B Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Tng cc Mi trng
*****************

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CC D
N SN XUT HA CHT C BN

H ni, 2009

MC LC
GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................................. 3
1. Khi qut v vic trin khai cc d n Sn xut ha cht c bn ....................................... 3
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng............................... 4
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM ...................................................................... 6
4. T chc thc hin TM ..................................................................................................... 7
CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N ............................................................................. 1
1.1. Nguyn tc ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. M t tm tt d n...................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN
TRNG MI TRNG NN .............................................................................................. 17
2.1. Nguyn tc ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.2. iu kin t nhin khu vc d n ................................................................................. 18
2.2.1. iu kin v a l, a cht ................................................................................... 18
2.2.2. iu kin v kh tng, thu vn ........................................................................... 19
2.3. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc d n .................................... 23
2.3.1. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt .......................................................... 23
2.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc di t ................................................... 25
2.3.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh ......................................................... 26
2.3.4. Hin trng ting n ................................................................................................. 27
2.3.5. Hin trng rung ng .............................................................................................. 28
2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t .................................................................... 29
2.3.7. Hin trng h sinh thi ............................................................................................ 31
2.4. iu kin kinh t x hi khu vc d n ......................................................................... 31
2.4.1. iu kin v kinh t - x hi................................................................................... 31
2.4.2. i tng v hnh thc iu tra thu thp thng tin ................................................ 32
2.5. nh gi v tnh nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n ................... 35
CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG .......................................... 39
3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi ...................................................................................................... 39
3.2. Nhng ngun gy tc ng ............................................................................................ 40
3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi ........................................................... 40
3.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi ................................................ 46
3.3. i tng, quy m tc ng ......................................................................................... 46
3.4. nh gi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi .............................................................. 48
3.4.1. Tc ng mi trng khng kh ............................................................................. 48
3.4.2. Tc ng mi trng nc .................................................................................... 58
3.4.3. Tc ng mi trng t ........................................................................................ 62

3.4.4. Cht thi rn............................................................................................................ 63

3.5. nh gi tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi .......................................................... 65
3.5.1. Ting n .................................................................................................................. 65
3.5.2. rung ................................................................................................................... 66
3.5.3. nhim nhit ......................................................................................................... 67
3.5.4. Tc ng ch thu vn ....................................................................................... 67
3.5.5. Tc ng mi trng t ........................................................................................ 68
3.5.6. Tc ng mi trng sinh thi................................................................................ 68
3.5.7. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t-x hi ................................................................ 68
3.6. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng ................................................................................. 69
3.6.1. Ngun gc pht sinh ri ro, s c ........................................................................... 69
3.6.2. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng .......................................................................... 69
3.7. nh gi mc tc ng tng th ............................................................................... 70
CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA, KHC PHC, GIM THIU CC
TC NG TIU CC CA D N N MI TRNG ........................................... 73
4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy
dng ...................................................................................................................................... 73
4.1.1. Giai on quy hoch mt bng ............................................................................... 73
4.1.2. Giai on thi cng xy dng................................................................................... 74
4.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on vn hnh d n ............................. 76
4.2.1. Gii php k thut x l kh thi ............................................................................ 76
4.2.2. Gii php k thut x l nc thi ......................................................................... 80
4.2.3. Cc gii php khng ch ting n v rung ng..................................................... 82
4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng sinh thi ................................ 84
4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng kinh t-x hi ........................ 84
4.5. Cc bin php phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ............................................. 85
CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI
TRNG ................................................................................................................................ 88
5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng .................................................................................. 88
5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng ................................................................................ 89
5.2.1. Gim st cht thi ................................................................................................... 89
5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh ............................................................................. 91
5.2.3. Gim st khc ........................................................................................................... 93
5.3. D ton kinh ph cho hot ng qun l v gim st mi trng ................................. 93
CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG............................................................ 94
6.1. i tng tham vn ....................................................................................................... 94
6.2. Hnh thc tham vn ....................................................................................................... 95
6.3. Ni dung tham vn ........................................................................................................ 97
6.4. kin ca ch d n trc kt qu tham vn cng ng ............................................. 98

CHNG 7. KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ................................................... 99

PH LC NH KM ........................................................................................................ 100

DANH MC BNG

Bng 1-2. Sn phm v qui cch sn phm .............................................................................. 12

Bng 1-3. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut xt - clo .................................................... 13
Bng 1-4. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuric .............................................. 14
Bng 1-5. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axit photphoric ......................................... 15
Bng 1-6. Tin thc hin d n ........................................................................................... 16
Bng 2-1. Nhit trung bnh thng khu vc d n ................................................................ 19
Bng 2-2. m tng i trung bnh thng khu vc d n ................................................... 20
Bng 2-3. S gi nng trung bnh thng khu vc d n ........................................................... 20
Bng 2-4. Tc gi trung bnh thng khu vc d n ............................................................. 21
Bng 2-5. Lng ma trung bnh thng khu vc d n ........................................................... 21
Bng 2-7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc mt i vi d n sn xut ha cht
c bn ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Bng 2-8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc di t ........................................ 25
Bng 2-10. Gi tr trung bnh nng cc cht kh v bi theo 8h hoc 24h .......................... 27
Bng 2-11. Gi tr ting n trung bnh ..................................................................................... 28
Bng 2-12. Gi tr trung bnh mc rung ................................................................................... 29
Bng 2-13. Cht lng mi trng t..................................................................................... 30
Bng 2-14. Hin trng s dng t (hoc quy hoch s dng t n nm) ........................ 30
Bng 2-15. Cc thng s cn kho st nh gi iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t x hi khu vc i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn ............................................................ 32
Bng 3-1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v xy dng ............ 40
Bng 3-2. Ti lng thi SO2 t cc nh my sn xut axt sunfuric....................................... 42
Hiu sut chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3 (%) .............................................................................. 42
Bng 3-4. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi t bi cha gp ..................................... 44
Bng 3-5. i tng v phm vi chu tc ng ........................................................................ 46
Bng 3-6. H s pht thi bi trong xy dng .......................................................................... 49
Bng 3-7. H s pht thi ca cc ngun thi di ng c trng ............................................ 49
Bng 3-8. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in dng du DO .......... 54
Bng 3-9. Nng cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in ......................................... 54

Bng 3-10. Cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot (nh mc cho 1 ngi) ......................... 59
Bng 3-11. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot ............................................ 59
Bng 3-12. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi giai on xy dng ............................ 60
Bng 3-13. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Cng ty Supe Pht pht v Ho cht Lm Thao ........ 63
Bng 3-14. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Nh my Supe Pht pht Long Thnh ....................... 64
Bng 3-15. Mc n ti a ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v cc phng tin thi cng ....... 65
Bng 3-16. Mc gy rung ca mt s my mc xy dng .................................................. 66
Bng 3-17. H thng phn loi IQS ......................................................................................... 70
Bng 4-1. c tnh ca cc thit b x l kh ........................................................................... 76

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1-1. S cng ngh sn xut xt km theo dng thi ..................................................... 3
Hnh 1-2. S cng ngh sn xut axit Clohyric km theo dng thi ................................... 6
Hnh 1-3. S cng ngh sn xut axit Sunfuric ( H2SO4) t nguyn liu l lu hunh ........ 7
Hnh 1-4. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut a xt Phtphoric ( theo cng ngh bn quyn
ca Prayon-Mark IV B) ........................................................................................................ 10
Hnh 4-4. S x l nc thi nhim du ............................................................................. 81
Hnh 4-5. S nguyn l trm x l nc thi tp trung....................................................... 82
Hnh 4-6. S thu gom v x l cht thi rn ....................................................................... 83

LI NI U
nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cng c mang tnh khoa hc v k
thut c s dng d bo cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra bi d n
u t, trn c s ra cc gii php v bin php nhm tng cng cc tc ng
tch cc, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, gp phn lm cho d n u t c bn
vng trong thc t trin khai. Mc chnh xc ca vic d bo tc ng s xy ra
ph thuc vo hai nhm cc yu t c bn, l thng tin u vo cho d bo v
phng php d bo.
V thng tin u vo, iu ct yu l phi c cc thng tin v 2 i tng chnh:
mt l, nhng ni dung ca d n c kh nng gy ra tc ng mi trng ngun gy
ra tc ng; v hai l, nhng thnh phn mi trng xung quanh, bao gm c mt s yu
t v kinh t v x hi lin quan, c kh nng b tc ng bi d n - i tng b tc
ng. Mc i hi v mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo ny l rt khc nhau
ty thuc vo loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v phng php d bo p dng.
V phng php d bo cng c s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh: mc sn c ca
cc thng tin u vo, loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v.v
V vy, nu ch c nhng quy nh v php lut nh hin hnh th cng tc
TM Vit Nam s rt kh mang li nhng kt qu mong i v rt kh to lp c
nhng c s vng chc phc v cho s pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi ca t
nc. Vn cp bch t ra l phi xy dng c nhng hng dn k thut v
TM i vi tng loi hnh d n u t khc nhau.
Bn hng dn c lp trn nguyn tc tp trung vo nhng hng dn mang
tnh k thut cho vic lp bo co TM p dng i vi loi hnh d n u t thuc
lnh vc sn xut ho cht c bn Vit Nam, lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho
nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng (ch
d n, c quan ti tr d n, cng ng chu tc ng tiu cc bi d n, cc t chc,
c nhn tham gia lp bo co TM, cc c quan, t chc tham gia thm nh bo co
TM, kim tra, gim st vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng ca d n v
cc i tng khc c lin quan). Hng dn c xy dng vi s kt hp ca nhng
kinh nghim thc t thc hin TM i vi cc d n thuc lnh vc sn xut ho cht
c bn v cc lnh vc c lin quan khc Vit Nam trong vng gn 15 nm qua k t
khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993.
Vi tnh cht phc tp v nhiu i hi t ra v mt khoa hc v k thut nh
nu trn, bn hng dn ny chc chn cn nhng hn ch v khim khuyt. Mt
khc, cng vi s pht trin ca cng tc TM Vit Nam v trn th gii trong thi
gian ti, bn hng dn ny cng s chc chn cn nhiu im phi c tip tc cp
nht. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b khuyt cho hng dn
ny trong tng lai.

Mi kin ng gp v thng tin phn hi v bn hng dn ny xin gi v

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng theo a ch:
Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng
85 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni
in thoi: 844-37734246
Fax: 844-37734916

GII THIU CHUNG

1. Khi qut v vic trin khai cc d n Sn xut ha cht c bn

Trn th gii hin nay cng nghip ha cht c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh
cng nghip trng im i vi nhng quc gia mun phat trin kinh t theo con
ng cng nghip ha t nc. Cng nghip ha cht cung cp nhiu sn phm ha
cht phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip v cho i sng dn sinh.S pht trin cng
nghip ha cht trong nhng na cui ca th k 20 li nhng du n c bit t
nhng sn phm ha du. Hin nay trn th gii, cng nghip ha cht oc tp trung
vo pht trin trong nhng lnh vc sau:
1. Cc sn phm ha du .Kt hp c hiu qu gia khai thc du , lc, ha du ,ch
bin kh to nn cc sn phm gc lm nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc;
2. Cc sn phm ha cht phc v sn xut cng nghip, bao gm sn phm ha
cht c bn nh cc loi axit, xt, cht ty ra v cc sn phm khc nh cc sn phm
in ha;
3. Cc sn phm ha cht phc v sn xut nng nghip nh cc sn phm phn
bn ha hc v c , cc sn phm phn bn ha hc hu c sinh hc, cc loi phn
bn hn hp v cc sn phm thuc bo v thc vt v kh thch tng trng;
4. Cc sn phm ha cht tiu dng nh cc ha m phm, ha cht dc phm,
cht ty ra, sn mu, .
Ty theo c im v yu cu thc t m cc quc gia s c nhng nh hng
khc nhau cho qui hoch pht trin ngnh ha cht ca mnh. Vi xu hng pht trin
kinh t th gii hin nay, nhiu Cng ty ha cht pht trin theo hng a quc gia
v c c s sn xut ha cht t ti nhiu nc trn khp cc lc a, c bit l cc
nc ang pht trin nhm tn dng nguyn liu ti ch v cung cp sn phm ha
cht cho khu vc.
Vit Nam, ngnh cng nghip ha cht cn nhiu non tr v ch mi tp
trung pht trin trong khong vi chc nm gn y. Cng nghip ha cht ca Vit
Nam ban u tp trung vo sn xut phn bn phc v nng nghip nh phn m,
phn ln nung chy, phn Super ln, v phn hn hp cng vi mt s ha cht c bn
nh axit , xt, v bc u quan tm ti vic u t cc nh my sn xut cc sn
phm ha du. Nhn thc c vai tr quan trng ca ngnh cng nghip ha cht
trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t, Chin lc pht trin ngnh ha cht Vit nam n
2010 (c tnh n 2020) c xy dng v c chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt
nh 207/2005/QD-TT. Trong ni dung ca bn chin lc ny cp ti vai tr
quan trng ca cng nghip ha cht i vi kinh t Vit nam, coi l mt trong cc
ngnh cng nghip trng im c u tin pht trin ph hp vi chin lc pht
trin kinh t x hi ca t nc trong tng thi k v vi mt trong cc mc tiu
chung l xy dng ngnh cng nghip ha cht c c cu tng i hon chnh, bao
3

