Applied Mechanics:

1. Composition and Resolution of Forces

1. Which of the following is true when two forces are acting at an angle to each other?
o a) The forces must be equal in magnitude
o b) The forces must be in the same direction
o c) The resultant force can be found by vector addition
o d) Forces cannot be resolved
o Answer: c)
2. The resolution of a force involves:
o a) Breaking it into components
o b) Adding it to another force
o c) Decreasing its magnitude
o d) Increasing its magnitude
o Answer: a)
3. The angle between two forces for maximum resultant is:
o a) 90°
o b) 0°
o c) 180°
o d) 45°
o Answer: b)
4. In the case of two concurrent forces, the resultant force is:
o a) Always along the line of action of one of the forces
o b) Always perpendicular to both forces
o c) Found using the law of parallelogram of forces
o d) Zero when forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
o Answer: c)
5. What is the resultant of two forces F1 and F2 acting at an angle θ?
o a) √(F1² + F2²)
o b) F1 + F2
o c) F1F2 sin θ
o d) √(F1² + F2² + 2F1F2 cos θ)
o Answer: d)
6. The resolution of a force into two components at right angles requires:
o a) Trigonometric functions
o b) Vector addition
o c) Simple subtraction
o d) Geometry
o Answer: a)
7. If the two forces acting on an object are in the same direction, the resultant is:
o a) Zero
o b) The sum of the magnitudes
o c) The difference of the magnitudes
o d) Equal to one of the forces
o Answer: b)
8. The magnitude of the resultant of two forces is maximum when the angle between
them is:
o a) 0°
o b) 180°
o c) 90°
o d) 60°
 o Answer: a)
9. The resolution of forces is most useful in:
o a) Solving equations of motion
o b) Analyzing structures
o c) Calculating work done
o d) None of the above
o Answer: b)
10. A force of 10 N makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The horizontal component
of the force is:
o a) 5 N
o b) 10 N
o c) 8.66 N
o d) 7.5 N
o Answer: c)

2. Moments and Their Application

1. A moment is the product of force and:

o a) Distance
o b) Time
o c) Speed
o d) Area
o Answer: a)
2. Which of the following is the SI unit of moment?
o a) N
o b) Nm
o c) N/m
o d) Nm²
o Answer: b)
3. A force of 5 N acts at a distance of 2 m from the pivot. The moment of this force
about the pivot is:
o a) 7 N·m
o b) 5 N·m
o c) 10 N·m
o d) 3 N·m
o Answer: c)
4. Which law is used for determining the equilibrium of forces in a system?
o a) Newton’s Second Law
o b) Law of Moments
o c) Law of Inertia
o d) Conservation of Energy
o Answer: b)
5. The moment of a force is zero when:
o a) The force acts at a right angle to the lever arm
o b) The force passes through the pivot
o c) The distance from the pivot is infinite
o d) The force is applied tangentially
o Answer: b)
6. If the clockwise moment is equal to the counterclockwise moment, the body is in:
 o a) Dynamic equilibrium
o b) Static equilibrium
o c) Translational motion
o d) Rotational motion
o Answer: b)
7. The moment arm is defined as:
o a) The perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the
pivot
o b) The distance between the force and the object
o c) The distance over which the force acts
o d) The distance between two forces
o Answer: a)
8. Which condition must be satisfied for rotational equilibrium?
o a) Net force is zero
o b) Net torque is zero
o c) Forces are equal
o d) None of the above
o Answer: b)
9. If a moment of 10 N·m is applied in a clockwise direction, what is the effect on the
object?
o a) It will rotate counterclockwise
o b) It will rotate clockwise
o c) It will remain stationary
o d) It will translate horizontally
o Answer: b)
10. The moment of a 50 N force acting 3 m from the pivot is:
o a) 50 N·m
o b) 150 N·m
o c) 10 N·m
o d) 1500 N·m
o Answer: b)

