Employability Skills Notes

Communication Skills Notes

What is Communication?
The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other medium is called
communication. The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’.
Parts of Communication
Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting—The sender transmits the message through one medium or another.
2. Listening— The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback—The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the form of
feedback to complete the communication cycle.
Elements of Communication
The various elements of a communication cycle are:
1. Sender: the person beginning the communication.
2. Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
3. Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
4. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
5. Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

Methods of Communication
Method Description

Face-to-face There is nothing better than face-to-face communication. It helps the message
to be understood clearly and quickly.

E-mail This method can be used to communicate quickly with one or many individuals
in various locations
 Notices/Posters It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large group of people

Business Meetings Communication during business meetings at an organisation are generally

addressed to a group of people.

Other Methods There can be various other methods like social networks, message, phone call
for communication, newsletter, blog, etc

What is Verbal Communication?

Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most effective
and commonly used way of communicating.
Types of Verbal Communication
Type of Verbal Communication Description

Interpersonal Communication This form of communication takes place between two individuals

Written Communication This form of communication involves writing words. It can be

letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc

Small Group Communication This type of communication takes place when there are more than
two people involved. Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings

Public Communication This type of communication takes place when one individual
addresses a large gathering. Example
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries

Advantages of Verbal Communication

1. It is an easy mode of communication.
2. It also enables you to keep changing your interaction as per the other person’s response.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication
Verbal communication depends on written words, so sometimes the meanings can be confusing and
difficult to understand if the right words are not used.
What is non-Verbal Communication?
Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without using any
spoken or written word.
In our day-to-day communication
1. 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
 2. 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
3. Only 7% communication is done using words.
Non-Verbal Communication Example

Gestures 1. Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye

2. Pointing your finger at someone

Expressions 1. Smiling when you are happy

2. Making a sad face when you are sad

Body Language Postures by which attitudes and feelings are

communicated.

What is Visual Communication?

Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages only through images
or pictures
Examples of Visual Communication

What is Feedback in Communication Cycle?

Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. A sender sends information and the receiver
provides feedback on the received message. Feedback can be positive or negative. A good feedback is
always 1. Specific
2. Helpful
3. Kind
Types of Feedback
Type of Feedback Examples

Positive Feedback 1. I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job!
2. I really appreciate you taking that call. Can you please also share the details?

Negative Feedback 1. You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel guests when you talk to
them. 2. You take really long to reply to e-mails! Are you always so
busy?

No Feedback It is also a feedback in itself which indicates disagreement of ideas.

Importance of Feedback
1. It validates effective listening
2. It motivates.
3. It boosts learning
4. It improves performance
7Cs of Effective Communication
All the methods of communication can only be effective if we follow the basic principles of professional
communication skills. These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs
1. Clear : Be clear about what do you want to say.
2. Concise : Use simple and required words for communication.
3. Concrete : Use exact words and facts.
4. Correct : Use correct spelling and grammar.
5. Coherent : Words should make sense and relate to the main topic.
6. Complete : Should include all the required information.
7. Courteous : Be respectful, friendly and honest.
Barriers to Effective Communication
Some common barriers to effective communication include:
1. Physical Barriers : Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in
communication. Not able to see gestures, posture can make communication less effective. For example, text
messages are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
2. Linguistic Barriers : The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to
communication. It is the most common communication barriers.
3. Interpersonal Barriers : Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is
received differently from how it was intended. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate can create
interpersonal barriers to communication.
4. Organisational Barriers Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures which
affect the free flow of communication in organisations. for example Superior-subordinate relationships in a
formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow of communication.
5. Cultural Barriers : Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each
other’s customs, resulting in facing inconveniences and difficulties in communication. Ways to overcome
Barriers to Effective Communication
There are many ways to overcome barriers to effective communication, some of them are listed below.
1. Use simple language
2. Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
3. Try to communicate in person as much as possible
4. Use visuals
5. Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
6. Be respectful of other’s opinions.
Writing Skills
Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat, blogs,
etc. In all these forms of written communication, we use sentences to express ourselves. Basic Writing Skills
are as follows
1. Sentence : A sentence is a group of words that communicates a complete thought. A sentence must
contain a subject and a verb. There are three types of sentences.
A. Simple sentence : A simple sentence is one independent clause that has a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought.
Examples
• I am out of paper for the printer.
• Will you help me with the math homework?
B. Compound Sentence : A compound sentence allows us to share a lot of information by combining two or
more related thoughts into one sentence.
Example
I drove to the office, and then I walked to the cabin
C. Complex Sentence : A complex sentence is a sentence that combines one independent clause with at
least one dependent clause.
Example
•Although Rohan had some doubts, he found the courses very useful.
•Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.
NOTE : Sentences can also be categorised as Active Sentence and Passive Sentence. Sentences where the
subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice, whereas sentences in which the subject receives
an action are known to be in the Passive voice.
Capitalisation : We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. However, there are certain other
points in a sentence where we should use capital letters. ‘TINS’is a set of simple rules that help you
capitalise words correctly.

