LAN 1220

REFERENCING STYLES

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) REFERENCING

STYLE

Guidance below is cited from: Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2016). Cite them
right: the essential referencing guide, (10th ed.) Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.

INTEXT CITATION

1. The APA style of referencing requires you to follow the author-date

method of in-text citation.
Example:
Research into CBT (Kirwan, 2013) found that...

2. Use of and/&

Use 'and' if referring to more than one author in the text, but '&' if
citing them within rounded brackets.
Example:
Brackbill, Stellman, Perlman, Walker and Farfel (2013)...
New research (Peterson, Slaughter, Moore & Wellman, 2016) has
found...

3. Direct quotations

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 If you have used a direct quotation, you also need to include the page
number(s). You only need to use the author's forename initials if
there is more than one author of the same name.
Example:
"quality adult support works in practice to create the conditions for
children to flourish" (Hooper, 2012, p. 22)...
4. Works with more than one author
The number of authors there are for any given piece of work
determines how the authors' names are formatted for in-text
citations. The following rules apply:
 1-2 authors: list both authors in every citation, for example:
Kirwan and Power (2013)...

 2-5 authors: list all authors in the first citation, for example:
Brackbill, Stellman, Perlman, Walker and Farfel (2013)...

For every subsequent citation, use the name of the first author
followed by et al.
For example:
Brackbill et al., 2013...

 6+ authors: If there are six or more authors, use the name of the first
author that's listed followed by et al. for the in-text citation. Note that
et al. is not italicized. For example:
underlying mechanisms (Reis et al., 2010)...

5. More than one reference by an author in the same year

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year
they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case
letter.
Example:

2
 ...outlined by Smith (2009a, p.45) and developed further in his report
(2009b, p.23)

6. Unknown Author (s)

If the author's name is unknown, you should give the title of the
article, book or webpage.
Example:
...(British Psychological Association, 2012)

7. Referring to works quoted within other works

You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but
which has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work.
Use: [author's surname], [year], cited in [author's surname], [year],
[p. X]
Example:
...(Jones, 2014, cited in Roberts, 2015, p. 17)...

*Note: only include references where you read the original work in
the list of references at the end of your work; you cannot include
details about original studies if you have not read them.

CREATING YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCE

 arrange references in alphabetical order by author's surname.

 apply an indent measuring a half an inch (known as a "hanging
indent") to the second and subsequent lines of a listed reference, but
never the first line. Please be aware that this instruction has not been
reflected in the examples in this section, as this website does not
allow for it.

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  use the reference title instead where there is no author or author is
unknown.
 use the URL instead for references with neither author nor title -
such as web page references.

Follow these conventions:

 place year of publication in round brackets followed by a full stop.

 italicise titles of sources and volume numbers of journal articles, but
not issue or page numbers.
 do not enclose titles of articles within journals, or chapters within
books, in quotation marks.
 capitalise book titles, the first letter of the first word of a subtitle, and
any proper nouns.
 capitalise each major word of a journal title.
 give the place of publication, followed by the publisher. If it is an
American city, give the city name followed by the two-digit
abbreviation of the state. If it is a non-US city, give the city name
followed by the country name.
 list page numbers for book chapters immediately after the title of the
book in round brackets and before publication details.
 indicate internet sources by Retrieved from URL, or doi. Note that
APA style does not include a retrieval date for online sources.
 APA also states that it is not necessary to include the name of the
database when referencing online journals or ebook collections.
 APA referencing style discourages the use of footnotes. However, you
can use them to add additional information by using a superscript
number for the footnote.

BOOKS
Citation order and format

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Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. ( ed.) Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example:
Lopez, S.J. & Snyder, C.R. (2011). Oxford handbook of positive
psychology. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moneta, G.B. (2013). Positive psychology: A critical introduction.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

CHAPTER/SECTION OF EDITED BOOKS

Citation order and format

Author of the chapter/section- Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title

of chapter/ section. In Name of editor of book (Ed.) Title of book (pp. X)
Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Pike, G. & Brace, N. (2012). Recognition. In Braisby, N. & Gellatly, A.
(Ed.) Cognitive psychology (pp. 100-133). Oxford University Press.