3. Parallel Forces and Couple

1. A couple consists of:

o a) Two equal and opposite forces acting at different points
o b) Two equal forces acting at the same point
o c) Two unequal forces
o d) A single force
o Answer: a)
2. The effect of a couple on a body is:
o a) Translation
o b) Rotation
o c) Both translation and rotation
o d) None of the above
o Answer: b)
3. In the case of parallel forces, the resultant force is:
o a) Zero
o b) The sum of the forces
 o c) The difference of the forces
o d) Equal to one of the forces
o Answer: b)
4. A couple does not produce:
o a) A moment
o b) A force
o c) Translational motion
o d) None of the above
o Answer: c)
5. Which of the following is true for a couple?
o a) The forces are collinear
o b) The forces are in the same direction
o c) The forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
o d) The forces are at right angles to each other
o Answer: c)
6. The moment of a couple is:
o a) The product of the force and distance between them
o b) Zero
o c) Dependent on the angle between forces
o d) Equal to the sum of the forces
o Answer: a)
7. A pair of equal and opposite forces that are separated by a distance is called:
o a) A force system
o b) A couple
o c) A moment
o d) A torque
o Answer: b)
8. The torque produced by a couple is independent of:
o a) The distance between the forces
o b) The angle of application
o c) The point of application
o d) The magnitude of the forces
o Answer: c)
9. The force system that produces only rotational effects is called:
o a) Concurrent force system
o b) Parallel force system
o c) Non-concurrent force system
o d) Couple
o Answer: d)
10. The result of a couple acting on a body is:
o a) No effect
o b) Change in velocity
o c) Rotation of the body without translation
o d) Both translation and rotation

Here are additional MCQs for the remaining topics:

4. Centre of Gravity, Equilibrium of Forces and Its Application

1. The center of gravity of an object is the point where:
o a) All the mass of the object is concentrated
o b) The force of gravity acts on the object
o c) The weight of the object is balanced
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d)
2. When a body is in equilibrium, the sum of the moments about any point is:
o a) Maximum
o b) Zero
o c) Infinite
o d) Equal to the applied force
o Answer: b)
3. The center of gravity of a uniform rectangular lamina lies:
o a) At one corner
o b) At the midpoint of one side
o c) At the intersection of the diagonals
o d) At the point of contact with the surface
o Answer: c)
4. A body is in equilibrium when:
o a) The forces acting on it are balanced
o b) The sum of the torques about any axis is zero
o c) Both of the above
o d) None of the above
o Answer: c)
5. A body remains in equilibrium if:
o a) The forces acting on it are not parallel
o b) The sum of the forces is not zero
o c) The sum of the forces and moments is zero
o d) There is an unbalanced force acting on it
o Answer: c)
6. In which condition will an object topple over?
o a) When the center of gravity is above the base of support
o b) When the center of gravity is outside the base of support
o c) When the base of support is larger than the object
o d) When the object is in static equilibrium
o Answer: b)
7. If the center of gravity of an object lies below the point of support, the object will:
o a) Topple easily
o b) Be stable
o c) Not move
o d) Fall to one side
o Answer: b)
8. Which of the following affects the equilibrium of a body?
o a) The position of the center of gravity
o b) The magnitude of the applied forces
o c) The direction of the forces
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d)
9. The center of gravity of an irregular object can be found using:
o a) The law of moments
o b) The parallelogram of forces
o c) Direct measurement
 o d) An application of Hooke’s Law
o Answer: a)
10. For a body in equilibrium, the sum of the upward forces must be:
o a) Equal to the sum of the downward forces
o b) Less than the sum of the downward forces
o c) Greater than the sum of the downward forces
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a)