Punctuation : Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark and
apostrophe are used in communication to separate parts of a sentence for better clarity of message. 2.
Phrases : Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of speech. 3. Parts
of a Sentence : Every sentence can be broken into two parts
a) Complete Subject
b) Complete Predicate
Basic Parts of Speech :
The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the
sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
Article Writing :
Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news, items of general
interest or specific topics.

Green Skills Notes

Green Skills Mind Map

Sustainability :
Sustainability is an art of living where we respect our environment and make use of the available resources
only to the extent where we can replenish what is available to us for the accessibility of future generation.
Sustainability focuses on how human beings can live in peace and harmony with nature without creating
ecological disturbance.
Sustainable Development :
Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.
The aim is to inculcate the value of using natural resources judiciously and still ensuring its availability for
future generations.
We can contribute to create a Sustainable Society by following 4Rs’ and 1U of Sustainability. These are
REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE and UPCYCLE.
1) REFUSE : REFUSE is to say ‘NO’ to use products that may harm the environment. 2) REDUCE :
REDUCE is minimizing the use of the products that may cause harm to environment. 3) REUSE :
REUSE the products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation. 4) RECYCLE :
After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.
5) UPCYCLING : UPCYCLING is giving a new look to the old product and making it look desirable. Any
product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation.
Importance of Sustainable Development :
In the 21st Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for sustainable development is of
grave importance.
1) Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is causing its
depletion.
2) The uneven distribution of available resources across different economic fronts is giving rise to crime and
creating social imbalance. To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.
3) Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are alarming. We will be
able to combat these issues with the help of Sustainable Development.
4) Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our work place will also promote economic
growth.
Sustainable Development Goals :
United Nations in 2015 adopted 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) as a universal call to action to
end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. These SDGs
are : 1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
17. Partnership for the Goals
Self Management Skills Notes

self management skills (Mind Map)