gm c sn xut t liu sn xut v t liu tiu dng, phc v nhiu ngnh cng nghip
khc v p ng ngy cng tt hn nhu cu trong nc v y mnh xut khu.
Trong qui hoch pht trin ngnh Cng nghip ha cht Vit nam n 2010 ( c
tnh n 2020) c chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh 343/2005/QD-TTg
nhn mnh rt c th mt trong cc mc tiu pht trin l Xy dng ngnh cng
nghip ha cht c c cu tng i hon chnh, bao gm cc lnh vc ch yu nh
phn bn, cao su k thut v tiu dng, ha cht c bn (k c hu c v v c), ha
du, ha cht tinh khit, ha dc, ha cht tiu dng p ng nhu cu trong nc, hi
nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii. Ring i vi ha cht c bn th nh hng pht
trin mt s sn phm vi mc tiu c th l m bo axit sulfuric, axit photphoric
cho sn xut phn ln, phn DAP v cc ngnh kinh t khc. u t c s sn xut xt
v sa nhm phc v sn xut PVC, cc cht ty ra tng hp v cc mt hng khc
nh giy, alumin. Sn xut axit nitric sn xut thuc n phc v cho khai thc m
v an ninh quc phng. Sn xut cc loi oxyt cho cng nghip gm s, bt mu cho
sn, nhum v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Gii php thc hin mc tiu v nh
hng trn, theo qui hoch pht trin s l Pht trin nhng cm nh my ln, gn
vi quy hoch xy dng cc vng nguyn liu hoc cc h tiu th chnh. u t d
n sn xut xt, phc v cho sn xut PVC, boxit, nhm, giy,... y mnh vic sn
xut cc loi ha cht s lng nh, ha cht tinh v tinh khit, bao gm vic nng cao
cht lng sn phm hin c v a dng ha sn phm. Pht trin khai thc cc loi ti
nguyn nh vi, qung apatit, qung boxit, qung imenhit, nc bin, mui m
kali... phc v sn xut ha cht c bn. Nhp k thut sn xut cc loi ha cht c
bn i hi cng ngh phc tp v trong vic trin khai cc d n, chng trnh KHCN,
cn c bit ch ti cc gii php v mi trng, m bo pht trin bn vng.
Tng hp cc d n , ang v s u t theo qui hoch pht trin ngnh ha
cht ti 2020 theo qui m c nc hoc theo vng c th tham kho ti ph lc.
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng
C s php l (nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy ban hnh, c quan ban hnh
ca tng vn bn):
Lut u t 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 29 thng
11 nm 2005;
Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua
ngy 19/11/2005;
Ngh nh s 108/2006/N-CP ngy 22/9/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh
chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut u t;
Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi
tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v x l vi phm
php lut trong lnh vc bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung
mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca
4

Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut

Bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 v ph bo v mi trng i vi
khai thc khong sn;
Ngh nh s 82/2009/ND-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 12/10/2009 sa i mt s
iu ca Ngh nh 63/2008/ND-CP v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc
khong sn;
Ngh nh s 68/2005/N-CP ngy 20/5/2005 ca Chnh ph v an ton ha cht;
Ngh nh s 108/2008/N-CP ngy 07/10/2008 ca Chnh ph v hng dn thi
hnh mt s iu ca Lut Ha cht
Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi
rn;
Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp
php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;
Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v
mi trng i vi nc thi;
Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 v Ngh inh s 26/2010/N
ngy 22/03/2010 ca Chnh Ph v vic sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh
nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi
trng i vi nc thi;
Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/12/2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng;
Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k cp php
hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi;
Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn
mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v
qun l cht thi rn;
Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi;
Cc TCVN/QCVN v mi trng lin quan:
- Cc vn bn ban hnh cc QCVN v mi trng: Quyt nh 04/2008/QBTNMT, Quyt inh 16/2008/Q-BTNMT, Thng t 16//2009/TT-BTNMT,
Thng t 25/2009/TT-BTNMT;
QCVN v khng kh: QCVN 05:2009, QCVN 06:2009, QCVN 19:2009, QCVN
20:2009;
5

 TCVN v n v rung ng: TCVN 5949:1998, TCVN 3958:1999, TCVN

6962:2001;
TCVN v QCVN v nc: TCVN 5945:2005, QCVN 13:2008, QCVN 08:2008,
QCVN 09:2008, QCVN 10:2008, QCVN 14:2008
TCVN v cht thi nguy hi: TCVN 6705:2000, TCVN 6706:2000; TCVN
6707:2000; TCVN 7629:2007
Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B trng B Y t v
vic Ban hnh 21 tiu chun v sinh lao ng, 05 nguyn tc v 07 thng s v
sinh lao ng;
Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n
Vn bn k thut
Lit k cc vn bn k thut thc hin lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng:
Bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t.
Nin gim thng k
Cc ti liu k thut khc
Cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng
(tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu)
-

Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho;

Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp.

3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM

i vi cc d n sn xut ha cht c bn, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng thng
c tin hnh bng nhng phng php sau y:
Phng php thng k: Phng php ny nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v
kh tng thu vn, kinh t x hi, mi trng ti khu vc thc hin d n.
Phng php iu tra x hi hc: c s dng trong qu trnh iu tra cc vn
v mi trng, kinh t x hi, ly kin tham vn lnh o UBND, UBMTTQ
v cng ng dn c xung quanh.
Phng php mng li: Ch r cc tc ng trc tip v cc tc ng gin tip,
cc tc ng th cp v cc tc ng qua li ln nhau.
Phng php tng hp, so snh: Dng tng hp cc s liu thu thp c, so
snh vi Quy chun, Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam. T nh gi hin
trng cht lng mi trng nn ti khu vc nghin cu, d bo nh gi v
xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng ca d
n.

 Phng php nh gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim ca WHO: c s dng

c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh khi trin khai xy dng v thc
hin d n.
Phng php m hnh ho: S dng cc m hnh tnh ton d bo lan truyn
cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh t xc nh mc v phm vi
tc ng.
Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim:
Nhm xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu cc thng s mi trng phc v
cho vic phn tch, nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d n.
Phng php hi tho khoa hc: Tham vn kin cc chuyn gia v cc vn
mi trng ca d n.
4. T chc thc hin TM
Nu tm tt qu trnh thc hin lp bo co TM bt u t kho st, thu thp, nghin
cu ti liu c lin quan, ly mu phn tch, gp a phng bao gm chnh quyn a
phng, c quan qun l mi trng a phng.
C quan t vn: tn c quan, a ch, ngi ng u, danh sch nhng ngi tham
gia thc hin chnh.
Lu : cn c i din ca ch d n tham gia lp bo co TM.

CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N

Yu cu: Ni dung m t s lc v d n sn xut ha cht c bn phi c trnh

by ngn gn, y , r rng v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng,
bn , s vi t l thch hp.

1.1. Nguyn tc
M t s lc d n phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Tp trung m t cc ni dng ca d n lin quan n mi trng v phi ph

hp vi bo co nghin cu kh thi, bo co d n u t xy dng cng trnh,
bo co kinh t - k thut hoc bo co khc tng ng;

Th hin y cc la chn u t d n (phng n v a im, phng n

v quy m, cng sut, phng n v cng ngh, sn phm);

Vic m t phi r rng, d hiu (khng dng qu nhiu t chuyn mn) v

c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s , bn theo ng quy
phm v t l thch hp.

Nn c chuyn gia v cng ngh sn xut ha cht c bn tham gia t vn cho

phn vit ny

1.2. M t tm tt d n
1.2.1. Tn d n
Nu chnh xc tn d n trong bo co TM ph hp vi bo co nghin cu
kh thi, bo co u t xy dng cng trnh d n, bo co kinh t - k thut hoc bo
co khc tng ng;
1.2.2. Ch d n
Nu y tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch v phng tin lin h vi c
quan ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n.
1.2.3. V tr a l ca d n
-

M t r rng v tr (bao gm c ta , ranh gii, din tch) ca a im

thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng i,
ni; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc), cc i tng v kinh tx hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut-kinh doanh-dch v, cc
cng trnh giao thng, cng trnh vn ha-tn gio, cc di tch lch s) v cc
i tng khc phn b xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s hoc bn
v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny m bo tun th danh php v quy
phm ca bn ;
1

Nhn nh s b v nhng thun li, cn tr v mi trng v iu kin t

nhin (tiu thot nc ma, ngun tip nhn nc thi), kinh t-x hi (n b,
gii phng mt bng) ca v tr c la chn i vi d n.

1.2.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n
Ni dung c bn ca d n c phn nh thng qua cc trnh by v mc tiu,
quy m ca d n, cc hng mc cng trnh, khi lng xy lp; cng ngh sn xut;
nhu cu v nng lng, nguyn nhin vt liu, thit b my mc v tin thc hin.
y l nhng ni dung cn thit lin quan mt cch hu c vi qu tnh thc hin
TM ca d n.
Mc tiu, quy m ca d n
-

Mc tiu sn xut ca D n;

Quy m ca d n: vn u t (trong nc, ngoi nc), hnh thc kinh doanh,

cng sut thit k ca d n khi d n i vo hot ng n nh (sn
phm/nm), th trng phc v (% ni a, % xut khu);

Nhu cu nhn lc, b my t chc qun l.

Cng ngh sn xut

M t chi tit, r rng v d hiu t u vo nguyn liu n sn phm cui
cng bao gm cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh cng ngh sn xut hoc ca tng hng
mc cng trnh ca d n, trong tp trung vo cc cng on sn xut pht sinh
cht thi c bit l cht thi nguy hi. Phn ni dung ny c minh ha bng cc s
cng ngh, trn ch ra cc yu t mi trng c kh nng pht sinh nh ngun
cht thi v cc yu t gy tc ng khc (nu c).
Ngnh sn xut ho cht c bn sn xut ra cc sn phm gm axt sunphuric,
axt photphoric, axt clohydric, axt nitrc, xt, sa, bt nhTuy nhin do Vit
Nam ngnh sn xut ny cha tht pht trin v mi ch gii hn trong vic sn xut 3
ho cht c bn l xt-clo, axt sunphuric v axt phtphoric, do vy, trong hng dn
ny ch trnh by tham kho v c im cng ngh sn xut 3 loi ho cht c bn
ni trn.
Cng ngh sn xut xt
Ton b dy chuyn sn xut xt (NaOH) l da trn phn ng in phn nc
mui (nc ci). Trong qu trnh ny dung dch mui (NaCl) c in phn thnh clo
nguyn t (trong bung ant), dung dch natri hyroxit, v hidro nguyn t (trong
bung catt). Nh my c thit b sn xut ng thi xt v clo thng c gi l
nh my xt-clo. Phn ng tng th sn xut xt v clo bng in phn l:
2Na+ + 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2NaOH
Phn ng in phn dung dch mui n l:
2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (iu kin: in phn c mng ngn)

Hnh 0-1. S cng ngh sn xut xt km theo dng thi

Quy trnh sn xut c hnh thnh t 3 cng on sn xut chnh gm: Cng
on sn xut nc mui, cng on in phn v cng on c c.

Cng on tinh ch nc mui

Mui nguyn liu c hm lng NaCl khong 90%, cha mt s tp cht nh

Ca , Mg2+, SO42-, cc tp cht c hc nh t, ctgy nh hng xu n qu trnh
in phn, lm gim hiu sut ca qu trnh. Do vy, nhim v ca cng on ny l
lm sch mui cng nghip t tiu chun k thut cho cng on in phn tip theo.
2+

Mui nguyn liu c ho tan bng nc mui thu hi ca cng on c c

v c sc hi nng tng tc ho tan. Nc mui i t di ln qua ct mui
t nng 310 - 315 g/l (gn bo ho). Tip cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-- c nh
hng xu n qu trnh in phn c kt ta bng Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaOH theo
phng trnh :
SO42- + BaCl2 ---- > BaSO4 + 2 ClCa2+ + Na2CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2 Na+
3

Mg2+ + NaOH ---> Mg(OH)2 + 2 Na+

Kt ta cng vi tp cht khng tan c loi khi nc mui nh thit b
lng trong. Sau khi lng trong, nc mui c a ti khu x l nc mui th cp.
Ti y cht khng tan cn li trong nc mui c tip tc loi b bng ct lc
antraxit. Sau nc mui c trung ho, gia nhit v kh cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+
.... bng cch cho i qua ct trao i ion. Nc mui sau khi ra khi ct trao i ion c
tinh khit rt cao s c bm ln thng cao v trc khi cp vo thng in gii.

Cng on in phn

Mc ch ca cng on ny l sn xut ra xt lng, kh clo v kh hydr. Nc

mui m bo ch tiu k thut t cng on nc mui c bm ln thng cao v ri
xung thit b trao i nhit, ti y c nng nhit ln 80 - 90oC sau chuyn
xung thng in phn. Ti y, di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu qu trnh in
phn xy ra theo phn ng:
2 NaCl + 2H2O ----> 2 NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Xt sau khi ra khi thng in phn c nng 10% v lng mui cn nhiu
do hiu sut phn hu mui khong 50%, dung dch xt long ny c bm sang
thng cha ca cng on c c.

Cng on c c

Mc ch ca cng on ny l nng cao nng NaOH v tch thu hi lng

mui trong dung dch xt.
Dung dch xt long c bm cp vo thit b c c c ng tun hon trung
tm. Ti y, dung dch in phn long i trong ng, hi nng c nhit cao i
ngoi ng cp nhit lm bc hi nc trong dch nng cao nng xt.
Mt khc, thu hi lng mui c trong dung dch xt, dng bm tun hon qua
Xyclon lng tch mui. Dung dch xt t nng c lm lnh v a v thng cha.
Lng xt v mui sau khi tch xyclon lng c a xung thng lc mui.
Ti y, dng nc ra ht lng xt ko theo ri dng kh nn lng dch ra nn ra
thng cha dch xt vo c c li. Lng mui tinh th nm trong thng lc c
ho tan bng nc ri nh kh nn, nn sang cng on nc mui ho tan mui
nguyn liu.
Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh sn xut NaOH. im phn bit gia cc cng
ngh ny l phng php ngn cn khng cho natri hyroxit v kh clo ln ln vi
nhau, nhm to ra cc sn phm tinh khit.

Bung in phn kiu thy ngn: Trong bung in phn kiu thu ngn th
khng s dng mng hoc mn chn m s dng thu ngn nh mt phng
tin chia tch.