NB. In the example above, the publisher is a university, and the name of
the place of publication is included in the name of the university - so you
don't need to repeat the name as the location.

E-BOOKS
Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. (ed.) Retrieved from:

URL or doi
Example:
Lindesmith, A.R., Strauss, A.L. & Denzin, N.K. (1999). Social
psychology. (8th ed.) Retrieved
from:http://suss.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1195922

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JOURNAL ARTICLES
Printed journals
Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of

Journal, Volume number(Issue), page numbers
Example:
Chen, Z., Mo, L. & Honomichl, R. (2004). Having the memory of an
elephant: Long-term retrieval and the use of analogues in problem
solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 133(3), 415-433.
eJournals
Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of

Journal, Volume number (Issue), page numbers. Retrieved from URL or doi:
Example:
Knettel, B.A. (2016). Exploring diverse mental illness attributions in a
multinational sample: A mixed-methods survey of scholars in
international psychology. International Perspectives in Psychology:
Research, Practice, Consultation, 5(2), 128-140. Doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000048

ORGANISATION AND PERSONAL INTERNET SITES

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year the site was published/last updated). Title of
internet site. DOI: or Retrieved from: url
Example:

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 British Psychological Society (2012). How can psychology help you.
Retrieved from: http://www.bps.org.uk/psychology-public/how-can-
psychology-help-you/how-can-psychology-help-you
Note: For web pages where no author can be identified, you should use the
web page title. If there is no title either, use the URL.

FILM
Film

Citation order and format

Director Surname, Initial. (Director), & Producers' Surnames, Initials.
(Producers).(Year of distribution). Title of film [Medium]. Place of
distribution: Distribution company.
Example:
Jackson, P. (Director), & Woodhouse, A. (Producers). (2015). The Stranger
Calls [DVD]. London: HBO.

TELEVISION
Television

Citation order and format

Writer Surname, Initials. (Writer), Director Surname, Initials. (Director).
(Year, Month Day of broadcast/copyright). Title of episode [Television series
episode]. In Producer Initials. Surname (Producer). Series title. Place of
broadcast: Broadcaster.
Example
Robert, G. & Woods, S. (Writers) & Murphy, E. (Director). (2017,
September 20). The caretakers [Television series episode]. In N. Wilson
(Producer). Doctor Who. London: BBC.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION

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Citation order and format

Name of government department. (Year of publication). Title (Report series

and number). Retrieved from: URL
Example: Department for Engery & Climate Change. (2015). Community
Energy Strategy (URN 3432d/10) Retreived from:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/community-energystrategy

REPORTS (BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY)

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of report. Retrieved

from: URL or doi
Example:
Windsor, L. (2010). The 4th annual report on climate change. Retrieved
from: DOI:10.354365.340/sag
corporate author - Publisher. (Year of publication). Title of report. Place
of publication: author.
Example:
International Labour Organization. (2014). Equality at work: Tackling new
challenges. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Articles from print newspapers
Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year Month Day of publication) Title of article.

Full title of newspaper, p. X.
Example:

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 Old, D. (2008, November 10) House price gloom. Evening Chronicle,
26 pp. 25-30.

PODCAST
Citation order and format

Producer surname, initials. (Producer). (Year of publication, date

month). Title of podcast [Podcast]. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Verity, A. (Producer). (2016, 4 September). Retail sales figures [Podcast].
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/money

TWEET
Citation order and format

Author – Surname, Initials and/or [Screen name]. (Year, month day). Title of
tweet [Tweet]. Retrieved from URL
Examples:
The British Library. [britishlibrary]. (2020, March 5). Isn't every day
#WorldBookDay? Or is that just us...? [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/britishlibrary/status/1235492763724111873?s=20

Gaiman, N. [neilhimself]. (2020, March 25). You have my blanket

permission for any of my stories Levar. [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/neilhimself/status/1242631908598611968?s=20
Provide the authors screen name in square brackets. You don't need to use
brackets if only the screen name is known.

