng qun thnh hnh trn, nn tit din ngang ca tr thp thng lm thnh hnh bc thanh gn trn. Gng v khng qun dy, do thun tin cho vic ch to, tit din ngang ca gng c th lm n gin: hnh vung, hnh ch thp v hnh T. V l do an ton, ton b li thp c ni t vi v my v v my phi c ni t. Ty theo hnh dng, ngi ta chia ra: - My bin p kiu li( hay kiu tr): dy qun bao quanh tr thp. Loi ny hin nay rt thng dng cho cc my bin p mt pha v ba pha c dung lng nh v trung bnh. - My bin p kiu bc: Loi ny mch t c phn nhnh ra 2 bn v bc ly mt phn dy qun. Loi ny ch c dng cho mt vi ngnh c chuyn mn c bit nh my bin p dng trong l in luyn kim - cc my bin p hin i, dung lng ln v cc ln(80-100MVA trn 1 pha), in p tht cao (220 400 kV), gim chiu cao ca tr thp, tin li cho vic vn chuyn trn ng, mch t ca my bin p kiu tr phn nhnh sang hai bn nn my bin p mang hnh dng va kiu tr, va kiu bc, gi l my bin p kiu tr bc. 2.2. Dy qun. Cng dng: l b phn dn in ca my bin p, lm nhim v thu nng lng vo v truyn nng lng ra. Kim loi dng lm dy qun thng bng ng. Theo cch qun dy s cp v th cp ta c th chia thnh hai loi. Dy qun ng tm v dy qun xem k. Dy qun ng tm.

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L dy qun m tit din ngang l nhng vng trn ng tm. Dy qun h p thng qun pha trong cn dy qun cao p qun bn ngoi tn dng qun h p lm lp phn cch gia cun cao p v tr. Nhng kiu dy qun ng tm chnh l: - Dy qun hnh tr: Nu tit din dy nh th dng dy trn, qun nhiu lp. Nu tit din dy ln th dng dy bt v qun thnh hai lp. Dy qun hnh tr dy trn thng dng lm dy qun cao p, in p ti 35 kV, dy qun hnh tr bt dng ch yu lm dy qun h p vi in p t 6kV tr xung. Ni chung dy qn hnh tr thng dng cho cc my bin p c dung lng 630kVA tr xung. - Dy qun hnh xon: Gm nhiu dy bt chp li qun theo ng xon c, gia cc vng dy c rnh h. Hnh kiu ny thng dng cho cc my bin p c dung lng trung bnh v ln. - Dy qun xoy xon c lin tc : lm bng dy bt v khc vi du qun hnh xon c ch dy qun ny c qun thnh nhng bnh rng dy phng cch nhau bng nhng rnh h. Bng cch hon v c bit trong khi qun, cc bnh dy c ni tip lin tc m khng cn mi hn gia chng. Dy qun loi ny dng lm cun cao p cho in p t 35kV tr ln v c dung lng ln. Dy qun xen k. Cc bnh dy cao p v h p ln lt c qun xen k nhau dc theo tr thp. Kiu dy qun ny thng dng trong cc my bin p kiu bc. 2.3. V my. Bao gm thng my v np my. C chc nng bo v li st v cc cun dy. Ngoi ra cng dng ca np thng cn l a u dy vo v a cc u dy ra. V my lm nhim v tn nhit, dp h quang do cu to kn cha du lm nhim v cch in. a) Thng my bin p: thng lm bng thp, thng l hnh bu dc. Lc my bin p lm vic, mt phn nng lng b tiu hao v to ra di dng nhit nng lm nng dy qun, li thp v cc b phn khc. Do , gia my bin p v mi trng xung quanh c mt hiu s nhit v gi l chnh nhit. Nu chnh nhit vt qu mc quy nh s lm gim tui th cch in v gy s c vi my bin p. m bo cho my bin p vn hnh vi ti lin tc trong thi gian quy nh v khng b s c phi tng cng lm lnh bng cch ngm bin p trong thng du. Ngoi ra, du my bin p cn lm nhim v tng cng cch in. b) Np thng: dng y thng v trn t cc chi tit my quan trng nh : - Cc ca ra ca dy qun CA v HA: lm nhim v cch in gia dy dn vi v my. - Bnh gin du: l mt thng hnh tr, bng thp t trn np v ni vi thng bng 1 ng dn du. - ng bo him: lm bng thp, thng l hnh tr nghing. Mt u ni vi thng, mt u bt bng a thu tinh. 3. Nguyn l lm vic. My bin p lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t: e