Bung in phn kiu mng chn: Trong bung in phn kiu mng chn,
nc mui t khoang ant chy qua mng chia tch n khoang catt; vt
liu lm mng chia tch l amian ph trn catt c nhiu l.
4

Bung in phn kiu mng ngn: Trong bung in phn kiu mng ngn th
mng chia tch l mt mng trao i ion

Vi c im cng ngh nu trn, ngun gy nhim khng kh ch yu l kh clo

thot ra.
Cng ngh sn xut axt Clohyric (HCl)
Axt HCl c tng hp t kh clo v kh hyr lm ngui, iu kin p
sut dng. Qu trnh tng hp l phn ng gia kh clo v hyr xy ra trong thp
tng hp theo phn ng 1. Kh HCl to ra c lm ngui v hp th bng nc trong
thit b hp th m theo phn ng 2.
H2 (K) + Cl2

2 HCl(K)

(1)

HCl(K) + H2O

HCl.H2O

(2)

Qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong thp din ra theo nguyn tc: Kh i t di ln

nc ti t trn xung to ra axit HCl. Axit HCl c a sang thit b trao i nhit
bng nc cng nghip lm ngui ri chy v thng cha. Phn kh HCl cha c
hp th ht a sang hp th li bng nc thit b hp th thi, phn dch ny c
ln mt phn axit cho qua b x l ri thi. Axit long nhn c t thp thu hi
HCl c a tr li ti thp hp th lm tng nng axit n khi t yu cu.
Dng kh lin tc vo thp tng hp nh h thng ht chn khng (qut hoc s
dng hi hoc nc c p lc) t sau hp th thu hi kh HCl. Ra khi h thng thp
tng hp, axit sn phm c nng t yu cu 31% HCl c cha trong bn cha
bng composit. Nhit sinh ra do phn ng tng hp HCl c ti i nh h thng nc
lm ngui.
Vi c im cng ngh ni trn, kh thi ra t cng on sn xut ny s c
hi HCl, Cl v nhit sinh ra ln ti xp x 40oC. Nc thi cha axit HCl c s
dng sn xut axit HCl nng 32%. Cht thi rn t cng on sn xut ny l
cn mui, bn thi cha canxi, manh v cht khng tan khc.

Hnh 0-2. S cng ngh sn xut axit Clohyric km theo dng thi
Cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric
Axt sunfuric c sn xut t hai dng nguyn liu chnh l lu hunh nguyn
t hoc qung cha lu hunh (nh qung pyrt) da trn hai phng php chnh:
-

Phng php tip xc n v hp th n vi hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 t

98%: Nguyn liu s dng l qung pyrit s c tim nng cao gy nhim mi
trng bi: Kh thi cha SO2, H2SO4 , bi x pyrit vi nng cao; Nc thi
c tnh axt cao v x pyrit c cha hm lng lu hunh ng k (4% i vi
l t ghi bng v 1% i vi l t tng si). Do vy, hin nay phng php
ny gn nh khng cn c p dng;

Phng php tip xc kp v hp th kp vi hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 thnh

SO3 trong khong 99,5 - 99,9%. Phng php ny s dng 2 thit b chuyn
ho (chuyn ho 2 cp), do hiu sut chuyn ho cao nn gim c lng SO2
6

thot vo kh quyn v do hiu sut hp th SO3 vi nc cao nn gim c

lng SO3 tht thot ra ngoi.
Vi vic p dng cng ngh ny ng thi nguyn liu s dng l lu hunh
thay cho pyrit, sn xut axit sunfuric gn nh l cng ngh khng c nc thi v cht
thi rn v kh thi c cha cht nhim vi nng thp.
Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v cng ngh sn xut axit sunfuric
bng phng php tip xc kp v hp th kp, nguyn liu s dng l lu hunh
nguyn t.

Hnh 0-3. S cng ngh sn xut axit Sunfuric ( H2SO4) t nguyn liu l lu
hunh
Cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric theo cng ngh ny c hnh thnh t 3 qu
trnh c bn gm: t lu hunh, chuyn ho SO2 v sy kh kh v hp th SO3.
-

Qu trnh 1: t lu hunh
Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l xi ho (t) lu hunh to thnh SO2:
S + O2 SO2

Do vy, trong qu trnh ny, lu hunh nguyn t trc ht c lm nng

chy, c lc v sau c bm p lc cao phun vo thit b t. Lu hunh b
7

chy vi khng kh kh v sch c sy t thp sy a ti (s dng axt H2SO4

93 -95%). Kh giu SO2 nng c nng khong 10,5% th tch c lm ngui trong
ni hi tn dng nhit v thit b gia nhit hi qu nhit. Nhit kh ra khi thit b
t l gn 1050oC v nhit kh ra khi thit b hi qu nhit l 450oC.
-

Qu trnh 2: Chuyn ho SO2

Bn cht ca qu trnh 2 l oxy ho SO2 tr thnh SO3:
2 SO2 + O2 2SO3

Kh SO2 c xy ho thnh SO3 vi s tr gip ca xc tc trong thit b

chuyn ho. Thit b ny gm 4 lp xc tc, trong 3 lp u thuc giai on chuyn
ho th nht v lp cn li thuc giai oi chuyn ho th hai.
Kh giu SO2 c nhit 430oC i vo lp xc tc th nht. Qua ba lp xc
tc khong 85% SO2 chuyn ho thnh SO3. Phn ng chuyn ho l to nhit v
nhit ny dng gia nhit kh SO2 tun hon li thp hp th th nht n nhit
430oC v nhit cn li dng gia nhit nc cp cho ni hi trong thit b tn dng
nhit u tin.
Giai on chuyn ho th hai, t c hiu sut chuyn ho 99,7% v nhit
phn ng cng c tn dng ti thit b tn dng nhit th hai.
-

Qu trnh 3: Sy kh khng kh v hp th SO3

Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l SO3 c hp th bng nc trong dung dch axt

sunfuric tr thnh H2SO4:
SO3 + H2O -----> H2SO4
Vic cung cp khng kh kh cho thit b t lu hunh c thc hin nh qut
ht qua thp sy thu hi nc trong khng kh bng axt sunfuric v to ra kh kh.
Cng ngh sn xut axit sunfuric s pht sinh ra kh thi gm bi lu hunh t
cng on cung cp lu hunh bt v kh SO2 , m axit trong kh thi sau thp hp th.
Cht thi rn ch yu l cn lu hunh khng chy ht trong l t lu hunh. Qu
trnh sn xut ny hu nh khng c nc thi.
Cng ngh sn xut axt photphoric
C hai phng php sn xut axt photphoric:
-

Phng php t: Qung pht pht phn ng vi axt sunfuric.

Phng php kh: Qung pht pht cng vi SiO2 c gia nhit trong l in,
dng than kh thnh photpho sau c xi ho v hirt ho.

i vi qung pht pht ca Vit nam, phng php t c la chn do chi

ph sn xut thp hn.
Trong phng php t, axt photphoric c to ra do phn ng gia axt
sunfuric (H2SO4) vi qung pht pht. Qung pht pht c sy, nghin cho ti khi
60 - 70% ht qung c kch thc nh hn 0,15 mm v sau c a lin tc vo
thit b phn ng vi axt sunfuric. Phn ng cn kt hp canxi trong qung pht pht
8

vi sunfat to thnh CaSO4, hay c gi l gp. Gp c tch ra khi dung dch phn
ng bng cch lc.
Phn ng ho hc chnh sn xut axt photphoric bng phng php t nh sau:
Ca3(PO4) + CaF2 + 10H2SO4

6H3PO4 + 10CaSO4 + nH2O +2HF

Axt photphoric c thu hi bng cch lc v tch ra khi bn to thnh khi

phn hu hai ln qung pht pht bng axt sunfuric.
Trong qu trnh phn ng, tinh th gp b kt ta v c tch ra khi axt bng
qu trnh lc. Cc tinh th c tch ra cn phi c ra thu hi c t nht 99%
axt photphoric trong phn lc c.
Nh vy, qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric gm 5 cng on nh sau:
-

Cng on1 : Chun b bn qung

Qung pht pht c a ti h bn qung qua cn cp lng khng i.

Trong h qung pht pht c trn vi nc chun b bn qung vi nng gn
40% trng lng.
-

Cng on 2 : Phn hu

Bn qung pht pht c cp vo thit b trn s b v b phn hu mt phn

bng axt sunfuric c pha long t (98% n 70 - 80% trng lng) v axt
photphoric ly ra t cng on lc.
Bn pht pht trn v hn hp axt c chuyn ti thit b phn hu photphat
to thnh axt photphoric.
iu khin nhit bng cch thi khng kh trn b mt bn qua mt s ng
v gi nhit khong 85-900C, c khong 80% photphat c phn hu.
Axt photphoric ngm 1/2 nc l cht khng n nh c a vo cng on
tip theo.
-

Cng on3 : Kt tinh

Ra khi thit b cui cng, bn nng c a khi thit b kt tinh lin tc qua
mng chy trn trong thit b kt tinh c lm ngui gi nhit 55 -60oC bng
cch thi khng kh t nhit bn ti u cho kt tinh v hidrat ho gp ngm 1/2
H2O chuyn thnh gp ngm 2H2O.
Cui cng thu c axt photphoric cha 28 - 30% P2O5 v gp ngm 2 H2O c
cht lng mong mun.
-

Cng on 4 : Lc

Ra khi thit b kt tinh, bn c bm i lc gm 3 bc lc tch bn ra khi

axt photphoric ln gp.
Axt sn phm l nc lc 1 ca bc lc th 1 c cha trong thng v chuyn
ti cng on c c. Nc lc 2 ca bc lc ln 2 l axt nng trung bnh c
chuyn ti cng on phn hu c gi l axt tun hon. Sau khi iu chnh nng
P2O5 bng cch thm vo 1 lng nh ca nc lc ln 1.
9

Nc lc 3 t bc lc th 3 c dng lm nc ra cho bc lc 2. Nc lc 4
c dng lm nc ra cho bc lc 3. B gp t c chuyn ti bi cht ng gp
bn ngoi bng ti.
-

Cng on 5 : C c axt

Thit b c 2 cm c c gm bung bc hi, bm tun hon cho bung bc

hi, b phn gia nhit v my to chn khng.
Axt tun hon c gia nhit khi n qua cc ng ca b phn gia nhit v nc
trong axt c bay hi trong bung bc hi.
Ngun nhit cung cp cho b phn gia nhit l hi nc p sut thp bung bc
hi duy tr chn khng nh h thng to chn khng. Kh flo bay hi trong khi c c
c thu hi dng dung dch 20% H2SiF6 (theo trng lng) bng thp ra kh flo.

Hnh 0-4. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut a xt Phtphoric ( theo

cng ngh bn quyn ca Prayon-Mark IV B)
Qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric s pht sinh cht thi gm kh thi v cht
thi rn. Kh thi ch yu l HF v SiF4 (trong kh thi thu c t phn ng gia
H2SO4 vi qung apatt to H3PO4). Cht thi rn l gyps (CaSO4.2H2O).
-

Nguyn liu s dng: qung apatit 32% P2O5 (tnh trn c s kh);
10

Sn phm u ra: acid H3PO4 52% P2O5. Thnh phn cht thi: l b gp vi
thnh phn chnh l thch cao: CaSO4 .2H20. Cht thi kh: Hm lng FloU
5mg/Nm3; bi U 49mg/Nm3.

Cc hng mc cng trnh v khi lng xy lp

1. Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng xy lp v quy m khng gian
(din tch t chim dng) ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu
trnh thc hin d n. Vic m t cc cng trnh c phn lm 2 loi:
-

Cc cng trnh chnh: l cc cng trnh phc v mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh,

dch v ca d n (nh xng.);

Cc cng trnh ph tr: gm h thng cung cp in, cung cp nc; h thng

thot nc ma, nc thi sn xut, h thng cy xanh, trm x l nc thi, ni
thu gom hoc trm tp kt cht thi rn (nu c), cng trnh giao thng ni b

Phn ni dung ny cn c minh ha bng mt s mt bng tng th th

hin mt cch r rng tt c cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n (k c v tr cc cng
trnh x l, lu gi cht thi) hoc cc s ring l cho tng hng mc cng trnh
(ch cn c c s cp thot nc ca khu vc d n)
2. Trnh by chi tit v y v phng thc, khi lng vt liu (t, , ct,
si) cung cp cho d n san lp mt bng hoc khi lng t o, bc v vt
liu xy dng khc xy dng cng trnh.
Nhu cu v nng lng, nguyn, nhin vt liu phc v sn xut
Nhu cu nng lng, nguyn, nhin vt liu phi c th hin mt cch nh
lng theo cc tiu ch nh nh mc tnh theo tn sn phm v tng lng tnh theo
cng sut cho mt nm. Cc loi nguyn liu phi nu r thnh phn cc cht c trong
nguyn liu. i vi ha cht s dng phi th hin r tn thng hiu, cng thc ho
hc da vo lp phng n bo qun, vn chuyn, s dng, phng chng s c
chy n.
Di y l nhng trnh by v nhu cu nguyn vt liu, ho cht cho sn xut
mt s ho cht c bn tham kho.
Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut xt - clo
Nguyn liu chnh l mui clorua natri cng nghip (NaCl). Thng thng yu
cu cht lng mui dng in phn sn xut xt ti thiu phi t 93% NaCl v c
thnh phn nh trnh by ti Bng 0-1.