N.B. Titles of tweets, status updates or photographs are not italicised. Stand
alone items like videos and photo albums are italicised.

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10
 HARVARD REFERENCING STYLE
The Harvard referencing style guidance below has been cited from: Pears,
R. & Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide,
10th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

INTEXT CITATION
Page numbers

The Harvard style of referencing requires you to include the name of the
author(s) and the year of publication within the text.

Direct quotations/paraphrased sentences

If you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of text,

you also need to include the page number(s).

Summarising a large proportion of a text

If you are summarising a large section of the book you do not need to
include page numbers. Additionally, you do not need to pinpoint the
specific minute(s) if you are citing a film. However, if it helps your
argument to have a sense of when a certain event or scene takes place in
the film, do include this information earlier on in the sentence of your in-
text citation.

Placement of references for in-text citations

References, whenever possible, should be placed at the end of a sentence

(before the concluding punctuation).

Example:
...as one writer put it 'the darkest days were still ahead' (Weston, 1988, p.
45).

Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text,

followed immediately by the year of publication in brackets.

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Example:
Scholtz (1990, p. 564) has argued that...

Goddard and Barrett (2007) suggested...

4+ authors: list the first author's name followed by et al in italics,

e.g.
...as the report suggested (Edwards et al. 2004).

More than one reference by an author in the same year

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are
generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter.

Example:
...outlined by Smith (2009a, p. 45) and developed further in his report
(2009b, p. 23).

Unknown Author(s)

If the author's name is unknown, you should list the title of the article, book
or webpage in italics.

Example:
...the worst election loss in the party's history (The Age, 1968, p. 2).

Referring to works quoted within other works

You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which
has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work. Use the
format: Author's Surname, year, cited in Author's Surname, year, p. X.

Example:

12
There was further evidence to support researchers' views on genetic
abnormalities in crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).

If you are citing an author whose work you haven’t read directly, but is
referenced in a chapter of an edited book, where the chapter authors
are different to the book’s authors, the format is the same as the
example above. For your reference list, see the chapters/sections in an
edited book section.

Only include references where you read the original work, in the list of
references at the end of your work; you cannot include details about
original studies if you have not read them.

CREATING YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE LIST

The bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have used. The
following rules should be followed when putting together your Harvard
bibliography:

 references are arranged in alphabetical order by author's

 where there is no author or author is unknown, the title of the
resource is used instead
 only the first letter of the first word of a title is capitalised; second
and subsequent words' first letters are not capitalised
 titles of books are in italics<
 only include edition numbers if the edition is not the first or revised
edition
 If you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of
text, you also need to include the page number(s).

Sample bibliography

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Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the
headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at:
www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-
cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the

effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com
(Accessed: 10 March 2012).

Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June.

Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April
2010).

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books, pp.
83-95.

JOURNAL ARTICLE (PRINT)

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number), pp. [page range].
Example:

Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of

Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48.

JOURNAL ARTICLE (ONLINE)

Citation order and format

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Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number), p. (if available). doi: doi number (if
one is available).
Example:

Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of

Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48. doi:10.1080/02619761003602246.

Online articles with no doi number

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number), p. (if available). Available at:
website address (Accessed: day month year).
Example:

Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of

Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48. Available at:
https://taylorandfrancisonline.com/154365476121 (Accessed: 23 April
2018).

BOOK

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Book title. Place of
publication: publisher.
Example:

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books.

Direct quotations/pharaphrased sentences: if you have used a direct

quotation or paraphrase a short section of text, you also need to include the
page number(s).

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 TRANSLATED WORKS

Citation order and format

Author/editor Surname, Initials. (Year of translated publication) Book title.

Translated by First Name Surname. Place of publication: publisher, pp.

Example:

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. Translated by David

Matthews. London: collins books, pp. 83-95.

