Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Top Winter-22
Winter-23 Summer-23 Summer-22
ic Name of Topic
No. Question Marks Question Marks Question Marks Question Mark

1.(b) 2 1.(a) 2
1.(c) 2 1.(a) 2
2.(b) 4 2.(c) 4
2.(a) 4 3.(a) 4
Fundamentals of Fiber 3.(a) 4 3.(c) 4
1 4.(a) 4 4.(b) 4
Optic Communication 4.(b) 4 4.(c) 4
5.(b) 6 6.(c) 6
6.(c) 6 5.(a) 6
6.(b) 6
Total 20 Total 22 Total 16 Total 20
1.(c) 2 1.(d) 2 1.(b) 2 1.(b) 2
2.(d) 4 2.(b) 4 2.(d) 4 2.(a) 4
3.(d) 4 3.(a) 4 3.(d) 4 3.(d) 4
2 Optical Losses 4.(c) 4 4.(b) 4 4.(c) 4 4.(a) 4
4.(e) 4 4.(e) 4 4.(d) 4 5.(b) 6
Total 18 Total 18 Total 18 Total 20
1.(e) 2 1.(c) 2
1.(f) 2 1.(f) 2
3.(b) 4 1.(d) 2
3.(c) 4 3.(c) 4
4.(c) 4 2.(b) 4
4.(d) 4 4.(e) 4
3 Optical Network 4.(d) 4 2.(d) 4
5.(b) 6 5.(a) 6
5.(a) 6 3.(b) 4
6.(b) 6 6.(b) 6
6.(c) 6 5.(c) 6
Total 22 Total 26 Total 22 Total 22
1.(a) 2
1.(a) 2 1.(g) 2 1.(c) 2 1.(e) 2
1.(e) 2 2.(c) 4 1.(e) 2 1.(f) 2
Overview of Satellite 2.(a) 4 3.(d) 4 2.(b) 4 3.(a) 4
4
Systems
3.(b) 4 5.(c) 6 3.(b) 4 4.(b) 4
5.(a) 6 5.(c) 6 6.(b) 6

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Total 18 Total 18 Total 18 Total 18

1.(d) 2
1.(d) 2 1.(b) 2 1.(g) 2
1.(g) 2
1.(g) 2 1.(f) 2 1.(h) 2
2.(a) 4
2.(c) 4 2.(d) 4 4.(d) 4
Satellite Segments and 2.(c) 4
5 4.(a) 4 3.(c) 4 4.(e) 4
Services 4.(a) 4
5.(c) 6 6.(a) 6 6.(a) 6
5.(b) 6
6.(a) 6 6.(c) 6
6.(a) 6
Total 24 Total 18 Total 28 Total 24

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Exam Unit No Question no as per MSBTE paper Marks

Year and Name

Winter- Unit 1 Q1 b Draw well labelled constructional diagram of fiber optic cable. 2
2023 Q2 b With the help of neat diagram show wave propagation of light in optical fiber (i) Single mode step index 4
fiber (ii) Multimode step index fiber
Q3 a Justify optical fiber communication is more advantageous. 4
Q4 b Draw the block diagram of fiber optic communication system.Give reason for using optical amplifier before 4
optical detector.
Q6c A silica fiber has a core diameter of 7µm and its refractive index is 1.43.The refractive index of cladding is 6
1.415 determine (i) Numerical Aperture (ii) Critical angle (iii) Acceptance half angle (iv) Condition for angle of
incidence at core clad boundary so that light propagate along the fiber.

Summer- Unit 1 Q1c Draw the constructional diagram of optical fiber 2

2023 Q2 a Explain the operation of LASER diode 4
Q4a State the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber communication 4
Q5 b Explain in detail classification of optical fiber on basis of mode of light propagation,index profile 6
Q6 b A silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough having refractive index 1.5 and cladding refractive 6
index of 1.47 calculate critical angle,Numerical aperture,Acceptance angle in air for fiber.
Winter- Unit 1 Q1 a Draw frequency spectrum of optic fiber communication 2
2022 Q3 a In comparison to traditional communication system,state any four advantages which proves optical 4
communication system to be superior
Q4b Draw and explain working of avalanche photodiode 4
Q6 c Silica optical with core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has core refractive 6
index of 1.50 and cladding refractive index of 1.47 calculate (i) Critical angle (ii)numerical aperture of fiber
(iii)Acceptance angle in air for fiber

Summer- Unit 1 Q1 a State two advantages and two disadvantages of fiber optic cable 2
2022 Q2c Differentiate between LED and LASER (any 8 points) 4
Q3c With neat sketch describe operation of PIN photodiode 4
Q4c A fiber has core diameter of 2µm and its core refractive index is 1.43.The refractive index of cladding is 4
1.415 determine (i)Numerical aperture (ii) critical angle (iii)Acceptance angle (iv)Relative refractive index
difference
Q5 aDraw block diagram of fiber optic communication system and list out optical sources and detectors suitable 6
for fiber optic communication
Winter- Unit 2 Q1 c Define total internal reflection 2
2023 Q2d With the help of neat diagram,explain fusion splice technique 4
Q3d Explain the reasons for occurrence of following losses in optical fiber communication (i)Absorption loss 4

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
(ii) Modal dispersion loss
Q4c What is coupling loss?Explain the reasons for coupling loss 4
Q4 e Draw the block diagram of OTDR.State any 2 applications of OTDR 4

Summer- Unit 2 Q1 d Define (i)Critical angle (ii)Numerical aperture 2

2023 Q2 b Describe scattering loss and dispersion loss related to optical fiber 4
Q3 a Draw the block diagram of OTDR and give the functions of each block. 4
Q4 b Explain V-groove splicing with neat sketch 4
Q4 e With neat ray diagram explain Total Internal Reflection 4

Winter- Unit 2 Q1 b Define numerical aperture and give its mathematical expression 2
2022 Q2d With the help of ray diagram,explain the concept of total internal reflection used in optical fiber 4
Q3d Explain the technique used for joining two fiber optic cables 4
Q4c Explain absorption loss.State types of absorption losses. 4
Q4 d Explain the operation of OTDR 4

Summer- Unit 2 Q1 b Define (i)Critical angle (ii)Acceptance angle 2

2022 Q2a Explain inter modal and intramodal dispersion in optical fiber with neat diagram 4
Q3d With neat sketch describe the operation of PIN photodiode 4
Q4a Describe absorption and coupling losses in optical fiber 4
Q5 b State different types of splicing technique.State in which technique electric arc is used for splicing fiber and 6
explain method in detail with neat diagram

Winter- Unit 3 Q1 f State any two specifications of 802.3z 2

2023 Q3 c With the help of neat diagram,explain the basic principle used in wavelength division multiplexing 4
Q4d State the need of following in optical communication (i) Optical switch (ii) Optical splitter 4
Q5 b Classify optical amplifier.Explain any one in detail with neat diagram 6
Q6 b Draw the architecture diagram of SONET.Explain in brief 6

Summer- Unit 3 Q1 e List any four types of optical switch 2

2023 Q3 b Explain the need of WDM in optical network 4
Q4c Draw the equivalent circuit of parametric amplifier and give its working (Out of syllabus question) 4
Q4d Describe the working of optical switch 4
Q5 a State two distinguishing features of IEEE 802.3i,IEEE 802.3j,IEEE 802.3z 6
Q6 c Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram 6

Winter- Unit 3 Q1 f List the types of optical switches 2

2022 Q3 c Explain with diagram wavelength division multiplexing process 4

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q4e Optical communication uses optical switch-Explain statement with its working principle 4
Q5a Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram. 6
Q6 b State two distinguishing features of following standards (i) IEEE 802.3j (ii)IEEE 802.3y (iii)IEEE 802.3z 6

Summer- Unit 3 Q1 c List the types of optical splitters 2

2022 Q1d State the specification of 802.3j (any 4) 2
Q2b State the types of optical amplifier.Explain any one 4
Q2d Explain Ethernet standards of optical network in detail 4
Q3 b Define optical switch.state its types 4
Q5 c Explain SONET architecture with neat diagram 6

Winter- Unit 4 Q1 a State the value of uplink and downlink frequency used for satellite services for Ka and Ku band. 2
2023 Q1eThe orbit of an earth orbiting satellite has an eccentricity of 0.15 and semi-major axis 9000 Km determine 2
the apogee [Assume the earth’s radius as 6371 Km]
Q2 a Explain following terminologies used in satellite communication (i) Look angle (ii)Footprint 4
Q3 b Compare asynchronous and geo-synchronous satellite w.r.t (i) Definition (ii) Tracking system required
(iii)coverage area (iv)Propulsion system 4
Q5 a Define Orbital perturbation.Explain any one in detail with neat diagram
6
Summer- Unit 4 Q1 a Define passive satellite,Active satellite 2
2023 Q1 g Justify In satellite communication uplink frequency is higher than downlink frequency 2
Q2c Explain effect of eclipse on motion of satellite 4
Q3d Describe effect of non-spherical nature of earth on orbital inclination of geosynchronous satellite 4
Q5c State the frequencies for following applications (i)Broadcast services (ii)G.P.S (iii)Maritime mobile 6
(iv)Telephone Network (v)D.T.H services (vi) Search and rescue services

Winter- Unit 4 Q1 cDefine Look angle ,Footprint 2

2022 Q1e State uplink and downlink frequencies for C band and X band 2
Q2b Explain the following terms (i)Apogee (ii)Perigee 4
Q3 b Map the satellite services with the frequency band used for it. 4
Q5 c Explain how is geostationary orbit and geostationary satellite different from LEO. 6

Summer- Unit 4 Q1 e State reason for difference in uplink and downlink frequency in satellite communication 2
2022 Q1f Define following terms w.r.t satellite (i)Footprint (ii)Elevation angle 2
Q3 a Define geostationary orbit and geostationary satellite and state advantage of geostationary orbit/satellite 4
Q4 b Write uplink and downlink frequency for C band,X band,Ku band and Ka band 4
Q6 bDescribe the effect of nonspherical nature of earth on orbital inclination of geosynchronous satellite 6

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Winter- Unit 5 Q1 d Define Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) 2
2023 Q1g Draw the block diagram of regenerative transponder 2
Q2c Draw the block diagram of single conversion transponder and explain each block. 4
Q4a Explain the effect of following in satellite communication (i)Free space transmission losses (ii)Antenna 4
misalignment
Q5 c State the function of following subsystem in spacecraft unit (i)Propulsion subsystem (ii) Telemetry and 6
tracking and command subsystem
Q6 a With the help of neat diagram explain working principle of Global Positioning System (GPS) 6

Summer- Unit 5 Q1 b List RF components in earth station 2

2023 Q1f Specify function of altitude control system 2
Q2d Justify station keeping is used for maintaining satellite in correct position 4
Q3c Describe working of satellite transponder single conversion ‘C’ band 4
Q6 a Draw the block diagram of G.P.S system and explain transmitter and receiver 6

Winter- Unit 5 Q1 d List various elements of transponder 2

2022 Q1g Specify the function of telemetry and tracking control subsystem in satellite communication 2
Q2 a Explain how power is generated in satellite and how it is distributed to other subsystem of satellte 4
Q2c Explain working of VSAT 4
Q4 a Explain the working of satellite transponder 4
Q5 b State the function of following in satellite (i)Propulsion control (ii)LNA (iii)Altitude control 6
Q6 a State the reason for occurrence of following losses in satellite (i)Feeder losses (ii)Antenna misalignment 6
losses (iii)Ionosphere losses