11

Bng 0-1. Thnh phn mui nguyn liu (Phn tch trn mu cn bn kh)
Thnh phn

NaCl

Ca

Mg

SO42-

Cht khng
tan

96,46

0,18

0,10

1,00

0,30

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Ho cht, 2002

Ngoi mui ra, nguyn vt liu khc c s dng gm: du t, sa,

bariclorua, sunfit natri, cht tr lng, nha trao i ion, mng trao i ion.
i vi dy chuyn axit HCl, nguyn liu dng tng hp l kh clo, kh
hyro. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh tng hp axit HCl cn cn dng kh nit chng
chy n, s lng khng nhiu. Phng n sn phm v qui cch xem Bng 0-2.
Bng 0-2. Sn phm v qui cch sn phm
TT

Sn phm

Xt

Clo lng

Axit HCl

Qui cch

Bao b

NaOH : 31,5%
NaCl < 0,004%
NaClO3 < 0,002%
Fe2O3 < 0,004%
Na2CO3 < 0,3%

Ghi ch

Thng phi 2001

Cl2 99,5%

Bnh chuyn dng nhp

ngoi

HCl > 31%

Fe3+ < 0,0005%
Cl t do < 0,001%
D20oC 1,555 g/l
Cht khng tan < 0,01%

- Can nha 25 l
- Stec lt cao su 10 m3,
hoc bng vt liu
Composit

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt sunfuric

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut l lu hunh c cc c tnh: Hm lng S: 99,5 99,8% KL, tro: 0,1 - 0,5% KL, tp cht hu c: 0,04 - 0,08% KL, v khng c asen.
Tiu hao nguyn liu ring l 0,35 tn S (99,8%)/ 1 tn axit sn phm.
Ngoi ra, cn cn mt lng nguyn liu xc tc V2O5 s dng thc hin
qu trnh chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3. Tiu hao ring l 0,16 kg/ 1 tn sn phm.
Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt photphoric
Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt photphoric (42%P2O5) gm:
-

Qung pht pht (apatt) 32% P2O5.

Axt sunfuric nng 98%

12

Tiu hao nguyn liu ring l 1,33 tn photphat / 1 tn H3PO4 v 1,19 tn axt
sunfuric / 1 tn H3PO4.
Thit b cng ngh chnh
Trong phn ni dung ny, cn lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c
ca d n km theo ch dn v xut x, nm sn xut v hin trng (cn bao nhiu
phn trm, mi hon ton).
Di y l nhng trnh by v thit b sn xut mt s ho cht c bn
tham kho.
Cc thit b sn xut xt - clo
Cc thit b chnh sn xut xt - clo chnh c phn nh ti Bng 0-3.
Bng 0-3. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut xt - clo
TT
1

c tnh
k thut

Tn thit b
2

A. Dy chuyn xt clo
1

Thng in phn

o lng, iu khin
- Dng c o nhit , p sut
- T iu khin

/khin bng PLC

Dng c o lng, t ng ho

Thit b o p sut, nhit ,

lu lng, o mc, van t
ng kh nn

M t iu tc thit b lng

Bm nc ngng clo

Bm trc ng

Qut clo

Vt liu titan

Thit b lng

Vt liu thp /FRP

Thit b lc

Vt liu thp /FRP

Thp kh hp th clo

D 650 x H25001

B. Dy chuyn HCl
1

Thp tng hp

Graphit

Thit b ngng t to chn khng

Vt liu graphit

Thit b o lng, iu khin

Thit b o p sut, nhit ,

t trng, van t ng

ng ng, van

PTFE, PVC/FRP

Vt t d phng
13

C. H thng ph tr
C1. Cp in
1

My pht in

380 V,

C2. H thng lm lnh nc

1

Thp lm lnh

Bm nc lm lnh

Van cc loi

Thp cacbon

Thit b lc

Lc t ng

Thit b chm ho clo

Dng c o lng

Cp hi

Nhit , p sut, lu lng

- Ni hi cng ton b h thng ng ng, in, p sut 10 Kg/m2

dng c o
8

H thng nit
- Bn cha (bao gm van gim p, cng tc bo p Thp cacbon,, 4 Kg/cm2
sut cao, ng h p, ng gp kh)

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Cc thit b sn xut axt sunfuric

Cc thit b chnh cho sn xut axit sunfuric c phn nh ti bng 1.4.
Bng 0-4. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuric
TT

Tn thit b

Kiu
Tua bin

Vt liu

My thi kh

L t lu hunh ( bao gm c nu
Hnh tr hoc nm ngang
chy Lu hunh)

Thp c lt vt
liu chu nhit

Thp hp th

Hnh tr ng

V: FRP
m: P.P
Phun: P.P
Kh mi: P.P

Thp xy ho

Hnh ch nht

Lt cao su
Thp cacbon

Thit b sy

Hnh tru ng,

Thep c lt vt
liu chu axit

14

Thp Cacbon

Bm vn chuyn axits v nc Ly tm nm ngang

lm mt sau hp th

Vt liu chu a xit

Thit b lm mt axit hoc Oleum

Vt liu chu axit

ng khi

ng chm hoc dn ti

Thp
mn

chu

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Cc thit b sn xut axt photphoric

Cc thit b sn xut axit photphoric c phn nh ti bng 1.5 di y.
Bng 0-5. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axit photphoric
TT

Tn thit b

Kiu

Vt liu

Thit b phn ng

Hnh tr

Thp c bc vt liu
chu axit

Thit b lc

B nhiu ngn

Vt liu chu axit

Thit b c c axit

Hnh tr

Vt liu chu axit

Bun ke qung

Hnh tr ng

Thp cacbon

Bm bn

Ly tm ng

Gang

Bm cp bn

Ly tm tr

Gang

Thng cha bn qung

Hnh tr thng ng

Thp cacbon

My khuy cho TK-2101

Mi cho 3 tng

Thp cacbon

B cha bn qung

Hnh ch nht

B tng

10

My khuy cho D-2101

Hnh tr thng ng

Thp cacbon

11

Thng lng

Hnh cn ng

Thp cacbon

12

Thng sc bn

Hnh tr ng

Thp cacbon

13

Bng ti cn qung

Cn nh lng hng s

Thp cacbon + bng

cao su

14

My trn s b

Hnh tr ng

Thp cacbon + ltc

cao su v gch
cacbon

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Ch : Cn nu r ngun gc thit b, nm sn xut v tnh trng thit b( % tt

hay qua s dng.
T chc thi cng v tin thc hin d n
T chc thi cng
Trnh by k hoch t chc thi cng cng trnh bao gm:

15

S lng, chng loi phng tin (trng ti), thit b my mc s dng hng
ngy vo qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, san lp mt bng v xy dng
cng trnh;

S lng cng nhn tham gia xy dng cng trnh; t chc n , sinh hot;

K hoch t chc thi cng xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n.

Tin thc hin d n

Phn ni dung ny th hin lch trnh tin hnh thc hin cc hng mc cng
trnh ca D n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo vn
hnh th gm:
-

Tin gii phng mt bng;

Tin xy dng, lp t thit b sn xut v thit b x l mi trng;

Tin vn hnh th.

Tin thc hin d n c th c minh ho nh bng di y.
Bng 0-6. Tin thc hin d n

Nm

Nm th 1

Nm th 2

Nm th 3

Giai on thc Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng
hin d n
1
2
.....
1
2
.....
1
2
.....
San lp
bng

mt

Thi cng xy
dng
Lp t
thit b
Vn hnh th

Phng php tip cn v nh gi, la chn a im trin khai d n

V loi hnh sn xut ha cht c bn tim n nhiu kh nng nhim nn cn
ht sc ch ti vic nh gi a im la chon d n.Nn c phn tich v u nhc
im cua a im c la chn .vI du c thun li cho vic cung cp v vn chuyn
nguyn nhin liu v sn phm, c gn cc c s sn xut c th co tc ng tng h
hay khng, c gn cc cng trnh vn ha, lch s, kinh t hay khng? Ngun cp nc
v ngun tip nhn nc thi, cng nh kh nng qun l v x l cht thi....
T chc sn xut v nhu cu nhn lc
Nn c s t chc sn xut ca d n t lnh o chung xung cc phng
ban v cc xng sn xut.Cn c b phn qun l an ton ha cht v mi trng
Nhu cu nhn lc nn nu r nhu cu nhn lc cho tng b phn ca d n, d kin s cn
b chuyn mn thuc cc lnh vc , s cng nhn v ch nu r ngun cung ng.
16

CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN

TRNG MI TRNG NN
(Cc c im t nhin, mi trng, kinh t - x hi khu vc d n v cc khu
vc khc c lin quan n d n).
Yu cu: D n sn xut ha cht c bn l loi hnh sn xut chu nh hng
cng nh s tc ng nhiu ti mi trng v vy cc c im t nhin, mi trng
kinh t - x hi khu vc d n cn c m t rt c th v tp trung vo cc thnh
phn mi trng v cc thng s cht lng mi trng c kh nng chu nh hng
ca loi hinh sn xut ny nhm phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi
hnh d n sn xut ha cht c bn n mi trung t nhin, kinh t x hi....
(Cn ch r mc chi tit ca tng c im c m t, cc yu cu chuyn
mn ca cc s liu, d liu, thng s c s dng sao cho ph hp vi quy nh
hin hnh v phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi hnh d n c th
n mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi)

2.1. Nguyn tc
M t iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t - x hi khu vc thc hin d
n phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Ch tin hnh thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v iu kin t nhin, cc

thnh phn mi trng v kinh t-x hi ca khu vc thc hin d n v khu
vc ln cn chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca d n. Trnh thu thp cc
thng tin, s liu qu mc yu cu, khng cn thit, hoc cho mt khu vc qu
rng khng ph hp vi d n;

Ch m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh c tim nng b tc ng trc

tip hoc gin tip bi d n, c bit l nhng tc ng c lin quan n hot
ng sn xut ha cht c bn nh cc ha cht gy nhim hoc c hi ti
sinh vt sng

Vic m t iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t-x hi khu vc phi c

minh chng bng cc s liu nh lng c tin cy, r rng v ngun gc
xut x v phi c cp nht n thi im thc hin TM;

S liu phn nh iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc phi m bo chui

thi gian quan trc di, i biu, c trng cho gi tr trung bnh max, min
cc thng trong nm v nm.

Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th tiu chun, quy chun k
thut cho php;

Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi

c chun ho theo quy nh;
17

Cc im o c, ly mu phi c m s, c ch dn v thi gian, a im ng

thi phi c th hin r rng trn cc s , bn hp quy chun v t l
thch hp.

2.2. iu kin t nhin khu vc d n

Hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ho cht c bn thng pht thi
mt lng nc thi, kh thi tng i ln v c cha cc kh nhim c hi vi
nng cao. Qu trnh lan truyn, pht tn v chuyn ho ca cc cht nhim trong
mi trng c bit l mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh ph thuc rt nhiu
vo iu kin t nhin khu vc. Do vy, c cn c nh gi c mt cch s b
sc chu ti mi trng khu vc v l c s cho vic TM, iu kin t nhin khu vc
cn phi c phn nh r rng v y
M t v iu kin t nhin khu vc d n ch yu c th hin thng qua cc
ni dung v iu kin a l, a cht; iu kin kh tng, thy vn v hin trng cc
thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc.
2.2.1. iu kin v a l, a cht
Phn ni dung ny ch cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh
b tc ng bi d n. Trng hp d n c lm thay i cc yu t cnh quan th phi
m t mt cch chi tit. Ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. Thng
thng, phn ni dung ny c cp ti c im a hnh, iu kin a cht cng
trnh v a cht thu vn khu vc d n.
Lu , khng m t iu kin a l, a cht cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy
m cp tnh hoc vng.
c im a hnh
M t khi lc c im a hnh (ni, i, ng bng, cao tuyt i, c
im phn ct a hnh...) khu vc d n v ln cn c bit ch trng m t k nhng
c im a hnh c th cn tr qu trnh thot nc mt, qu trnh khuych tn cht
nhim trong mi trng khng kh hoc gy ng ngp, st trt t.
a cht cng trnh
M t khi lc c im, tnh cht c l ca cc lp t cu to nn nn
mng ca cng trnh, trong c bit th hin r cc lp t yu c tim nng gy st
ln, nt v cng trnh. Ni dung ny cn c minh ha bng nhng mt ct a cht
in hnh trong th hin c cc yu t v a tng, kin to v cc c im v
tnh cht c l ca tng.
a cht thu vn
iu kin a cht thu vn khu vc c m t thng qua c im phn b
(theo khng gian, su) ca cc tng cha nc trong khu vc d n c bit i vi
cc tng cha nc c tim nng b nh hng bi hot ng khai thc nc di t
phc v d n hoc kh nng thm thu nc thi ca d n. Ni dung ny nn c
18

minh ha bng nhng mt ct a cht thy vn vi vic th hin r cc tng cha

nc ca khu vc d n.
Khong sn
M t s b v cc im/m khong sn chnh trong khu vc d n v ln cn
gm: c im phn b, tr lng, cht lng khong sn v hin trng khai thc.
2.2.2. iu kin v kh tng, thu vn
Qu trnh lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong mi trng ph
thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc d n. Do vy, nhng yu t
kh tng quan trng nht lm c s cho vic thc hin TM s gm:
-

Nhit khng kh v m tng i ca khng kh;

Ch ma, nng v bc x mt tri;

Ch gi (tc gi v hng gi ch o theo ma);

Mt s hin tng kh tng c bit nh sng m, bo l, ging...

Phn nh iu kin thi tit kh hu khu vc d n phi da vo ngun s liu

thng k ti cc trm quan trc trong mng li quan trc kh tng thy vn quc gia
hoc ca a phng gn v tr d n v thuc a bn tnh ni d n s c thc
hin. S liu phi c thng k trong vng t 5-10 nm gn nht vi thi im thc
hin TM.
Nhit khng kh
Nhit khng kh c nh hng n s lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht
nhim trong khng kh gn mt t v ngun nc. Do vy, cc gi tr c trng v
nhit khng kh gm:
-

Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm;

Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng cao nht;

Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng thp nht.

