Skeletal System Bone Tissue
→ a kind of connective tissue
Skeleton with cells and extracellular
matrix
serves as the supporting
structure of the body → the reason why bones can
support and prot ect the vital
it is joined by bones
organs in the body
enables us to stand erect
→ has collagen and proteoglycans
allows us to move in our o collagen
environment - structure, strength,
helps us accomplish extra - and elasticity to bones
ordinary feats of artistic o proteoglycans (prot ein)
grace (ballet), as well as other - structure, hydration,
athletic endeavors such as and elasticity to bones
high jump
General Features of Bone
importance of skeletal system
➢ serves as a
rigid framework to
support the soft
tissues of the body
➢ supports and
protects important
organs in the body
(cartilage) Long Bones
➢ it’s a system of longer than they are wide
joints and levers they support the weight of t he
allow the body body and facilitate movement
to move humerus, radius, ulna, femur,
➢ allows movement fibula, tibia, metacarpal,
(from one place metatarsal, phalanges
to another), with
the help of: Flat Bones
o tendons - muscle to bone
o ligament - bone to bone strong barrier of soft organs:
o joints - bone to bone and heart, brain, and pelvic organs
allows them to move cranial bones, ribs, scapulae,
(leverage) sternum
➢ it serves as a storage of Short Bones
calcium and phosphorus
➢ important in blood cell wide as they are long
production (bone marrow) provide stability and movement
o Red marrow tarsal and carpals
o Yellow marrow Irregular Bones
Upo n birth, we have about 350 bones, bending or flexing
then it becomes, 208, and then, 206
vertebrae and sacrum
bones.
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Sesamoid Bones Red Marrows
singly than groups found in the epiphysis
patella produce red blood cells
produced for a lifetime in:
Structure of Long Bones
o ribs, vertebrae, ends of
humerus, pelvis, femur
Yellow Marrows
found in the diaphysis
produce fat cells
are saturated with fats
Development of bone marrow
→ long bones consist of:
o Diaphysis → Upon birth, there are more
- the central part red bone marrow than yellow
o Epiphysis
- the two ends → But as we age, the yellow
o Articular Cartilage marrow gradually replaces the
- ends of epiphysis red marrow due to inactive
that articulates with blood cell reproduction
other bones → Conversion begins at the
center then extends axially
Epi physeal Plate plays an important and peripherally
role in growth since it is the part
where the length of the bone grows. Histology of Bone
Bone Marrow ➢ Periosteum
- covers the surface of bone
- serve in formation, repair,
and remodeling of the bone
➢ Medullary Cavity
- lined with endosteum
➢ Endosteum
- serve in formation, repair,
and remodeling of the bone
found in medullary cavities
and spaces of spongy bone
a special type of connective
tissue: myeloid tissue
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➢ Lamellae osteocytes are connected to one
- the extracellular matrix another by cell processes in
where bone is formed canaliculi
➢ Lacunae canaliculi give osteon the
- spaces within lamellae appearance of tiny cracks within
where ost eocytes are lamellae
located blood vessels in the cent ral
➢ Canaliculi canals are connected to blood
- the tiny canals across the vessels in the periosteum and
extracellular matrix(lamellae) endosteum
nutrients leave the blood vessels
of the central canals
Spongy bone
very porous
➢ Osteoblasts located in the epiphysis
- deposition, remodeling, or has less bone mat rix
regrowth of new bone has more open space than
➢ Osteoclasts compact bone
- removal of old bone consists of trabeculae
➢ Osteocytes o interconnecting rods of bone
- are mature osteoblasts no blood vessels penetrate the
- surrounded by matrix trabeculae
Divisions of skeleton
they have no central canals
when nutrients exit vessels in
based on histological structure: the marrow, they pass through
Compact Bone the canaliculi to osteocytes
Ossification
the way wherei n there is the
formation of bone (osteocyt es)
due to osteoblasts
the process of bone formation
forms the perimeter of diaphysis Intramembranous Ossifications
more matrix, denser, fewer pores
than spongy → when formation of bones
has predictable pattern of develops within the membranes
repeating units - osteon of connective tissues
each ost eon has concentric ri ngs → mainly happens in the skull
of lamellae → osteoblasts line up on the
surface of connective tissue
fibers and form trabeculae
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→ trabeculae radiate out from We increase in height due to the
the centers increase in the length of our bones
→ two or more ossification cent er that happens in the epiphyseal plate .
exists in each flat skull bone
→ mature skull bones result from
the fusion of t hese cent ers as
they enlarge
→ complete intramembranous
ossification does not occur
until a few months after birth
Fo nta nelle , a soft spot in the top of a
baby’s skull, which allows the skull to
move slightly as the baby pa sses
through the birth canal.
Endochondral ossifications
→ happens in hyaline cartilage
→ occurs in bones found at the
base of the skull and other Bone growth and resorption
bones of the skeletal system
→ cartilage cells (chondrocytes) → it is the longitudinal growth
→ increase i n number causing the of bones
cartilage model to increase in → 15 years for girls
size → 16 years for boys
Bone Growth → mineral salts are deposited to
the protei n matrix which gives
strength to bones that it
does not get crushed when
there is pressure
→ permits bones to grow in
length and diameter and
change overall shape and size
of marrow cavity
→ throughout life, ossification
(bone formation) and
resorption (bone destruction)
occurs when the existing proceed concurrently
bone will be deposited with → remodeling activity of
new bone lamellae osteoblasts and osteoclasts is
as the ost eoblasts continue important in hom eostasis of
to deposit new bone mat rix blood calcium levels
within the periosteum → formation of bone tissue
then the existing bone will continues after bones have
increase i n width stopped growing
this process is called
appositional growth
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Speed of ossification process: Bone repair process
Childhood / Adolescence - faster when the bone is fractured
Adulthood - bala nce and needs to be repaired,
35 - 40 yrs. up - reverses
blood vessels bleed and clot
forms in the damaged area ,
Bone remodeling and repair 2-3 days after the injury, the
blood vessels and cells from
Bone remodeling surrounding tissues begin to
invade the clot
is the removal of the existing
some of those cells produce
bone that is being produced
fibrous network of connective
by the osteoclasts,
tissue between t he fractured
and the making of new bone
bones
with the help of ost eoblasts
those fibrous network holds
this occurs in all bones
fragments together and fills
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
the gap between them
play an important role
the network of fibers and
is necessary for:
islets of cartilage between
o changes in bone shape
two bone fragments are callus
o adaptation of bone to
osteoblasts then enter the
stress
callus and form a spongy bone
o calcium regulation
spongy bone formation usually
o bone growth
takes about 4 -6 week to
- especially when new
complete after the injury
spongy bone forms a
immobilization of the bone is
compact bone in the
critical during this time
epiphyseal plate
movements can refracture the
Bone repair delicate new matrix
if a bone is immobilized for
when there’s a bone fracture less than 2 weeks, the muscles
that needs to be repaired associated with that bone
uncomplicated fractures in loses half of their st rength
children and young adults can if it is completely immobilized,
take only up to 6 months of it is not subjected to normal
repair and healing mechanical stresses
fracture aligned / immobilized
and have no complications, t he classification of bones
callus will be remodeled and Axial Skeleton
replace with normal bone
Growing numbers of osteoblasts aids i n
→ involves the bones in t he
the healing process and the formation head portion
of bony callus ti ssue. → also includes the bones in
the spine, ribs, and sternum
Growing callus, collars, in the broken
ends helps stabilize the fracture and → consists of around 80 bones
then healing can proceed.
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Appendicular Skeleton
→ involves the different
appendages in the body
→ consists of around 126
bones
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