COLLECTED WORKS

When you want to quote an essay within a collection of published works,

use the format below:

Citation order and format

Author of the essay - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Essay title’
followed by the book's author / editor surname, first name. Title of
collected works. Place of publication: Publisher, pp.
Example:

Allen, C. (2001) 'Feminism in Jane Austen', in Smith, T. Jane Austen: a

collection of essays. East Sussex: Sussex University Press, pp. 75-80.

CHAPTER/SECTION IN AN EDITED BOOK

When you want to quote a chapter or section of text within an edited book,
use the format below:

Citation order and format

Author of the section / chapter - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication)
‘Chapter title’ followed by the book's author / editor surname, first name.
(ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, pp.
Example:

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Smith, C. (2006) 'Feminism in Jane Eyre', in Brennan, Z. (ed.) Brontë's Jane
Eyre a reader's guide. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, pp. 12-
16.

E-BOOK

When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and
pagination, you should reference as a printed book.

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Ebook title. Ebook
collection [Online]. Available at: URL (Downloaded: date month year).
Example:

Corrie, M. (2009) A concise companion to Middle English literature.

NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Downloaded:
21 June 2011).

Ebook reader
Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Ebook title. Downloaded

Website Name [ebook reader]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month
year).
Example:

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhikker's guide to the galaxy. Ebooks.com [ebook

reader]. Available at: http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?
IID=161294 (Accessed: 29 January 2010).

WEBSITE

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Citation order and format
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year that the site was published/last
updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date Month year).
Example:

Woodward, E. (2017) Deliciously Ella. Available at:

https://deliciouslyella.com/ (Accessed: 20 March 2017).

Do not include the website's URL in your in-text citation, unless this is the
only piece of information you have. Use the author, date format.

FILM/TELEVISION/YOUTUBE/IPLAYER

Film
Citation order and format

Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [Feature

Film.] Place of distribution: Distribution company.
Example:

Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Wells [Feature Film]. USA: Republic

Pictures.

Films on DVD
Citation order and format

Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [DVD or

Blue-ray, catalogue number]. Place of distribution: Distribution company.
Example:

The English patient (1996) Directed by Anthony Minghella [DVD, 657475].

USA: Buena Vista Home Video.

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Television
Citation order and format

Title of programme (Year of broadcast) Name of channel, Date of Broadcast

- day month, time of transmission.
Example:

The Nuclear Age (2009) ITV Television, 16 June, 21:30.

iPlayers or Broadcast box episodes

Citation order and format

'Title of episode' (Year of broadcast) Title of series/season, Date of

broadcast. Channel Name. Available at: iPlayer name (Accessed: date
month year).
Example:

'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, 6 March. BBC
Two. Available at: BBC iPlayer (Accessed: 15 October 2011).

YouTube
Citation order and format

Name of person posting video (Year video posted) Title of video.Available

at: url (Accessed: date month year)
Example:

Shakespeareanimated (2008) BBC Shakespeare Animated Tales - A

Midsummer Night's Dream - Part 2. Available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr1gk9nwTYY (Accessed: 12 May 2011).

Netflix
Citation order and format

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'Title of episode' (Year of broadcast) Title of series/season, Series number,
episode number, Channel. Available at: Netflix url (Accessed: date month
year).
Example:

'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, Series 1,

episode 4. Netflix. Available at: http://www.netflix.com/gb/title/80025678
(Accessed 15 October 2011).

ADVERTISEMENTS

Television
Citation order and format

Company advertising (Year) Title [Medium and channel on which

advertisement appeared]. Date and Month viewed.

Example:

British Telecom (2008) Office relocation gremlins [Advertisement on ITV1

Television]. 23 June.

Newspaper
Citation order and format

Name of newspaper (Year) ‘Title’ [Advertisement]. Date Month, p.

Example:

The Guardian (2007) 'WOMAD festival' [Advertisement]. 14 April, p. 12.

Internet
Citation order and format

Company advertising (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Available at: URL

(Accessed: date month (abbreviated) year).

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Example:

Lloyds TSB Bank plc (2008) Selling your house? [Advertisement]. Available
at: http://www.hotmail.com (Accessed: 13 February 2010).