Cc s liu phn nh iu kin nhit khng kh khu vc thng thng c

th hin nh Bng 0-1 di y.
Bng 0-1. Nhit trung bnh thng khu vc d n
(n v tnh: oC)
Thng
I

II

III

IV

VI

Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun:

19

VII

VIII IX

XI

XII

 m khng kh
m cao ca khng kh to iu kin cho vi sinh vt t mt t pht tn vo
khng kh pht trin nhanh chng, lan truyn trong khng kh v chuyn ho cc cht
nhim trong khng kh gy nhim mi trng. Do vy, phn ni dung ny cn
phn nh r v nh lng cc gi tr c trng v m ti khu vc d n gm:
-

m khng kh trung bnh nm;

m khng kh trung bnh thng cao nht;

m khng kh trung bnh thng thp nht.

Cc s liu phn nh iu kin m khng kh khu vc c th hin nh

Bng 0-2 di y.
Bng 0-2. m tng i trung bnh thng khu vc d n
n v tnh: %
Thng
I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII IX

XI

XII

Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun :..

Ch nng v bc x
Ch nng lin quan cht ch vi ch bc x v tnh trng my. Cc thng
s c trng v nng ca khu vc gm:
- Tng s gi nng trung bnh nm;
- Thng c s gi nng trung bnh ln nht;
- Thng c s gi nng trung bnh thp nht.
Cc s liu phn nh ch nhit khu vc thng thng c th hin nh
Bng 0-3 di y.
Bng 0-3. S gi nng trung bnh thng khu vc d n
n v tnh: gi
Thng
I

II

III

IV

VI

Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun : ..

20

VII

VIII IX

XI

XII

Ch gi v hng gi
Gi l yu t kh tng c bn nht c nh hng n s lan truyn cc cht
nhim trong khng kh v lm xo trn cc cht nhim trong nc. Cc thng s c
trng v tc gi v hng gi khu vc d n nh sau:
-

Vn tc gi trung bnh nm;

Vn tc gi trung bnh thng ln nht;

Vn tc gi trung bnh thng b nht;

Hng gi ch o v ma h;

Hng gi ch o v ma ng.

Cc s liu phn nh tc gi khu vc c th hin nh Bng 0-4 di y.

Bng 0-4. Tc gi trung bnh thng khu vc d n
n v tnh: m/s
Thng
I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII IX

XI

XII

Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun : ..

Hng gi c th hin bng cc hoa gi theo cc ma trong nm.

Ch ma
Ma c tc dng lm sch mi trng khng kh v pha long cht thi lng.
Do vy, cc thng s c trng v ch ma ti vng d n gm:
-

Lng ma trung bnh nm;

Lng ma trung bnh thng cao nht;

Lng ma trung bnh thng thp nht.

Cc s liu phn nh ch ma khu vc c th hin nh Bng 0-5 di y.
Bng 0-5. Lng ma trung bnh thng khu vc d n
n v tnh: mm
Thng
I

II

III

IV

VI

Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun :.
21

VII

VIII IX

XI

XII

 bn vng kh quyn
bn vng kh quyn c xc nh theo tc gi v bc x mt tri vo
ban ngy v che ph my vo ban m. Da vo bng 2.6 xc nh n nh
kh quyn ca khu vc d n.
Bng 0-6. Phn loi bn vng kh quyn (Pasquill, 1961)
Bc x mt tri ban ngy
Mnh
Trung bnh
Yu
( cao mt ( cao mt ( cao mt

Tc gi ti
cao
10m (m/s)
<2
2-3
3-5
5-6
>6
Ghi ch :

tri >60)

tri 35-60)

tri 15-35)

A
A-B
B
C
C

A-B
B
B-C
C-D
D

B
C
C
D
D

my ban m
It my

Nhiu my

< 4/8

> 4/8

E
D
D
D

F
E
D
D

A - Rt khng bn vng;

D - Trung ho;

B - Khng bn vng loi trung bnh;

E - Bn vng trung bnh;

C - Khng bn vng loi yu;

F - Bn vng;

Ch thu vn
M t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c bit i vi ngun tip nhn
trc tip hoc gin tip nc ma chy trn v nc thi ca d n. c im ch
thu vn phi c phn nh mt cch y c bit i vi cc ngun tip nhn
trc tip nc thi ca d n l sng, h, knh, mng hay bin gm:
-

i vi sng: ch dng chy (lu lng, vn tc dng chy); c im qu

trnh bi t, xi l lng sng, b sng theo cc ma trong nm (c bit chi tit
i vi phn b sng ln cn d n); mc ch s dng (cp nc sinh hot,
nui trng thy sn, nng nghip...).

i vi h: c im hnh thi, dung tch, c im thu vn (bin ng mc

nc, c im phn tng nhit ca nc h,...), xi l b, bi t, ngun cp
nc cho h, ngun tip nhn nc h v mc ch s dng (cp nc sinh
hot, nui trng thy sn, nng nghip...).

i vi bin: ch sng, dng chy ven b, xi l, bi t b.

Qua phn trnh by v iu kin kh hu, thy vn trn, cn c nhng phn tch,
nh gi s b v:
-

Nhng thun li v tr ngi ca iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc i vi

vic pht trin d n;

Kh nng chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n.

22

Hin tng thi tit bt thng

Trnh by v cc hin tng thi tit bt thng nh bo, l, lt, hn hn, l
qut, trt l t, hin tng nghch o nhit. xy ra trong khu vc theo cc ni
dung sau:
- Quy m, cng ;
- Tn sut xut hin (chui thi gian theo tiu chun, quy chun i vi cng
trnh xy dng);
2.3. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc d n
Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc bao gm thnh phn vt l (khng
kh, nc mt, nc di t, t) v thnh phn sinh hc (h sinh thi trn cn v
di nc) s chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip trong thi gian ngn hay di ca
qu trnh thc hin d n.
Mc chnh xc ca vic nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng t nhin
khu vc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trc ht l ngun ti liu, s liu hin c v c
bit quan trng l s liu nh lng t cc hot ng kho st, o c, phn tch cc
thnh phn mi trng vo thi im chun b thc hin d n. Cht lng ca cc s
liu ny li ph thuc vo vic la chn cc thng s phn tch, la chn v tr, s
lng cc im ly mu, thi im, quy trnh ly mu v phng php phn tch mu.
nh gi v cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc c
cn c vo cc quy chun k thut, tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hoc quy
chun, tiu chun quc t tng ng v s b phn tch nguyn nhn nu thnh phn
mi trng c biu hin b nhim.
2.3.1. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt
Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh c c im phn b cc ngun nc mt,
cht lng nc v hin trng s dng nc (cho mc ch sinh hot, ti tiu, nui
trng thu sn hoc khc) ca tng ngun nc mt v c nh gi thng qua so
snh vi cc TCVN hoc QCVN hin hnh
Cc ngun nc mt ch yu
Thng thng, cc ngun nc mt trong khu vc gm: sng, sui, ao h;
knh, mng c mc ch s dng r rng; bin (trng hp d n s dng hoc thi
nc thi ra vng nc bin).
Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu nc mt
V tr v s lng cc im ly mu nc phi c la chn v xc nh m
bo i din cho hu ht cc ngun nc mt trong khu vc v c m t qua cc ni
dung sau:
-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r

c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ),
khong cch n v tr d n;
23

iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu;

Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc mt

Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht
lng nc mt v phng php phn tch i vi tng thng s c la chn.
i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc
mt thng tp trung vo : nhit , pH, BOD5, COD, DO, tng N, tng P, TSS, pht
pht, fluoride, amoniac, axt H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, HF, SiF4, du m, coliform. Ngoi
ra, tu thuc vo c th ca nguyn nhin liu cng nh sn phm ca ha cht c
bn c th cn phn tch thm mt s thng s nh kim lai nng, asen, uranium,
vanadi v radium. Kt qu phn tch mu nc c th hin theo mu ti bng 2.7.
Bng 2-7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc mt i vi d n sn
xut ha cht c bn
TT

Thng s
phn tch

n v

Nhit nc

pH

NTU

SS

mg/l

DO

mg/l

BOD5

mg/l

COD

mg/l

Tng N

mg/l

Tng P

mg/l

10

Du m

mg/l

11

H2SO4

mg/l

12

H3PO4

mg/l

13

HCl

mg/l

13

As

mg/l

15

Hot phng x Bq/l

16

Cc kim loi nng

khc(ty theo c
im)

17

Coliforms

Mu
S 1

Mu
S 2

Mu
S 3

Quy chun, tiu chun

hin hnh
(V d QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT)

MPN/100ml

Ngun:.
Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
24

2.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc di t

Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r c im phn b ca cc ngun nc di
t, cht lng nc di t v hin trng s dng ca tng ngun nc di t
trong khu vc d n (c bit i vi cc ngun nc di t c tim nng chu tc
ng trc tip ca d n).
Cc ngun nc di t ch yu
Thng thng, cc ngun nc di t trong khu vc gm: ging o (mch
nng), ging khoan (mch su), cc l khoan thm d nc v mch nc di t
xut l di dng ngun nc t nhin.
Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu nc di t
V tr v mt cc im ly mu nc phi c la chn v xc nh m
bo i din cho hu ht cc ngun nc di t trong khu vc v c m t qua
cc ni dung sau:
-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r

c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ),
khong cch n v tr d n. i vi ging khoan, ging o cn nu r su
mc nc, tn ch ngun nc, a ch.

iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu;

Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc di t

Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht
lng nc di t v phng php phn tch i vi tng thng s c la chon.
i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng s xc nh cht lng
nc di t ch yu gm: pH, , DO, TSS, cc ion clorua, fluoride, amoniac, Nitrat,
Nitrit, Sunphat, Cianua, fenol, cc kim loi nng nh Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Hg, Fe,
SeAs, E-coli, v coliform. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc di t c th hin
theo mu ti bng 2.8.
Bng 2-8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc di t
TT

Thng s
phn tch

n v

pH

cng

mg/l

TSS

mg/l

DO

mg/l

Tng N

mg/l

Fenol

mg/l

Mu
S 1

Mu
S 2

25

Mu
S 3

Quy chun, tiu chun cho

php, vi d QCVN 09:2008
/BTNMT

Cl-

F-

SO4-2

10

CN-

11

Fe

mg/l

12

Pb

mg/l

13

As

mg/l

14

Cr

mg/l

15

Cac KL nng khc

16

Coliforms

mg/l

MPN/100
ml

.. .
Ngun:

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
2.3.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh
Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh c mt cch nh lng nht cht lng mi
trng khng kh theo thi gian v khng gian ca khu vc d n.
Xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu khng kh
V tr v s lng cc im o, ly mu khng kh phi c la chn v xc
nh m bo tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh, kh tng ca khu vc
v c m t gm:
-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu vi vic gii trnh r c s

ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong
cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc, ly mu cc khu
dn c bn ngoi d n theo hng gi ch o ca cc ma trong nm.

iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu;

Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng khng kh

Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht
lng mi trng khng kh khu vc d n v phng php phn tch i vi tng
thng s c la chon.
Thng thng cc thng s c la chn phn nh cht lng mi trng
khng kh gm 2 nhm: nhm cc thng s phn nh v kh tng v nhm cc thng
s c th ca d n phn nh v cht lng khng kh.
-

Cc thng s v kh tng: Nhit kh, nhit t, m, hng gi, vn

tc gi, p sut kh quyn;
26

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng khng kh: bi, SO2, CO, NOx,VOC, kh Clo,
flo, SiF4, m axt H2SO4, H3PO4 , H2S, HCl.v cc kh c trng cho qu trnh
sn xut ha cht c bn

Kt qu o c kh tng v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh khu

vc c th hin theo mu ti cc bng 2.9 v 2.10.
Bng 2-9. S liu quan trc kh tng
Thi gian
quan trc

Hng gi

Vn tc gi
(m/s)

Nhit
o

tk ( C)

t ( C)

m
(%)

p sut
(mbar)

7h00 - 8h00
8h00 - 9h00
Ngun:..

Bng 2-10. Gi tr trung bnh nng cc cht kh v bi theo 8h hoc 24h

im
quan
trc

Cc thng s khc
H2S
SO2
NO2
Bi
CO
H2SO4
do c im ca d
3
(mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m ) (mg/m3)
n

A1
A2
A3
TCVN
hoc
QCVN
hin
hnh

Ngun:....
Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun, tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
2.3.4. Hin trng ting n
nh gi hin trng n khu vc ph thuc vo vic xc nh ng v cc
ngun pht sinh n v vic la chn cc im o, thi im o mc n mt cch thch
hp. Cc yu t ny m bo mc chnh xc v tnh i din ca kt qu o.
Cc ngun gy ting n
Cn xc nh y v m t chi tit cc ngun gy ra ting n nh hng n
cht lng sng ca dn c trong vng. Thng thng, cc ngun gy n chnh trong
khu vc gm ch yu l t hot ng giao thng, hot ng ca cc c s sn xut v
27

sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng.

Xc nh v tr cc im o ting n
V tr v s lng cc im o ting n phi c la chn v xc nh m bo
tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh ca khu vc. Do vy, v tr, mt cc
im o ting n phi c b tr v mt khng gian mt cch khoa hc, hp l trong
mi quan h gia cc ngun pht sinh ting n v cc im nhy cm v ting n trong
khu vc. Phn ni dung ny c m t gm:
-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc ting n vi vic gii trnh r c s

ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong
cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc ting n ti cc khu
dn c, trng hc, bnh vin, nh cha quanh khu vc d n.

iu kin kh hu ti thi im o;

Thi gian o v phng php o.

Cc thng s nh gi mc n
Thng s nh gi mc n gm:
-

Cc thng s phn tch ting n theo tch phn: LAeq, LAmax, LA50 (dBA). Cc
thng s ny c p dng ph bin hin nay nh gi tc ng ca ting n.
Kt qu o mc n c phn nh theo mu ti bng 2.11.
Bng 2-11. Gi tr ting n trung bnh
Mc m (dBA)
LAeq

LAmax

LA50

N1
N2
Quy chun, tiu chun cho php hin
hnh ( TCVN 5949-1998)
Ngun: .

