Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite.

There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.

Edible Fats and Oils Testing

Edible fats and oils testing and inspection.
Intertek tests and inspects edible oils, vegetable oils and animal fats and oils. Products tested include tallow, palm oil, oilseed, cooking oils, groundnut oils, mustard oil, safflower oil, sesamum oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, other vegetable oils and more. Submitted samples and cargo inspection quality testing services are availble for oils and fats shipments on a global basis. Fats and oils tests: Acetyl & Hydroxyl Value, Saponification Acid Value, Titration Acetone Insoluble Matter, Gravimetric Active Oxygen Method (AOM), Titration 8 hrs, Active Oxygen Method (AOM), 20, 60, 80 hrs + Aldehyde Profiles, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/FID Anisidine Value, AOCS Antioxidants (BHA, BHT etc), HPLC Appearance, Visual Ash, AOCS/ISO Aflatoxin, Total, Flourometric, Aflatoxin, (B1, B1, G1, G2), T.L.C Aldehyde Profile, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/MS Alcohols, GC/MS Bleaching Test, Gardner Smith Boemer Number, Melting Point Break Test, Gravimetric Chemical Comtaminants (eg. Benzene, Styrene, Phenols), HPLC

Chlorophyl, AOCS, FOSFA Cloud Point, AOCS Cold Test, AOCS Color Gardner, FAC, AOCS, Lovibond (raw), Bleach, Gardner Smith, Rfined & bleached Copper, AA Flame / GFAA Confirmation of Components detected by other methods, GC/MS Congeal Point, AOCS Dioxins, GC/MS Erucic Acid, AOCS/ISO/GC Esters, GC Extractable Organics, GC/MS Fat Stability, See Active Oxygen Method Fatty Acid, Total & Oxidized, Saponification Fatty Acid Composition, AOCS/ISO/(GC FID) (including Transfat), LC/MS Fatty Alcohol Profile, GC/FID Flash Point, AOCS/FOSFA Flavor Profiles, GC/MS Fragrance Profiles, GC/MS Free Fatty Acids, AOCS/ISO (Titration) Fry Study, Frying Study, Color, Total Polars, Aldehydes, PV, FFA, FAP Glycerine, Titration, Glycerin and Glycols, HPLC Gossypol (in cotton seed oil), HPLC Halphen Test, AOCS Hexane Residues, GC Headspace Hydrocarbon Profile, GC FID Hydroxyl & Acetyl Value, AOCS Insoluble Impurities, AOCS/ISO Iodine Value, AOCS/ISO (WIJS) Iron, AA/GFAA Kries Test, Rancidity, Index B.S. Melting Point (Capillary), AOCS/ISO, Wiley, AOCS, Slip, AOCS/ISO Metals, Trace, Heavy metals, AA/GFAA Moisture and Volatiles, Oven, Htplate, Karl Fisher, AOCS/ISO, Distillation, AOCS/ISO Mercury, AA-Cold Vapor Monoglycerides, Diglycerides & Triglycerides, GC/FID MTBE, GC/FID Mucilage, Spectro Neutral Oil & Loss, AOCS Nitrogen, KJELDHAL Odor, Smell Oleic Acid, AOCS/ISO (GC-FID) Organic Acid Profile, HPLC PH, ITS/AOCS/ISO Phthalates, HPLC Polar Compound, GC

Peroxide Value, AOCS/ISO Phosphorous, Spectro Pesticides, Organochlorine, Organophosphorous,PCBS Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, GC/MS Polyethylene, AOCS/ISO Polysorbates, HPLC Priority Polluants, GC/MS Qualitative Test for Fish Oils, AOCS Radioactivity, ITS Rancidity Index (Kries Test), B.S. Rate of Filtration, ITS Refining Loss, AOCS Refractive Index, AOCS/ASTM Saponification Value, AOCS/ISO Saponification Color, AOCS Saponofication matter, total, Calculated from MIU Smoke Point, AOCS/BS Sorbic and Benzoic Acids, HPLC Soap Content, FOSFA, Soap in Oil, AOCS Solubility in Alchocol, Alcohol/Castor oil Mix Specific Gravity/Mass per volume, AOCS/ISO Sulphur, ASTM Squalene, HPLC Specific Extinction, UV/Visible Spec. Sterols, GC/FID Stigmadienes, GC/FID Solid Fat Content, AOCS/ISO Solid Fat Index, AOCS Trace Element, (AA-GFAA Thermal Heating Fluids (THF, Dowtherm), HPLC Titer, AOCS/ISO Triglycerides Profile, HPLC (Plus mono & Diglycerides), HPLC Tocopherol (plus tocotrienols), HPLC Trans Isomers, GC Thiocyangen Value, AOCS Unsaponifiable matter, AOCS/ISO Unsaponifiable profile, GC/MS Water by distillation, AOCS/ISO Waxes, GC/FID