Summer- Unit 5 Q1 g Define EIRP 2

2022 Q1h List the different applications of satellite communication 2
Q4d List different types of losses occurring in a satellite link and explain any one in detail 4
Q4e Draw the block diagram of telemetry tracking and command subsystem and state its principle of operation 4
Q6 a Draw the block diagram and explain operation of GPS transmitter and GPS receiver 6
Q6 c Explain working principle of VSAT and state its application 6

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Exam Unit No Question no as per MSBTE paper Marking

Year and Name Scheme

Winter- Unit 1 Q1 b : Draw well labelled constructional diagram of fiber optic cable. Diagram
2023 Solution : 2M

Q2 b : With the help of neat diagram show wave propagation of light in optical fiber (i) Single mode step index 2M each
fiber (ii) Multimode step index fiber
Solution :

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q3 a : Justify optical fiber communication is more advantageous. 4M for

Solution : correct
1. Greater bandwidth: Fiber systems have greater capacity due to the inherently larger BWs available with answer
optical frequencies
2. Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Fiber cables do not radiate RF energy and therefore cannot cause
interference with other communication system.
3. Virtual elimination of crosstalk: Fiber systems are immune to cross talk between cables caused by magnetic
induction.
4. Lower signal attenuation than other propagation systems: Typically attenuation figure of a 1GHz BW signal
for optical fibers are 0.03dB per 100 feet compared to 4dB for both Coax and an X band waveguide. So, fewer
repeater stations are needed as a result of glass fiber.
5. Substantially lighter weight and smaller size: Fibers are smaller and much lighter in weight than their metallic
counterparts.
6. More resistive to environmental extremes and non-corrosiveness: Fiber cables operate over a larger
temperature variation than other.
7. Security: Fiber cables are more secure than other
8. Safety: Fiber optic is a highly secure transmission medium
Q4 b : Draw the block diagram of fiber optic communication system.Give reason for using optical amplifier Diagram
before optical detector 2M
Solution : Reason-
2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Optical Amplifier:
● After an optical signal has travelled a certain distance along a fiber, it becomes greatly weakened due to
power loss along the fiber.
● Therefore, when setting up an optical link, engineers formulate a power loss budget and add amplifiers or
repeaters when the path loss exceeds the available power margin.
● The periodically placed amplifiers merely give the optical signal a power boost, whereas a repeater attempts
to restore the signal to its original shape

Q6c : A silica fiber has a core diameter of 7µm and its refractive index is 1.43.The refractive index of cladding 6M for
is 1.415 determine (i) Numerical Aperture (ii) Critical angle (iii) Acceptance half angle (iv) Condition for angle correct
of incidence at core clad boundary so that light propagate along the fiber. answer
Solution :

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Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Summer- Unit 1 Q1 c : Draw the constructional diagram of optical fiber Diagram
2023 Solution : 2M

Q2 a : Explain the operation of LASER diode Diagram

Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

OPERATION:
2. When a large forward bias is applied, a large number of free holes and electron pairs are created in the
immediate vicinity of the junction.
3. When a hole and electron pair collide and recombine, they produce a photon of light.
4. The P-N junction is sandwiched between layers of material with different optical and dielectric properties.
The material that shields the junction has a low refractive index.
5. So this difference traps the holes and electrons in the junction region and thereby improves light output.
When a certain level of current is reached, the population of minority carriers on either side of the junction
increases and photon density becomes so high that they begin to collide with already excited minority carriers.
This causes a slight increase in the ionization energy level, which makes the carrier unstable.
6. It thus recombines with the carrier of the opposite type at a slightly different (higher) level than if no collision
had occurred. When it does, two equal energy photons are released.
7. The carriers that are stimulated may reach a density level such that each released photon may trigger several
more. This creates an avalanche effect that increases the emission efficiency exponentially with current above
the initial emission threshold value.
8. This behaviour is usually enhanced by placing mirrored surfaces at each end of the junction zone. These
mirror like ends trap the photons in the active region and as they reflect back and forth, stimulate free electrons
to recombine with holes at high than normal energy level.
9. This process is called lasing. The mirrored surface where light emits is partially transmissive.
Q4 a : State the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber communication Any 4
Solution : advanta
Advantages: ges 1/2m

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
1. Extremely wide system bandwidth. each &
2. Immunity to electromagnetic interference. Any 4
3. Virtual elimination of crosstalk. disadva
4. Lower signal attenuation than other propagation systems. ntages1/
5. Substantially lighter weight and smaller size. 2m each
6. More resistive to environmental extremes and non-corrosiveness.
7. Lower cos.
8. Conservation of the earth’s resources.
9. Security.
10. Safety.
Disadvantage:-
1 Brittleness and small size makes it difficult to work with.
2 Difficult to manufacture.
3 Specialized tools, equipment and training.
4 It is difficult to lay fiber to cover large area.
5 Optical fiber cables are more susceptible to losses introduced by bending the cable
Q5 b : Explain in detail classification of optical fiber on basis of mode of light propagation,index profile Mode of
Solution : light
Classification Of Optical Fiber: propagat
(i) On the basis of Mode of light propagation, there are two types of fibers: ion: 3 M (
1. Single mode fiber 1 mark for
2. Multimode fiber listing
In fiber optic system, the word mode means path. If there is only one path for light to take down the cable, it is types of
called single mode. fiber and
If there is more than one path, it is called multimode. The figure shows single and multimode propagation of 2 M for
light down an optical fiber. explanat
ion)

Index
profile: 3
M( 1 mark
for listing
types of
fiber and
2 M for
explanat
ion)
(ii) On the basis of index profile, there are two types of fibers:
REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE:

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
The index profile of an optical fiber is a graphical representation of the magnitude of the refractive index
across the fiber. The refractive index is plotted on the horizontal axis and the radial distance from the core is
plotted on the vertical axis.
1. Step index fiber
2. Graded index fiber
A step index fiber has a central core with a uniform and high refractive index throughout and a step jump of
refractive index at the core cladding interface.

In the graded index fiber, as shown in figure, it can be seen that the refractive index of the core is non-
uniform. A fiber in which the refractive index is made to vary as the function of the radial distance from the
center of the fiber is known as graded index fiber. The refractive index is highest in the center of the core and
decreases gradually with distance towards the outer edge

Q6 b : A silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough having refractive index 1.5 and cladding refractive 2M for
index of 1.47 calculate critical angle,Numerical aperture,Acceptance angle in air for fiber Each
Solution :

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Winter- Unit 1 Q1 a : Draw frequency spectrum of optic fiber communication Diagram

2022 Solution : 2M

OR

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q3 a : In comparison to traditional communication system,state any four advantages which proves optical Any 4
communication system to be superior points,
Solution : 1M each
1. Greater bandwidth: Fiber systems have greater capacity due to the inherently larger BWs available with
optical frequencies
2. Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Fiber cables do not radiate RF energy and therefore cannot cause
interference with other communication system.
3. Virtual elimination of crosstalk: Fiber systems are immune to cross talk between cables caused by magnetic
induction.
4. Lower signal attenuation than other propagation systems: Typically attenuation figure of a 1GHz BW signal
for optical fibers are 0.03dB per 100 feet compared to 4dB for both Coax and an X band waveguide. So, fewer
repeater stations are needed as a result of glass fiber.
5. Substantially lighter weight and smaller size: Fibers are smaller and much lighter in weight than their metallic
counterparts.
6. More resistive to environmental extremes and non-corrosiveness: Fiber cables operate over a larger
temperature variation than other.
7. Security: Fiber cables are more secure than other
8. Safety: Fiber optic is a highly secure transmission medium
Q4 b : Draw and explain working of avalanche photodiode Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

The RAPD is operated in the fully depleted mode. Photons enter the device through the p+ region and are
mostly absorbed by the high resistivity intrinsic p type layer where electron hole pairs are created.
2. The relatively weak electric field in this region forces or separates the carriers causing the electrons and
holes to drift into the high electric field region.
3. The electrons are drifted towards the p-n+ layer. Because of the high field intensity, electrons are imparted
with high kinetic energy.
4. The kinetic energy of electrons is greater than bandgap energy of the valence electrons, so the collision
can free a bound electron.
5. The free electron and hole so created acquire enough kinetic energy to cause further ionization. It results
in avalanche with the number of carriers growing exponentially as the process continues
Q6 c :Silica optical with core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has core refractive 2M for
index of 1.50 and cladding refractive index of 1.47 calculate (i) Critical angle (ii)numerical aperture of fiber Each
(iii)Acceptance angle in air for fiber
Solution :

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Summer- Unit 1 Q1 a : State two advantages and two disadvantages of fiber optic cable Any 2
2022 Solution : adantag
Advantages of fiber optics cable: es & 2
• Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. disadant
• An optical fiber offers low power loss, which allows for longer transmission distances. ages ½M
• Fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference. It can also be run in electrically noisy each
environments without concern as electrical noise will not affect fiber.
• Optical fibers are difficult to tap. As they do not radiate electromagnetic energy, emissions cannot be
intercepted. As physically tapping the fiber takes great skill to do undetected, fiber is the most secure medium
available for carrying sensitive data.
• Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. They also occupy less space with cables of
the same information capacity. Lighter weight makes fiber easier to install.
• Virtual elimination of crosstalk.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

• More resistive to extreme environmental condition and they are non-corrosiveness.

• The dielectric nature of the fiber eliminates spark hazards hence extra expenses on safety measures.
Disadvantages of fiber optics cable:
• Interfacing cost is high..
• Installation is also more expensive as special test equipment is usually required.
• As they are made of glass, fibre optic cables are lower tensile strength than electrical wires like copper cabling.
• More susceptible to losses introduced by bending.
• Specialized tools, equipment’s and trained manpower required.
Q2 c : Differentiate between LED and LASER (any 8 points) Any 8
Solution : points
:1/2 mark
each (
any other
relevant
points can
be
consider
ed)

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q3 c : With neat sketch describe operation of PIN photodiode Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

Operation of PIN photodiode

1. PIN photodiode is operated in reverse biased condition.(as shown in diagram)
2. Photons (light) enters in the depletion region and encounter with the atoms within the depletion region.
They generate electron-hole pairs inside the depletion region.
3. Due to the reverse voltage applied across a photodiode, these pairs drawn across the junction and leakage
current starts flowing which is proportional to light intensity thus light is converted in to electric current.
4. Due to wider “I” layer a more absorption of photons results in a lager photo current generation.
Q4 c : A fiber has core diameter of 2µm and its core refractive index is 1.43.The refractive index of cladding is 1M for
1.415 determine (i)Numerical aperture (ii) critical angle (iii)Acceptance angle (iv)Relative refractive index each
difference Correct
Solution : Answer

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Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q5 a : Draw block diagram of fiber optic communication system and list out optical sources and detectors 4M Block
suitable for fiber optic communication diagram 1
Solution : M for
source
and 1M
for
detector

Optical sources and detectors suitable for fiber optic communication are used.-
1. Light sources which are used are LED and LASER.
2. The light detectors which are used as PIN photodiode and avalanche photo diode.
Winter- Unit 2 Q1 c : Define total internal reflection Diagram
2023 Solution : 1M
Definition
1M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
When Light ray travels from denser medium into rarer medium and the angle of incidence more than critical
angle wrt normal, all light will be reflected back in the same (denser) medium. This phenomenon is called as
total internal reflection in optical fiber
Q2 d : With the help of neat diagram,explain fusion splice technique Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