Cc thng s phn tch ting n theo di Octa: 63 - 16.000Hz t c p dng.

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
2.3.5. Hin trng rung ng
nh gi hin trng rung ng khu vc ph thuc vo vic xc nh ng v
cc ngun gy rung ng v vic la chn cc im o, thi im o mc rung ng
mt cch thch hp. Cc yu t ny m bo mc chnh xc v tnh i din ca kt
qu o.
Xc nh cc ngun gy rung ng
Cn xc nh y v m t chi tit cc ngun gy rung ng nh hng n
28

cc cng trnh xy dng v cht lng sng ca dn c trong vng. Thng thng, cc
ngun gy rung ng chnh trong khu vc gm ch yu l t hot ng giao thng,
hot ng ca cc c s sn xut v sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng.
Xc nh v tr cc im o rung ng
V tr v s lng cc im o rung ng phi c la chn v xc nh m
bo tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh, cu to nn mng ca khu vc. Do
vy, v tr, mt cc im o rung ng phi c b tr v mt khng gian mt cch
khoa hc, hp l trong mi quan h gia cc ngun pht sinh rung ng v cc im
nhy cm v rung ng trong khu vc. Phn ni dung ny c m t gm:
-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc rung vi vic gii trnh r c s

ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong
cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc rung ng ti cc
cng trnh xy dng quan trng, khu dn c, trng hc, bnh vin, nh cha
quanh khu vc d n.

iu kin kh hu ti thi im o;

Thi gian o v phng php o.

Cc thng s phn tch mc rung : Lva(x), Lva(y), Lva(z)

Kt qu phn tch hin trng mc rung ng khu vc c th hin trong bng
2.12.
Bng 2-12. Gi tr trung bnh mc rung
im quan trc

Mc rung (dBA)
Lva(x)

Lva(y)

Lva(z)

V1
V2
V3
Quy chun, tiu chun cho php
Ngun:.

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t
Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r c im, tnh cht ca tng loi t v hin
trng s dng t ca khu vc d n c minh ha bng bn t l thch hp.
Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu t
V tr v mt cc im ly mu t phi c la chn v xc nh m bo
i din cho ton vng v c m t qua cc ni dung sau:

29

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r

c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ),
khong cch n v tr d n;

c im phu din (loi t, su phn b);

iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu;

Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng t

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng mi trng t gm: pH, m, t trng,
tng N, tng P, d lng ho cht, axt, du m v kim loi nng (Pb, Cr, As). Kt qu
phn tch hin trng cht lng t khu vc c th hin theo mu ti bng 2.13.
Bng 2-13. Cht lng mi trng t
n v tnh : mg/kg
im
quan trc

pHkcl

Tng
N

Tng
P

Du m

As

Pb

Cr

Hg

S1
S2
S3
Quy chun, Tiu chun
Vit nam cho php
Ngun:..

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng
thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun
Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n c phn nh theo cc ni dung nu ti
bng 2.14.
Bng 2-14. Hin trng s dng t (hoc quy hoch s dng t n nm)
TT Mc ch
s dng
1

t nng nghip

t nui trng thu

sn

t lm nghip

Rng ngp mn

t cng nghip

Din tch cc loi t (ha)

Tng

II

Tng cng
30

III

Cc vn mi
trng lin quan

2.3.7. Hin trng h sinh thi

H sinh thi trn cn
M t v h sinh thi trn cn ch thc hin i vi khu vc chu tc ng trc
tip ca d n v ln cn (khng m t cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy m tnh,
vng) gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
-

H thc vt: Thnh phn loi, c im phn b cc loi thc vt chim u th,
c th c bit i vi cc loi thc vt qu him;

H ng vt: Thnh phn loi, c im phn b cc loi ng vt chim u

th, c th c bit i vi cc loi ng vt hoang d, cc loi ng vt qu
him c trong sch ;

nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi trn cn.

H sinh thi di nc
M t v h sinh thi di nc ch thc hin i vi khu vc chu tc ng
trc tip ca d n v ln cn (khng m t cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy m tnh,
vng) gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
-

Thc vt phiu sinh: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th, c
im phn b;

ng vt phiu sinh: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th, c

im phn b;

ng vt y: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th, c

im phn b;

nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi di nc.

2.4. iu kin kinh t x hi khu vc d n

2.4.1. iu kin v kinh t - x hi
-

iu kin v kinh t ch cp n nhng hot ng kinh t (cng nghip, nng

nghip, giao thng vn ti, khai khong, du lch, thng mi, dch v v cc
ngnh khc) trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n trong
cc nm gn nht (phm vi x phng hoc KCN, CCN l ni d n u t).
Trong tp trung vo cc hot ng kinh t a phng c bit l cc ngnh
ngh truyn thng pht trin trn khu vc d n; kh nng kim sng, thu nhp
(t cc hot ng kinh t gia nh, hot ng khc) v mc sng ca cc h dn
chu tc ng trc tip ca d n nh b chim dng t, b mt ngh kim
sng, b nh hng sc khe do mi trng sng b nhim, suy thoi do cht
thi ca d n. Nhng ni dung trn cn c minh chng bng cc s liu
cng nh lng cng tt.

iu kin v x hi: ch cp n nhng cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn

gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s, khu dn c, khu th v cc cng trnh lin
quan khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi d n;Ch ti
31

tnh hnh sc khe cng ng dn c khu vc; ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu

tham kho, s dng.
2.4.2. i tng v hnh thc iu tra thu thp thng tin
Ngun thng tin v iu kin kinh t khu vc c th c thu thp t cc bo
co v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi hng nm ca a phng. Ngoi ra, d n
cn c thm cc thng tin t cc hot ng iu tra, thu thp thng tin trc tip.
Cc hnh thc v i tng iu tra thu thp thng tin gm:
-

Hnh thc iu tra: Phiu iu tra (hnh thc gin tip) hoc kho st, iu tra,
trao i, phng vn (hnh thc trc tip);

i tng iu tra, phng vn thu thp thng tin cn phi c la chn cn

c trn c s quy m v phm vi tc ng ca d n. i tng iu tra chnh
l chnh quyn a phng (UBND, Mt trn t quc cp x), cc h dn b tc
ng trc tip bi d n (mt t, mt vic lm, chu tc ng tiu cc bi cht
thi ca d n).

Cc thng s v iu kin t nhin v mi trng cn tham kho phc v nh

gi hin trng mi trng khu vc c nu tng qut tham kho ti bng 2.15.
Bng 2-15. Cc thng s cn kho st nh gi iu kin t nhin, mi trng
v kinh t - x hi khu vc i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn

(1)

Cc yu t Thng s
t nhin v
x hi

Phng php kho st

v phn tch

(2)

(4)

(3)

I. iu kin t nhin
1.1

V tr a l

- a danh, ta v a l ca khu - Ti liu d n hoc atlat

vc thc hin d n. V tr hnh quc gia
chnh v giao thng

1.2

c im
a hnh,
a mo.

- M t nhng c im a hnh - Ti liu d n hoc a l,

ca khu vc d n mt cch chi a cht khu vc.
tit(ni, i, ng bng...).

1.3

c im kh - Nhit .
- Ti liu ca cc trm kh
hu,
kh - Lng ma, m
tng thy vn khu vc v
tng.
quan trc ti hin trng.
- Ch gi.
-Cc hin tng thi tit bt
thng.
II. c im kinh t - x hi

2.1

Dn c - lao - Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim Theo s liu thng k ca a

sng trong nhng khu vc thc phng v ti
ng
hin d n v chu tc ng ca d
n.

2.2

Kinh t.

-Vic pht trin d n trong mi

32

S liu iu tra, phng vn

lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin khi kho st.

kinh t ca vng, tnh.
2.3

Tnh
x hi.

2.4

Vn
lch s.

hnh - Dn s, mc sng,
Nh mc 2.2
- iu kin v sinh,y t v sc khe
cng ng.
- Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc
dn tr.
- Vic lm v tht nghip.
ha - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s,
du lch c gi tr trong khu vc d
n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn
chu tc ng ca d n.
- Thun phong m tc v phong tc
tp qun ca dn a phng c th
c nh hng n vic thc hin d
n.

III. Ti nguyn thin nhin.

3.1

Ti
t.

nguyn - Tng din tch t t nhin v Nh mc 2.2

cht lng.
- Hin trng s dng t (nng
nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng,
t , s dng khc, t cha s
dng).

3.2

Ti
nguyn - c im h thng thu vn mt - Thu thp thng tin, t liu
trong khu vc (sng, h, knh iu tra c bn ca khu vc
nc mt.
mng)
v kho st, iu tra b sung.
- Hin trng s dng ti nguyn
nc mt trong khu vc.

3.3

Ti
nguyn
nc di t
(v
nc
khong).

3.4

Ti
nguyn Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h Nh mc 3.2
ng thc vt. ng vt trong khu vc thc hin
d n. Cn c bit ch n
nhng chng loi c th ca khu
vc hoc c trong sch .

- c im a cht thu vn khu Nh mc 3.2

vc (tng cha nc, tr lng,
cht lng nc ngm).
- Hin trng khai thc v s dng.

IV. H tng k thut v dch v

4.1

Giao thng

- c im cc tuyn ng giao Ti liu ca c quan chc

thng (thu, b) c lin quan n nng v qun l hnh chnh
hot ng vn chuyn ca d n.
a phng.
- Tai nn, s c giao thng.

4.2

Dch
v, - Hin trng v kh nng cung cp
thng mi
dch v, thng mi.
33

V. Hin trng mi trng vt l

5.1

Cht
t.

lng - Hm lng cht hu c

- Nit tng s
- Pht pho tng s
- pH
- Cc kim loi nng
5.2

Cht lng - Nhit

nc
mt, - pH
nc ngm.
- Hm lng cn l lng
- c
- Tng khong ho
- Oxy ho tan (DO)
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5)
- Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD)
- Tng N,
- Tng P,
- Hm lng du, m
- Tng s Coliform

5.3

Cht lng - CO
khng kh

- NOx

- HF, SiF4
- Bi l lng tng s (TSP)
Ting n

- Nhit k
- My o pH in cc thu
tinh
- My o c
- My o khong
- Winhle hoc in cc oxy
- Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy
nhit 20oC
- Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7
- So mu quang ph kh bin
- Quang ph hp th nguyn
t
- Sc k kh, theo TCVN
5070-1995
- Lc qua mng v nui cy
43oC
- Phng php sc k kh
theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay
phng php th FolinCiocalteur
Phng
php
Tetracloromercurat
(TCM/pararosanilin)
theo
TCVN 5971-1995
- Phng php GrissSaltman
theo
ISO
6768/1995.

- SO2

5.4

- Phng php chun

Mohrsau khi oxy ho mu
bng kali Bicromat
- Phng php Kjendahn
- Phng php trc quang
- My o pH
-Quang ph hp th nguyn
t

- L50

- Phng php o khi

lng, theo TCVN 50671995
- My o PM10
- My o mc n tng
ng tch phn

34

- Leq
Lmax

- nt - nt -

- Gia tc
- Vn tc
- Tn s

- My o chn ng
- nt - nt -

5.5

Chn ng

2.5. nh gi v tnh nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n

Trong trng hp c c s d liu v mi trng, nh gi s b v sc chu
ti ca mi trng khu vc d n theo tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng.
Ch c bit ti cc thnh phn mi trng c biu bin b nhim

35

CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG
Yu cu: nh gi tc ng c thc hin i vi cc tc ng lin quan n
cht thi v cc tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi i vi cc d n sn xut ha
cht c bn.Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng c nh gi theo 3 hoc
4 giai an nu c ty theo tng loi hnh d n, gm: chun b, thi cng xy lp,
vn hnh v ng ca d n). Nn phn thnh tng giai on ca d n v nh gi
tc ng theo cc ngun sau:
-

Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng do cht thi.

Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng khng do cht thi.

Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n kinh t x hi ca khu vc

Cc i tng chu tc ng chnh gm mi trng vt l (nc, khng kh v

t), mi trng sinh thi v mi trng kinh t - x hi.

3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi
nh gi tc ng ca d n ln mi trng l d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng
tim nng bao gm tc ng tch cc v tc ng xu, tc ng trc tip v gin tip,
tc ng trc mt v lu di, tc ng tc thi v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v
khng th khc phc ca d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t
- x hi v cc gi tr khc. y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM.
nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n sn xut ha cht c bn cn m bo
cc nguyn tc ch yu sau:
-

Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n c thc hin theo 3 giai on: Giai on

chun b v gii phng mt bng, giai on thi cng xy dng v giai on vn
hnh d n;

nh gi tc ng i vi mt d n c th phi c chi tit ha v c th ha

cho d n , khng nh gi mt cch l thuyt chung chung;

Ni dung nh gi tc ng phi c c th ha cho tng ngun gy tc ng

v tng i tng b tc ng;

Mi tc ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th v quy m khng gian v

thi gian vi mc nh lng cng cao cng tt. Phi c nhn xt v mc
chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi;

Mc tc ng c xc nh trn c s i snh vi cc quy chun k thut,

tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun ca cc t
chc Quc t, ca cc nc tin tin khc (trong trng hp Vit Nam khng
c cc quy chun, tiu chun tng ng).
39

3.2. Nhng ngun gy tc ng

Xc nh cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng bao gm ngun gy
tc ng c lin quan n cht thi v ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi.
3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi
Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi bao gm tt c cc ngun c kh
nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong
qu trnh trin khai d n.
Cn lit k chi tit, c th tt c cc ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi
ca d n gm ngun pht sinh cht thi giai on chun b mt bng, giai on xy
dng cng trnh v giai on vn hnh ca d n.
Giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng cng trnh
Trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng cng trnh s c nhiu
phng tin, my mc tham gia thi cng. Cc hot ng ny ca d n s pht sinh
cht thi c tc ng tiu cc nh hng n cht lng mi trng t, mi trng
nc v mi trng khng kh khu vc d n. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ny ch mang
tnh nht thi, khng ko di v ph thuc vo tng hng mc cng trnh xy dng ca
d n v c th l:
-

Ngun pht sinh kh thi ch yu l bi v kh thi t qu trnh ph d gii

phng mt bng, san lp nn,cc phng tin vn ti (t , vt liu), cc
my mc thi cng ti cng trng (san, i, bc xc, ng cc, m nn. ;

Ngun pht sinh nc thi ch yu l t qu trnh dng h b tng, lm mt

my mc thit b thi cng, nc ma chy trn qua b mt thi cng v t sinh
hot ca cng nhn xy dng;

Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng, xy dng t lm

ng, lm mng cng trnh, thi cng v hon thin cng trnh, lp t my
mc, thit bgm ch yu l t thi, gch, xi mng, st thp, bao b,du
m thi b v cht thi rn sinh hot.

