ECT303 DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
MODULE 3-PART VI
IIR Filter Design using Bilinear
transformation
Ms. Neethu Radha Gopan, Asst. Prof., Dept. of ECE, RSET, Kakkanad
Bilinear Transformation
➢ Bilinear transformation - Mapping of points from s-plane to the z- plane is given by
the relation
2 1 − 𝑧 −1
𝑠=
𝑇 1 + 𝑧 −1
Warping Effect
➢ Let Ω and ω represent the frequency variables of the analog filter and the derived digital
filter respectively
➢ For small value of ω,
ω = Ω𝑇
ω
Ω=
𝑇
• For low frequencies relation between Ω and ω
are linear.
• Hence digital filter will have the same
amplitude response as the analog filter.
• For high frequencies relation between Ω and ω
becomes non-linear.
• Distortion is introduced in the frequency scale
of the digital filter to that of the analog filter -
Warping effect
Prewarping
➢ Warping effect can be eliminated by pre warping the analog frequencies.
➢ Use the formula
2 ω
Ω = tan
𝑇 2
Steps to design a Digital filter using Bilinear Transformation
Technique
2 ω
1. From the given specifications, find pre-warping analog frequencies using Ω = tan
𝑇 2
2. Using the analog frequencies, find 𝐻 𝑠 , the transfer function of the analog filter.
3. Select the sampling rate of the digital filter, T seconds per sample.
2 1−𝑧 −1
4. Substitute 𝑠 = into the transfer function obtained in step 2.
𝑇 1+𝑧 −1
2
Q. Apply bilinear transformation to 𝐻 𝑠 = with T=1 sec and find
(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)
H(z)
2
Soln: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)
2 1−𝑧 −1
Substitute 𝑠 = in 𝐻(𝑠) to get 𝐻(𝑧)
𝑇 1+𝑧 −1
Given T=1 sec
2 2
𝐻 𝑧 = =
2 1 − 𝑧 −1 2 1 − 𝑧 −1 2 1 − 𝑧 −1 2 1 − 𝑧 −1
( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2)
𝑇 1 + 𝑧 −1 𝑇 1 + 𝑧 −1 1 1 + 𝑧 −1 1 1 + 𝑧 −1
2 1 + 𝑧 −1 2 1 + 𝑧 −1 2 0.166 1 + 𝑧 −1 2
= = =
3 − 𝑧 −1 (4) 6 − 2𝑧 −1 1 − 0.33𝑧 −1
Q. Design a digital Butterworth filter using Bilinear transformation. Take T=1 sec.
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔 3𝜋
0.707≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1, for 0 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋/2 & |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2, for ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋
4
Soln: Given
𝜋 3𝜋 1 1
𝜔𝑝 = , ω𝑠 = , = 0.707, = 0.2
2 4 1+ 𝜀2 1+ 𝜆2
The analog frequencies are obtained by the prewarping formula
2 ω𝑝 𝜋
Ω𝑝 = tan = 2 tan = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇 2 4
2 ω𝑠 3𝜋
Ω𝑠 = tan = 2 tan = 4.828 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇 2 8
1
= 0.7 𝜀=1
1+𝜀 2
1
= 0.2 𝜆 = 4.898
1+𝜆 2
𝜆
log log(4.898)
𝑁= 𝜀 =
Ω𝑠 = 1.803 ≈ 2
log log(2.414)
Ω𝑝
𝑠𝑘 = Ω𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜙𝑘 , k =1,2,…. N (Take Ω𝑐 = 1𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec)
𝜋 2𝑘 − 1 𝜋
𝜙𝑘 = +
2 2𝑁
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
k=1, 𝜙1 = + = , 𝑠1 = 𝑒 𝑗3𝜋/4 = −0.707 + 𝑗0.707
2 4 4
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
k=2, 𝜙2 = + = , 𝑠2 = 𝑒 𝑗5𝜋/4 = −0.707 − 𝑗0.707
2 4 4
1
The normalized Butterworth LPF is given by 𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 0.707 − 𝑗0.707)(𝑠 + 0.707 + 𝑗0.707)
1
𝐻 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 1.414𝑠 + 1
𝑠
The transfer function for the lowpass filter is obtained by substituting s→ in H(s).
Ω𝑐
Ω𝑝
Ω𝑐 = 1/𝑁 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜀
1 4
∴𝐻 𝑠 = = 2
𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠 + 2.828 𝑠 + 4
+ 1.414 ( ) + 1
2 2
2 1−𝑧 −1
Using bilinear transformation H(z) can be obtained as 𝐻 𝑧 = 𝐻 𝑠 | 𝑠 =
𝑇 1+𝑧 −1
4
∴𝐻 𝑧 =
2
1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −1
2 + 2.828 2 +4
1 + 𝑧 −1 1 + 𝑧 −1
Q. Using bilinear transform, digital Butterworth filter, with -1db passband
attenuation at 200 Hz and a stop band attenuation of -15dB at 540Hz. The
sampling frequency is 2000Hz.
Soln:
Given 𝛼𝑝 = 1𝑑𝐵, 𝛼𝑠 = 15𝑑𝐵
Analog frequencies are given , ∴ For conversion we use the equation 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑇
1 1
𝑇= = = 5 ∗ 10−4 sec
𝐹 2000
𝜔𝑝 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑝 𝑇 = 2𝜋 ∗ 200 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4
𝜔𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑠 𝑇 = 2𝜋 ∗ 540 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−4
Ω𝑝 & Ω𝑠 are obtained by the pre-warping formula. Repeat steps in the previous
question
12 END of PART -VI
THANK YOU!
