iN T CN BN

NGUN iN
Ngun in mt chiu(DC) Ngun in xoay chiu(AC)

NGUN iN MT CHIU
A. Khi nim c bn v dng in B. Dng in & in p mt chiu
C. Mt s nh lut c bn

Khi nim c bn v dng in

Cc vt cht u c cu to t cc nguyn t v mi nguyn t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton v cc ht trung ho in gi l Neutron. Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn .

Tip theo..
Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho v in ngha l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron bn ngoi nhng khi c tc nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca t trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi qu o tr thnh cc in t t do. Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng b thiu in t v tr thnh ion dng v ngc li khi mt nguyn t nhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m.

2 . Bn cht dng in v chiu dng in .

Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nh in t , ion. Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t - i t m sang dng )

3. Tc dng ca dng in :

TiP THEO
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau : - Chy t tri sang phi(ngun E1, cng tc K1) - Chy t phi sang tri(ngun E2, cng tc K2)

3.Mt s nh lut c bn nh lut nt dng in:

Tng dng in i vo mt nt s bng tng dng in di r khi nt

Tip theo
1. nh lut m Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in tr ca on mch . Cng thc : I = U / R trong I l cng dng in,tnh bng Ampe (A) U l in p hai u on mch,tnh bng Vol (V) R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng ohm

Tip theo

Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3 Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2, U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th I1 = I2 = I3 St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .

Tip theo
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng dng in chnh bng tng cc dng in i qua cc in tr v st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

V D

Tip theo
Mch trn c U1 = U2 = U3 = E I = I1 + I2 + I3 v U1 = I1 x R1 = I2 x R2 = I3 x R3 Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr . 3. in nng v cng Sut : * in nng. Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng c quay nh vy dng in sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W, trong thc t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi)

Tip theo
Cng thc tnh in nng l : W=UxIxt Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J) U l in p tnh bng Vol (V) I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A) t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)

Tip theo
Cng Sut . Cng Sut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng Sut c tnh bi cng thc P = W / t = (U. I .t ) / t = U .I Theo nh lut m(ohm) ta c P = U.I = U2 / R = R.I2

NGUN XOAY CHIU

Dng in xoay chiu

Dng xoay chiu qua R, C, L

Dng in xoay chiu

1. Dng in xoay chiu : Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i theo thi gian, nhng thay i ny thng tun hon theo mt chu k nht nh. V(t) = V0 sin(t + ) .V0 Bin (in p nh) vn tc gc(2*pi*f;f tn s), t thi gian , pha ban u

Hnh sin, xung vung v xung nhn.

Tip theo
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu. Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c , chu k c tnh bng giy (s) Tn s in xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F n v l Hz F=1/T Pha ca dng in xoay chiu : Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2 dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s . * Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi im in p cng tng v cng gim nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : 180

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha

GA TR CA BIN
Bin ca dng in xoay chiu Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi tr in p nh ca dng in.xoay chiu, bin ny thng cao hn in p m ta o c t cc ng h Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu Thng l gi tr o c t cc ng h v cng l gi tr in p c ghi trn zc cm ngun ca cc thit b in t., V d ngun 220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr hiu dng, thc t bin nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong 300

Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu

Cng sut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v lch pha gia hai i lng trn , cng xut c tnh bi cng thc : P = U.I.cos Trong U : l in p I l dng in l gc lch pha gia U v I => Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I l = 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I => Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc t in th lch pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90, khi cos = 0 v P = 0 ( cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua t in hoc cun dy l = 0 )

iN TR V T iN
in tr - cch c tr s. Thc hnh c tr s in tr Cng sut in tr - Bin tr Tr ni tip, song song - ng dng ca R T IN - Cu to & in dung Cch c tr s - ngha in p Phn loi t in T song song, ni tip - ng dng ca t.

1. Khi nim v in tr.

- in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in in tr ca dy dn : in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau: R = .L / S Trong l in tr sut ph thuc vo cht liu L l chiu di dy dn S l tit din dy dn R l in tr n v l Ohm

TIP THEO
Hnh dng v k hiu : Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.

TiP THEO..
n v ca in tr n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M 1K = 1000 1M = 1000 K = 1000.000

in t cn bn

Mng my tnh v Internet - 2009

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Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu

Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu

Thc hnh c tr s in tr

Cng sut in tr - Bin tr

Phn loi in tr. - in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng sut nh t 0,125W n 0,5W - in tr cng sut : L cc in tr c cng sut ln hn t 1W, 2W, 5W, 10W.