Cc hot ng ca d n v cc ngun thi tng ng trong giai on chun b mt

bng v xy dng ca d n c th hin mt cch tng qut trong bng 3.1 di y.
Bng 0-1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v xy
dng
TT

Ngun gy tc ng

Cc cht nhim

Hot ng ph d, gii phng mt t thi, cy ci thc vt, cht thi xy dng do

bng
ph d cc cng trnh thy li nh ca

Hot ng o xc, san nn v vn

chuyn nguyn vt liu t phc
v cng trnh ch yu l hot ng
ca cc loi my mc, thit b, xe,
my.

- Ting n, rung;
- Kh thi ca phng tin vn chuyn: bi CO,
SO2, NO2;
- Bi cun t ng, t ct ri vi.

40

Xy dng nh xng, cc cng trnh - Bi t, CO, SO2, NO2;

h tng k thut,
- Ting n, rung;
- Nc ma cha t ct, rc thi;nc thi xy
dng,
- Cht thi rn xy dng, du m thi b

Lp t my mc, thit b

Sinh hot ca cng nhn tham gia - Nc thi sinh hot;

thi cng xy dng.
- Rc thi.

- Ting n, rung;
- Du m thi, rc thi.

Giai on hot ng ca d n
Sn xut ho cht c bn vi nhng c im trnh by phn trn cho thy
ngun pht sinh cht thi c hu ht cc cng on sn xut.
Ngun pht sinh kh thi
Cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh t hot ng sn xut ho cht c
bn gm ch yu l: kh lu hunh (SO2, SO3, H2S), cc xt cc bon (CO, CO2), kh
nit (NO, NO2), cc cht kh halogen, halide (HF, HCl, Cl2, F, SiF4).
-

Kh oxit lu hunh: SO2, SO3 thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh sn xut axit
sunfuric, qu trnh t than, du. Nng ca kh ph thuc vo hiu sut
chuyn ho, hiu sut hp th v hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu.

Cc xit cc bon: CO, CO2 thng c hnh thnh trong cc qu trnh t

than, du.

Kh nit: NO, NO2 thng c hnh thnh t cc qu trnh chy, sn xut axit
nitric

Cc cht kh halogen, halide: HF, F, SiF4, thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh

sn xut photpho t qung apatit. HCl, Cl2, thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh
sn xut axit clohydric, kh clo.

Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v ngun pht sinh kh thi trong

hot ng sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric mt s c s ang hot
ng ti Vit Nam.
Sn xut xt - clo
-

Cng on in phn

Kh thi pht sinh t cng on ny ch yu l kh clo. Do cc in cc lm

vic iu kin chn khng thp v trong trng hp khng gi c iu kin cn
thit th c th gy ra p sut v dn ti kh clo c th thot ra ngoi khng kh. Ngoi
ra, cn c mt lng nh clo b thot ra do ly mu v khi thay in cc. Kh clo cng
c th b thot ra ngoi ch cc van, vng m ca bm v trc ca my nn, ti khu
vc cho clo vo bnh hoc thng cha clo.
41

Mt ngun pht sinh kh clo khc trong cng on in phn l t x l nc

mui ngho. Kh clo phn tn trong nc mui c tch ra trong thp m p sut
m v sau c chuyn ha thnh axt clohydric v xy th mt phn lng kh ny
c th thot ra ngoi.
-

Dy chuyn tng hp axt clohyric (HCl)

Ti cng on sn xut ny s c mt lng kh thi gm kh HCl, kh clo.

Lng kh ny thot ra ngoi ph thuc vo kt cu, hiu sut ca thp tng hp.
Trong cng on ny, d bo kh HCl c nng khong 500mg/m3 v nhit xp
x 40oC.
Sn xut axt sunfuric
Nh trnh by phn cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric bng t lu hunh
sau khi qua hai cp chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3, cc cht gy nhim trong kh thi
l SO2 v m axt sunfuric do tc dng ca SO3 v hi nc trong kh cng ngh.
-

Kh SO2 : Ti lng thi SO2 ph thuc vo hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 thnh
SO3, tc l ph thuc vo s bc chuyn ho, lng cht xc tc, loi xc tc,
nhit v p sut, nng xy v SO2. a vo phn ng. Mi tng quan
gia hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 v ti lng thi c th hin trong bng 3.2.
Bng 0-2. Ti lng thi SO2 t cc nh my sn xut axt sunfuric

Hiu sut chuyn

ha SO2 thnh SO3
(%)
Ti lng thi ( Kg
SO2/Tn sn phm

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

99,5

99,7 100

48

41

35

27,5

20

13

3,5

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2007

t tiu chun thi, hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 ca c hai cp cn l 99,6%,

khi ti lng ring kh SO2 pht thi ra ngoi khng kh khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm
axt sunfuric l 2,75 kg. Nng SO2 trong kh thi vo khong 500 mg/Nm3.
-

M axt H2SO4:

M axt c hnh thnh khi SO3 kt hp vi hi nc nhit thp hn

im ngng t ca SO3. N c hnh thnh ngay trong qu trnh sn xut. Ni chung,
lng v kch thc cc ht m axt ph thuc vo loi lu hunh c s dng, vo
m c ca axt sn phm v vo cc iu kin bn trong thp hp th. Ti lng
m axt trong sn xut axt sunfuric c phn nh trong bng 3.3.
Bng 0-3. Ti lng thi m axt sunfuric t cc nh my sn xut axt
sunfuric
Nguyn liu vo

Oleum sn phm, % tng

s sn lng

Ti lng thi m
kg/ tn sn phm

Lu hunh thu hi

0 - 43

0,174 - 0,4

Lu hunh Virgin sng

1,7
42

Lu hunh Virgin ti

0 - 100

0,32 - 6,28

Lu hunh nguyn t

0,064

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Sn xut axt photphoric

Kh thi t qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric ch yu l HF v SiF4 c hnh
thnh trong qu trnh phn ng gia axt sunfuric v qung apatt, t thit b ngng t
v t b cha gp.
Lng kh flo thot ra trong qu trnh sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh
nng flo c trong qung, cng sut v cng ngh sn xut. i vi qung apatt ca
Vit nam, hm lng flo trong qung vo khong 2 - 2,5% khi lng, do vy, trong
qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric, vo khong 25% lng flo ny thot ra ngoi di
dng kh. Vi cng sut sn xut 500 tn axt H3PO4/ngy (tnh cho 100% P2O5 ), ti
lng flo thi ra vo khong 390kg/ ngy. Trong trng hp kh cha c x l,
nng kh flo trong kh thi vo khong 890 mg/m3 kh. Ti lng thi kh flo khi
khng c h thng x l: 0,1 - 0,45 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng phn ng; 0,0025 0,01 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng lc; 0,025 - 0,035 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng c
c. V d, i vi nh my c cng sut 150.000 tn H3PO4/nm th lng kh flo l
108,7kg/h, trong 893kg/h t h thng phn ng; 1,0kg/h t h thng c c; 15,0
kg/h t h thng lc bng v 3,4 kg/h t h thng bm chn khng (ngun: Trung tm
K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002).
Ngun pht sinh nc thi
Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut ho cht c bn c lu lng nh v
thnh phn khng nh nhau, tuy nhin c c im chung l c cha cht v c, cht
hu c, c tnh axit, tnh kim v c nhit tng i cao.
-

Cht v c: Cc cht v c thng c mt trong hu ht nc thi t cc qu

trnh sn xut ho cht c bn v ngun nguyn liu sn xut a s c ngun
gc khong cht.

Cht hu c: Trong nc thi sn xut cng thng c cha cc cht hu c

di dng ho tan hoc dng cht rn l lng.

Axit v kim: Nc thi cc nh my sn xut ho cht thng c tnh axit hoc

kim. Nc thi axit thng t cc nh my sn xut axit v kim l t cc nh
my sn xut xt, sa, bt nh, kh cng nghip.

Nhit : a s cc nh my sn xut ho cht u thi ra nc nng t ngun

nc nc lm lnh hoc do nc ngng.

Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v c im nc thi t cc cng

on sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric.
Sn xut xt - clo

43

Nh phn cng ngh trnh by, cc cng on chnh ca qu trnh sn xut

xt-clo l in phn, tng hp HCl, tuy nhin, v mt l thuyt nc thi ca cng
on ny c ti s dng cho cng on sn xut khc nn khng c nc thi.
Lng nc thi duy nht l t v sinh thit b, nh xng ca cc phn xng
sn xut, nc thi t phng phn tch. Cht gy nhim chnh trong nc thi ny l
cht rn l lng vi thnh phn chnh l cc cht v c khng c hi. Ngoi ra, c
mt lng ln nc lm lnh c thi ra ngoi, tuy nhin, nc thi ny ch c nhit
tng i cao v khng b nhim.
Sn xut axt sunfuric
Hot ng sn xut axt sunfuric khng c nc thi, ch c nc lm lnh
c tun hon s dng li (ti 90 - 95% ). Ngoi ra, cn c nc thi do lm v sinh
nh xng, nhng vi lng khng ng k.
Sn xut axt photphoric
Nc thi chnh ca qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric l nc lm ngui, nc
do c c axt. Sau qu trnh bay hi v tun hon li, nng photphat v fluoride c
th ln n vi gam/lt. Ngoi ra, tu thuc loi qung, trong nc tun hon c th c
mt s tp cht nh asen, cadmi, uranium, vanadi v radium.
Nc lm ngui t cng on c c axt photphoric cn gi l nc lm ngui
bn c cha mt t hp cht flo v axt photphoric thot ra trong ming thit b c v b
cun ra cng vi hi. Nc ra khi thp lm ngui s c s dng trong sn xut axt
photphoric.
Nh vy, ngun nc thi ra mi trng chnh l t thit b lm mm nc, t
bi cha cc, t phng th nghim v t v sinh nh xng.
-

Nc thi ca thit b lm mm nc: Nc thi ra t vic ti sinh nha trao

i ion b axt ho nh.

Nc thi bi cha gp: Nc thi t bi (h) cha b gp c cha cht nhim

vi nng c th hin trong bng 3.4.
Bng 0-4. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi t bi cha gp
Thnh phn gy nhim

Nng (mg/l )

P2O5

6.000 - 12.000

Fluoride

3.000 - 5.000

Sunfat

2.000 - 4.000

Can xi

350 - 1.200

Amnic

0 - 100

Nitrat

0 - 100

pH

1,0 - 1,5

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2007

Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn

44

Cht thi rn t cc nh my sn xut ho cht thng l b thi t cc qu

trnh ho hc, x l t cc qu trnh t v bn t cc trm x l nc thi.
Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v c im cht thi rn t cc cng
on sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric.
Sn xut xt clo
- Cng on in phn
Trong cng on ny cht thi rn chnh l cn mui (bn) t qu trnh ra
mui. Lng cht rn chim khong 1% khi lng kh ca nguyn liu vo v c
hm lng NaCl thng l di 1% khi lng. Thnh phn ca bn thi ch yu l
cc hp cht canxi, manh v cht khng tan khc. Ngoi ra, cht thi rn cn l cc
bao b ng s a, bari clorua, cht tr lng vi s lng khng nhiu.
- Cng on tng hp axt HCl: khng c cht thi rn.
Sn xut axt sunfuric
Cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut axt sunfuric l cht xc tc chuyn ho SO2
thnh SO3 - Xc tc V2O5 . Tiu hao ring l 0,16 kg/ 1 tn sn phm.
Sn xut axt photphoric
Trong qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric sinh ra mt lng ng k b thi l
CaSO4 cn gi l gp. Vo khong 1,5 tn gp c thi ra khi a 1 tn qung photphat
vo, hoc 5 tn gp/ 1 tn axt (tnh theo P2O5 ). Thnh phn b thi gp nh sau:
CaO : 41,1 % khi lng;
F

: 0,2 % khi lng;

SiO2 : 8,4 % khi lng;

Fe2O3: 0,1 % khi lng;
Al2O3: 0,1 % khi lng;
MgO : 0,04 % khi lng;
P2O5 : 1,0 % khi lng;
H2o : 18,1 % khi lng;
m: 22 % khi lng.
Ngoi ra, trong b thi gp cn c cc tp cht c trong qung photphat nh
cadmi, ch, nhm, flo, radium v axt pht phorc.
Ngun pht sinh ting n
Trong tt c cc nh my sn xut ho cht, ting n lun l ngun nhim ng
k v ph thuc nhiu vo cng sut thit b. Cc ngun gy ting n ln ch yu l t
hot ng ca qut, bm, my nn kh v bng ti.