Self Management:
Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and
behaviour effectively in different situations.
Basics of Self-management:
To perform well at work and life in general, we must be able to manage and improve ourselves in various
skills including discipline and timeliness, goal-setting, problem solving, teamwork, professionalism, etc.
Some of the basic skills everyone should master to succeed in life:
1. Self-awareness:
Self-aware means that we can identify our strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness, therefore, will help us
in converting our weakness into strength and strength into an exceptional talent.
2. Responsibility :
Taking responsibility for the tasks which has been assigned to us is the step towards self-development.
3. Time Management :
We should make a time table and follow it diligently.
4. Adaptability :
We should prepare ourselves for new changes, so that we can transition
seamlessly. STRESS :
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived demands or
threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the reasons for Stress Meaning and
Importance of Stress Management :
Stress Management refers to focusing human efforts for maintaining a healthy body and mind capable of
better withstanding stressful situations.
The ultimate goal of Stress management is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation
and fun.
Stress Causal Agents
1) Mental: Students can be left overwhelmed, if they are unable to handle their assignment submission
deadlines and examinations grades.
2) Physical: As children grow up, they may become critically conscious of their looks. Issues related to
general well-being and health of an individual can lead to low self-esteem and cause stress. 3) Social :
Discord amongst family members, peer pressure for doing things which children would generally avoid ,
maintaining balance in relationships amongst friends, status show off may lead to stress at times. 4)
Financial: Youngsters may have aspirational financial stress. This may be of becoming financially
independent.
Advantages of Stress Management :
1. It help us to have a joyful life.
2. It help us to focus and complete tasks on time.
3. It help us to be a happy person as we are stress free.
4. It help us to be more energetic.
ABC of stress management
A: Adversity or the stressful event
B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event
Steps to Manage Stress :
1. Be aware that we are stressed: Keep a check for signs of stress, such as headache, sleeplessness, sadness,
excessive worrying, nervousness
2. Identify what is causing you stress : Find the reason for your stress. Is it because of exams, family
pressures, money etc.
3. Apply stress management methods : Use time management tools, take good sleep
etc. Stress Management Techniques
Few simple stress management techniques are:
1. Time management
2. Do physical exercise in fresh air.
3. Eating a balanced diet, such as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits.
4. Focusing on positive aspects of life.
5. We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours.
6. Going on vacation with family or friends.
Importance of Stress :
Stress management is vital because it leads to following benefits:
1. Improves mood
2. Boosts immune system
3. Promotes longevity
4. Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for reaching goal.
5. Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment.
6. Increases efficiency and effectiveness.
7. Prevents psychological disorders and behavioural problems.
Symptoms of Stress :
Physical signs which may suggest stress are: breathlessness, dry mouth, butterflies in stomach, indigestion,
nausea, acidity, fatigue, sweaty palms, cold hands and feet, irritation hyperactivity etc. At the mental level
following symptoms may reflect stress: irritation, impatience, loneliness, upset mood, anxiety, , depression,
frustration, boredom, guilt, insecurity and forgetfulness.
Stress Management Techniques :
Following activities aid in stress management :
1) Physical Exercise : Physical exercise in the form of walking, skipping or for that matter indulging in any
sports has been found to relieve stress as they stabilize mood, improve self-esteem and induce sleep. 2)
Yoga : Yoga is a school of Hindu philosophy that reduces stress. Yoga includes a series of postures and
breathing exercises practiced to achieve control of body and mind.
3) Enjoying : Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts, playing games, singing,
dancing or even sketching can help individuals transcend to a happier mental state and help manage stress.
4) Meditation : It is a practice where an individual is supposed to focus his/her mind on a particular object,
thought or activity to achieve a calm mental state reducing stress.
5) Going On Vacations with Family and Friends
Importance of The Ability to Work Independently :
Everyone on this earth should learns the art of working independently. This typically means that one must
learn to take ownership of the task assigned and leave no stone unturned in accomplishing the task.
Following are the benefits of working independently.
1. Ensures greater learning.
2. Individuals feel more empowered and responsible.
3. It provides flexibility to choose and define working hours and working mechanisms.
4. Failure and success of the task assigned are accounted by individuals.
5. Individuals become assets to organizations, groups and nations at large.
6. It ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals.
Enhancing Ability to Work Independently :
Ability to work independently can be enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated and self-regulated 1)
Self-Awareness : Having conscious knowledge of your own self, capabilities, feelings and one’s own
character is called as self-awareness.
2) Self-motivated : Self-motivated individuals have an inner urge to do something, achieve their goals
without any external pressure
3) Self-regulated : Self – regulation inculcates discipline that helps in consistent efforts to move towards
goal. Emotional Intelligence :
Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of
others. It generally include at least three skills:
1. Emotional awareness
2. Harnessing Emotions
3. Managing Emotions
Steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below:
1. Understand your emotions: We should observe our behavior and work on things that we need to
improve.
2. Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.
3. Practice: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.
Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis
Being self-aware means that we can identify our strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness, therefore, will
help us in converting our weakness into strength and strength into an exceptional talent. In other words,
being self-aware actually means knowing our inner strengths, hidden talents, skills and even weaknesses
Examples of strengths
1. I am good at creative writing.
 2. I am confident of speaking in front of an audience.
3. I play guitar very well.
Examples of weakness
1. I find it difficult to solve mathematics problems.
2. I would like to speak English fluently.
3. I do not like to lose in any game or sports
Difference between Interests and Abilities
Interests Abilities

Things that we like to do in our free time. An acquired or natural capacity

Things we are curious about or would do even if no one Enable us to perform a particular job or
asked you to do it. task with considerable proficiency.