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT

Citation order and format

Government department name (year of publication) Title. Place of
publication: Publisher. (series if applicable) or doi or Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
Example:

Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on

archives. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm. 4516).

Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on

archives. London: The Stationery Office. Available at:
https://www.gov.co.uk/dangerousdogsreport2019 (Accessed: 12 June 2019).

Many UK government publications may be accessed via https://www.gov.uk

but you should use the specific author or department as the author, if given.

If you are referencing government publications from more than one country,
include the country of origin (in round brackets) after the department name.

REPORTS BY ORGANISATIONS/INDIVIDUALS

Citation order and format - printed report

Author/Organisation name. (Year of publication) Full title of report. Place of
publication: Publisher.

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Example: print report

Bentley. (2006) The power of mass media in advertising. New York: Bentley.

Citation order and format - e-report/online report

Author/Organisation name. (Year of publication) Full title of report. Place of
publication: Publisher. doi number or Available at: URL (Accessed: day
month year).
Example: online report

European Commission (2018) European outbreak of Zika 2018. Luxemburg:

Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Available at:
www.reutersresearch.ie/zikareport2018 (Accessed: 10 Mar 2018).

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Articles from print newspapers

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of

newspaper, (Edition, - if required) day month p. X.
Example:

Old, D. (2008) 'House price gloom', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26

June, p. 25.

Articles from online newspapers

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of

newspaper, Available at: url (Accessed: date month year).
Example:

22
Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the
headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at:
www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-
cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

Unknown author for a newspaper article

Citation order and format

Full title of newspaper, (Year of publication), ‘Title of article’, day month, p.

X
Example:

The Guardian, (2012), 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the
headlines and made art', 8 March, p. 12.

Capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except conjunctions

LECTURE NOTES

Citation order and format

Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of item’ module code:
module title. Available at: URL or VLE (Accessed: date month year).
Example:

Smith, I. (2017) 'Week 1: assignment prep.' PSY1001:Psychological

Development of Children. Available at:
http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 February 2017).

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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Citation order and format

Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of presentation’
[Powerpoint] module code: module title. Available at: URL or VLE
(Accessed: date month year).
Example:

Smith, I. (2017) 'Piaget's theory of cognitive learning'

[PowerPoint] PSY1001:Psychological Development of Children. Available at:
http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 February 2017).

BLOG POST

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year blog site was published or last updated)
‘Title of post’, Title of blog site, Day and month of post. Available at: URL
(Accessed: date month year).
Example:

Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June.

Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April
2010).

PAINTING

Citation order and format

Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of
collection, city.
Example:

24
Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. San Francisco
Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

If accessed online
Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of
collection, city. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year).
Example:

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. Available at:
http://www.artstor.org (Accessed 14 May 2011).

PODCAST

Citation order and format

Author/Presenter. (Year site was published or last updated) Title of
Podcast [Podcast]. Day and month of podcast airing. Available at: URL
(Accessed: date month year).
Example:

Verity, A et al. (2012) Retail Sales Figures. [Podcast]. 4 June. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/retailsalesfigures (Accessed: 11 April 2019).

RADIO PROGRAMMES

Citation order and format

Title of Programme (year of airing) Name of channel, Date of airing, time of
airing.
Example:

Woman's Hour (2019) BBC Radio 4, 28 June, 10:00.

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Online radio programmes
Title of Programme (year of airing) Name of channel, Date and time of
original airing (if possible). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Example:

Woman's Hour (2019) BBC Radio 4, 28 June, 10:00. Available at:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/play/b0bbp9q9 (Accessed: 8 August 2019).

GRAPHS AND SCIENTIFIC DATA BASE

Graph
Citation order and format

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,

Page number or figure number for graph, graph.
Example:

Verity, A et al. (2012) Retail Sales Figures. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, p.42, graph.

Scientific datasets
Citation order and format if online

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of data'. Available at: URL

(Accessed: date).

Example:

Verity, A et al. (2012) 'HEQ level holdings'. Available at:

http://physics.nist.gov/a543d3 (Accessed: 2 August 2019).