d dt

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My bin p trn hnh v l my bin p mt pha hai dy qun. Dy qun s cp c N1 vng dy v dy qun th cp c N2 vng dy. C hai cun dy c qun trn mt li st. Li st c cu to t nhiu l thp k thut in. Khi t mt in p xoay chiu U1 vo 2 u ca cun dy s cp th trong lng ca cun dy s xut hin mt t thng bin thin vi tn s bng tn s ca dng in trong cun s cp. T thng ny mc vng vi c 2 cun dy 1 v 2. N sinh ra s cm ng v trn cc cun dy s cp v th cp. Khi ni 2 u ca cun dy s cp vi ti n s sinh ra hiu in th U2 v dng in I2 trn ti. Nh vy nng lng ca dng in xoay chiu c chuyn t cun dy s cp sang cun dy th cp. Gi s in p xoay chiu t vo 2 u ca cun s cp l mt in p hnh sin th t thng n sinh ra cng l mt hm s hnh sin: m sin t Theo nh lut cm ng in t, s cm ng sinh ra trong cc dy qun s cp v th cp s ln lt l: d m sin wt d e1 N1 N1 N1w m cos wt 2 E1 sin(wt ) dt dt 2 d m sin wt d e2 N2 N2 N 2 w m cos wt 2 E2 sin( wt ) dt dt 2 Trong : wN1 m 2 fN1 m E1 4.44 fN1 m 2 2 wN 2 m 2 fN 2 m E2 4.44 fN 2 m 2 2 l gi tr hiu dng ca cc s dy qun s cp v th cp. T cc biu thc trn ta thy s cm ng trong dy qun chm pha so vi t thng sinh ra n mt gc . 2 H s my bin p: ngi ta nh ngha h s my bin p l t s gia cc i lng sau: E1 w1 U1 k E2 w2 U 2 Nu N2 > N1 => U2 > U1 : gi l my bin p tng p. Nu N2 < N1 => U2 < U1 : gi l my bin p h p. III. MY IN KHNG NG B 1. Khi nim chung. 1.1. nh ngha. My in khng ng b l my in xoay chiu, lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t, c tc ca roto n khc vi tc t trng quay trong my n1. Cng nh cc my in quay khc, my in khng ng b c tnh thun nghch, ngha l c th lm vic 2 ch ng c v my pht. 1.2. Cng dng. My pht in khng ng b c c tnh lm vic khng c tt nn t c dng, ta ch yu xt ti ng c khng ng b. N c s dng nhiu trong sn xut v sinh hot v ch to n gin, gi thnh r, tin cy cao, vn hnh n gin, hiu sut cao. Gn y do k thut in t pht trin nn ng c khng ng b p ng c yu cu iu chnh tc nn n cng c s dng rng ri hn. Dy cng sut rt rng, t vi W n hng ngn kW. 1.3. Phn loi. My in khng ng b c nhiu loi c phn theo thnh nhiu cch khc nhau.
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Theo kt cu ca v, my in khng ng b chia thnh cc kiu chnh: kiu h, kiu bo v, kiu kn, kiu phng n Theo kt cu ca rto: rto kiu dy qun, rto kiu lng sc. Theo s pha trn dy qun stato c th chia lm loi: 1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha. 1.4. Mt s i lng nh mc. - Cng sut c c ch trn trc Pm. - in p v dng in dy stato U1m, I1m. - Tn s dng in stato f. - Tc quay rto nm. - H s cng sut cosm. - Hiu sut m. 2. Cu to. Ging nh nhng my in quay khc, my in khng ng b gm nhng phn chnh nh sau:

2.1. Stato(phn tnh): gm hai b phn chnh l li thp v dy qun, ngoi ra cn c v my v np my. - Li thp: c p trong v, lm nhim v dn t. Li thp stato hnh tr do cc l thp k thut in c dp dnh bn trong ghp li vi nhau thnh cc rnh theo hng trc. V t trng i qua li thp l t trng quay nn gim tn hao li thp. - Dy qun: lm bng dy bc cch in( dy dn in t v c t trong rnh ca li thp), kiu dy qun hnh dng v cch b tr s c trnh by trong phn c s thit k dy qun stato ng c khng ng b. - V my: lm bng nhm hoc gang, dng c nh li thp v dy qun cng nh c nh my trn b, khng dng lm mch dn t. i vi my c cng sut tng i ln (1000kW) thng dng thp tm hn li thnh v. Hai u v c np my v trc. V v np my dng bo v my. 2.2. Rto(phn quay): gm c li thp, dy qun v trc my. - Li thp: ni chung, li thp vn lm bng l thp k thut in nh stato. Li thp c p trc tip ln trc my. - Dy qun: c hai loi chnh l rto lng sc v rto dy qun. + Rto dy qun: ging nh dy qun stato. Trong my in c trung bnh tr ln thng dng lm dy qun kiu sng hai lp v bt c nhng u ni, kt cu dy ni cht ch. Trong my in c nh thng dng lm dy qun ng tm mt lp. Dy qun 3 pha ca rto thng u hnh sao, cn 3 u kia c ni vo 3 rnh trt thng lm bng ng c nh mt u u trc, v thng qua chi than c th u vi mch in bn ngoi. c im ca loi ng c rto kiu dy qun ny l: c th thng qua chi than a in tr ph hay sut in ng ph vo mch in rto ci

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thin tnh nng m my, iu chnh tc hoc ci thin cng sut ca my. Khi my lm vic bnh thng dy qun rto c ni ngn mch. + Rto lng sc: kt cu ca loi dy ny rt khc so vi dy qun stato. Trong mi rnh ca li thp, rto t vo thanh dn bng ng hay nhm di ra khi li thp v c ni tt hai u bng hai vnh ngn mch bng ng hay nhm thnh ci lng, ngi ta hay gi l lng sc. cc my cng sut nh, lng sc c ch to bng cch c nhm vo cc rnh li thp rto to thnh thanh nhm, hai u c vng ngn mch v cnh qut lm mt. Dy qun rto lng sc khng cn cch in vi li thp. ci thin tnh nng m my trong cng sut tng i ln, rnh rto c th lm thnh rnh su hoc lm thnh hai rnh. Trong my in c nh, rnh rto thng lm rnh cho i qua mt gc so vi tm trc. ng c lng sc l ng c rt ph bin do gi thnh r v lm vic bo m. ng c dy qun c u im v m my v iu chnh tc ng c song gi thnh cao v vn hnh km tin cy hn rto lng sc nn ch c dng khi ng c rto lng sc khng p ng c yu cu v truyn ng. 2.3. Khe h. V rto l mt khi trn nn khe h u, khe h trong my in khng ng b rt nh(0,2 1mm trong cc my in c nh v va) hn ch dng in t ho ly t li in v nh vy mi c th nng cao h s cng sut ca my. 3. Nguyn l lm vic. Khi c dng in ba pha chy trong dy qun stato th trong khe h khng kh xut hin t trng quay vi tc ng b n1=60f1/p (f: tn s li in, p: s i cc t ca my). T trng ny qut qua dy qun nhiu pha t ngn mch t trn li thp rto v cm ng trong dy qun sc in ng v dng in. T thng do dng in ny sinh ra hp vi t thng ca stato thnh t thng tng ca khe h. Dng in trong dy qun tc dng vi t thng khe h sinh ra momen tc dng do c tc dng mt thit vi tc quay n ca rto. Trong nhng phm vi tc khc nhau th ch lm vic ca my cng khc nhau. Ta xt tc dng ca chng trong 3 phm vi tc . H s trt ca my : s = (n1 n)/n1.

3.1. Rto quay cng chiu t trng nhng tc n < n1 (0 < s < 1) (a). Gi thit chiu quay n1 ca t trng khe h v ca rto n nh hnh v. Theo quy tc bn tay phi , xc inh c chiu sc in ng E2 v I2; theo quy tc bn tay tri , xc nh c lc F v momen M. Ta thy F cng chiu quay ca rto, ngha l in nng a ti stato, thng qua t trng bin i thnh c nng trn trc lm quay rto theo chiu t trng quay n1, nh vy my lm vic ch ng c in. 3.2. Rto quay cng chiu t trng nhng tc n > n1 (s < 0) (b). Dng ng c s cp quay rto ca my in khng ng b vt tc ng b n > n1. Lc chiu t trng quay qut qua dy qun rto s ngc li, sc in ng v dng in trong dy qun rto cng i chiu nn chiu ca M cng ngc chiu n1, ngha l ngc chiu vi rto, nn
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l momen hm. Nh vy my bin c nng tc dng ln trc ng c in, do ng c s cp ko thnh in nng cung cp cho li in, ngha l my lm vic ch my pht in. 3.2. Rto quay ngc chiu t trng n < 0 (s > 1) (c). V nguyn nhn no m rto ca my in quay ngc chiu t trng quay, lc ny chiu ca sc in ng v momen ging nh ch ng c in. V momen sinh ra ngc chiu quay vi rto nn c tc dng hm rto li. Trng hp ny my va ly in nng li in vo, va ly c nng t ng c s cp. Ch lm vic ny gi l ch hm in t.