It is accomplished by applying localized heating i.e by a flame or an electrical arc at interference between two
butted, pre aligned fiber ends.
• This technique involves heating of two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point by applying sufficient axial
pressure between the two optical fibers. For heating most widely source is electric arc.
OR
Splicing any fiber by making use of the fusion technique provides a permanent (long lasting) contact
between the two fibers. In the fusion splicing, the two fibers are thermally joined together. In this particular
technique, an electrical instrument is necessarily used, that acts as an electric arc so as to form a thermal
connection between the two.
• First, the two fibers are aligned and butted in the way of their connection, this alignment is done in a fiber
holder.
• After this, the electric arc comes into action as when it gets switched on then it produces some energy that
heats the butt joint. The heating effect melts the ends of the fiber and then the two gets bonded together.
• After the two forms a bond then their junction is covered with either polyethylene jacket or plastic coating so
as to protect the joint
Q3 d : Explain the reasons for occurrence of following losses in optical fiber communication (i)Absorption loss 2M each
(ii) Modal dispersion loss for
Solution : absorptio
(I)Absorption loss: n and

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
ABSORPTION is a major cause of signal loss in an optical fiber, and it is defined as the portion of Modal
attenuation resulting from the conversion of optical power into another energy form, such as heat. dispersion
Absorption in optical fibers is explained by three factors: loss
• Imperfections in the atomic structure of the fiber material
• The intrinsic or basic fiber-material properties
• The extrinsic (presence of impurities) fiber-material properties
Imperfections in the atomic structure induce absorption by the presence of missing molecules or
oxygen defects. Absorption is also induced by the diffusion of hydrogen molecules into the glass
fiber
There are two types of absorption loss:
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
Intrinsic Absorption :
• It is caused by basic fiber-material properties.
• If an optical fiber were absolutely pure, with no imperfections or impurities, then all
absorption would be intrinsic.
• In fiber optics, silica (pure glass) fibers are used predominately.
• Silica fibers are used because of their low intrinsic material absorption at the wavelengths of
operation.
• In silica glass, the wavelengths of operation range from 700 nanometers (nm) to 1600 nm
Extrinsic Absorption :
Extrinsic Absorption is caused by the electronic transition of metal impurities ions (such as
iron, nickel, and chromium, are introduced into the fiber during fabrication) from one energy
level to another.
Extrinsic absorption also occurs when hydroxyl ions (OH-) are introduced into the fiber.
Water in silica glass forms a silicon-hydroxyl (Si-OH) bond. This bond has a fundamental
absorption at 2700 nm.
Hence the preferred operating wavelengths for fiber optic communication are:
• First window is centered at 850 nm
• Second window is centered at 1310 nm
• Third is centered at 1550 nm.
*Fiber optic systems operate at wavelengths defined by one of these windows.
(ii)Modal Dispersion loss:
Dispersion is related to the difference between the transit time of signal
arriving at the output.
• Dispersion of transmitted light signal causes distortion for both digital and analog
transmission along fiber.
• Each pulse broadens and overlaps with its neighbours eventually becoming
indistinguishable at the receiver input.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
• It limits the maximum bandwidth attenable with a particular fiber

Intermodal Dispersion:
Pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion results from the propagation delay
differences between modes within a multimode fiber.

Intramodal Dispersion
• Intramodal dispersion is also called chromatic dispersion
• It results from the finite spectral line width of the optical source
• Optical sources do not emit just a single frequency but band of frequencies.
• There may be propagation delay differences between the different spectral
components of the transmitted signal.
• Intramodal Dispersion: It is the pulse spreading that occurs within a single mode.
• Material Dispersion
• Waveguide Dispersion

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
1) Material Dispersion:
• Also known as spectral dispersion or chromatic dispersion.
• Results because of variation due to Refractive Index of core as a function of wavelength, because of which
pulse spreading occurs even when different wavelengths follow the same path.
2) Waveguide Dispersion:
Whenever any optical signal is passed through the optical fiber, practically 80% of optical power is confined
to core & rest 20% optical power into cladding.

Q4 c : What is coupling loss?Explain the reasons for coupling loss Explanati

Solution : on 2M
• Coupling losses are caused by imperfect physical connections. Diagram-
• In fiber cables coupling loss can occur at any of the following optical junctions: 2M
• Light source to fiber connection, fiber to fiber connection and fiber to photo
detector connections.
• Junction losses are most often caused by one of the following :
1. Lateral (Axial) misalignment
2. Gap Misalignment
3. Angular Misalignment
4. Imperfect surface Finish

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Lateral Displacement
• Axis displacement between 2 pieces of adjoining fiber cable
• Amount of loss – couple tenth to several decibels
Gap displacement-miss alignment
• End separation the farther apart, the greater the light loss
• If the two fiber is joined with a connector, the ends will not touch each other
Angular displacement (misalignment)
• Less than 2°, the loss will typically less than 0. 5 dB.
Imperfect surface finish
• End fiber should be polished and fit together squarely

Q4 e : Draw the block diagram of OTDR.State any 2 applications of OTDR Diagram

Solution : 2M
Applicatio
ns 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Applications of OTDR
It is used as a trouble shooting device to find faults, splices, and bends in fiber
optic cables
• It is used in fiber optics to measure the time and intensity of light reflected on
an optical fiber.
• It can operate over the entire range of wavelength.
Summer- Unit 2 Q1 d : Define (i)Critical angle (ii)Numerical aperture 1M each
2023 Solution : for correct
(i) Critical angle : definition
The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence wrt normal to which angle of refraction becomes 90º if
light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
(ii) The Numerical Aperture (NA) is a measure of how much light can be collected by an optical fibre. OR It is
defined as the light gathering/collecting ability of an optical fiber. Mathematically given by the sine of the
maximum angle a ray entering the fiber can have with the axis of the fiber and still propagate by internal
reflection

Q2 b : Describe scattering loss and dispersion loss related to optical fiber 2M each
Solution :
Scattering loss:-
• Basically, scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light with density fluctuations within a fiber.
Density changes are produced when optical fibers are manufactured.
• Linear Scattering Losses:
• Linear scattering occurs when optical energy is transferred from the dominant mode of operation to adjacent
modes. It is proportional to the input optical power injected into the dominant mode.
• Linear scattering is divided into two categories Mie scattering and Rayleigh scattering.
• Non- Linear Scattering Losses: Scattering loss in a fiber also occurs due to fiber non-linearity i.e. if the optical
power at the output of the fiber does not change proportionately with the power change at the input of the fiber,
the optical fiber is said to be operating in the non-linear mode. Non-Linear scattering is divided into two
categories:
Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.
Dispersion Loss:
• Dispersion is a measure of the temporal spreading that occurs when a light pulse propagates through an
optical fiber. Dispersion is sometimes referred to as delay distortion in the sense that the propagation time
delay causes the pulse to broaden.
• The broadened pulse overlaps with its neighbors eventually becoming indistinguishable at the receiver input.
This effect is known as inter-symbol interference (ISI).
• The signal dispersion alone limits the maximum possible bandwidth or the data rate attainable with a particular
optical fiber.
• Three mechanisms are responsible for the pulse broadening in fibers: Modal (or mode) dispersion, material
dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Modal dispersion is referred to as intermodal dispersion. The
combination of material and waveguide dispersion is often called as intra-modal or chromatic dispersion
because both are dependent on wavelength.
Q3 a : Draw the block diagram of OTDR and give the functions of each block Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Explanation:
• A light pulse is launched into the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser using either a
directional coupler or a beam splitter.
• Beam splitter or coupler makes possible to couple the optical power impulse into the tested fiber and
simultaneously to deviate the backscattered power to the optical receiver.
• The backscattered light is detected using avalanche photodiode receiver.
• Output of photodiode receiver drives an integrator.
• Integrator improves the received signal to noise ratio by giving an arithmetic average over a number of
measurements taken at one point within the fiber.
• The signal from the integrator is fed through a log amplifier and average measurements for successive
points within the fiber are plotted on as a chart recorder.
Q4 b : Explain V-groove splicing with neat sketch Diagram
Solution : 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
V-groove Splice: Explanati
1. Mechanical splices may also use either a grooved substrate or positioning rods to form suitable V-grooves on 2M
for mechanical splicing.
2. The basic V-grooved device relies on an open grooved substrate to perform fiber alignment. When inserting
the fibers into the grooved substrate, the V-groove aligns the cladding surface of each fiber end.
3. A transparent adhesive makes the splice permanent by securing the fiber ends to the grooved substrate.
Figure below illustrates this type of open V-grooved splice.

Q4 e : With neat ray diagram explain Total Internal Reflection Diagram

Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

When Light ray travels from denser medium into rarer medium and the angle of incidence more than critical
angle wrt normal, all light will be reflected back in the same (denser) medium. This phenomenon is called as
total internal reflection in optical fiber
Winter- Unit 2 Q1 b : Define numerical aperture and give its mathematical expression 1M for
2022 Solution : numerical
The Numerical Aperture (NA) is a measure of how much light can be collected by an optical fibre. It is defined aperture
as the light gathering ability of an optical fiber and is given by the sine of the maximum angle a ray entering the &
fiber can have with the axis of the fiber and still propagate by internal reflection. mathemat

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
i cal
expressio
n each
Q2 d : With the help of ray diagram,explain the concept of total internal reflection used in optical fiber Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

When Light ray travels from denser medium into rarer medium and the angle of incidence more than critical
angle wrt normal, all light will be reflected back in the same (denser) medium. This phenomenon is called as
total internal reflection in optical fiber
Q3 d : Explain the technique used for joining two fiber optic cables Any one
Solution : Diagram
Different types of technique used for joining two fiber optic cables 2M &
• Fusion Splice explana
• V-groove Splice tion: 2 M
• Elastic tube splice
ANY ONE
Fusion Splice

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

It is accomplished by applying localized heating i.e by a flame or an electrical arc at interference between two
butted, pre aligned fiber ends.
• This technique involves heating of two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point by applying sufficient axial
pressure between the two optical fibers. For heating most widely source is electric arc.
OR
Splicing any fiber by making use of the fusion technique provides a permanent (long lasting) contact
between the two fibers. In the fusion splicing, the two fibers are thermally joined together. In this particular
technique, an electrical instrument is necessarily used, that acts as an electric arc so as to form a thermal
connection between the two.
• First, the two fibers are aligned and butted in the way of their connection, this alignment is done in a fiber
holder.
• After this, the electric arc comes into action as when it gets switched on then it produces some energy that
heats the butt joint. The heating effect melts the ends of the fiber and then the two gets bonded together.
• After the two forms a bond then their junction is covered with either polyethylene jacket or plastic coating so
as to protect the joint

V-groove Splice:
1. Mechanical splices may also use either a grooved substrate or positioning rods to form suitable V-grooves
for mechanical splicing.
2. The basic V-grooved device relies on an open grooved substrate to perform fiber alignment. When inserting
the fibers into the grooved substrate, the V-groove aligns the cladding surface of each fiber end.
3. A transparent adhesive makes the splice permanent by securing the fiber ends to the grooved substrate.
Figure below illustrates this type of open V-grooved splice.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Elastic tube splice:

• The elastic tube splice shown cross sectionals in the figure below is a unique device that automatically
performs lateral, longitudinal and angular alignment. .
• It splices multimode fibers with losses in the same range as commercial fusion splices, but much less
equipment and skill are needed.