Cc in tr : 2W - 1W - 0,5W - 0,25W

Bin tr
Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu l VR chng c hnh dng nh sau :

Tr ni tip, song song ng dng ca R

in tr mc ni tip. Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh phn cng li. Rtd = R1 + R2 + R3

Tip theo
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc nitip c gi tr bng nhau v bng I I = ( U1 / R1) = ( U2 / R2) = ( U3 / R3 ) T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni tip t l thun vi gi tr int tr .

in tr mc song song.

in tr mc song song Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng thc (1 / Rtd) = (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + (1 / R3)

Tip theo
Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th Rtd = R1.R2 / ( R1 + R2) Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch vi gi tr in tr . I1 = ( U / R1) I2 = ( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 ) in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau

Mc hn hp

in tr mc hn hp. Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn . V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau mc ni tip vi in tr 1,5K .

ng dng ca in tr :
Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V, ta c th u ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.

Tip theo
in th ton mch U=12v in th qua bng n Ud=9v Cng sut bng n l 2w in th qua in tr Ur=? U= Ur + Ud 12v= Ur +9v 3v= Ur .Tm gi tr in tr? 3v=I*R=(2/9)RR=3v/(2/9)=13,5 ohm

T IN - Cu to & in dung
T in : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng .vv... Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi. C nhiu loi: T gm, T ho.

Tip theo

Cu to t gm

Cu to t ho

in dung , n v v k hiu ca t in.

C=.S/d
Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F) : L hng s in mi ca lp cch in. d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca t in. n v in dung ca t
1 Fara = 1000 Fara = 1000.000 n F = 1000.000.000 p F 1 Fara = 1000 n Fara 1 n Fara = 1000 p Fara

K hiu
T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

Phng php kim tra t in.

T cng thc I=U/R. in tr thay i t 0 v cng th I cng thay i v cng tr v 0

T in mc ni tip T in mc song song.

Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 ) + ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 ) Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng bng tng in p ca cc t cng li. U t = U1 + U2 + U3

 T in mc ni tip

T in mc song song

T in mc song song : C = C1 + C2 + C3 in p chu ng ca t in tng tng bng in p ca t c in p thp nht.

Diode- transistor
Cht bn dn. -Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc
loi linh kin bn dn nh Diode, Transistor, Mosfet, IC -Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn in v cht cch in -v phng din ho hc th bn dn l nhng cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si)

Tip theo
Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 in t, th tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo lin kt cng ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn loi N
Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo cht bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia lin kt v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn dn lc ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn dn N ( Negative : m ).

Cht bn dn N

Cht bn dn loi P
Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh Indium (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt in t => tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c gi l cht bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P

Diode bn dn.
Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn. Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode .

Tip theo
hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.

K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn.

Phn cc thun cho Diode Phn cc ngc cho Diode

Phn cc thun cho Diode

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn in p thun c gim mc 0,6V ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode Phn cc ngc cho Diode

Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V

TRANSISTOR
Cu to ca Transistor.
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor 2 u vo v mt u ra( Transistor thun ), nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor 1 u vo v 2 u ra(transistor ngc)

 Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc: -lp gia gi l lp nn(B), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp. - Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh
cc pht ( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector ) vit tt l C - nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c.

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor.

Tip theo
Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc E. Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn E. Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E ( lc ny dng IC = 0 ) Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp nhiu ln dng IB Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt cng thc . IC = .IB

Mt s v d
Mch n tt m:

-Ta p in th 5v vo cc B th transistor dn n sng - Ta p in th 0v vo cc B th transistor ngng dn n tt

Transistor trng - Mosfet

Gii thiu v Mosfet:
Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit, Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hn

Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet. -Cu to ca Mosfet. G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N

 Cu to ca Mosfet thun Knh P

Tip theo
Mosfet knh N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi lp SiO2 hai ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn dn N c ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G. Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS ) Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh.

k hiu ca Mosfet

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet

Tip theo
Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho Mosfet ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in i qua cc DS khi chn G khng c cp in. Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D sng. Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t ha) vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c dng in i qua cc GS. Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n tt => T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor thng thng m in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung

Cu to ca bin p
Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li ferit .

Gi n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp. U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp.

Tip theo
U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v th cp t l thun vi s vng dy qun. U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t l nghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh.

Chnh lu in xoay chiu

B ngun trong cc mch in t

Mch chnh lu bn chu k

Mch chnh lu c chu k v c b lc