Fatty Acids
The common fatty acids of plant tissues are C16 and C18 straight-chain compounds with zero to three double bonds of a cis (or Z) configuration. Such fatty acids are also abundant in animal tissues, together with other even numbered components with a somewhat wider range of chain-

lengths and up to six cis double bonds separated by methylene groups (methylene-interrupted). The systematic and trivial names of those fatty acids encountered most often, together with their shorthand designations, are listed in the table.

The common fatty acids of animal and plant origin

Systematic name Trivial name Shorthand

Saturated fatty acids ethanoic butanoic hexanoic octanoic decanoic dodecanoic tetradecanoic hexadecanoic octadecanoic eicosanoic docosanoic Monoenoic fatty acids cis-9-hexadecenoic cis-6-octadecenoic cis-9-octadecenoic cis-11-octadecenoic cis-13-docosenoic cis-15-tetracosenoic palmitoleic 16:1(n-7) petroselinic 18:1(n-12) oleic cisvaccenic erucic nervonic 18:1(n-9) 18:1(n-7) 22:1(n-9) 24:1(n-9) acetic butyric caproic caprylic capric lauric myristic palmitic stearic arachidic behenic 2:0 4:0 6:0 8:0 10:0 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 22:0

Polyunsaturated fatty acids* 9,12-octadecadienoic 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic 4,7,10,13,16,19docosahexaenoic linoleic -linolenic -linolenic 18:2(n-6) 18:3(n-6) 18:3(n-3)

arachidonic 20:4(n-6) EPA DHA 20:5(n-3) 22:6(n-3)

* all the double bonds are of the cis configuration

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives

Naturally derived, exceptional performance and outstanding versatility lanolin and lanolin derivatives are everything an ingredient should be. Whether you are looking for something to soften the skin, condition the hair or stabilize your formulation, Noveon Consumer Specialties has the right lanolin for your formulating needs. We offer both cosmetic and pharmaceutical grade products. You can use the chart below to browse our product offerings, and click on the links to view helpful related literature. Please contact us for additional support or to place sample requests. Primary Functionality Secondary Functionality

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives Product Emulsifying Emulsion Slip Name/ Conditioners Emollients Moisturizers Solvent Agents Stabilizers Agents INCI Name Acetulan Lanolin Derivative Cetyl Acetate (and) Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol Ceralan Lanolin Product Lanolin Alcohol Lanocerin Lanolin Product Lanolin Wax Lanogel 41 Lanolin Derivative PEG-75 Lanolin Lanogene Lanolin Product Lanolin Oil Lanolin LP 108 USP Emollient and Moisturizer Lanolin Lanolin USP AAA Emollient and Moisturizer Lanolin Modulan Lanolin Derivative Acetylated Lanolin OHlan Lanolin Derivative Hydroxylated Lanolin Solulan 16 Lanolin Derivative Laneth-16 (and) Ceteth16 (and) Oleth-16

Water Types
Bottled water companies offer many types of water, from spring water to distilled water. The differences between these types of water are determined by the source of the water and anything that occurs to the water during processing. The FDA defines bottled water according to the following Standards of Identity. These apply to all bottled water in the U.S.

Water Type Artesian Water

Characteristics From a well in a confined aquifer Water level in well must stand at some height above the top of the aquifer May also be known as "artesian well water" Water that has been turned into steam to leave impurities behind Steam is condensed into pure water Due to its purity, distilled water is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and liquid dry prescriptions Contains fluoride that is added within the limitations set by Federal Regulations Some spring and artesian sources have naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts Must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the minerals in the water Must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source Is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present No minerals may be added to this water Produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other suitable

Distilled Water

Fluoridated Water

Mineral Water

Purified Water

processes that meet the legal definition of "purified water" May also be known as "demineralized water" Contains, after treatment and possible replacement of carbon dioxide, the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at emergence from the source Soda water, seltzer water and tonic water are not considered bottled waters. They are regulated separately and considered softdrinks Must come from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth Emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times Must be collected at the spring or through a bore hole tapping the underground formation finding the spring Must meet the requirements under "Sterility Tests" in the United States PharMacPPCopoeia May also be known as "sterilized water." Comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in the ground, tapping the water of an aquifer

Sparkling Water

Spring Water Sterile Water

Well Water