5. Friction

1. Friction is a force that:

o a) Opposes the motion of an object
o b) Accelerates the object
o c) Decreases the weight of an object
o d) Increases the mass of an object
o Answer: a)
2. The force of friction depends on:
o a) The weight of the object
o b) The roughness of the surface
o c) The normal force
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d)
3. If the angle of inclination is increased, the frictional force:
o a) Increases
o b) Decreases
o c) Remains constant
o d) Becomes zero
o Answer: a)
4. Which type of friction is involved when an object is at rest?
o a) Kinetic friction
o b) Rolling friction
o c) Static friction
o d) Fluid friction
o Answer: c)
5. The coefficient of friction is:
o a) The ratio of the force of friction to the normal force
o b) Always less than 1
o c) The ratio of velocity to time
o d) The force required to move an object
o Answer: a)
6. Rolling friction is generally:
o a) Higher than sliding friction
o b) Lower than sliding friction
o c) Equal to sliding friction
o d) Unrelated to sliding friction
o Answer: b)
7. Kinetic friction occurs when:
o a) The object is at rest
 o b) There is no motion between the surfaces
o c) The object is moving
o d) The surfaces are perfectly smooth
o Answer: c)
8. The static friction between two surfaces is:
o a) Constant
o b) Zero
o c) Variable, depending on the applied force
o d) Always greater than kinetic friction
o Answer: c)
9. In which condition will friction be the least?
o a) When surfaces are rough
o b) When surfaces are smooth
o c) When the object is in motion
o d) When the object is at rest
o Answer: b)
10. The force of friction is directly proportional to:
o a) The surface area of contact
o b) The normal force acting on the object
o c) The velocity of the object
o d) The temperature of the surface
o Answer: b)

6. Linear Motion

1. The relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time is given by:

o a) v = u + at
o b) v = u – at
o c) v = u + a/t
o d) v = at
o Answer: a)
2. The slope of a velocity-time graph gives:
o a) Acceleration
o b) Distance
o c) Speed
o d) Force
o Answer: a)
3. The total displacement in uniformly accelerated motion is given by:
o a) s = ut + (1/2)at²
o b) s = ut
o c) s = v² – u²
o d) s = v²
o Answer: a)
4. The equation of motion for an object with constant acceleration is:
o a) v = u + at
o b) s = ut + (1/2)at²
o c) v² = u² + 2as
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d)
 5. If an object is moving with constant velocity, its acceleration is:
o a) Zero
o b) Constant
o c) Maximum
o d) Decreasing
o Answer: a)
6. The displacement-time graph of an object in uniform motion is:
o a) A straight line
o b) A curve
o c) A hyperbola
o d) A sine wave
o Answer: a)
7. For an object moving with uniform acceleration, its velocity after 5 seconds is 25 m/s.
What was its initial velocity?
o a) 0 m/s
o b) 5 m/s
o c) 10 m/s
o d) 20 m/s
o Answer: a)
8. The area under a velocity-time graph represents:
o a) Acceleration
o b) Distance travelled
o c) Force applied
o d) Work done
o Answer: b)
9. The motion of an object falling under gravity is an example of:
o a) Uniform circular motion
o b) Uniformly accelerated motion
o c) Projectile motion
o d) Harmonic motion
o Answer: b)
10. If the velocity of an object is constant, its acceleration is:
o a) Zero
o b) Constant
o c) Maximum
o d) Decreasing
o Answer: a)

Here are MCQs based on the topics you've mentioned. Each topic has 10 questions.

Circular Motion:

1. What is the unit of centripetal force?

o a) Newton (N)
o b) Kilogram (kg)
o c) Meter per second (m/s)
o d) Joule (J)
o Answer: a) Newton (N)
2. The angular velocity of a particle in uniform circular motion is:
o a) Constant
o b) Zero
o c) Increasing
 o d) Decreasing
o Answer: a) Constant
3. The centripetal acceleration is directed:
o a) Along the tangent to the circle
o b) In the outward direction
o c) Towards the center of the circle
o d) Along the axis of rotation
o Answer: c) Towards the center of the circle
4. A body moving in a circle with constant speed will have:
o a) Constant velocity
o b) Constant acceleration
o c) Constant momentum
o d) None of the above
o Answer: b) Constant acceleration
5. The period of revolution of a body in circular motion is:
o a) The time taken for one complete revolution
o b) The distance traveled in one revolution
o c) The speed of the body
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) The time taken for one complete revolution
6. The relationship between linear speed (v) and angular speed (ω) in circular motion is:
o a) v = ω × r
o b) v = r / ω
o c) v = r × ω²
o d) v = ω / r
o Answer: a) v = ω × r
7. What is the direction of the net force on a particle in uniform circular motion?
o a) Tangent to the circle
o b) Along the radius, pointing towards the center
o c) Away from the center of the circle
o d) Parallel to the velocity vector
o Answer: b) Along the radius, pointing towards the center
8. The angular displacement in circular motion is measured in:
o a) Meters
o b) Radians
o c) Seconds
o d) Kilograms
o Answer: b) Radians
9. In circular motion, the relationship between speed (v), radius (r), and time period (T)
is given by:
o a) v = 2πr / T
o b) v = r / T
o c) v = 2πT / r
o d) v = T / r
o Answer: a) v = 2πr / T
10. Which of the following is the cause of a body moving in a circular path?
o a) Centripetal force
o b) Gravitational force
o c) Friction
o d) Centrifugal force
o Answer: a) Centripetal force
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Problems:

1. According to Newton’s first law, an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion
unless acted upon by:
o a) An unbalanced force
o b) A balanced force
o c) A frictional force
o d) A gravitational force
o Answer: a) An unbalanced force
2. What does Newton’s second law of motion state?
o a) Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)
o b) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
o c) An object in motion will stay in motion
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)
3. Newton’s third law of motion states:
o a) F = ma
o b) Force and acceleration are directly proportional
o c) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
o d) An object will not move unless a force is applied
o Answer: c) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
4. The net force on a body is 0 N. What will be its acceleration?
o a) Zero
o b) Constant
o c) Increasing
o d) Undefined
o Answer: a) Zero
5. A force of 20 N is applied to a mass of 5 kg. What is the acceleration of the object?
o a) 2 m/s²
o b) 4 m/s²
o c) 10 m/s²
o d) 20 m/s²
o Answer: a) 4 m/s²
6. If an object is moving with constant velocity, what is the net force acting on it?
o a) Zero
o b) Equal to the object's weight
o c) Equal to the applied force
o d) Greater than zero
o Answer: a) Zero
7. A 10-kg object experiences a force of 50 N. What is the object’s acceleration?
o a) 5 m/s²
o b) 0.5 m/s²
o c) 50 m/s²
o d) 10 m/s²
o Answer: a) 5 m/s²
8. The gravitational force acting on an object is known as:
o a) Weight
o b) Mass
o c) Inertia
o d) Force
o Answer: a) Weight
 9. A car accelerates from 0 to 30 m/s in 5 seconds. What is the car’s acceleration?
o a) 6 m/s²
o b) 30 m/s²
o c) 5 m/s²
o d) 1 m/s²
o Answer: a) 6 m/s²
10. What is the unit of force in the SI system?
o a) Newton (N)
o b) Kilogram (kg)
o c) Joule (J)
o d) Meter (m)
o Answer: a) Newton (N)

Laws of Conservation of Momentum:

1. The total momentum of a system remains constant if no external force acts on it. This
is known as:
o a) Conservation of energy
o b) Conservation of momentum
o c) Law of inertia
o d) Newton’s third law
o Answer: b) Conservation of momentum
2. In a collision between two objects, if no external forces act, then the total momentum
before the collision equals:
o a) The total momentum after the collision
o b) The sum of the velocities
o c) The sum of the forces
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) The total momentum after the collision
3. In an inelastic collision, the objects:
o a) Stick together after collision
o b) Move apart with the same speed
o c) Bounce off without any loss of energy
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Stick together after collision
4. The principle of conservation of momentum holds true in:
o a) Only elastic collisions
o b) Only inelastic collisions
o c) All collisions
o d) Only perfectly inelastic collisions
o Answer: c) All collisions
5. If two objects collide and no external force acts, the momentum of the system:
o a) Increases
o b) Decreases
o c) Remains constant
o d) Becomes zero
o Answer: c) Remains constant
6. In a perfectly elastic collision, the total kinetic energy:
o a) Increases
o b) Decreases
o c) Remains the same
o d) Becomes zero
 o Answer: c) Remains the same
7. What happens to the momentum of a system if the mass of an object increases?
o a) The momentum increases
o b) The momentum decreases
o c) The momentum remains the same
o d) The momentum becomes zero
o Answer: a) The momentum increases
8. A car with a mass of 1000 kg moves with a velocity of 10 m/s. What is the
momentum of the car?
o a) 10000 kg·m/s
o b) 100 kg·m/s
o c) 10 kg·m/s
o d) 1000 kg·m/s
o Answer: a) 10000 kg·m/s
9. In a collision between two objects, if the total momentum is zero, the objects:
o a) Are at rest
o b) Have equal masses
o c) Have equal velocities
o d) Move in opposite directions with equal momentum
o Answer: d) Move in opposite directions with equal momentum
10. If two objects collide and their velocities are unchanged, the type of collision is:
o a) Elastic collision
o b) Inelastic collision
o c) Perfectly inelastic collision
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Elastic collision