Q4 c : Explain absorption loss.State types of absorption losses Explanat

Solution : ion: 3
Absorption loss is related to the material composition and fabrication process of fiber. Absorption loss results marks List
in dissipation of some optical power as heat in the fiber cable. Although glass fibers are extremely pure, some types : 1
impurities still remain as residue after purification. The amount of absorption by these impurities depends on mark
their concentration and light wavelength. Absorption losses in optical fibers are due to three different
mechanisms. Absorption by atomic defects in the glass composition, absorption by impurities in the glass
material and absorption by the basic constituent atoms of the fiber material.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Types of absorption Losses:
i) Intrinsic absorption loss
ii) Extrinsic absorption loss
Q4 d : Explain the operation of OTDR Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

1. A light pulse is launched into the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser using either a
directional coupler or a system of external lenses with a beam splitter.
2. The backscattered light is detected using an avalanche photodiode receiver which drives an integrator.
3. Integrator improves the received signal to noise ratio by giving an arithmetic average over a number of
measurements taken at one point within the fiber.
4. The signal from the integrator is fed through a logarithmic amplifier and averaged measurements for
successive points within the fiber are plotted on a chart recorder. This provides location dependent
attenuation values which give an overall picture of the optical loss down the link.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Summer- Unit 2 Q1 b : Define (i)Critical angle (ii)Acceptance angle definition
2022 Solution : of critical
The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence corresponding to which angle of refraction becomes 90º &Accep
wrt normal if light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium. tance
angle 1M
each

Acceptance half angle is defined as the maximum angle in which external light rays may strike the air fiber
interface and still propagate down the fiber.

OR Rotating the acceptance angle around the fiber axis describes the acceptance cone angle
Q2 a : Explain inter modal and intramodal dispersion in optical fiber with neat diagram Diagra m
Solution : : 1 mark
Dispersion causes spreading or broadening of light pulse as it travels along the fiber. (any other
relevant
diagram
can be
consider
ed)
Intramo
dal
dispersi
on
Two types of dispersions are: explanat
1. intramodal dispersion ion: 1 ½
2. intermodal dispersion Marks
1. intramodal dispersion: It is pulse spreading which occurs in single mode fiber.It occurs as different
wavelengths travel with different velocities. It results as optical sources do not emit single frequency but a Intermo
band of frequencies. There may be propagation delay between different spectral components. This delay in dal
propagation causes broadening of light pulse. This dispersion can be reduced by using monochromatic dispersi
source. on
Two reasons for intramodal dispersion are: explanat
a) Material dispersion ion: 1 ½
b) Waveguide dispersion Markks

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
2. intermodal dispersion / multimode dispersion: Different modes propagate at different velocities and they
reach at different times at the end of the fiber. So a delay is experienced between different modes due to
which pulse spreading occurs. This is called intermodal dispersion. It occurs in multimode fibers
Q3 c : With neat sketch describe the operation of PIN photodiode Diagram
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

Operation of PIN photodiode

1. PIN photodiode is operated in reverse biased condition.(as shown in diagram)
2. Photons (light) enters in the depletion region and encounter with the atoms within the depletion region.
They generate electron-hole pairs inside the depletion region.
3. Due to the reverse voltage applied across a photodiode, these pairs drawn across the junction and leakage
current starts flowing which is proportional to light intensity thus light is converted in to electric current.
4. Due to wider “I” layer a more absorption of photons results in a lager photo current generation.
Q4 a : Describe absorption and coupling losses in optical fiber 2M each
Solution :
Absorption loss:-
• Absorption loss in optical fiber is analogous to power dissipation in copper cables. Impurities in the fiber
absorb light and convert it to heat. Absorption losses in optical fibers are due to three different mechanisms –
i. Absorption by atomic defects in the glass composition. ii. Extrinsic absorption by impurities in the glass
material. iii. Intrinsic absorption by the basic constituent atoms of the fiber material
Coupling Losses/Connector losses:
In fiber cables, coupling losses can occur at any of the following three types of optical junctions- light source to
fiber connection, fiber to fiber connections and fiber to photo detector connections. Junction losses are most
often caused by one of the following alignment problems:
i. Lateral Misalignment

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
ii. Gap Misalignment
iii. Angular Misalignment
iv. Imperfect Surface finish

Q5 b : State different types of splicing technique.State in which technique electric arc is used for splicing fiber 2 M for
and explain method in detail with neat diagram types 1M
Solution : for state
Different types of splicing technique which
• Fusion Splice type used
• V-groove Splice 2 M for
• Elastic tube splice Fusion Splice technique is used for electric arc. diagram
Fusion Splicing: 1M for
explanatio
n

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

It is accomplished by applying localized heating i.e by a flame or an electrical arc at interference between two
butted, pre aligned fiber ends.
• This technique involves heating of two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point by applying sufficient axial
pressure between the two optical fibers. For heating most widely source is electric arc.
OR
Splicing any fiber by making use of the fusion technique provides a permanent (long lasting) contact
between the two fibers. In the fusion splicing, the two fibers are thermally joined together. In this particular
technique, an electrical instrument is necessarily used, that acts as an electric arc so as to form a thermal
connection between the two.
• First, the two fibers are aligned and butted in the way of their connection, this alignment is done in a fiber
holder.
• After this, the electric arc comes into action as when it gets switched on then it produces some energy that
heats the butt joint. The heating effect melts the ends of the fiber and then the two gets bonded together.
• After the two forms a bond then their junction is covered with either polyethylene jacket or plastic coating so
as to protect the joint

Winter- Unit 3 Q1 f : State any two specifications of 802.3z 2M for

2023 Solution : correct
Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.3z: answer
1. It is Gigabit Ethernet(GbE) released in1998
2. It offers data rate 1Gbps(1000Mbps)
3. Covers distance upto 5Km
4. It supports single mode and multimode fibre
5. Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q3 c : With the help of neat diagram,explain the basic principle used in wavelength division multiplexing Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology in which multiple optical signals (laser light) of different Explanati
wavelengths or colors are combined into one signal and is transmitted over the communication channel. on 2M

Fig. shows the implementation of passive and active components in a typical WDM link containing various
types of optical amplifiers.
• At the transmission end there are several independently modulated light sources, each emitting signals at a
unique wavelength. Here, a multiplexer is needed to combine these optical outputs into a continuous
spectrum of signals and couple them onto a single fiber.
• At the receiving end, a demultiplexer is used to separate the optical signals into appropriates detection
channels for signal processing

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
The schematic diagram of a WDM system is shown in the below figure. The transmitter end contains multiple
optical transmitters and the receiver end contains multiple optical receivers. The communication channel
(optical fiber) is present between the transmitter and receiver. At transmitter end, each transmitter sends an
optical signal of different wavelength or color. These optical signals of different wavelengths or colors are then
multiplexed or combined by using a device called multiplexer

Q4 d : State the need of following in optical communication (i) Optical switch (ii) Optical splitter 2M each
Solution :
Optical Switches
1.An optical switch is a multi-port network bridge, which connects multiple optic fibers to each other and controls
data packets routing between inputs and outputs.
2.Some optical switches convert light to electrical data before forwarding it and converting it into a light signal
again.
3.Other optical switches, which are called All-optical, can route and forward the light pulses themselves
without any electrical conversion.
4.An optical switch is a device which can selectively connect or disconnect the light signals running through
optical fibres from one circuit to another
5. In fiber optic networks optical switches are required to move the signals between different fiber parts. Optical
switches provides protection in case of failure of any point
6.Optical switches should be equipped with the ability that can add or delete the wave channel without any
electronic processing search switches are called as wavelength selective switches

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Optical Splitter
1.A fiber optic splitter is a passive optical device that enables a light signal on an optical fiber to be
distributed among two or more fibers
or
2.A fiber optic splitter is a passive optical device that can split an incident light beam into two or more light
beams (or) it combines two or more light beams into a single light beam
3.Whenever the light beam transmitted in a network needs to be divided into two or more light beams, fiber
optic splitters are used.
4.When the light signal is transmitted in a single-mode fiber, the light energy cannot entirely concentrate in
the fiber core.
5.A small amount of energy will be spread through the cladding of the fiber. If two fibers are close enough to
each other, the transmitting light in an optical fiber can enter into another optical fiber.
6.And this is how fiber optic splitter comes into being.
7.Splitter does not generate power nor require power. Hence, it is a passive device. Also, splitter does not
contain any electronic components. It is a simple device. Fiber optic splitter is also known as beam splitter

Q5 b : Classify optical amplifier.Explain any one in detail with neat diagram Classificat
Solution : ion-3M
Different amplifiers based on location point in fiber optics communication Explanati
• Power Amplifiers on-3M
Power amplifiers serve to boost the power of the signal before it is launched on the line, extending the
transmission distance before additional amplification is required.
• Line Amplifiers
Line amplifiers are located at strategic points along a long transmission link to restore a signal to its initial power
level. Thereby compensating for fiber attenuation.
• Preamplifiers
Preamplifiers raises the signal level at the input of an optical receiver, which serves to improve signal detection
performance (i.e., the receiver sensitivity)
OR
Types of optical Amplifiers based upon different physical mechanisms:
1.Semiconductor Optical Amplifier( SOA)
2.Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA )
3.Raman Amplifier

Doped fiber amplifiers (DFA): Use a doped optical fiber medium for boosting signals in a similar manner to fiber
lasers. The signal requiring amplification, along with a pump laser, is multiplexed in a doped fiber medium and
intersects with doping ions. Amplified spontaneous emission is the major reason behind the DFA noise. An
ideal noise level for DFA is around 3 decibels. Practically, the noise figure is calculated at around 6 to 8 decibels.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Semiconductor optical amplifiers: Use semiconductors to produce the gain medium in the laser. The analogous
structure is made of laser diodes. The recent design of semiconductor optical amplifiers has added antireflective
coatings and window regions to minimize the end face reflection.

Raman amplifiers: Employ Raman amplification techniques to boost optical signals. The two types of Raman
amplifiers are distributed, where the transmission fiber is used by multiplexing the pump wavelength along with
the signal wavelength as the gain medium, and lumped, where short length and dedicated fibers are used for
amplification. Nonlinear fiber is used to increase the intersection between the pump wavelength and the signal
to reduce the fiber to the required length.
Q6 b : Draw the architecture diagram of SONET.Explain in brief Diagram-
Solution : 3M
Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. Explanati
1. SONET Devices on-3M
Figure 1 shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies on three basic devices: STS
multiplexers/demultiplexers, re-generators, add/drop multiplexers and terminals.

STS Multiplexer/Demultiplexer: STS multiplexers/demultiplexers mark the beginning points and endpoints of
a SONET link. They provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network

Regenerator: Regenerators extend the length of the links. A regenerator is a repeater, that takes a received
optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding electric signal (STS-n), regenerates the electric
signal, and finally modulates the electric signal into its correspondent OC-n signal.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Add/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals. An add/drop multiplexer
(ADM) can add STSs coming from different sources into a given path or can remove a desired signal from a
path and redirect it without demultiplexing the entire signal

Terminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For example, in the Internet, a
terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to another router at the other side of a SONET network.