PHN II. THC HNH QUN DY STATO NG C KHNG NG B I. DY QUN STATO NG C KHNG NG B. Dy qun my in quay l b phn chnh thc hin s bin i nng lng c in trong my. C th chia lm 2 loi: dy qun phn cm v dy qun phn ng. Ni dung bi thc hnh ny ta ch xt ti dy qun phn ng(stato) ca ng c khng ng b. 1. Mt s i lng c trng. Z s rnh stato q s rnh tc dng di mt cc t (s bi dy ca mt nhm bi) y s bc dy qun (tnh t cnh tc dng th nht n cnh tc dng th hai ca cng mt phn t) bc cc p s i cc (c hnh thnh bi mt cun dy hay nhm cun dy v c u dy sao cho khi c dng in i qua s to c cc cp cc N-S xen k tip nhau trong mt pha) m s pha f tn s dng in a s mch nhnh song song n tc quay ca t trng n1 tc u trc 2. Mt s cng thc tnh ton. - S rnh ca 1 pha di 1 cc t : q = Z/(2mp) [rnh] - Bc cc (khong cch gia 2 cc t lin tip) : = Z/(2p) [rnh] - Bc dy qun (khong cch gia 2 cnh tc dng ca 1 phn t) : y = Z/(2p) + [rnh] Nu = 0 : dy qun bc (y = ) Nu < 0: dy qun bc ngn (y < ) Nu > 0: dy qun bc di (y > ) - Gc in gia 2 rnh cnh nhau : = p.360/Z [ in] - Vng pha ca dy qun : = q [ in] 3. Phn loi. - Theo s lp trong rnh : dy qun 1 lp (s phn t ca dy qun S=Z/2), dy qun 2 lp (s phn t ca dy qun S=Z). - Theo s pha : dy qun 1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha. - Theo bc dy qun : dy qun bc , bc di, bc ngn. - Theo cch ni cc phn t : dy qun xp, dy qun sng.
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- Theo hnh dng phn t dy qun : dy qun ng khun,ng tm, phn tn, tp trung 4. Yu cu. - m bo c s v dng in tng ng vi cng sut in t ca my. - Kt cu dy qun phi n gin. - t tn nguyn vt liu. - Bn c in nhit ha. - Lp rp, sa cha d dng. 5. Qun dy stato ng c khng ng b. 5.1. Nhm dy qun v cch phn b cc bi dy. - C hai loi nhm dy qun thng gp l: dy qun ng tm v dy qun ng khun.