Session 3: Self-motivation
Self-motivation is simply the force within us that drives us to do things. Self-motivation is what pushes us to
achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life.
In other words, it is our ability to do the things that need to be done without someone or something
influencing us.
Types of Motivation
1. Internal Motivation: LOVE
We do things because they make us happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when we perform in our
annual day function and we learn something new, such as dancing, singing, etc., so we feel good. 2.
External Motivation: REWARD
We do things because they give us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example, Suresh participated
in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him to go for practice every morning. Qualities of
Self-motivated People
1. They know what they want from life.
2. They are focussed.
3. They Know what is important
4. They are dedicated to fulfill their dreams
Building Self-motivation
There are four steps for building self-motivation
1. Find out your strengths
2. Set and focus on your goals
3. Develop a plan to achieve your goals
 4. Stay loyal to your goals
Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting
Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to achieve them, for example, saving pocket money to buy
a favorite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing our goals and then planning on how to achieve
them. SMART method
We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
Session 5: Self-regulation — Time Management
Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the hours of your day well and do all
that you want to do.
Example of Time Management
1. Sameera is always punctual at school.
2. Simple has a regular schedule that she follows everyday.
3. Mohini plans for study and play time in advance
Example of non-Time Management
1. Nisha usually arrives late to work.
2. Hema does not submit her assignments on time.
3. Sheetal sometimes gets carried away in certain activities and forgets the main tasks in
hand. Four Steps for Effective Time Management
1. Organise: We should plan our day to- day activities.
2. Pritortise : We should make a to-do list and rank them in the order of importance.
3. Control : We should have a control over our activities and time.
4. Track : We should identify and note where we have spent our time.
Tips for Practicing the Four Steps for Effective Time Management
1. Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity.
2. Organise your room and school desk.
3. Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
4. Replace useless activities with productive activities
Basic ICT Skills Notes
Basic ICT Skills MIND MAP – 1

Basic ICT Skills MIND MAP – 2

Unit 1. Distinguish between different Operating Systems

Operating System : An operating system is a software that serves as an interface between the user and
computer.
Functions of Operating system are:
1. It manages all the devices of a computer.
 2. It checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
3. It controls software resources of the computer.
4. It manages the computer memory.
5. It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
6. It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.
Types of Operating Systems :
1) Interactive (GUI-based) : A graphical user interface in which commands can be entered by
clicking/double clicking/right clicking a mouse. for example Windows
2) Single-user, single-task operating system : This type of operating system allows only one user to do a
task on the computer and one thing at a time.
3) Single-user, multi-task operating system : This type of operating system where a single user can operate
on several programs at the same time. for example Windows, Apple MacOS.
4) Multi-user : A multi-user operating system enables multiple users to work on the same computer at
different times or simultaneously.
5) Real Time : A real time operating system is used to control machinery, scientific instruments like robots.
A real-time operating system is a computing environment that reacts to input within a specific period of
time. Windows CE and Lynx OS are examples of real-time operating systems.
6) Distributed : A distributed operating system combines different computers in the network into a single
integrated computer and storage location. for example Windows, UNIX, and LINUX . Some commonly used
operating systems are:
1. DOS (Disk Operating System)
2. Windows : It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.
3. Linux : It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and open-source
software.
4. Mobile operating Systems
• Android

• Symbian

• Windows Phone

• iOS

Components of Windows 7 Desktop :

