AB ELECTRIFICATION AND

CONTROL SYSTEMS

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems

Engineering and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture, Resources and
Environmental Sciences
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
Power Generation and
Distribution Systems
 Definition of Terms
 Centralized Generation – Electricity production on large-scale
power station which are usually remote from electricity consumers
and which requires long distance high voltage transmission
network.
 Distributed Generation – It is a power generation generally
located close to where it is consumed such as supplying electricity
on site or over the fence. They can also export energy into local
grid.
 Embedded Generation – is the term used to
describe the process of generating electricity at
a specific location and then connecting that
supply into the electricity network.
- Smaller-scale generators that are connected
to electricity distribution network.
 Cogeneration – Involves the generation of two
products from a single fuel like heat and power
for drying and for production of electricity,
respectively .
- Typically it is 2 to 3 times more efficient than
major conventional coal fired centralized
power stations.
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is
the simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat, usually
in the form of either hot water or steam, from one primary fuel,
such as natural gas.
Trigeneration , as the name implies, refers to the three energies,
and is defined as the simultaneous production of heat and power,
just like cogeneration, except trigeneration takes further one step
by also producing chilled water for air conditioning. Also known as
CHCP.
 Renewable Generation – Produces no net greenhouse
emissions which includes power generated from non-
hydrocarbon, natural resources such as biomass, hydro,
wind, solar, geothermal energy and wave power.
- As of 2013 the total renewable energy
is 21.7 % of electricity generation
worldwide.
 Peaking – Operating regime in which the
generator operates at its full capacity only for
short period of times of high demand.
The plant is shut down for the remainder of
the time.
 Base Load – Operating regime in which the
generator operates at full capacity at all times.
 Demand – It is usually taken to mean the
electricity requirements of the end consumer.
It also includes the consumption and losses in
the distribution and transmission networks
and in the power stations as well as end user
consumption.
 Electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from suppliers to consumers.
- It consists of generating stations that
produce electrical power, high–voltage
transmission lines that carry power
from distant sources to demand
centers, and distribution lines that
connect individual customers.
 Sources of Energy
 Non-Renewable
Coal – solid fuel usually used for furnace of large
steam generator
Fuel Oil – petroleum products of heavy oil which
requires preheating for burning.
Distillate – lighter fraction of fuel oil having low
viscosity. Usually used for gas turbine or
reciprocating engine.
Jet fuel – it is the lightest fraction of fuel oil having
the lowest viscosity used for driving gas
turbine.
Gas – natural gas and LPG
 Renewable
 Solar
 Wind
 Water
 Biomass
 Different Generating Systems
 Steam Turbines
 Gas Turbines
 Hydro Turbines
 Geothermal
 Solar/Photovoltaics
 Nuclear Energy
 Energy from wind ( can turn a turbine)
- A turbine is a circular device made up of
many blades.
- It is just like a propeller turned by different
kinds of fluids.
 Steam Turbines
 This system converts fossil fuel such as coal, gas or
oil into electric energy.
 The fuel burned in the boiler releases heat, which
boils water and converts it into high-pressure
superheated steam.
 The steam enters the turbine where it expands and
pushes against blades to turn the generator shaft to
create electric current.
 After the steam passes through the turbine,
condensers convert it to water that is returned by
pumps to the boiler to repeat the cycle.
 Combustion gases exit through the stack.
 Fossil fuels are burned into the boiler by spraying in
hot air.
 Gas Turbine
 The fuel such as oil or natural gas is burned into a high-
pressure combustion chamber that produces a hot gas
that directly passes the turbine.
 The turbine spins the generator to produce electricity.
 The turbine also spins a compressor to provide high
pressure air to the combustion chamber.
 Hydro Power
 This uses the energy of moving water to make electricity.
 This system has no effect on the air quality.
 In this system, dams on a river capture its power directing the
fast-flowing water through turbines, turning generators and
producing electricity.
 The head difference between the water level above and below the
turbine, and the rate of flow determine the amount of power
generated.
Hydroelectric-Power Development.
Hydroelectric power is electrical power obtained
from conversion of potential and kinetic energy of
water.
Power is the rate at which energy is produced or utilized .
1 horsepower (hp)= 550 ft-lb per sec
1 kilowatt (kw) = 738 ft-lb per sec
1 hp= 0.746 kw
1kw=1.341 hp
Power obtained from water flow may be computed as follows:
hp= nQwh/550=nQh/8.8
kw= nQwh/738=nQh/11.8
where kw= kilowatts
hp=horsepower
Q= flow rate, cfs
w= unit weight of water=62.4 lb/ft3
h= effective head=total elevation difference
minus line losses due friction & turbulence, in ft.