Dy qun ng khun Dy qun ng tm a. Nhm cun dy ng tm. Nhm cun dy ng tm c hnh thnh bi nhiu cun dy c bc cun dy khc nhau v c mc ni tip nhau theo cng mt chiu qun. Cc cnh dy ca mi cun dy chim cc rnh k cn nhau to thnh cc t. to hnh nhm cun dy ng tm, ngi ta qun lin tip cc dy dn theo cng mt chiu qun ln trn mt b khun c kch thc khc nhau v t ng tm trn cng mt trc qun. u im ca cch qun dy ny l d lp t cun dy vo stator nhng c nhc im l cc u cun dy chon ch nhiu hn so vi cch qun khc.Dng nhm cun dy ng tm thng ph bin trong cc ng c cng sut nh . b. Nhm cun dy ng khun. Nhm cun dy ny c cc bc ca dy u bng nhau nn chng c cng mt khun nh hnh. Cc cun dy ny c b tr trn stator cc rnh k tip nhau to thnh cc t.Thng thng bc cun dy trong nhm cun dy ng khun u l bc ngn nn c u im l t tn dy, thu gn cc u cun dy . Tuy nhin t yu cu thu gn cc u cun dy, t chon ch th vic lp t b dy qun dng ny phi kh khn hn v tn nhiu thi gian hn so vi nhm ng tm. - C hai cch b tr dy qun : Tp trung v phn tn. a. Dy qun tp trung: cc bi dy cng mt nhm bi c t vo cc rnh sao cho cc cnh tc dng th nht ca chng lin tip nhau. b. Dy qun phn tn: dy qun c t u, cnh tc dng th nht ca bi th hai nm ngay sau cnh tc dng th hai ca bi th nht. 5.2. Cch u dy gia cc nhm cun dy. Khi thit lp s b dy qun trn ng c 3 pha, cc nhm dy c th u dy to ra cc cc t tht hc cc cc t gi tu theo s b tr cc nhm cun dy trong cng mt pha. a. u dy cc nhm cun to ra t cc tht. Trong cch u ny, cc nhm dy cng mt pha c b tr st nhau v ni dy gia cc nhm sao cho dng in qua cc nhm to thnh cc cc t N-S xen k nhau.c im cc u dy ny c
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s nhm cun trong mt pha bng s i cc. Khi u dy c th p dng quy tc cui-cui, uu. b. u dy cc nhm cun to thnh cc cc gi. Khi mun u dy to thnh cc t cc cng du hay cn gi l cc u dy to t cc gi th buc phi b tr cc nhm cun dy trong cng mt pha phi cch xa nhau t nht mt rnh trng. Khi u dy, p dng quy tc u-cui bng cch ni cui nhm ny vi u nhm k tip th mi to thnh cc cc t cng du. c im ca cch u dy ny c s nhm cun dy trong mt pha bng mt na s i cc v cch u dy ny ch p dng khi 2p>2. Nh bit, ch c thnh phn on dy nm trong rnh stator mi cc thnh phn tc dng to nn momen quay nn ta c th c khi nim mi v s i cc nu mt hoc nhiu rnh c cha dy dn m c cng chiu dng in th chng hnh thnh mt cp cc t N-S. Do c th ni tip cc cnh dy li theo mt trt t no sao cho tho mn iu kin khi c dng in i qua th chng c cng mt chiu. Khi cc cn dy qun ca cng mt pha nm nhng vng khc nhau trn thang my th ta gi l dy qun tp trung. Nu ta th tch nh cc phn t dy qun tp trung v ri u trn than my th ta s c dy qun phn tn. Nhng nu ta thc hin bng cch tch i cc phn t v s lng t di v trn th ta s c dy qun hai lp. 5.3. Xy dng s dy qun ng c 3 pha. Xc nh cc thng s ca ng c : - Dng dy qun cn thit k. - Tng s rnh Z ca phn stator. - S i cc 2p v cch u dy to cc tht hay cc gi. - Xc nh bc cc t , bc dy qun - Tnh s cnh dy cho mi cc ca mi pha. Tin hnh cc s theo cc bc: - K cc ng song song v nh s tng ng vi s rnh ca rotor - Tri s cnh dy mt cc mt pha mi pha cho phn b u ti cc trc cc t v xc nh chiu dng in theo chiu u vo. - Cn c vo dng dy qun v cc u cun dy ni lin cc cnh dy gia cc nhm cun pha sao cho chiu dng in ca cng mt bi trn cc cnh dy k tip khng b ngc chiu nhau. - Da vo lch pha tnh, xc nh rnh khi u ca pha B v tng t. Cui cng v pha C tng t nh trn v cch pha B cng bng lch pha trn. II. THC HIN QUN DY NG C KHNG NG B 3 PHA. 1. Bi tp 1 : qun dy ng khun phn tn 1 lp. Z=24, 2p=4, q=2, y=5, 65 vng/bi 1.1. S dy qun.

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1.2. Qu trnh tin hnh. a. Chun b. - Nhn cc dng c thc hnh : ng c (24 rnh), dao tre, dao, li nha, ko, dy ng, khun, cht, - Qun dy c nhn vo li nha chun b vo khun. - Chun b khun.

