CAN-bus Basic principles CAN-bus is a communications standard which is used to communicate between control units, this communication taking

place through 2 cables which are TP twisted. In places where there is a lot of external noise, for example some engines positions, wound cables are required which are STP shielded In vehicles with CAN-bus networks produced after 1998 there are 2 Terminators (terminating resistors) in order to eliminate noise on the network. These are placed at each of the ends of the network. Between these two resistors are positioned all the control units which are connected on the network. Some of these control units can act as Gateways which conduct the necessary signals from PT-CAN to K-CAN Etc.. For example, rev. And load signals from the engine control unit to the air-conditioning system. The communication takes place for example by the engine control sending information which is needed by other control units. This is then received by the control units which will use the information. If the information from the PT-CAN must be transferred to the K-CAN, a gateway is included, which monitors all the signals which are on the PT-CAN network. Subsequently, the Gateway sends on the information, which may for example be needed by the climate control, to the K-CAN network, and the information which, for example, the navigation system requires, is sent out on the I-CAN Abbreviations used in the text TP - Twisted Pair STP - Shielded Twisted Pair PT-CAN - Powertrain CAN-bus Highspeed K-CAN - Comfort CAN-bus Midspeed I-CAN - Infotainment CAN-bus Lowspeed

K-CAN Explanation K-CAN, comfort or midspeed-CAN K-CAN is the network which is reserved for the comfort equipment in the vehicle, and also the equipment which is not concerned with the driving or safety of the vehicle, that is to say for example, the air-conditioning system, the extra heating unit, parking assistance, central locking and various other control units which are to do with providing comfort in the vehicle.

Gateways A gateway connects the different CAN-networks and sends information between the different networks. It monitors all information which is sent via the different networks and sends it on to the network where the control unit requires that the information is supplied.

Measurement of the CAN tables The easiest method is to start by using a diagnosis tester in order to see whether it is possible to identify where on the network the communication is interrupted. This will appear as a fault which will read something like CAN communication error. Depending on how many control units one can communicate with, using the tester which is available, one can write down which control units have a fault. After that look on the CAN circuit diagram and see where the relevant control units are situated on the network, and cross them off as required. It is also possible to mark the control units with which one can communicate well (below they are marked with a V) and to mark the control units with which one cannot communicate (below these are marked with a O). When you have checked them, measure them with a multimeter (below, this area is indicated inside a circle). PLEASE NOTE: You should never measure on the CAN-bus by perforating the cables, because it doesn't take long before verdigris arises, and therefore you should always measure on the plug on the control unit, because the plug into which the cable goes is protected with rubber stoppers; you should always use a long thin probe which you put on the cable from the scope, because there is otherwise a danger of damaging the damp seal.