Here are more MCQs for the remaining topics.

Work, Power & Energy: Introduction and Definition:

1. Work is defined as the product of:

o a) Force and distance
o b) Force and time
o c) Energy and distance
o d) Velocity and force
o Answer: a) Force and distance
2. The unit of work in the SI system is:
o a) Joule (J)
o b) Newton (N)
o c) Watt (W)
o d) Meter (m)
o Answer: a) Joule (J)
3. Power is the rate at which:
o a) Force is applied
o b) Energy is consumed
o c) Work is done
o d) Velocity increases
o Answer: c) Work is done
4. The unit of power in the SI system is:
o a) Watt (W)
o b) Joule (J)
 o c) Newton (N)
o d) Meter (m)
o Answer: a) Watt (W)
5. If 100 J of work is done in 2 seconds, what is the power?
o a) 50 W
o b) 200 W
o c) 100 W
o d) 20 W
o Answer: a) 50 W
6. Energy is defined as:
o a) The capacity to do work
o b) The force applied over distance
o c) The rate of doing work
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) The capacity to do work
7. The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object is equal to:
o a) Its change in momentum
o b) Its change in velocity
o c) The product of force and time
o d) Its change in kinetic energy
o Answer: d) Its change in kinetic energy
8. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its:
o a) Speed
o b) Position
o c) Rotation
o d) Temperature
o Answer: a) Speed
9. The SI unit of energy is:
o a) Watt
o b) Joule
o c) Newton
o d) Kilogram
o Answer: b) Joule
10. Power can also be defined as:
o a) Work/time
o b) Force/time
o c) Energy × time
o d) Force × velocity
o Answer: a) Work/time

KE & PE: Method of Calculating KE & PE, Laws of Conservation of Energy:

1. The formula for kinetic energy (KE) is:

o a) KE = mv
o b) KE = 1/2 mv²
o c) KE = 1/2 mgh
o d) KE = mg
o Answer: b) KE = 1/2 mv²
2. The potential energy (PE) of an object is given by:
o a) PE = 1/2 mv²
o b) PE = mg
 o c) PE = 1/2 mgh
o d) PE = mgh
o Answer: d) PE = mgh
3. The law of conservation of energy states that:
o a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed
o b) Energy can be created
o c) Energy can be destroyed
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only
transformed
4. The total mechanical energy of an object is the sum of:
o a) Kinetic and thermal energy
o b) Kinetic and potential energy
o c) Gravitational and kinetic energy
o d) Thermal and electrical energy
o Answer: b) Kinetic and potential energy
5. If an object of mass 2 kg is lifted to a height of 5 m, its potential energy is:
o a) 20 J
o b) 10 J
o c) 50 J
o d) 100 J
o Answer: a) 20 J
6. The kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to:
o a) Its mass and square of its speed
o b) Its mass
o c) The square of its speed
o d) Its velocity
o Answer: a) Its mass and square of its speed
7. An object has 100 J of potential energy. If it falls from height, what will be the total
mechanical energy just before hitting the ground?
o a) 0 J
o b) 100 J
o c) 200 J
o d) The total energy cannot be determined
o Answer: b) 100 J
8. The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called:
o a) Kinetic energy
o b) Gravitational potential energy
o c) Thermal energy
o d) Internal energy
o Answer: b) Gravitational potential energy
9. If the speed of an object is doubled, its kinetic energy will:
o a) Double
o b) Quadruple
o c) Remain the same
o d) Half
o Answer: b) Quadruple
10. A roller coaster at the top of a hill has maximum potential energy and minimum
kinetic energy. As it descends, potential energy is converted to:
o a) Electrical energy
o b) Chemical energy
o c) Kinetic energy
 o d) Heat energy
o Answer: c) Kinetic energy

