Wave Runup and Overtopping
Wave runup and overtopping are critical factors in coastal engineering, influencing
the design and safety of sea defenses such as seawalls, dikes, and revetments. Runup
is the vertical extent of wave uprush on a structure, while overtopping refers to
water spilling over the crest.
These phenomena are governed by wave height, period, slope geometry, and
roughness. Empirical formulas and numerical models like SWASH and XBeach
estimate runup and overtopping rates.
High overtopping rates can damage infrastructure, flood hinterlands, and endanger
lives. Engineers use design thresholds (e.g., EurOtop guidelines) to determine
acceptable overtopping volumes.
Mitigation includes berms, recurved walls, and energy dissipation structures. Model
validation with physical experiments and field data ensures safety and reliability.
Understanding wave runup and overtopping helps develop resilient coastal
defenses capable of withstanding extreme weather and sea-level rise.