Network Classification -1

By Transmission technology
broadcast network,multi-access network,point-to-point network

Basic Network Concepts and Terminologies

By geographic size
LAN, MAN, WAN

By network topologies
tree,ring,star,mesh,fully-connected mesh,survivable mesh,interconnected rings

By function type
backbone network,access network,hierarchical network,internetwork,gateway

By transmitted data types

circuit switching network,message switching/packet switching network,virtual circuit switching network
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Network Classification -2
By transmission technology
Broadcast Networks
A single communication channel is shared by all hosts A host sends packets on the channel, which are then received by all hosts. An address field within a packet is used to identify the intended receiver Special address: Broadcast address

Network Classification -3
By transmission technology
Point-to-Point Networks Each communication channel links up two hosts. To go from one host to another, intermediate hosts may need to be traversed (routing)

Multicast Networks
Similar to the broadcast networks but the channel is shared by a number of host in the same multicast group Special address: multicast address

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EE5302 Network Design and Management

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Network Classification -4
By geographic size
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Broadcast Networks
Distributed control, e.g. Ethernet Centralized control, e.g. Token Ring

Network Classification -5
By geographic size
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
DQDB ( Distributed Queue Dual Bus)
Two buses /cables as broadcast medium

RPR (Resilient Packet Ring)

Two rings

Switching Networks
Each switched-port is independent and has dedicated bandwidth

EoS (Ethernet over SONET/SDH) / MetroEthernet

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EE5302 Network Design and Management

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EE5302 Network Design and Management

Network Classification -6
By geographic size
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Spans large geographical area (Country or continent) Connects subnets in a local area (LAN).

Network Classification -7
By network topologies
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Possible topologies for connecting subnets: (Often irregular and depends on geographic characteristics.)

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EE5302 Network Design and Management

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EE5302 Network Design and Management

Network Classification -8
By functional type
Backbone network Access network Hierarchical network Inter-networks
a network of networks e.g.Internet connects WANs and LANs,compatible or incompatible systems

Network Classification -9
By transmitted data type
Circuit switching
Need to establish a real physical end-to-end channel.

Message switching
Store and forward a whole message by the routers.

Packet switching
Message is broken into small packets for faster forwarding. Each incoming data packet contains a connection ID. The packet is routed according to the ID. The ID is either an address or a VC identifier. Two types of packet switching -datagram or virtual circuit

Gateway
Connect two incompatible networks

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Network Classification -10

By transmitted data type
Packet switching
Datagram
Each packet is treated independently Packets may take different routes, may be lost,may arrive out of order The receiver is responsible for reordering the packets or recover from packet loss No call set up phase or delay, better for few packets Simpler than virtual circuit,more robust and flexible

Network Classification -11

By transmitted data type
store-and-forward technique

Virtual circuit switching

An end-to-end connection must be established before transmission A fixed-path channel is used for all packets but the bandwidth is not necessarily allocated No routing decision required for each packet,therefore packets are routed much faster A comparison of circuit-switched and packet-switched works
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Network Classification -12

By transmitted data type
comparisons of circuit, message and packet switching

Protocol Layering -1
Principles of protocol layering Protocol hierarchies Protocol processing

Timing of events in (a) circuit switching (b) message switching (c) packet switching
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Protocol Layering
Principles of protocol layering
Why layering ?
breakdown the complexity

Protocol Layering
Principles of protocol layering
Assignment of functions at various layers
In order to achieve a certain quality of services (like SNR, bit error rate etc.),certain quality measure (error detection, flow control,congestion control etc.) must be implemented in network Which layers these functions are implemented could seriously affect the overall performance and behavior of the network Try to avoid function replications at various layers
Impossible to achieve in practice E.g.,should error be handled in each layer ? Should flow control be handled in layer 2 ? Should CRC be done at layer 2, layer 3 and layer 4 ? Too much function replications make the protocol stack thick and bulky and useless (lessons learned from OSI)

Why study the layers ?

Understand what functions need to be implemented Understand what the optical layer can or cannot do
Learn about how SONET/SDH was designed and what strengths and weaknesses it has help in the design of a next generation optical transport layer and protocol.

Very important to have layer control and management

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Protocol Layering
Protocol Hierarchies
Network systems are broken down into multiple layers Each layer offers a well-defined interface to provide services to the upper layers

Protocol Layering
Protocol Hierarchies
A protocol is defined at each layer for exchanging information between two peers Network architecture

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Protocol Layering
Protocol Processing
Headers are added and removed A message may be broken down into multiple segments

Protocol Layering
Protocol processing
A protocol layer provides services to upper layers.
Types of Services
Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless Services Connection setup required? Analogy:Telephone versus Postal Mail
Reliable versus Unreliable Services

Automatic recover from errors?

Stream versus Message Services

Preserve message boundary?

Connection establishment and release.