Projectile Motion: Path, Time, Range, and Max Height:

1. The path of a projectile is:

o a) A straight line
o b) A circle
o c) A parabola
o d) An ellipse
o Answer: c) A parabola
2. The time of flight of a projectile is:
o a) Independent of its velocity
o b) Dependent on its initial velocity and height
o c) Independent of the launch angle
o d) Dependent on the gravitational acceleration
o Answer: b) Dependent on its initial velocity and height
3. The range of a projectile is the:
o a) Maximum height it reaches
o b) Horizontal distance it travels before hitting the ground
o c) Time taken to hit the ground
o d) Initial velocity of projection
o Answer: b) Horizontal distance it travels before hitting the ground
4. The maximum height of a projectile is achieved when:
o a) The vertical velocity becomes zero
o b) The horizontal velocity is maximum
o c) The speed is minimum
o d) The angle of projection is 90°
o Answer: a) The vertical velocity becomes zero
5. The range of a projectile is maximum when the angle of projection is:
o a) 0°
o b) 30°
o c) 45°
o d) 90°
o Answer: c) 45°
6. The time of flight of a projectile depends on:
o a) Initial velocity
o b) Angle of projection
o c) Height from which it is projected
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
7. The horizontal velocity of a projectile remains:
o a) Constant
o b) Zero
o c) Decreases
o d) Increases
o Answer: a) Constant
8. The maximum height of a projectile is given by the formula:
o a) H = u²/g
o b) H = u²/2g
o c) H = 2u²/g
 o d) H = u/g
o Answer: b) H = u²/2g
9. The range of a projectile is given by the formula:
o a) R = u²/g
o b) R = u²sin(2θ)/g
o c) R = u²cos(θ)/g
o d) R = u²/g
o Answer: b) R = u²sin(2θ)/g
10. The time to reach maximum height for a projectile is:
o a) Half of the time of flight
o b) Equal to the time of flight
o c) Dependent on the angle of projection
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Half of the time of flight

Gears and Train:

1. A gear is a machine component used to:

o a) Change direction
o b) Transmit motion and torque
o c) Increase speed
o d) Reduce speed
o Answer: b) Transmit motion and torque
2. The gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth in the:
o a) Driving gear to the driven gear
o b) Driven gear to the driving gear
o c) Large gear to the small gear
o d) Small gear to the large gear
o Answer: a) Driving gear to the driven gear
3. In a gear train, if the driving gear has more teeth than the driven gear, the output
speed will:
o a) Increase
o b) Decrease
o c) Remain the same
o d) Become zero
o Answer: b) Decrease
4. The purpose of a compound gear train is to:
o a) Change speed
o b) Increase torque
o c) Reduce the size of the gears
o d) Both a and b
o Answer: d) Both a and b
5. What type of gear is used to transmit motion between shafts that are not parallel?
o a) Spur gear
o b) Bevel gear
o c) Worm gear
o d) Helical gear
o Answer: b) Bevel gear
6. A gear train with a 2:1 ratio will:
o a) Double the speed
o b) Halve the speed
 o c) Double the torque
o d) Halve the torque
o Answer: b) Halve the speed
7. In a gear train, the power transmitted depends on the:
o a) Speed
o b) Torque
o c) Number of teeth
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
8. In a gear train, the mechanical advantage is determined by the:
o a) Gear ratio
o b) Input torque
o c) Output speed
o d) Number of gears
o Answer: a) Gear ratio
9. A worm gear is primarily used when:
o a) High torque and low speed are needed
o b) High speed and low torque are needed
o c) Small size is required
o d) Smooth motion is required
o Answer: a) High torque and low speed are needed
10. The efficiency of a gear train depends on:
o a) The gear ratio
o b) The material used for the gears
o c) The lubrication
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above