Khun c lm t hai ming g mng trn c c cc l to thnh mt hnh lc gic c chu vi bng vi chu vi bi dy ta cn qun. Ta lp khun vo my qun dy v t cc cht vo khun nh hnh khun. - Chun b cch in cho rnh. Dy qun stato phi c cch in vi phn khung thp ca stato. Do cc bi dy c t vo cc rnh nn ta cn c lp cch in trong rnh. Cch in trong rnh c cu to bao gm hai lp c dy : + Lp cch in 0.3mm : chiu di bng chiu di ca phn mch t cng thm 3cm gp hai u li 1cm phn mp gp pha ngoi ca mch t. Chiu rng cha ht tit din ca rnh. Kch thc : di 13cm, rng 2.5cm. + Lp cch in 0.1mm : chiu di bng chiu di lp cch in 0.3 gp hai u. Chiu rng cha ht tit din rnh cng thm hai di bng. Kch thc : di 11cm, rng 5cm. Ta c th dng cc giy bo cng lm lp cch in 0.3 v cc giy bo mng lm lp cch in 0.1( cn c dai tt). Cho vo cc rnh trc lp cch in 0.3(dng dao tre y st vch rnh, cch in phi m rng bung st vch rnh, khng c thp hn c rnh), cn lp 0.1 khi tin hnh vo dy rnh no mi cho vo. b. Qun dy vo khun.
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Trc khi tin hnh qun dy vo khun to c bi dy phng v gn gng ta cn vut thng dy qun trc khi qun dy vo bi dy. Nu dy cng phng th vic qun dy vo khun cng d lm cho vic lp dy vo my cng nhanh hn nhiu. Sau khi vut li dy v qun vo li nha, ta bt u qun dy vo khun to cc bi dy. Lp khun vo my quay(ch lp c gi khun). Nht cht vo khun ( theo cng chiu thun tin lc tho ra). Do cht di nn mi ln qun ta c th qun lin lc 3 bi dy lin tip nhau m khng cn tho khun. Qun dy vo khun cn qun cht, u tay v theo mt chiu nht nh(tt nht l chiu nh du trn khun), khng c lm xc dy, gi cho dy lun thng khng b cong hay tht nt. Nu c ch xc hoc t cn bc li(bng ng gen, i vi bi tp ny c th ch cn ni li do khng tin hnh chy my) v a n ra u ca bi dy khng trong phn dy s nm trong rnh( trnh gy kh khn khi vo dy). Khi 65 vng th dng li, buc gi cc cnh tc dng ca bi, bt tip bi th hai qun v tng t nh vy ta qun c ba bi dy lin nhau. Sau khi qun xong c ba bi dy ta tho khun ra khi my qun dy. Dng dy c nh tng bi li ri tho cc cht ly cc bi dy ra khi khun. Ln lt lm nh vy cho n khi 12 bi dy. c. Vo dy. - Chn mt rnh bt k lm rnh s 1. Theo s dy qun ta s xc nh c cc v tr ca cc rnh tip theo. C th chn cch vo dy thun hoc ngc chiu kim ng h. - Theo s dy qun mi bi lun c 2 cnh tc dng nm trn v 2 cnh tc dng nm di, v vy i vi 2 bi u tin ta phi tin hnh vo dy nh sau : rnh 2 v 4 c ch. Ly 2 bi dy mt bi ta nht 1 cnh vo rnh 2, mt bi ta nht 1 cnh vo rnh 4, 2 cnh cn ca 2 bi cha nht ngay. - Cc bi cn li vo trn 1 bi : + Nht cnh bi 3 vo cc rnh 1, 6. + Nht cnh bi 4 vo cc rnh 3, 8. + Nht cnh bi 12 vo cc rnh 19, 24. - Cn li 2 cnh ca 2 bi u tin ta vo nt 2 rnh cui cng l 21 v 23. - Ch : + Trc khi vo dy rnh no th t sn giy cch in 0.1 vo rnh , p st giy cch in vo vch rnh, xp giy cch in u v hai bn trnh tnh trng mt bn di mt bn ngn s khng m bo an ton cho vic cch in. + Vo cnh no th tho nt buc cnh . Lun gi cnh thng, khng trng, ri. Trc khi a dy vo, xi tng vng dy ca cnh tc dng ri ra sp song song( trnh ri) a vo ln lt, dy d vo rnh hn. + Khi nht dy vo rnh ta dng dao tre nht. Dao tre phi mng c th a vo trong rnh v cng c th nht c dy. Ch trnh lm qu mnh xc cch in ca dy. Ta t mt cnh ca bi dy vo rnh ri dng dao tre vut nh cho dy vo nm ht trong rnh. Sau nhn nh nhng u cho dy nm chc chn trong rnh ri mi tin hnh nht cch in. Phi m bo sau khi nht cch in th ton b phn giy cch in phi nm gn trong rnh. Cn cn i hai u cun dy sau tin hnh nn trn b cong cc u ca bi. Sau khi nht c hai cnh ca bi dy vo th ta n phn u ca bi dy xung khng che cc rnh khc, d dng vo cc bi dy tip theo. + cc u ra u vo ca mi bi gn tm cc u u dy c thun tin. d. Lt pha. Tin hnh lt pha bng cc ming cch in hnh bn nguyt ti cc u ca bi dy ( c th s dng giy cch in 0.3). Ch chiu cao khng qu mt my, ct va cc bi dy. e. u dy.
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u cui-cui, u-u. Mi bi c hai u dy mt u vo v mt u ra. C 12 bi v 3 pha nh vy mi pha c 4 bi dy. Chn mt u ca mt bi dy bt k quy nh lm pha A. u u cui bi A1 vi u cui bi A2, u vo bi A2 vi u vo bi A3, c nh vy ta u c pha B v pha C. Cnh sau ca mt pha thng cch cun trc 2 bi dy lin tip. Ba u ra l X, Y, Z. 1.3. Kt qu, nhn xt. Bi tp ny khng yu cu chy my nn khng cn ai dy, mc ch l quen vi cc thit b, thao tc lm vic, tp vo dy, u dy chun b cho bi 2. 2. Bi tp 2 : qun dy ng tm tp trung 1 lp. Z=36, 2p=4, q=3, yTB=9, 75 vng/bi 2.1. S dy qun.