n= efficiency of turbine and generator
 Geothermal
 It is the source of energy that comes within the earth.
 The basic forms includes dry steam, hot water or wet
steam, hot dry dock, and geo-pressurized system.
 Underground water heated by molten rock can turn into
steam.
 Dry Steam – Operators pipe dry steam from natural
underground reservoir through a conventional steam-
turbine generator to produce electricity.
 Hot Water – The hot rock beneath the
earth surface heats underground water to
temp up to 2,200 F
 Photovoltaics
 Photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts
visible light into direct current (DC) .
-Diode is a specialized electronic component with
two electrodes called the anode and the cathodes.
- Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials
such as silicon, germanium,or selenium.
- The silicon atom that absorbs the sunlight & dislodge
the electron and allow them to move.
 Some PV cells can also convert infrared (IR) or
ultraviolet radiation into DC electricity.
- It converts sunlight to electricity directly without
boilers, turbine, generators, piping and cooling tower,
- To generate one kilowatt of electricity when the sun is
brightest would require about 100 square feet of
photo-voltaic panels.
.Some PV cells can also convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet
radiation into DC electricity.
- It converts sunlight to electricity directly
without boilers, turbine, generators,
piping and cooling tower,
- To generate one kilowatt of electricity
when the sun is brightest would
require about 100 square feet of
photo-voltaic panels.
Photovoltaic cells look similar to solar panels but they work in a different
way. Solar panels are used to produce hot water or even steam.
Photovoltaic panels convert the sunlight directly in to electricity.
Silicon is a material known as a semiconductor as it conducts electricity and
it is the main material for photovoltaic cells. Impurities such as boron or
phosphorus are added to this base material. This impurities create the
environment for electrons to be freed when sunlight hits the photovoltaic
panel. The freeing of electrons leads to the production of electricity.
 Nuclear
 In this system the steam is created by a nuclear reactor to spin
the turbine and then drive the electric generator.
 The nuclear reactor takes place of the combustion of the boiler.
 The heat that produces the steam comes from the energy release
during fissioning of uranium fuel.
 A controlled nuclear chain reaction takes place in the reactor as
neutrons from one splitting atom strike other atoms causing them
to split and release heat energy.
In nuclear energy, this is produced through;
(a)Nuclear fusion, or splitting of the nucleus of an atom of a
certain element;
(b) nuclear fusion, or coalescence of two colliding nuclei of
certain elements.
Each of these two processes produces a tremendous
amount of energy which can be used to heat water. The
water turns into steam through the boiler, which in turn,
turns a turbine.
 Electrical Energy Transmission and
Distribution
- Electrical energy transmission begins when the 13,000-
volt output of a power plant generator is raised to either
230,000 volts, 115,000 volts , or 69,000 volts before
leaving the power station.
-The electrical energy is then carried by transmission lines
over the long distances to the first substation. Here the
voltage is reduced to 34,000 volts in the case of 69,000-
volt transmitting voltage.
- .
- From there the electrical energy is
distributed to substations in the locality. At
the second substation, the voltage is
further reduced to 4,160 volts.
- The electrical energy is then transmitted
through primary distribution feeders to
distribution transformers. These
transformers, which are found on electric
poles, finally bring down the voltage to 240
volts .
 The electrical energy is then passed on to the secondary
lines . The electrical energy is carried from secondary
lines by the service wires to the consumer’s circuits .
- For example, a household circuit, is connected to the
service wire through a wattmeter located in a conspicuous
area . The wattmeter measures the amount of energy
consumed in every home.
 Distribution Systems
 Substation – It is similar to switchyard but
is usually associated with lower voltage
distribution lines. Most of the equipment is
enclosed with a building.
Small Sub Station
 Switchyard – It is fenced area containing electrical
equipment used to control the transfer of power from one
set of power lines to another set of power lines. It is
usually associated with high voltage but also used in
association with lower voltage distribution lines.
 Transmission – Electrical cabling system which
transfer large amount of power, usually over
long distances. Transmission systems are
usually operated at extra high voltage (eg 132
kV, 275 kV, and 330 kV)
 Network Losses – Amount of energy lost when
electricity flows in the power lines of a
transmission and/or distribution network. The
electrical resistance of the power lines is the
main contributor to this losses.
Transmission Line
Transmission Line entering the substation and
passing through the switch tower
 Distribution - electrical cabling system which transfer
power usually over long distances, to the consumers.
They are operated at medium to low voltages (eg 110 kV,
66 kV, 33 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV, and 415 kV
Distribution Lines
Thank you very much and
God bless!!!