Summer- Unit 3 Q1 e : List any four types of optical switch Any 4

2023 Solution : switche s
Types of optical switches 1/2M
1. Opto-Mechanical switches each
2. Micro-electromechanical system switches (MEMS).
3. Electro optic switches
4. All optical switches
5. Thermos optic switches
6. Semiconductor optical amplifier switch.
Q3 b : Explain the need of WDM in optical network Diagram-
Solution : 2M
1.WDM is a technique in which signals of different wavelength are multiplexed together in order to get Explanati
transmitted over an optical link. on-2M
2.Here as we can see that signals generated from different sources are combined using multiplexer. These
multiplexed signals are then allowed to get transmitted over an optical fiber cable.
3.As the system enables long distance transmission, thus optical amplifiers are installed at some distances
between the cables. These amplifiers increase the signal strength in case of long distance transmission.
4. Once the signal gets propagated then at the other end it must be separated. So, for this a de-multiplexer is
used to separate the signals at the other end. The de multiplexer separates the combined signal into multiple
signals of different wavelengths

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q4 c : Draw the equivalent circuit of parametric amplifier and give its working (Out of syllabus question) Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on-2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
In a parametric amplifier the local oscillator is replaced by pumping generator such as a reflex klystron and
nonlinear element by a time varying capacity or such as a varactor diode.
• The signal frequency f, and pump frequency f, are mixed in nonlinear capacitor C.
• A voltage of signal frequency and pump frequency f/s and f/p i.e. f, and f, as well as sum and difference
frequencies m fp + fs appears across C. If a resistive load is connected an output voltage can be generated
across it at output frequency fo.
Note: This question is out of syllabus of ONS
Q4 d : Describe the working of optical switch Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Optical communication use light to achieve high-speed communication. This type of communication also Explanati
requires high speed when switching between communication paths Optical switch is a device used to switch on-2M
data or optical signal from one channel to other or between different ports. An optical switch has one or more
inputs ports and two or more output ports that we usually call 1xN or NxN optical switch

Optical signals may be switched by the use of electronic switches: the optical signals are converted into
electrical signals using photo-detectors, switched electronically, and then converted back into light using
LEDs or lasers.
OR
An all-optical switch controls the routing between multiple optic fibers without any electrical data conversion.
All-optical switches routes the entire light signal which is coming from an optical input and forward it all to an
optical output without converting or altering IP level data packets. Because of not using electrical conversion,
All-optical switches do not have latency, data corruption or timing jitter.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q5 a : State two distinguishing features of IEEE 802.3i,IEEE 802.3j,IEEE 802.3z Any 2
Solution : features
NOTE: There is mistake in question , it should be each:
(i) IEEE802.3j 2marks
(ii) IEEE802.3y
(iii) IEEE802.3z
Marks should be given to students
(i) Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.3j:
1. IEEE 802.3j is Ethernet over fiber, launched in 1993
2. It offers data rate 10Mbps
3. Covers distance of 500m to 2KM
4. Used for point to point communication
5. It supports multimode fibre
(ii) Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.3y:
1. It is fast Ethernet over fiber, launched in 1997
2. It offers high data rate 100Mbps
3. Can achieve distance up to 2km
4. Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission
5. It supports single mode and multimode fibre
(iii) Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.3z:
1. It is Gigabit Ethernet(GbE) released in1998
2. It offers data rate 1Gbps(1000Mbps)
3. Covers distance upto 5Km
4. It supports single mode and multimode fibre
5. Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission
Q6 c : Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. Explanati
1. SONET Devices on-2M
Figure 1 shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies on three basic devices: STS
multiplexers/demultiplexers, re-generators, add/drop multiplexers and terminals.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

STS Multiplexer/Demultiplexer: STS multiplexers/demultiplexers mark the beginning points and endpoints of
a SONET link. They provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network

Regenerator: Regenerators extend the length of the links. A regenerator is a repeater, that takes a received
optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding electric signal (STS-n), regenerates the electric
signal, and finally modulates the electric signal into its correspondent OC-n signal.
Add/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals. An add/drop multiplexer
(ADM) can add STSs coming from different sources into a given path or can remove a desired signal from a
path and redirect it without demultiplexing the entire signal

Terminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For example, in the Internet, a
terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to another router at the other side of a SONET network.

Winter- Unit 3 Q1 f : List the types of optical switches Any 2

2022 Solution : switches
Types of optical switches 1M each
1. Opto-Mechanical switches
2. Micro-electromechanical system switches (MEMS).
3. Electro optic switches
4. Optical waveguide switches
Q3 c : Explain with diagram wavelength division multiplexing process Diagram-
Solution : 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology in which multiple optical signals (laser light) of different Explanati
wavelengths or colors are combined into one signal and is transmitted over the communication channel. on-2M

Fig. shows the implementation of passive and active components in a typical WDM link containing various
types of optical amplifiers.
• At the transmission end there are several independently modulated light sources, each emitting signals at a
unique wavelength. Here, a multiplexer is needed to combine these optical outputs into a continuous
spectrum of signals and couple them onto a single fiber.
• At the receiving end, a demultiplexer is used to separate the optical signals into appropriates detection
channels for signal processing

The schematic diagram of a WDM system is shown in the below figure. The transmitter end contains multiple
optical transmitters and the receiver end contains multiple optical receivers. The communication channel
(optical fiber) is present between the transmitter and receiver. At transmitter end, each transmitter sends an

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
optical signal of different wavelength or color. These optical signals of different wavelengths or colors are then
multiplexed or combined by using a device called multiplexer

Q4 e : Optical communication uses optical switch-Explain statement with its working principle Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Optical communication use light to achieve high-speed communication. This type of communication also Explanati
requires high speed when switching between communication paths Optical switch is a device used to switch on-2M
data or optical signal from one channel to other or between different ports. An optical switch has one or more
inputs ports and two or more output ports that we usually call 1xN or NxN optical switch.

Optical signals may be switched by the use of electronic switches: the optical signals are converted into
electrical signals using photodetectors, switched electronically, and then converted back into light using LEDs
or lasers. An all-optical switch allows one optical signal to control another optical signal. There are two major
types of optical switches:
1. Opto-mechanical optical switches
2. MEMS (Micro-electromechanical Systems) optical switches.
Q5 a : Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram Diagram-
Solution : 3M
Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. Explanati
1. SONET Devices on-3M
Figure 1 shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies on three basic devices: STS
multiplexers/demultiplexers, re-generators, add/drop multiplexers and terminals.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

STS Multiplexer/Demultiplexer: STS multiplexers/demultiplexers mark the beginning points and endpoints of
a SONET link. They provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network

Regenerator: Regenerators extend the length of the links. A regenerator is a repeater, that takes a received
optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding electric signal (STS-n), regenerates the electric
signal, and finally modulates the electric signal into its correspondent OC-n signal.
Add/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals. An add/drop multiplexer
(ADM) can add STSs coming from different sources into a given path or can remove a desired signal from a
path and redirect it without demultiplexing the entire signal

Terminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For example, in the Internet, a
terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to another router at the other side of a SONET network.

Q6 b : State two distinguishing features of following standards (i) IEEE 802.3j (ii)IEEE 802.3y (iii)IEEE 802.3z Any 2
Solution : features
i) IEEE 802.3j: of each
1. It is Ethernet over fiber launched in 1993. standard
2. It offers data rate 10Mbps 2M each
3. Covers distance of 2KM.
4. It is Used for point to point communication
5. It supports multimode fiber.
ii) IEEE 802.3y:

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
1. It is fast Ethernet over fiber launched in 1997
2. It offers data rate of 100Mb/s
3. It can achieve distance up to 100m.
4. It Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission
5. It supports UTP 2 pair Cat 3(twisted pair)
iii) IEEE 802.3z:
1. It is Gigabit Ethernet released in1998,
2. It offers data rate 1Gbps (1000Mbps).
3. It Covers distance up to 5Km.
4. supports single mode and multimode fiber
5. It Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission
Summer- Unit 3 Q1 c : List the types of optical splitters 1 M each
2022 Solution :
Types of optical splitters:
1. Fused Biconic Tapered (FBT)
2. Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC)
Q1 d : State the specification of 802.3j (any 4) Any two
Solution : 1M each
Specification of 802.3j:
1. Data rate : 10Mbps
2. Maximum length/Distance: 2000m/2km
3. Medium: 2 strand multimode fiber
4. Signaling: Manchester encoding optical signal
5. Topology: star
Q2 b : State the types of optical amplifier.Explain any one State
Solution : types: 2
Different amplifiers based on location point in fiber optics communication mark
• Power Amplifiers Explana
Power amplifiers serve to boost the power of the signal before it is launched on the line, extending the tion (any
transmission distance before additional amplification is required. one): 2
• Line Amplifiers marks
Line amplifiers are located at strategic points along a long transmission link to restore a signal to its initial power
level. Thereby compensating for fiber attenuation.
• Preamplifiers
Preamplifiers raises the signal level at the input of an optical receiver, which serves to improve signal detection
performance (i.e., the receiver sensitivity)
OR
Types of optical Amplifiers based upon different physical mechanisms:

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
1.Semiconductor Optical Amplifier( SOA)
2.Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA )
3.Raman Amplifier

Doped fiber amplifiers (DFA): Use a doped optical fiber medium for boosting signals in a similar manner to fiber
lasers. The signal requiring amplification, along with a pump laser, is multiplexed in a doped fiber medium and
intersects with doping ions. Amplified spontaneous emission is the major reason behind the DFA noise. An
ideal noise level for DFA is around 3 decibels. Practically, the noise figure is calculated at around 6 to 8 decibels.

Semiconductor optical amplifiers: Use semiconductors to produce the gain medium in the laser. The analogous
structure is made of laser diodes. The recent design of semiconductor optical amplifiers has added antireflective
coatings and window regions to minimize the end face reflection.

Raman amplifiers: Employ Raman amplification techniques to boost optical signals. The two types of Raman
amplifiers are distributed, where the transmission fiber is used by multiplexing the pump wavelength along with
the signal wavelength as the gain medium, and lumped, where short length and dedicated fibers are used for
amplification. Nonlinear fiber is used to increase the intersection between the pump wavelength and the signal
to reduce the fiber to the required length.
Q2 d : Explain Ethernet standards of optical network in detail Listing
Solution : Standar
IEEE Ethernet standards of optical network are: ads: 1
1. IEEE 802.3j mark
2. IEEE 802.3y Explana
3. IEEE 802.3z tion : 1
mark
1. IEEE 802.3j: each
It is Ethernet over fiber , launched in 1993.It offers data rate 10Mbps and Covers distance of 2KM. It is Used
for point to point communication and it supports multimode fiber.

2. IEEE 802.3y: It is fast Ethernet over fiber , launched in 1997 .It offers data rate of 100Mb/s and can achieve
distance up to 100m. Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission It supports UTP 2 pair Cat 3(twisted
pair)

3 IEEE 802.3z: It is Gigabit Ethernet released in1998, which offers data rate 1Gbps (1000Mbps). It Covers
distance upto 5Km, supports single mode and multimode fibre and Supports half duplex and full duplex
transmission
Q3 b : Define optical switch.state its types Definati
Solution : on 2M &
Optical switch : any 2

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
An optical switch is a multi-port network bridge, which connects multiple optic fibers to each other and controls types of
data packets routing. switches
OR 1M each
It is a device which can selectively connect or disconnect the light signals running through optical fibers from
one circuit to another.
Types of optical switches:
1. Opto-Mechanical switches
2. Micro-electromechanical system switches (MEMS).
3. Electro optic switches
4. Thermos optic switches
5. Liquid crystal switches
6. Semiconductor optical amplifier switch.
Q5 c : Explain SONET architecture with neat diagram Diagram-
Solution : 3M
Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. Explanati
1. SONET Devices on-3M
Figure 1 shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies on three basic devices: STS
multiplexers/demultiplexers, re-generators, add/drop multiplexers and terminals.