TWEET

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Citation order and format
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year) ‘Title of tweet’ Twitter, Date of post.
Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).
Example:

National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the

effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com
(Accessed: 10 March 2012).

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESOURCES

United Nations Resolutions

Citation order and format

Organisation (year of publication) Title. Resolution number. DOI or

Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

General Assembly (reference number A/RES)

As discussed in the report on Atomic Energy (United Nations General

Assembly, 2019)…
United Nations General Assembly (2019) Report of the International Atomic
Energy Agency. Resolution A/RES/74/8. Available at:
https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/74/8 (Accessed: 25 November 2019).
Security Council (reference number S/RES)

The resolution to ensure compliance (United Nations Security Council,

2019)…
United Nations Security Council (2019) The situation in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Resolution S/RES/2496. Available at:
http://undocs.org/S/RES/2496(2019) (Accessed: 25 November 2019).

International treaties, conventions and accords

27
Citation order and format

Title of treaty (year of publication) Treaty number. Publication title.

Volume and page numbers. If accessed online DOI or Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
Example:

Convention to prevent and punish the acts of terrorism taking the form of
crimes against persons and related extortion that are of international
significance. (1973) Treaty no. 24381. United Nations Treaty Series, 1438,
p. 191. Available at: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?
objid=08000002800d031f (Accessed: 25 November 2019).

You will be able to find details of treaties in the United Nations Treaty
Series.

EU directives, decisions and regulations

Citation order and format

‘Legislation type Number and title’ (year of publication) Official journal

series, issue, page numbers. If accessed online DOI or Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
Example:

‘Directive 2001/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28

May 2001 on the admission of securities to official stock exchange listing
and on information to be published on those securities' (2001) Official
Journal L184, pp. 1–66. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/34/oj
‘Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 14 March 2012 on short selling and certain aspects of credit

28
default swaps Text with EEA relevance’ (2012) Official Journal L86, pp. 1–
24. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/236/oj
See EUR-Lex for EU law and Official Journal. EU Official Publications Guide
here.

Judgements of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and General

Court (GC)
Citation order and format

‘Name of Case’ (year of publication) Case number; European Case Law

Identifier. Publication title, Section, Pages numbers.
Example:

‘Commission of the European Communities v Salzgitter AG’ (2008) C-

408/04P; ECLI:EU:C:2008:236. European Court Reports, I, 02767.

ONLINE PHOTOGRAPHS

Citation order and format

Photographer Surname, Initials. (Year of publication if known) Title of
photograph (if there is no title, briefly describe). Available at: website
address (Accessed: day month year).
Example:

Kiser, K. (no date) Photograph of car. Available at:

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/skillshub/?id=371 (Accessed: 10 April 2020).

ONLINE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Citation order and format

29
Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of paper’, Title of
conference, location and date of conference. Available at: website address
(Accessed: day month year).
Example:

Shi, J. (2013) ‘Developing research presentation skills for international

conferences’, Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on
Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Luoyang, China, 25-27 September. doi:
10.1109/ICAMechS.2013.6681817.

If there is a doi, this can used to replace the final two Available at/Accessed
elements (as example above).

30
 MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)
REFERENCING STYLE

INTEXT CITATION

Generally, when using the MLA style an in-text citation requires only the
name of the author(s) and the page number (with no punctuation between
the two items).
Placement of citation:
Whenever possible, place citation at the end of a sentence (before the
concluding punctuation).
Example:
...as one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston 45).
Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text,
followed immediately by page number(s) in brackets.
Example:
Scholtz (564) has argued that...
Works with more than four authors:
If you need to reference a work written by four or more authors, write the
first author's name followed by et al.
Example:
Edwards, L. et al (76) reports...
Unknown author:
If the author's name is unknown you should give a shortened title of the
article, book or webpage.
Example:
the worst election loss in the party's history (The Age 2)...
Referring to works quoted within other works:
You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which
has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work.

31
Example:
The work of Oliver (see Kogut 33) is very interesting
*Note: only include original work references that you read in the list of
references at the end of your work; you cannot include details about
original studies if you have not read them.