2.2. Qu trnh tin hnh. a. Chun b. Qu trnh chun b cng tng t nh trong bi tp qun dy ng khun phn tn. Song c 1 vi im khc : - Nhn trc tip ng c qun hon chnh nn : + Cn quan st ton b ng c chun b cho bi tp ca mnh : cch u dy, ai dy,cch ly u vo u ra,th t cc bi, lt pha, lt cch in + Tho dy : - Ct dy ai, tho lt pha. - Ct 6 u dy mm( u vo ra cc pha), ct 3 mi ni gia 6 nhm bi. Gi li lt pha, dy mm v cc ng gen( s dng sau). - Tho dy khi rnh : ( ch ngc vi qu trnh vo dy) + Chn 3 cnh pha trn ca cng 1 nhm bi tho trc. Trong mi nhn tho t bi to ti bi nh. + Tho lp cch in 0.1, tm cc si trn cng ri dn dn a ht cc dy ra khi rnh( trnh lm xc dy v lm hng lp cch in 0.3).
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+ Nhm bi u tin ch tho 3 cnh tc dng nm trn, tip tc tho cc nhm bi cn li (trn c nhm bi), cui cng mi tho nt 3 cnh cn li ca nhm bi u tin. - Sau khi tho dy xong, g v tin hnh qun dy vo li nha nh bi 1 chun b cho qun dy vo khun. - Khun bi ny gm 18 l cht to thnh 3 hnh lc gic ng tm.

. - Xem li lp cch in 0.3 c sn trong my. Nu khng b rch, vn m bo c cch in th khng cn thay. b. Qun dy vo khun. Cc thao tc cng ging bi 1. V dy qun ng tm, ta ln lt qun t bi nh n bi to. Sau khi m 75 vng dy ta tch dy nht cc v tr cht tip theo tip tc qun bi th 2(ch nht cht cng chiu tho ra c d dng). Tng t cho bi th 3 l xong mt nhm 3 bi dy. Tho khun, buc cc cnh ca tng bi v c nhm bi, ch trnh o chiu vt ca dy gia cc bi. Trong bi ny c tt c 6 nhm bi dy nh vy. V bi tp c tin hnh chy my nn cch in phi m bo, trnh lm xc dy. i vi cc mi ni t cn co sch lp sn cnh in bn ngoi ri mi ni vo, dng ng gen bc li. Kim tra c cc mi ni c t trc. a cc mi ni trnh v tr cc cnh tc dng( kh vo rnh). c. Vo dy. - Chn mt rnh rnh 1. Theo s dy qun ta s xc nh c cc v tr ca cc rnh tip theo. C th chn cch vo dy thun hoc ngc chiu kim ng h. - Ly mt nhm bi a cc cnh tc dng th hai ca chng ln lt vo cc rnh 4,5,6 ( vo t cnh bi nh ti bi to). - Ly nhm bi th 2 a cc cnh tc dng th nht(cng pha) ca chng vo ln lt t cc rnh 1,2,3, cc cnh tc dng th 2 ln lt vo cc rnh 10,11,12. - Ly nhm bi th 3 a cc cnh tc dng th nht ca chng vo ln lt t ngoi vo trong vo cc rnh 7,8,9, cc cnh tc dng th 2 ln lt vo cc rnh 16,17,18. - Ly nhm bi th 6 a cc cnh tc dng th nht ca chng vo ln lt t ngoi vo trong vo cc rnh 25,26,27 cc cnh tc dng th 2 ln lt vo cc rnh 34,35,36 - Cn li a cc cnh tc dng th nht ca nhm bi u tin xung cc rnh 31,32,33. - Ngoi cc ch nh phn vo dy bi 1, ta cng cn lu ti : + Chiu ca dy vt trong bi dy, khng ng chiu d dn n tnh trng trit tiu t trng khi my chy. + Rnh ca ng c 36 rnh nh hn ng c 24 rnh nn cn kho lo khng cho hai dy chng ln nhau dn n kh khn trong vic a dy vo trong rnh v d dn n xc lp cch in. + t dy vo rnh no th tin hnh nht giy cch in lun vo rnh sau nn trn cc u cun dy thun tin cho vic vo cc cun tip theo v sau ny khng b vng khi lp rto. d. Kim tra thng mch, chm pha, chm v.