STS Multiplexer/Demultiplexer: STS multiplexers/demultiplexers mark the beginning points and endpoints of
a SONET link. They provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Regenerator: Regenerators extend the length of the links. A regenerator is a repeater, that takes a received
optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding electric signal (STS-n), regenerates the electric
signal, and finally modulates the electric signal into its correspondent OC-n signal.
Add/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals. An add/drop multiplexer
(ADM) can add STSs coming from different sources into a given path or can remove a desired signal from a
path and redirect it without demultiplexing the entire signal

Terminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For example, in the Internet, a
terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to another router at the other side of a SONET network.

Winter- Unit 4 Q1 a : State the value of uplink and downlink frequency used for satellite services for Ka and Ku band 2M for
2023 Solution : correct
answer

Q1 e :The orbit of an earth orbiting satellite has an eccentricity of 0.15 and semi-major axis 9000 Km determine 2M for
the apogee [Assume the earth’s radius as 6371 Km] correct
Solution : answer

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q2 a : Explain following terminologies used in satellite communication (i) Look angle (ii)Footprint 1M for
Solution : each
i) Look angle: Look angles are required such that the earth station antenna points or "looks at" the satellite
directly.
OR
To orient an earth station antenna towards a satellite so that transmission and reception can be maximized, it
is necessary to know the elevation and azimuth angle. These are called as look angles. Angle of elevation and
azimuth are known as look angles.
ii) Foot print: The geographical representation of a satellite antenna radiation pattern is called foot print.
OR
The foot print of a satellite is the earth area that the satellite can receive from and transmitted to.
Q3 b : Compare asynchronous and geo-synchronous satellite w.r.t (i) Definition (ii) Tracking system required 1M each
(iii)coverage area (iv)Propulsion system for correct
Solution : comparis
on point

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q5 a : Define Orbital perturbation.Explain any one in detail with neat diagram Definition-
Solution : 2M
The deviation of the satellite from the predetermined path due to external disturbances is known as orbital Explanati
perturbation. on-4M
The main causes of orbital perturbation are:
I. Effect of sun and moon
II. Effect of non-spherical earth
III. Atmospheric drag

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
IV. Solar radiation pressure
I. Effect of sun and moon
• Gravitational attraction by sun and moon causes orbital inclination of geostationary satellite to
change with time if not countered by north-south station keeping, these forces would increase the
orbital inclination from an initial zero degree at launch to14.67°, 26.6 years later.
• The moon and the sun both create a gravitational potential on the satellite which causes it to perturb.
II. Effect of non-spherical earth
It is known to us that earth is not perfectly spherical, their being an equatorial bulge and flattening at the poles
it is called as oblate spheroid. This oblate shape of earth causes perturbation of satellite.
• a.Change in orbital period
• b. Regression of nodes
• c.Rotation of line of Apsides
• d. Drift due to Equatorial ellipticity
III. Atmospheric drag
• For near satellite below about 1000km, the effects of atmospheric drag are significant because the
drag is greatest at the perigee.
• The drag acts to reduce the velocity at the perigee point, with the result that the does not reach the
same apogee height on successive revolution.
• As a result both eccentricity (e) and semimajor axis (a) are reduced.
IV. Solar radiation pressure
• Solar radiation pressure from sun rays perturbs the satellite orbit.
• The satellite experiences change in eccentricity. It builds up for 1st sixth months and then shrinks for
the next sixth months.
Summer- Unit 4 Q1 a : Define passive satellite,Active satellite 1M each
2023 Solution : definition
i) A passive satellite: It is the reflecting surface or balloon that just reflects the signal from one earth station to
other earth station (or stations) without any amplification or processing.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
ii) An active satellite: It is a transponder or microwave repeater which receives a signal from Earth (uplink
frequency) amplifies it, do signal processing and frequency conversion and retransmits the same signal back
to desired Earth station on downlink frequency.
Q1 g : Justify In satellite communication uplink frequency is higher than downlink frequency Any 2
Solution : reason
Reason for :In satellite communication uplink frequency is higher than down link frequency because : 1. To 1M each
avoid interference between uplink and downlink frequencies. 2. Higher frequency of uplink signal helps to
reduce the size of antenna in the satellite. 3. The attenuation level increase with an increase in frequency. 4.
The power at the ground station (Base Station) is more than compared to the power available at the satellite
Q2 c : Explain effect of eclipse on motion of satellite Diagram-
Solution : 2M
• A satellite is said to be in eclipse when the earth or moon prevents sunlight from reaching it. Explanati
• If the earth’s equatorial plane coincides with the plane of earth’s orbit around sun, the geostationary orbit will on-2M
be eclipsed by the earth. This is called the earth eclipse of satellite
Solar eclipses are important as they affect the working of the satellite because during eclipse satellite receives
no power from its solar panels and it has to operate on its onboard standby batteries which reduce satellite life.

Satellite failure is more at such times when satellite enters into eclipse (sudden switch to no solar power
region) and when it moves out of eclipse (suddenly large amount of solar power is bombarded on satellite) as
this creates thermal stress on satellite.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

• Eclipse caused by moon occurs when moon passes in front of sun but that is less important as it takes
place for short duration (twice in every 24 hours for an average of few minutes).
Q3 d : Describe effect of non-spherical nature of earth on orbital inclination of geosynchronous satellite Correct
Solution : explana
• As the shape of Earth is not a perfect sphere, it causes some variations in the path followed by the satellites tion : 4 M
around the Earth
• As the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator, the forces resulting from an oblate Earth act
on the satellite and produce a change in the orbital parameters.
• This causes the satellite to drift as a result of regression of the nodes and the latitude of the point of perigee.
• This leads to rotation of the line of apsides (line joining apogee and perigee).
• As the orbit itself is moving with respect to the Earth, the resultant changes are seen in the values of perigee
• Due to the non-spherical shape of Earth, one more effect called as the “Satellite Graveyard” is seen. The
non-spherical shape leads to the small value of eccentricity (10-5) at the equatorial plane. This causes a gravity
gradient on GEO satellite and makes them drift to one of the two stable points which coincide with minor axis
of the equatorial ellipse.
• Working satellites are made to drift back to their position but out-of-service satellites are eventually drifted to
these points, and making that point a Satellite Graveyard.
OR
• Earth is not a perfect sphere and is slightly flat at the poles and the equatorial diameter is more by about 20
km than the polar diameter also the equatorial radius is not constant and has a variation of approximately 100m
• Additionally, there are mass concentration at specific region of the earth called as mascons. These cause
change in gravitational forces in the region of the earth
• This points are at 750E and 1050W satellite in service are prevented from drifting to these points by station
keeping
• The oblate-ness and mascon thus cause longitudinal drift of the geo stationary satellite. East west correction
is to be effected from time to time to maintain the orbit at the allocated slot.
Q5 c : State the frequencies for following applications (i)Broadcast services (ii)G.P.S (iii)Maritime mobile 1M each
(iv)Telephone Network (v)D.T.H services (vi) Search and rescue services
Solution :
(i) Broadcast services : Ku band 12.5GHZ -18GHZ, K band 18GHZ -26.5GHZ (any one)
(ii) G.P.S.: 1.2GHz-1.66 GHz
(iii) Maritime mobile: 156.000 MHz to 162.050 MHz or 1GHz-4GHz
(iv) Telephone network: C band 4GHz -8GHz
(v) D.T.H. services: Ku band 12GHZ -18GHZ
(vi) Search and rescue services: 8GHz-12.5 GHz
(Note: marks to be given to students if they write frequency range in the form of Uplink and Downlink frequency)
Winter- Unit 4 Q1 c : Define Look angle ,Footprint 1 M for
2022 Solution : each

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
i) Look angle: Look angles are required such that the earth station antenna points or "looks at" the satellite
directly.
OR
To orient an earth station antenna towards a satellite so that transmission and reception can be maximized, it
is necessary to know the elevation and azimuth angle. These are called as look angles. Angle of elevation and
azimuth are known as look angles.
ii) Foot print: The geographical representation of a satellite antenna radiation pattern is called foot print.
OR
The foot print of a satellite is the earth area that the satellite can receive from and transmitted to.

Q1 e : State uplink and downlink frequencies for C band and X band 1 band
Solution : 1M each

Q2 b : Explain the following terms (i)Apogee (ii)Perigee Each 2 M

Solution :
i) Apogee: Apogee means the furthest distance a satellite gets from earth in its orbit. Apogee A is related to the
semi-major axis and eccentricity as , A=a(1+e)
ii) Perigee: Perigee means the closest distance a satellite gets to earth in its orbit. Perigee P is related to the
semi-major axis and eccentricity as , A=a(1- e)
Q3 b : Map the satellite services with the frequency band used for it Any four
Solution : correct 1
M each

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Q5 c : Explain how is geostationary orbit and geostationary satellite different from LEO GEO orbit
Solution : definitio n:
Geostationary Orbit: A geostationary orbit is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786km/36000Km above the 1 Mark
Earth's equator. GEO
satellite :
Geostationary satellite: A geostationary satellite is an earth-orbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of 1 Marks
approximately 35,800 kilometers directly over the equator, that revolves in the same direction the earth rotates. LEO orbit:
At this altitude, one orbit takes 24 hours, the same length of time as the earth requires to rotate once on its 1 Mark
axis. The term geostationary comes from the fact that such a satellite appears nearly stationary in the sky as Advanta
seen by a ground-based observer. ges of
GEO over

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Low Earth Orbit (LEO): LEO :
• LEO is Circular or inclined orbit with an altitude 500-1500 kms above the surface of the earth 3Marks
• LEO satellites complete one orbit every 90 minutes
• Each LEO satellite will only be visible from the earth for around 15 to 20 minutes • Operate at freq. 1-2.5 GHz

Advantages Of Geostationary Satellites over LEO satellites:

• This satellite remains almost stationary in respect to a given earth station, So expensive tracking equipment
is not required at earth stations
• High altitude geosynchronous satellites can cover a much larger area of the earth than their LEO satellite.
• There is no need to switch from one satellite to another as they orbit overhead, whereas for LEO satellites
Special handover mechanisms are required
• There is no Doppler shift in GEO satellite whereas ,LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts
cause by their relative movement.