LIST OF WORKS CITED

MLA referencing style requires you to list "works cited" in alphabetical

order at the end of your work; this is your reference list. References listed
in your "List of Works Cited" that contain two or more lines should be
indented by half an inch (1.3cm).
Omit sources that are not directly cited in your text, and instead list them
in the form of a footnote or endnote. You must use superscript numbers for
footnotes.

BOOKS

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. Title of book. ed.* Place of publication:

Publisher, year of publication. Medium.
*only include if not the first edition
Example:
Gombrich, E. H. The Story of Art. 13th ed. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.
Print.
Edited book

Citation order and format

Author of the chapter/section- Surname, Forename. “Title of chapter/
section.” Title of book. editor(s) name(s) ed(s). Place of publication:
Publisher, year of publication, page numbers. [Medium.]
Example:

32
 Kwint, Marius, Christopher Breward, and Jeremy Aynsley, eds.
Material Memories. Oxford: Berg, 1999, 27-52. Print.

More than 3 authors

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename et al. Title of book. ed.* Place of publication:
Publisher, year of publication. Medium.
*only include if not the first edition
Example:
Gibbons, Michael, et al. The New Production of Knowledge: The
Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies.
London: Sage, 1994. Print.

Unknown author

Citation order and format

Title of book. ed.* Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication.
Medium.
*only include if not the first edition
Example:
Encyclopedia of Paper-Folding Designs. Tokyo: P.I.E., 2001. Print.

Scholarly edition (e.g. a classic edited by someone other than the

author)

Example:

33
 Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. Ed. Barbara Hardy. Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1967. Print.
Translation

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. Title of book. Trans. Translators forename
surname. Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication. Medium.
Example:
Barthes, Roland. The Fashion System. Trans. Matthew Ward and
Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983. Print.

CHAPTER IN BOOK

Citation order and format

Author of the chapter/section- Surname, Forename. “Title of chapter/

section.” Title of book. Name of editor of book - preceded by Ed. Place of
Publication: Publisher, year of publication, page numbers. Medium.
Example:
Frank, Barbara E. "Ceramics as Testaments of the Past: Field
Research and Making Objects Speak." Museums in the Material
World. Ed. Simon Knell. London: Routledge, 2007. 60-64. Print.

E-BOOK

When referencing e-books, include all the details as for a print book. You
also need to include the name of the platform (MyiLibrary, Project
Gutenberg, Google Books, etc) and the date you accessed the e-book.
Citation order and format

34
Author Surname, Forename. Title of book. ed* Place of publication:
Publisher, year of publication. Name of database or collection. Web. Date
month (abbreviated) year.
Example:
Lapsley, Robert and Michael Westlake. Film Theory: An Introduction.
2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2006. MyiLibrary. Web. 12 Feb.
2012.
*only include if not the first edition
If you have used an e-book reader such as a Kindle, put "Kindle file" in your
reference in place of "Web". If the place of publication has not been given,
you can omit it from your reference. You do not need to include the
accessed date.
Example:
Duncan, Carol. Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums.
Routledge-Taylor and Francis, 2005. Kindle file.
*Note: If the e-book is divided into stable numbered sections/chapters, the
section/chapter number can be used in the citation. For example: ......
(Duncan, ch. 2).

JOURNALS

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. “Title of article.” Title of journal. volume

number. issue number (year of publication): page numbers. [Medium.]
Example:

35
 Klepp, Ingun Grimstad. "Slimming Lines." Fashion Theory: The Journal
of Dress, Body & Culture. 15.4 (2011): 451-80. Print.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. “Title of article.” Title of magazine. volume

number and issue number. Date, month (abbreviated) year of publication:
page numbers [Medium.] Add a date if accessed online.
Example:
Blackburn, Simon. "You are not helpful!" London Review of Books 29
Jan. 2009: 17-18. [Print].
*Note: For a weekly or biweekly magazine, include the day but leave out
the volume and issue number. For online magazines, use the same format
above, but add an access date to the end of the reference.