A generic 3-phase handshake protocols (space-time representation of the information exchange)-ACK/NAK, time-out

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The OSI Reference Model

The OSI Reference Model

Functions of various layers
Physical Layer

Two Sets of Layers Make Up the OSI Layers

Concerns about the transmission of raw bits (0 and 1) over a physical communication channel (copper wire,fiber optic cable, wireless media)

Data Link Layer

Provides a service which is free of undetected transmission errors Optionally provides error control and flow control Coordinates transmissions and receptions on the same link Resolves contentions in broadcast networks

OSI Model Layers Communicate with Other Layers

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The OSI Reference Model

Functions of various layers
The Network Layer
Concerned with controlling the operation of the subnet Handles routing of a packet from source to destination Handles congestions Keeps accounting information if needed Converts between incompatible addressing schemes and packet formats

The OSI Reference Model

Functions of various layers
The Session Layer
Provides session management. E.g.,dialogue control,token management,synchronization or crash recover.

The Presentation Layer

Concerns about the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted Performs information encoding and decoding to facilitate the exchange of information
Text:ASCII versus Unicode Numbers:byte ordering and byte size differences

The Transport Layer

Provides an error-free connection on an end-to-end basis. (Unreliable messages service is also possible.) Handles upward and downward multiplexing Handles name resolution across the entire network Handles flow control between sender and receiver

The Application Layer

Defines the protocols and services for a specific application. E.g.,FTP,SMTP,POP3,HTTP,NNTP.

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The OSI Reference Model

http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Monitor/3131/ne/osi model.html

Advanced WAN Technologies

http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Monito r/3131/ne/7nenotes.html#X.25

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X.25
Speed peaks at 64 Kbps - Newer versions can be up to 2 Mbps A set of protocols incorporated in a packet-switching network Uses switches circuits and routes as available to provide the best routing at any particular time. The situation is always changing Uses telephone lines - slow - MUCH error checking => this is a major disadvantage Synchronous packet-mode host or other device and the public data network (PDN) over a dedicated or leased-line circuit DTC/DCE interface A PAD is also needed - Packet Assembler / Disassembler X.25 gateway is needed between the LAN and the Public Data Network

ISDN
Basic Rate (BRI) is 3 data channels 2 for 64 Kbps - 64 Kbps channels are known as B (Bearer) channels, carry voice, data or image 1 for 16 Kbps - the 16 Kbps channel is D channel which carries signaling and link management data This makes a total of 144 Kbps of bandwidth. basic rate is called 2B+D The two B channels can be used together for 128 Kbps data stream Primary Rate (PRI) ISDN takes the entire bandwidth of a T1 link by providing 23 B Channels at 64 Kbps 1 D Channel at 64 Kbps

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ISDN
ISDN is a dial-up service, not dedicated, not bandwidth on demand Right now, ISDN is about 5 times as fast as the fastest modem You can transmit voice and data with ISDN

Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switching technology, like X.25 Uses variable-length packets It establishes a logical path that's called a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) between end-points.
PVCs take fixed paths, so a PVC is the equivalent of a dedicated line in a packet-switched network. network nodes don't have to waste time calculating routes. Frame relay connections operate at speeds between 56 Kbps and 1.544 Mbps

The PVC transmits at Data Link Layer Frame Relay uses a PVC, the entire path from end to end is known => faster, because

No fragmentation or reassembly or best path routing is needed

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Frame Relay
Can supply bandwidth on demand Frame relay connections to a network require you to
Use a frame relay-compatible CSU/DSU to create the physical connection to the WAN, Use a router or bridge to move traffic from the LAN to the WAN, and the WAN to the LAN, as needed.

ATM
Fixed-sized packets (cell) over broadband and base-band LANs or WANs 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps or more ATM can accommodate
voice, data, fax, real-time video, CD-quality audio, imaging, and multi-megabit data transmission.

Summary

Frame relay costs less than a dedicated line or an ATM connection Provides data transmission rates of up to 1.544 Mbps over conventional or fiber optic media.

ATM is like frame relay, because

It assumes noise-free lines and leaves error checking to devices at either end of a connection. ATM creates a PVC between two points across an ATM network as part of setting up a communication session.

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ATM
ATM Technology
Broadband cell relay method that transmit data in 53-byte cells rather than in variable-length frames This uniform cell size is a big factor for speed
uniformity is easier to switch, route and buffer

ATM
Any media type is OK Media recommended
T3 (45 Mbps) FDDI (100 Mbps) Fiber channel (155 Mbps) OC3 SONET (155 Mbps)

Cell consists of 48 bytes of application infomation and 5 bytes of ATM header data
a consistent uniform package

ATM can even interface with frame relay and X.25.

In theory, ATM supports up to 1.2 Gigabits per second, but can transmit normally at 155 Mbps Can be used in LANs and WANs

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