Summer- Unit 4 Q1 e : State reason for difference in uplink and downlink frequency in satellite communication Any two
2022 Solution : 1M each
Reason for difference in uplink and downlink frequency in satellite communication because :
1. To avoid interference between uplink and downlink frequencies.
2. Higher frequency of uplink signal helps to reduce the size of antenna in the satellite.
3. Path loss is less at low frequencies.
4. Low frequencies gives more beam width.
5. Final amplifier in the satellite generate higher power at low frequency (downlink).
Q1 f : Define following terms w.r.t satellite (i)Footprint (ii)Elevation angle 1M each
Solution :
i) Footprint: A footprint can be defined as the area on Earth that the satellite can receive from or transmit to.
ii) Elevation Angle: It is the angle subtended between the line of sight joining the earth station antenna and the
satellite and the horizontal plane

Q3 a :Define geostationary orbit and geostationary satellite and state advantage of geostationary orbit/satellite Correct
Solution : definati
Geostationary orbit: The synchronous orbit which is parallel to the “equator” is known as equatorial orbit or on of
Geostationary orbit. Geostati
onary
OR orbit &
Geostationary Orbit: A geostationary orbit is a circular orbit at a distance of 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) Geostati
above the Earth's equator . onary
satellite
1M each

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Geostationary satellite: Geostationary satellites are Earth's satellites that are placed into orbit at a distance of & any 2
around 35,800 km from the earth's surface. advanta
ges 1M
OR each
Geostationary satellite: Satellite that appears to be located at a fixed point in space when viewed from the
earth's surface

The advantages of geostationary orbit/ satellite is:

1. This satellite remains almost stationary in respect to a given earth station. Consequently expensive tracking
equipment is not required at earth stations.
2. High altitude geosynchronous satellites can cover a much larger area of the earth than their LEO satellite
counterpart.
3. There is no need to switch from one satellite to another as they orbit overhead. Consequently there are no
breaks in transmission because of switching times.
4. The effects of Doppler shift are negligible.
Q4 b : Write uplink and downlink frequency for C band,X band,Ku band and Ka band 1M for
Solution : each
correct
Answer

Q6 b : Describe the effect of nonspherical nature of earth on orbital inclination of geosynchronous satellite Proper
Solution : Explana
• Earth is not a perfect sphere and is slightly flat at the poles and the equatorial diameter is more by about 20 tion : 6M
km than the polar diameter also the equatorial radius is not constant and has a variation of approximately 100m

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
• Additionally, there are mass concentration at specific region of the earth called as mascons. These cause
change in gravitational forces in the region of the earth
• This points are at 750E and 1050W satellite in service are prevented from drifting to these points by station
keeping
• The oblate-ness and mascon thus cause longitudinal drift of the geo stationary satellite .East west correction
is to be effected from time to time to maintain the orbit at the allocated slot.
OR
• As the shape of Earth is not a perfect sphere, it causes some variations in the path followed by the satellites
around the Earth
• As the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator, and keeping in mind that an orbit is not a
physical entity, the forces resulting from an oblate Earth act on the satellite and produce a change in the orbital
parameters.
• This causes the satellite to drift as a result of regression of the nodes and the latitude of the point of perigee
(point closest to the Earth).
• This leads to rotation of the line of apsides (line joining apogee and perigee).
• As the orbit itself is moving with respect to the Earth, the resultant changes are seen in the values of perigee
• Due to the non-spherical shape of Earth, one more effect called as the “Satellite Graveyard” is seen.
• The non-spherical shape leads to the small value of eccentricity (10-5 ) at the equatorial plane. This causes
a gravity gradient on GEO satellite and makes
Winter- Unit 5 Q1 d : Define Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) Definition
2023 Solution : 2M
Equivalent isotropic radiated power, EIRP, is the total radiated power from a transmitter antenna times the
numerical directivity of the antenna in the direction of the receiver, or the power delivered to the antenna times
the antenna numerical gain
Q1 g : Draw the block diagram of regenerative transponder Diagram-
Solution : 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q2 c : Draw the block diagram of single conversion transponder and explain each block Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Transponder is a microwave repeater that receives a signal from an Earth station, changes its frequency and Explanati
amplifies it, and then transmits it back to Earth. on 2M

First uplink frequency signal is picked up by the receiving antenna and is given to LNA (Low Noise Amplifier).
• LNA amplifies the weak received signal (uplink)
• Once the signal is amplified, it is translated in correct frequency by mixer.
• The output of mixer is then amplified again and fed to band pass filter (BPF1). BPF1 allows only a desired
down-link signal of 4 GHz.
• At last, the down-link signal is amplified by high power amplifier (HPA) usually TWT (Travelling wave tube)
amplifier. Again, output of BPF2 is fed to the down-link antenna.

Q4 a : Explain the effect of following in satellite communication (i)Free space transmission losses (ii)Antenna 2M each
misalignment
Solution :
(i)Free space transmission losses

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Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
(ii)Antenna misalignment

Q5 c : State the function of following subsystem in spacecraft unit (i)Propulsion subsystem (ii) Telemetry and 2M each
tracking and command subsystem (iii)Altitude control subsystem
Solution :
(i)Propulsion subsystem
Propulsion sub-system is the reaction control sub-system carried by the satellite in the geostationary orbit so
as to generate forces on it whenever needed. It moves satellite to its assigned position in orbit, to maintain in
that position (station keeping) and to maintain the direction of spin axis and attitude control. Usually propulsion
subsystem has three units: i) Low thrust (10-3 to 20N) actuators (Reaction control system, RCS) ii) High thrust
(400 to 50,000 N) motor (Apogee kick motor: AKM or Apogee Boost Motor ABM) iii) Perigee kick motor (PKM).
(ii) Telemetry and tracking and command subsystem

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
a) Receiving control signals from the ground to initiate manoeuvers and to change the state or mode of
operation of equipment. b) Transmitting results of measurements, information concerning satellite operation,
the operation of equipment and verification of the execution of commands to the ground. c) Enabling
measurement of the ground station and satellite distance and possibly the radial velocity in order to permit
location of satellite.
(iii)Altitude control subsystem
The attitude of a satellite refers to its orientation in space. Attitude control of a satellite refers to the maintenance
of the satellite stability at its assigned position. Attitude control is necessary to keep the antenna pointed
towards the desired region on the surface of the earth. It is also used to help solar cells so that they always
face the sun.
Q6 a : With the help of neat diagram explain working principle of Global Positioning System (GPS) Diagram-
Solution : 3M
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that can be used to locate positions Explanati
and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on earth. The block diagram of GPS is shown on 3M
below

The GPS system consists of three segments:

● Space Segment : The space segment consists of 24 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours , in 6 orbits
at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area. The orbital plane is

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
inclined at 55degrees with respect to equator. The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on
earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any given time.

Control Segment: The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and
time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control
Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the
Master Control Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground
antennas.

User Segment: The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of
simultaneous users is limitless. There exists only one-way transmission from satellite to users in GPS
system. Hence, the individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. It is mainly used
to find the accurate location of an object.

OR

Receiving Antenna receives the satellite signals.

• Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
• Down converter converts the frequency of received signal to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• IF Amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• ADC performs the conversion of analog signal, which is obtained from IF amplifier to digital.
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor) generates the C/A code.
• Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and provides the timing signals in order to control the
operation of other digital blocks. It sends the useful information to Display unit in order to display it on the
screen.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Summer- Unit 5 Q1 b : List RF components in earth station Any 4,
2023 Solution : 1/2M
RF components in the earth station each
1. An antenna
2. Waveguide
3. Power splitter/combiner
4. Up converter
5. Down converter
6. Modulator/demodulator
7. Intermediate amplifier
8. High power amplifier
9. Low noise amplifier
Q1 f : Specify function of altitude control system 2M for
Solution : correct
The attitude of a satellite refers to its orientation in space. Attitude control of a satellite refers to the maintenance answer
of the satellite stability at its assigned position. Attitude control is necessary to keep the antenna pointed
towards the desired region on the surface of the earth. It is also used to help solar cells so that they always
face the sun.
Q2 d : Justify station keeping is used for maintaining satellite in correct position Correct
Solution : Justific
STATION KEEPING: ation 4M
• The orbital corrections which are done from time to time to maintain the satellite within the allotted orbital slot
are called as station keeping maneuvers.
• Various forces (primarily due the Moon, Sun, the Earth’s oblateness, aerodynamic, gravitational, and
magnetic forces) would alter the orbit over time and is called as orbital perturbation. If these orbital corrections
are not done time to time, the satellite will slowly drift from its orbit and its allotted position in the orbit. Station
keeping is the process of maintenance of satellite’s orbit against different factors such gravitational force of
sun, moon, solar radiation pressure etc that cause temporal drift.
• The orbital adjustments are made by firing on-board small jet thrusters.
Q3 c : Describe working of satellite transponder single conversion ‘C’ band Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

In single conversion transponder only a single-frequency translation process takes place

• First uplink frequency signal of around 12 GHz is picked up by the receiving antenna and is given to LNA
(Low Noise Amplifier)
• LNA amplifies the weak received signal(uplink)
• Once the signal is amplified, it is translated in correct frequency by mixer.
• The output of mixer is then amplified again and fed to band pass filter (BPF1)
• BPF1 allows only a desired down-link signal of 4 GHz
• At last, the down-link signal is amplified by high power amplifier (HPA) usually TWT (Travelling wave tube)
amplifier
• Again output of BPF2 is fed to the down-link antenna.

Q6 a : Draw the block diagram of G.P.S system and explain transmitter and receiver Diagram-
Solution : 3M
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that can be used to locate positions Explanati
and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on earth. The block diagram of GPS is shown on 3M
below

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

The GPS system consists of three segments:

● Space Segment : The space segment consists of 24 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours , in 6 orbits
at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area. The orbital plane is
inclined at 55degrees with respect to equator. The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on
earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any given time.

Control Segment: The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and
time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control
Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the
Master Control Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground
antennas.

User Segment: The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of
simultaneous users is limitless. There exists only one-way transmission from satellite to users in GPS
system. Hence, the individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. It is mainly used
to find the accurate location of an object.

OR

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Receiving Antenna receives the satellite signals.

• Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
• Down converter converts the frequency of received signal to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• IF Amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• ADC performs the conversion of analog signal, which is obtained from IF amplifier to digital.
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor) generates the C/A code.
• Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and provides the timing signals in order to control the
operation of other digital blocks. It sends the useful information to Display unit in order to display it on the
screen.

Winter- Unit 5 Q1 d : List various elements of transponder Atleast 4

2022 Solution : elements
Various elements of the transponder: ½ M each
1. Input band-pass filter
2. Low-noise amplifier (LNA)
3. An oscillator and a frequency mixer
4. An output band-pass filter
5. High power amplifier
Q1 g : Specify the function of telemetry and tracking control subsystem in satellite communication 1 function
Solution : 1M each
Telemetry and tracking control subsystem in satellite communication deals with the following operations –
a) Receiving control signals from the ground to initiate manoeuvers and to change the state or mode of
operation of equipment.
b) Transmitting results of measurements, information concerning satellite operation, the operation of equipment
and verification of the execution of commands to the ground.

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
c) Enabling measurement of the ground station and satellite distance and possibly the radial velocity in order
to permit location of satellite.
Q2 a : Explain how power is generated in satellite and how it is distributed to other subsystem of satellite Diagram-
Solution : 2M
Explanati
on 2M

Figure shows the distribution of power in other subsystem.

1. The solar panels generate a direct current which is used to operate the various components of the satellite.
The DC power is typically used to charge Ni-Cd batteries that act as a buffer. At times when the satellite goes
into an eclipse or when solar panels are not properly positioned, the batteries take over temporarily and keep
the satellite operating. These batteries are not large enough to power the satellite for a long period of time.
They are simply used as a backup system for eclipses, initial satellite orientation and stabilization or
emergency conditions
2. The basic DC voltage from the solar panels is then conditioned in various ways –
a) It is typically passed through voltage regulators before being used to power individual electronic circuits.
Most electronic equipment works best with fixed stable voltages and therefore regulators are incorporated in
most satellite systems
b) Some parts of the satellite require higher voltage than those produced by the solar panels. The TWT
amplifiers in most communication transponders require thousands of volts for proper operation. Special DC to
DC converters are used to translate the lower DC voltage of the solar panels to the higher DC voltage
required by the TWTs.
c) Some circuits of the satellite require Ac voltage so inverters (DC to AC) are used to generate AC voltage.