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Bo co thc tp xng in

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Dng ng h kim tra thng mch ca cc nhm bi, chm pha(gia cc pha vi nhau), v chm v(gia cc pha vi v). e. Lt pha. Tng t bi 1. Tin hnh dng ba g dy, ng thi nn chnh cho dy qun khng cao qu mt ng c, khng cn tr khi lp rto. f. u dy. u u-cui, cui-u. Mi pha c 2 nhm bi i in nhau. Tin hnh u dy theo s c, cn ch co sch lp cch in v dy ng. Khi m bo dn in tt ta bc chng bng ng gen cch in. Khi u my xong th ta xc nh c 6 u l A, B, C, X, Y, Z, co sch cc u ri u vi 6 dy mm, ly ng gen bc li(trnh u bi dy chm v). Sp xp cc dy vo ra gn gng, nh du d phn bit. Sau khi u xong ta dng ng h kiu tra li thng mch, chm pha, chm v. g. ai dy. Dng dy d ai my cho gn gng, gi buc cht cc bi dy, giy cch in v cc mi ni. Sau g li dy, nn chnh li cc bi dy cho tht st xung vnh stato, un dy cho gn gng v trn p, trnh va qut vi rto. Chnh li cch in trong lng my Kim tra thng mch, chm pha, chm v ln na trc khi lp rto v chy my. h. Chy my. Kim tra li ng c v dy qun, cch in, pha, mi ni Lp rto v cp in, chy my v o kt qu. 2.3. Kt qu, nhn xt. a. Kt qu Sau khi cp in cho ng c v o cc gi tr dng in v in p ta thu c kt qu : Ik = 3.4A IA = 1.15A IB = 1.1A IC = 1.1A UA = UB = UC = 210V n = 1480 vng/ph b. Nhn xt. - Hon thnh c sn phm. - Dng khi ng ln khi ng ng c. - Dng in gia cc pha cn c sai khc : do qun s vng dy cha chnh xc,do ngn mch mt s vng dy do b xc, hng cch in, do sai s thit b o

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Bo co thc tp xng in

HBKHN

KT LUN Thc tp l mt trong thi gian sinh vin c th hc hi nhiu kinh nghim thc t v cc kin thc c trang b trn ging ng. Vic lm quen vi cc my mc thit b, sinh vin c th tip cn thc t, cng c l thuyt v thc tin to thm kinh nghim c th lm vic sau ny. t thc tp xng in va qua tht l khong thi gian thc hnh qu bu i vi sinh vin thc tp ni chung v i vi c nhn em ni ring. Qua t thc tp ny em c ci nhn tng qut hn v su sc hn v cc kin thc l thuyt mn hc; ng thi, cng tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim cho bn thn, rn luyn tnh cn thn t m, tc phong nhanh nhn khn trng trong cng vic Hc i i vi hnh s gip sinh vin d hc hn v nm vng kin thc hn, chng em hy vng rng trong qu trnh hc tp ti, chng em s c thc hnh nhiu hn. Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c tn tnh hng dn chng em hon thnh tt t thc tp va qua. Sinh vin Nguyn Minh Tun

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