1) Desktop : The first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop.
2) Wallpaper : A picture for the desktop background is called wallpaper.
3) Icons : Small pictures on the desktop are called icons.
4) Taskbar : The long bar at the bottom of the desktop is called taskbar. The main components of Taskbar
are : Strat button, Active applications, Notification Area, Date/Time icon
Some of the commonly used icons are :
1) Computer : It displays all storage areas of the computer . Through the Computer icon, you can access all
drives, files and folders on the computer.
2) Recycle Bin : Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin, you can
retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.
File concept :
File :
Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. File system is a way in which you give
name to a file, store it and retrieve it. Files can be separately placed into groups, called folders/directories
Creating a folder : The steps to create a new folder are:
1. Double-click the Computer icon.
2. Select the drive in which you want to create a new folder.
3. Click New Folder on the toolbar.
4. Type a name for the folder & Press Enter key.
Or
Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right column. A shortcut menu appears. Select New Folder
from the shortcut menu. Type a name for the folder & Press Enter key.
Creating a file : Steps to create new file are :
1. Right-click anywhere in the blank area .
2. In the Shortcut menu, click New and select the type of file you want to create.
Renaming folders and files : Steps to rename file or folder are :
1. Right-click the file or the folder.
2. From the shortcut menu, select Rename option.
3. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.
OR
1. Select the file/folder and press function key F2.
2. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.
Deleting files or folders : Steps to delete files or folder are :
1. Click the file or the folder.
2. Press the Delete key from the keyboard.
Or
Right-click and select Delete option from the Shortcut menu.
Copying Files and folders : You can copy a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:
1) Shortcut menu: Steps are
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.
b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make a copy of the selected file or
folder. d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu
2) Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a folder, hold down the Ctrl key while copying it to the new
location.
3) Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
Moving Files and folders : You can move a file or a folder in any one of the following
ways 1) Shortcut menu:
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.
b. Select Cut option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to move the selected file or
folder. d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.
2) Drag and Drop method: To move a file or a folder, select the file and drag it to a new
location. 3) Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + X to cut the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
Permanently Deleting Files : You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the
following ways:
1) Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then
2) Click Empty Recycle Bin.
Restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin
To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore. Or
Select the file and click Restore this item.
Unit-2 Apply Basic Skills for care and Maintenance of Computer
Computer systems require maintenance so that the system works efficiently. Poor maintenance may lead to
system failure.
Regular care and maintenance may help you detect any issues at an early stage and keep it functioning
well. Computer virus can cause damage to the working of the computer. If anti-virus is installed in the
computer, and is updated and run periodically, then any loss of data can be prevented. Both internal and
external parts of the computer system should be taken care of.
1. Keep the computer dust free.
2. Do not eat or drink while working on the computer. .
3. To keep the keyboard clean, make sure your hands are clean before using it.
4. CDs and DVDs should be handled carefully so that they do not get damaged.
5. Keep keyboard covered when not in use.
General precautions to be taken while cleaning the computer components are :
1. Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.
2. Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer.
3. Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board
Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important. Some of the maintenance activities
are: 1. Run anti-virus periodically.
2. A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary information that slows
down the computer
3. Take regular backup of the data on your computer.
4. System should be upgraded like increasing RAM, storage space.
5. Temporary internet files should be deleted from time to time.
Protecting computer against viruses :
A computer virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and alters their behavior.
VIRUS is an acronym for Vital Information Resource Under Seize. A virus may get attached to e-mail
messages and spread from one computer to another.
To prevent our computer from virus, we should install anti-virus software, run it periodically and keep it
updated. examples of antivirus software are McAfee Virus Scan, Norton AntiVirus, Microsoft Security
essentials, and Quick Heal..
A computer can get infected with virus in any of the following ways:
1. Infected files
2. Infected pen drives
3. Infected CD-ROMs/DVD-ROMs
4. Through infected file attachment of e-mails
A computer virus cannot do the following:
• It cannot infect files on CD or DVD, if they are closed for writing.
• It cannot infect computer hardware like, keyboard, mouse, etc.
Common signs of a virus attack are:
1. Computer runs very slow
2. There is change in the file size
3. Computer often stops responding
4. There is an increase in number of files (unusual)
5. Unusual error message appears on the screen
6. Computer restarts on its own
The following points should be kept in mind to prevent virus infection:
1. Install and use anti-virus software.
2. Keep anti-virus software updated.
3. Scan all the files that you download from the Internet
4. Do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender
5. Don’t allow any untrustworthy person to use your system.
Removing Temporary Files :
Temporary files are created when you are running computer programs. Microsoft Windows and Windows
programs often create a .TMP file as a temporary file. Temporary files are also created by web browsers to
store your web browser history. These temp files take up a large amount of disk space so should be
removed to clear space.
The steps to remove temporary files are:
1. Double-click Computer icon on the desktop.
2. The Computer Window opens.
3. Right-click Local Disk C: and select Properties option from the Shortcut menu
4. The Properties window opens. Click Disk Cleanup.
5. The Disk Cleanup for C: window appears
6. Click the Check box next to Temporary Files, Temporary Internet files, etc. that you want to delete.
7. Click OK.
8. A confirmation message will appear
9. Click Delete Files.
10. Windows will delete all the temporary files on the computer.
Removing files of Temporary Folder : The steps to remove files of temporary folder
are: 1. Press Windows button + R on the keyboard.
2. The Run dialog box appears.
3. Type %temp%
 4. The Temp folder opens. Click Ctrl + A to select all the files in the folder. Press Delete key.
5. A message box appears. Click Yes to confirm.
6. All the files in the Temp folder will be deleted.
Firewall :
Computer firewall could be a programmable device or a software or a network security system that
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on user-defined security rules. Cookies
:
Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website on the internet.
These files typically contain information about your visit to the webpage or record your login information.
This may not always be bad.
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Entrepreneurial Skills Notes

Entrepreneurial Skills (Mind Map-1)