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Q2 c : Explain working of VSAT Diagram-
Solution : 2M
VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal Explanati
on-2M

OR

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

VSAT networks are ideal for centralized networks with a central hub/host and a number of geographically
dispersed VSAT terminals as shown in figure below

• The ground segment of a typical VSAT network consists of a high performance hub Earth station and a
large number of low performance terminals referred to as VSATs.
• The space segment comprises GEO satellites acting as communication links between the hub station and
the VSAT terminals.

The VSAT technology offers transmission and reception of data by antennas having small terminals thus the
antenna terminals can be installed at various distributed locations and these form connections with the
central hub via satellite. Basically, the VSAT network allows the data coming from the satellite to get
redirected to various remote terminals over the earth.

It operates in a way that the satellite transponder sends a signal towards the transceiver

Where it receives the signal and the ground station behaves like a hub for the complete network. Through
that hub, the complete network is controlled. The figure below represents the interconnection of various end
users through the ground station via satellite in the form of a star network

Q4 a : Explain the working of satellite transponder Diagram-

Solution : 2M

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Transponder is a microwave repeater that receives a signal from an Earth station, changes its frequency and Explanati
amplifies it, and then transmits it back to Earth. on-2M

First uplink frequency signal is picked up by the receiving antenna and is given to LNA (Low Noise Amplifier).
• LNA amplifies the weak received signal (uplink)
• Once the signal is amplified, it is translated in correct frequency by mixer.
• The output of mixer is then amplified again and fed to band pass filter (BPF1). BPF1 allows only a desired
down-link signal of 4 GHz.
• At last, the down-link signal is amplified by high power amplifier (HPA) usually TWT (Travelling wave tube)
amplifier. Again, output of BPF2 is fed to the down-link antenna
Q5 b : State the function of following in satellite (i)Propulsion control (ii)LNA (iii)Altitude control 2M each
Solution :
i) Propulsion control Propulsion sub-system is the reaction control sub-system carried by the satellite in the
geostationary orbit so as to generate forces on it whenever needed. It moves satellite to its assigned position
in orbit, to maintain in that position (station keeping) and to maintain the direction of spin axis and attitude
control. Usually propulsion subsystem has three units: i) Low thrust (10-3 to 20N) actuators (Reaction control
system, RCS) ii) High thrust (400 to 50,000 N) motor (Apogee kick motor: AKM or Apogee Boost Motor ABM)
iii) Perigee kick motor (PKM).

ii) LNA
LNA is a Low Noise Amplifier. It amplifies the weak signal received by antenna. LNA is a first stage of receivers
on transponders and Earth station. LNA amplifies the received weak signals without degrading its Signal-to
Noise Ratio

iii) Attitude control The attitude of a satellite refers to its orientation in space. Attitude control of a satellite refers
to the maintenance of the satellite stability at its assigned position. This subsystem provides stabilization of the
satellite and controls its orbit. Attitude control is necessary to keep the antenna pointed towards the desired
region on the surface of the earth. It is also used to help solar cells so that they face the sun.

Q6 a :State the reason for occurrence of following losses in satellite (i)Feeder losses (ii)Antenna misalignment 2M each
losses (iii)Ionosphere losses

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Solution :
i) Feeder losses: Feeder losses occur in the several components between the receiving antenna and the
receiver device, such as filters, couplers and waveguides. These losses are similar to the ones which occur
also in the emission, between the emitting antenna and the output of the high power amplifier (HPA)

ii) Antenna misalignment losses: A misalignment loss occurs when the two antennas are not in line of sight.
This generally happens when the position of the feeder is not properly aligned. In order to minimize these
losses, a closed loop tracking system is used which senses the field strength and moves the antenna elevation
and azimuth.

iii) Ionosphere losses Ionosphere is an ionized region in space extending from about 80 kms to 1000 kms When
the EM wave passes through the ionosphere region , losses occur due to two main reasons: 1. Faraday rotation
2. Scintillation Other losses could be due to absorption phase dispersion and scattering
Summer- Unit 5 Q1 g : Define EIRP definition
2022 Solution : 2M
Equivalent isotropic radiated power, EIRP, is the total radiated power from a transmitter antenna times the
numerical directivity of the antenna in the direction of the receiver, or the power delivered to the antenna times
the antenna numerical gain.
Q1 h : List the different applications of satellite communication Any 2
Solution : Applicat
Applications of satellite communication. ion 1 M
1. Telephone: Telephone is oldest way of communication and with the help of telephone. Telephone network each
receives and passes on telephone calls from landline to earth stations, where they are then broadcasted to a
geostationary satellite.
2. Fixed-Satellite television & data services.
3. Mobile two- way broadband services.
4. Military application: It is for military communications application.
5. Weather forecasting
6. Navigation: the GPS (Global Positioning System)
7. Astronomy – looking into outer space from our solar system.
8. Earth observation - including weather forecasting, tracking storms and pollution, spying and satellite
photography

Q4 d : List different types of losses occurring in a satellite link and explain any one in detail 2M
Solution : Differen t
In any satellite transmission, there are always losses from various sources. Some of those losses may be types 2 M
constant, others are dependent of statistical data and others vary with the weather conditions, especially with explaina
rain. tion

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

• Losses in troposphere/atmosphere or gaseous absorption

• Attenuation due to rain
• Losses in Ionosphere
• Antenna Misalignment loss

OR

Losses in troposphere / atmosphere or gaseous absorption :

Troposphere is the region extending from the surface of the earth up to the height of 8 to 10 kms at the
equator EM waves gets absorbed and converted into heat due to gaseous absorption as it passes through
the troposphere. Absorption is primarily due to presence of molecular oxygen and uncondensed water vapor,
nitrogen etc. losses are not so significant in the frequency range of 1-15 GHz. the EM wave travels through
the troposphere and atmosphere along a path depending on the elevation angle of the transmitting antenna.
Smatter the elevation and longer is the path it travels hence absorption increases with decrease in elevation.

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Attenuation due to rain:
After free space path loss, rain is the next major factor contributing to loss of electromagnetic wave caused
by absorption and scattering of EM wave by rain drops. The losses due to precipitation in the form of rain,
fog, clouds, snow etc are variable and far less predictable losses due to rain increase with increase in
frequency and reduction in elevation.

Losses in ionosphere:
Ionosphere is an ionized region in space extending from about 80 kms to 1000 kms When the EM wave
passes through the ionosphere region , losses occur due to two main reasons:
1. Faraday rotation
2. Scintillation Other losses could be due to absorption phase dispersion and scattering

Faraday effect: (polarization rotation):

When an EM wave passes through a region of high electron content like the ionosphere, the plane of
polarization of wave gets rotated due to interaction of the EM wave with the earth's magnetic field The angle
through which the plane of polarization rotates is directly proportional to the e-content of the ionized layer and
inversely proportional to the operating frequency. Faraday effect is more or less predictable and hence can
be compensated for by adjusting the polarization of the receiving antenna.

Scintillation :
Scintillation is rapid fluctuation of signal amplitude, phase, polarization or angle of arrival. In the ionosphere,
scintillation occurs due to small scale refractive index variations caused by local ion concentration. It mainly
occurs in the F-region of ionosphere due to higher electron content in that region.as a result signal reaches
the receiving antenna via two paths; direct and refracted path the resultant signal is the vector addition of the
direct and refracted signal. Hence it may lead to signal enhancement or signal cancellation depending on
phase relationship of the arrived signals at the receiving antenna. Scintillation effect is inversely proportional
to the square of the operating frequency and is predominant at lower microwave frequency below 4GHz

Antenna misalignment loss:

A misalignment loss occurs when the two antennas are not in line of sight. This generally happens when the
position of the feeder is not properly aligned. In order to minimize these losses, a closed loop tracking system
is used which senses the field strength and moves the antenna elevation and azimuth.

Q4 e : Draw the block diagram of telemetry tracking and command subsystem and state its principle of 2M For
operation diagram 2
Solution : M for
Principle

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Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) Subsystem:
TT&C deals with the following operations –
a) Receiving control signals from the ground to initiate manoeuvers and to change the state or mode of
operation of equipment.
b) Transmitting results of measurements, information concerning satellite operation, the operation of
equipment and verification of the execution of commands to the ground.
c) Enabling measurement of the ground station and satellite distance and possibly the radial velocity in order
to permit location of satellite.

Q6 a : Draw the block diagram and explain operation of GPS transmitter and GPS receiver Diagram-
Solution : 3M
he Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that can be used to locate positions Explanati
and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on earth. The block diagram of GPS is shown on 3M
below

The GPS system consists of three segments:

● Space Segment : The space segment consists of 24 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours , in 6 orbits
at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area. The orbital plane is
inclined at 55degrees with respect to equator. The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on
earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any given time.

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Control Segment: The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and
time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control
Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the
Master Control Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground
antennas.

User Segment: The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of
simultaneous users is limitless. There exists only one-way transmission from satellite to users in GPS
system. Hence, the individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. It is mainly used
to find the accurate location of an object.

OR

Receiving Antenna receives the satellite signals.

• Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
• Down converter converts the frequency of received signal to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• IF Amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• ADC performs the conversion of analog signal, which is obtained from IF amplifier to digital.
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor) generates the C/A code.
• Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and provides the timing signals in order to control the
operation of other digital blocks. It sends the useful information to Display unit in order to display it on the
screen.

Q6 c : Explain working principle of VSAT and state its application Diagra m:

Solution : 2 marks

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 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal Explana
tion: 2
marks
Applicat
ions(any
2 ): 2
marks

OR

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

Examination Paper Analysis and Solution

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde

 Examination Paper Analysis and Solution
VSAT networks are ideal for centralized networks with a central hub/host and a number of geographically
dispersed VSAT terminals as shown in figure below

• The ground segment of a typical VSAT network consists of a high performance hub Earth station and a
large number of low performance terminals referred to as VSATs.
• The space segment comprises GEO satellites acting as communication links between the hub station and
the VSAT terminals.

The VSAT technology offers transmission and reception of data by antennas having small terminals thus the
antenna terminals can be installed at various distributed locations and these form connections with the
central hub via satellite. Basically, the VSAT network allows the data coming from the satellite to get
redirected to various remote terminals over the earth.

It operates in a way that the satellite transponder sends a signal towards the transceiver

Where it receives the signal and the ground station behaves like a hub for the complete network. Through
that hub, the complete network is controlled. The figure below represents the interconnection of various end
users through the ground station via satellite in the form of a star network

Applications of VSAT:( any 2 )

● Banking and financial institutions
● ATM machines
● Railway , Airline ticket reservation
● Distance education
● hotel booking agencies
● large retail stores, Supermarket shops, Chemist shops
● Broadband direct to the home (DTH).
● Corporate networks -Video conferencing
● point – of – sale transactions using debit cards or credit cards
● High speed Internet access
● Cruise ships with internet cafes, commercial shipping communications

Prepared by Prof. Pratik Tawde