ARTICLES IN ONLINE COLLECTIONS

If you have accessed the journal article using an online source such as
JSTOR or from a publisher's site such as Sage, you need to include this in
your reference. You also need to include "Web" and the accessed date.
Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. “Title of article." Title of journal volume

number. issue number (year of publication): page numbers. Name of the
collection. Web. date month (abbreviated), year accessed.
Example:
Byrde, Margaretta. "Jane Austen." The Sewanee Review, 32.3(1924):
280-94. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2017.
WEB PAGE

36
Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. Title of web page, year that the site was
published/last updated. Web. Date month (abbreviated) year accessed. URL
Example:
Jane, Lady. Jane Austin's Fiction Manuscripts, 2012. Web. 14 Mar.
2012.
http://www.janeausten.ac.uk/manuscripts/lady_susan/Front_(left)_boar
d.html

TELEVISION/FILM/YOUTUBE

Film

Citation order and format

Title of film. Dir. Forename, Surname. Perf. Names of principal performers
Forename, Surname. Distributor, Year of release. Film.
Example:
Macbeth. Dir. Orson Wells. Perf. Orson Welles. Republic Pictures,
1948. Film.
Films on DVD

Citation order and format

Title of film. Dir. Forename, Surname. Perf. Names of principal performers
Forename, Surname. Distributor, Year of release. DVD.
Example:
The English Patient. Dir. Anthony Minghella. Perf. Ralph Fiennes.
Buena Vista Home Video, 1996. DVD.
Television

Citation order and format

37
“Title of episode.” Title of programme. Broadcaster or network. Date.
abbreviated month. year of publication. Television.
Example:
"Wind Turbines." The Nuclear Age. ITV, 16. June. 2009. Television.
iPlayer or Broadcast Box

Citation order and format

“Title of episode.” Title of programme. Broadcaster or network. Date.
abbreviated month. year of publication. Box of Broadcasts. date.
abbreviated month. year accessed.
Example:
"Time & Entropy." Wonders of the Universe: Destiny. BBC2. 6. March.
2011. Box of Broadcasts. Web. 15 Oct. 2011.
YouTube

Citation order and format

Name of person posting video. Title of video. Name of Website. [YouTube]
date. abbreviated month. Year. video was posted. Web. date. abbreviated
month. year accessed.
Example:
Shakespeare animated. BBC Shakespeare Animated Tales: A
Midsummer Night's Dream, Part 2. 2008. YouTube. Web. 12 May
2011.

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT

Citation order and format

Country or state. Corporate author. Title. Place of publication: Publisher,

year of publication. Print.
Example:
Great Britain. Home Office. Criminal Statistics, England and Wales
2001. London: HMSO, 2002. Print.

38
NEWSPAPERS

Print newspaper article

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. “Article Title." Newspaper title [City] date

month year printed: issue number. Print.
Example:
Godfrey, Miles. "Global Warming Blamed as Venomous Spider Nibbles
Shocked Window Cleaner." Argus [Brighton] 9 July 2008: 4. Print.
*Note: always omit the "The" in newspaper titles/names, e.g. "The Argus"
becomes "Argus".

ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Forename. “Article title.” Newspaper title. date printed in

the following format: date month (abbreviated) year: issue number. Web.
date accessed in the following format: day month (abbreviated) year.
Example:
Brown, Mark. "Read All About It: How Gilbert & George Stole the
Headlines and Made Art." Guardian, 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 Mar. 2012.
TWEET

Citation order and format

Author – Surname, forename if known (Screen name). “Entire tweet” Day

month. Year, time of posting. Medium
Example:
Gaiman, N (neilhimself). "You have my blanket permission for any of
my stories Levar." 25 Mar. 2020, 1:58 a.m. Tweet.

39
40
Other referencing styles include:

1. Chicago style
2. Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) style
3. Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) style
4. Numeric style
5. Vancouver style
6. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) style

INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE IS ADAPTED FROM

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/skillshub/index.php?id=1

Lecture delivered by Miss P. Chikuta

University of Zambia
Department of Literature and Languages

41