Entrepreneurial Skills Class (Mind Map-2)
A) Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship :
An individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks to set up a business is called
entrepreneur. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship.
B) Entrepreneurship and Society :
There is a direct relationship between Entrepreneurship and Society. Due to entrepreneurial activity, society
is provided with goods and services. In turn, society provides market for products and services provided by
the entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurship has some positive impact on society such as:
1. Accentuates economic Growth
2. Fosters Creativity
3. Stimulates Innovation and Efficiency
4. Creates Jobs and Employment Opportunities
5. Solves the problems of the society
6. Encourages welfare of the society
Entrepreneurship has some negative impact on society such as:
1. Environmental Degradation
2. Trade imbalance
3. Labour exploitation
Society plays a role in boosting entrepreneurship by:
1. Creates needs and demands
2. Provides raw materials
3. Enables financial support
 4. Creates a need for education
5. Catalyzes policy formation and reform
6. Facilitates networking
7. Supports infrastructure development
C) Some common entrepreneurship activities related to society include :
1) Social Entrepreneurship : It can be understood as creation of sustainable solutions for social problems
that leads to social change. Many social problems are tackled by social entrepreneurs such as low reach of
quality education, health and sanitation, unemployment, child Labour etc.
2) Agricultural Entrepreneurship: It can be defined as being primarily related to the marketing and
production of inputs and products used in agricultural activities.
3) Women Entrepreneurship: It is referred to the entrepreneurial activity led by women, where women
undertake risks, create enterprises, organize factors of production, innovate with products/services and
generate employment opportunities.
4) Small Scale Entrepreneurship: It refers to starting industries in which manufacturing, trading, providing
services, productions are done on a small scale or micro scale. These businesses serve as the backbone of
many developing countries.
D) Qualities of an Entrepreneur :
1) Hard work: Without working hard, no entrepreneur can be successful. On an average, successful
entrepreneurs are found to be working anywhere between 60 to 90 hours per week 2) Optimism: Positivity
and belief in what they do is what takes entrepreneurs far in their journey. 3) Independence: Entrepreneurs
are confident and like the independence to drive a business on their own. 4) Energetic: Energy is always
high in successful entrepreneurs which makes them extremely proactive. 5) Self-confident : Entrepreneurs
are confident to take decision.
E) Functions of an Entrepreneur :
1) Organisation Building and Management : An entrepreneur builds the organization by taking various
steps such as hiring employees, organizing the factors of production, sourcing finance etc. 2) Risk taking:
Risk taking is about taking responsibility and planning for a loss or mishap that may occur in the future due
to unforeseen contingencies.
3) Innovation: Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts, products, services, designs, ideas etc
4) Detailed Investigation: An entrepreneur conducts research, investigates and evaluates an idea
considering various factors and estimates the total demand for a new product or service.
5) Financing: Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions that entrepreneurs perform
themselves at all the stages of business.
6) Planning: An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a business plan, to detail each
element of the business such as product or service description, operations, marketing, finance etc. 7)
Leadership: Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an entrepreneur. As a leader, an entrepreneur
guides, directs, and influences the work of others to attain specific goals.
8) Communication : An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day, in the form of writing,
responding, drafting emails, verbal instruction, discussion etc.
F) Role of Entrepreneurs :
1) Innovator’s Role : Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and services into the
market.
2) Agent’s role : Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify opportunities, solve problems,
offer effective solutions, establish enterprises, set up industries and bring positive change for the economy.
3) Coordinating role: An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of production, delegated
tasks, smooth functioning across different business departments etc
4) Employment Generation role: Entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment, which is a major
problem in economic development.
G) Importance of Entrepreneurs :
1) Free market evolution: In a free market, entrepreneurs bring change in technology, trends and markets.
For example, with increase in digital services, entrepreneurs have created companies that offer many home
delivery services such as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories etc.
2) New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more ethical product to the
world and are transparent about it.
3) New markets: Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established industry. They do this by
creating new markets for existing products and slightly innovating in small ways to suit the needs of a new
target market.
H) Myths of Entrepreneurship :
1) Entrepreneurs are born a certain way.
2) Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risk.
3) Businesses either skyrocket or fail.
4) A lot of money is required to start any business. 5) One must
know everything before starting a business. I) Entrepreneurship
as a Career – Why Entrepreneurship for You? 1) Nurtures
development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities. 2)
Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity. 3) Enhances
critical thinking and problem-solving ability. 4) Leads to creating
difference in society.