45

3.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi l tt c cc ngun gy xi
mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng,
lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc di t; xm nhp mn;
xm nhp phn; bin i vi kh hu; suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; bin i a
dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc.
Do vy, cn lit k chi tit tt c cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n
cht thi ni trn ca d n giai on chun b mt bng, xy dng cng trnh v giai
on vn hnh ca d n. Vi c im ca d n cng nghip ni chung, sn xut ha
cht c bn ni ring, ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi thng ch
yu tp trung vo:
-

Nhng hot ng khai nc di t phc v d n c tim nng gy bin i

mc nc di t khu vc;

Hot ng thi nc thi vi lu lng ln ca d n lm bin i qu trnh

xi l, bi lng lng sui, lng sng, lng h hoc vng b bin thuc khu vc
d n;

Hot ng thi cng xy dng cng trnh nh o p gy trt, st, l, ln t.

3.3. i tng, quy m tc ng

Cn lit k tt c v m t chi tit v cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho,
x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s v cc i tng khc trong vng d n v
cc vng k cn b tc ng bi cht thi, bi cc yu t khng phi l cht thi, bi
cc ri ro v s c mi trng khi trin khai d n.
Thng thng cc i tng b tc ng bi d n c lit k tham kho
Bng 0-5 di y.
Bng 0-5. i tng v phm vi chu tc ng
i tng b tc ng

Yu t tc ng

Phm vi chu tc ng

I. Giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng

Mi trng khng kh

Bi khuch tn t mt bng Mi trng khng kh khu

thi cng, giao thng trn vc thc hin d n v xung
cng trng ; Bi, kh thi, quanh.
nhit ca cc my mc thit
b tham gia thi cng xy
dng.

Mi trng nc

Nc thi sinh hot; Nc Thu vc nc trong khu

thi xy dng.
vc d n.

Mi trng t

San lp chun b mt bng Mi trng t khu vc d

v thi cng nn mng cng n v xung quanh.
trnh ; Cht thi rn sinh
hot v xy dng
46

H sinh thi

Kinh t - x hi

Sc kho cng ng

San lp mt bng ; Thi cng H sinh thi khu vc d n

cng trnh ; Nc thi, kh
thi, cht thi rn trong giai
on chun b mt bng, thi
cng xy dng.
-Thay i c cu kinh t, Khu vc d n v xung
ngnh ngh ;
quanh.
-Di dn, ti nh c ;
-Thay i c cu x hi ;
Bi, kh thi, cht thi rn, Dn c xung quanh khu vc
ting n, rung ng
d n.

II. Giai on hot ng ca d n

1. Sn xut xt-clo
Mi trng khng kh

Kh thi: bi, HCl, Cl2 , Mi trng khng kh khu

vc d n v xung quanh
SO2, NO2.

Mi trng nc

Nc thi sn xut cha: Mi trng nc khu vc

TSS, BOD, pH.
d n v xung quanh.

Mi trng t

Bn thi cha NaCl, Ca, Mi trng t khu vc d

Mg
n v xung quanh.

H sinh thi

Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi

H sinh thi khu vc d n
rn trong sn xut v sinh
v xung quanh
hot

2. Sn xut axit sunfuric

Mi trng khng kh

Bi x pyrit, m axit H2SO4, Mi trng khng kh khu

vc d n v xung quanh
SO2.

Mi trng nc

Nc thi sn xut: pH,

Mi trng nc khu vc
TSS, kim loi nng (As, Pb,
d n v xung quanh.
Cd, selen.

Mi trng t

Cht thi rn xc tc V2O5,

H sinh thi

Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi H sinh thi khu vc d n

rn trong sn xut v sinh v xung quanh.
hot

Mi trng t khu vc v
xung quanh

3. Sn xut axit photphoric

Mi trng khng kh

Kh thi: bi, HF, SiF4,

Mi trng khng kh khu
H3PO4, SO2, NO2, CO,
vc d n v xung quanh
VOC.

Mi trng nc

Nc thi sn xut : pH,

TSS, H3PO4, H2SiF6, tng Mi trng nc khu vc
N, tng P, Fluoride, kim loi d n v xung quanh.
nng (Pb, As, Cr, Hg).
47

Mi trng t

B gp, tp cht ca Cd, Pb, Mi trng t khu vc d

Al, flo, radium v axit n v xung quanh
photphoric

H sinh thi

Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi

H sinh thi khu vc d n
rn trong sn xut v sinh
v xung quanh.
hot

3.4. nh gi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi

3.4.1. Tc ng mi trng khng kh
nh gi mc tc ng ca d n ln mi trng khng kh khu vc c
phn nh theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n v gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
-

nh gi tng lng cht nhim (theo tng cht) trong kh thi thi vo mi
trng khng kh;

nh gi phm v tc ng trong khng gian, thi gian v mc tc ng n

tng i tng cn quan tm trong khu vc.

Giai on thi cng xy dng

Qu trnh thi cng xy dng ch yu l vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, san i mt
bng v xy dng c s h tng gm h thng ng giao thng, h thng cp thot
nc, h thng cp in, cc cng trnh nh xng, kho bi v cc cng trnh ph tr
khc. V mt k thut, ngun gy nhim bi v kh c trong giai on ny thuc
loi ngun mt, loi ngun c tnh bin ng cao, c kh nng gy nhim mi trng
khng kh khu vc vi c trng l rt kh kim sot, x l v kh xc nh theo nh
lng nng v ti lng nhim. Tuy nhin, cc ngun pht sinh kh c hi ny
thuc dng thp, kh nng pht tn i xa ca chng km, do phm vi nhim ch
mang tnh tm thi, cc b, ch yu l nh hng trc tip n cng nhn ang lm
vic trong khu vc v dn c ln cn nm trong vng bn knh nh hng trong iu
kin bnh thng l khong 200m theo chiu gi thi.
xc nh mc tc ng ln mi trng khng kh giai on ny c th
cn c trn kt qu quan trc, o c cc thng s mi trng i vi nhng trng
hp c th c quy m tng t ang c trin khai trn thc t hoc xc nh nhanh
trn c s h s nhim do C quan Bo v mi trng M (USEPA) v T chc Y t
Th gii (WHO) xc lp.
Bi pht sinh do hot ng o p, san lp mt bng
Trong giai on xy dng, bi t c th coi l tc nhn gy nhim mi
trng khng kh quan trng nht. Lng bi pht sinh nhiu nht t cng on san i
mt bng, lm ng, o p. Lng bi pht sinh rt bin ng, thay i ty theo
hng gi v tc gi trong khu vc, ty theo m ca t, ty theo nhit
khng kh trong ngy, do vy, vic, tnh ton phi c xem xt n cc yu t ny.

48

Xc nh h s pht thi nhim bi trong hot ng o p, san lp mt bng

c th da vo s liu nu ti bng 3.6 do WHO xc lp hoc tnh cho tng trng hp
c th theo cng thc:
E = 0 ,16 k

(U / 2 , 2 )1 , 3
(M / 2 )1 , 4

Trong : E = H s nhim (kg/tn, g/m3);

k = Cu trc ht c gi tr trung bnh (Khng th nguyn);
U = Tc gi trung bnh (m/s);
M = m trung bnh ca vt liu (%).
Bng 3-6. H s pht thi bi trong xy dng
STT Ngun pht sinh bi

H s pht thi

Hot ng o t, san i mt bng (Bi t, ct)

1 100g/m3

Hot ng bc d vt liu xy dng (xi mng, t, , 0,1 1g/m3

ct), my mc, thit b

Hot ng vn chuyn ct, t lm ri vi trn mt 0,1 1g/m3

ng (bi t, ct)

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993

Ngoi ra, h s pht thi bi c th p dng theo cc quy chun, tiu chun
ang c hiu lc, v d nh h s pht thi bi khi san lp theo tiu chun ca B Xy
dng l 0,17g (bi)/tn t san lp hoc da vo cc s liu trong bo co TM ca
cc d n c quy m tng t c thm nh hoc cc s liu kho st, o c
thc t.
Cn c vo h s pht thi bi v tng khi lng t o p, san i, vn
chuyn, xc nh c tng lng bi pht thi vo mi trng khng kh.
Bi, kh thi pht sinh do hot ng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu
Cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu (xe ti cc loi), trong qu trnh
hot ng s sn sinh ra bi v mt lng kh thi c cha cc cht nhim ch yu
gm SO2, NOx, CO, VOC v Pb (nu thy cn thit). H s pht thi cc cht nhim
t cc ngun thi di ng ny c phn nh trong Bng 3-7.
Bng 3-7. H s pht thi ca cc ngun thi di ng c trng
Phng tin

n v: kg/1.000km
VOC
Pb

Bi

SO2

NOx

CO

ng c 2 th < 50cc

0,12

0,36S

0,05

10

ng c 2 th > 50cc

0,12

0,6S

0,08

22

15

0,76S

0,3

20

XE M T

ng c 4 th > 50cc
XE T

49

Bi

SO2

NOx

CO

VOC

Pb

ng c < 1.400cc

0,07

1,27S

1,5

15,73

2,23

0,09P

ng c 1.400-2.000cc

0,07

1,62S

1,78

15,73

2,23

0,11P

ng c > 2.000cc

0,07

1,85S

2,51

15,73

2,23

0,13P

ng c < 1.400cc

0,05

0,80S

2,06

6,99

1,05

0,05P

ng c 1.400-2.000cc

0,05

0,97S

2,31

6,99

1,05

0,07P

ng c > 2.000cc

0,05

1,17S

3,14

6,99

1,05

0,08P

ng c < 1.400cc

0,05

0,96S

2,85

3,56

0,69

0,07P

ng c 1.400-2.000cc

0,05

1,08S

3,10

3,56

0,69

0,07P

ng c > 2.000cc

0,05

1,36S

4,09

3,56

0,69

0,09P

Chy trong th

0,4

4,5S

4,5

70

0,31P

Chy ngoi th

0,45

3,7S

7,5

55

5,5

0,25P

Chy trn ng cao tc

0,6

3,3S

7,5

50

3,5

0,22P

Chy trong th

0,2

1,16S

0,7

1,0

0,15

Chy ngoi th

0,15

0,34S

0,55

0,85

0,4

Chy trn ng cao tc

0,3

1,3S

1,0

1,25

0,4

Chy trong th

0,9

4,29S

11,8

6,0

2,6

Chy ngoi th

0,9

4,15S

14,4

2,9

0,8

Chy trn ng cao tc

0,9

4,15S

14,4

2,9

0,8

Chy trong th

1,6

7,26S

18,2

7,3

2,6

Chy ngoi th

1,6

7,43S

24,1

3,7

3,0

Chy trn ng cao tc

1,3

6,1S

19,8

3,1

2,4

Chy trong th

1,4

6,6S

16,5

6,6

5,3

Chy ngoi th

1,2

5,61S

18,2

2,8

2,2

Chy trn ng cao tc

0,9

6,11S

13,9

2,1

1,7

Phng tin
Chy trong th

Chy ngoi th

Chy trn ng cao tc

Xe ti nng dng xng

Xe ti <3,5 tn dng du
diezen

Xe ti 3,5-16 tn dng du
diezen

Xe ti >16 tn dng du diezen

Xe but dng du diezen

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993.

- S l hm lng lu hunh trong xng du (%);
50

- P l hm lng ch trong nhin liu (g/l).

Cn c vo h s pht thi v da trn cc s liu c th v cht lng ng

s, mt , lu lng dng xe, cht lng xe, chng loi, s lng nhin liu tiu th
c th xc nh c thi lng v tng khi lng cht nhim ni trn thi vo mi
trng khng kh khu vc. Ngoi ra, lng cht thi ny c th c d bo trn c s
kt qu quan trc, o c thc t i vi cc trng hp c quy m tng t.
nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong mi trng
khng kh khu vc
nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong kh thi v bn cht
l vic xc nh s bin thin ca nng cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh.
S bin thin ny c lm sng t bng nhiu phng php, trong hiu qu v
thng dng hn c l phng php xc nh mc khuych tn ca cht nhim
trong mi trng khng kh bng m hnh ton.
i vi hot ng giao thng, xc nh c im, mc khuych tn cht
nhim trong khng kh t dng xe thng s dng m hnh Sutton da trn l thuyt
Gausse p dng cho ngun ng:
( z + h) 2
(z h )2
+
0,8 E exp
exp

2
2
2 z
2 z
C=
(mg / m 3 )
z .u

Trong :
C - Nng cht nhim trong khng kh (mg/m3);
E - Ti lng ca cht nhim t ngun thi (mg/m/s)
Z - cao ca im tnh(m);
h - cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh (m);
u - Tc gi trung bnh ti khu vc (m/s);
Z - H s khuch tn cht nhim theo phng z (m).
M hnh pht tn cht nhim c thc hin i vi tng cht nhim v
theo cc kch bn c th xy ra v s lng, lu lng dng xe, iu kin kh tng,
a hnh khu vc v phng thc t chc thi cng xy dng. Kt qu tnh phi c
phn tch v c th hin bng cc hnh v d bo cc ng ng mc phn b
nng cc cht nhim dc theo cc tuyn ng vn chuyn.
Giai on vn hnh ca d n
nh gi tc ng ca kh thi i vi mi trng khng kh khu vc d n v
ln cn ca hot ng sn xut ho cht c bn l mt ni dung quan trng i hi
chnh xc, mc nh lng phi cao.
nh gi mc tc ng ti mi trng khng kh, ngoi vic xc nh r
cc ngun pht sinh kh thi ca d n, cn cn phi c y s liu v tnh cht ca
51

kh thi bao gm lu lng thi, nng v ti lng cht nhim trong kh thi i
vi tng cng on sn xut.
Kh thi t cc ngun thi cng nghip
Vic xc nh ti lng nhim trong kh thi c th da trn nhng trnh by
ti phn 3.2 ca chng ny kt hp vi nhiu phng php nh phng php nh
gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim ca WHO, tham kho cc bo co TM c
thm nh hoc kho st, o c trn thc t ca cc c s ang hot ng c trnh
cng ngh v quy tng t.
Ngoi ra, vic xc nh ti lng ca cc cht nhim kh t cc ngun thi
cng c th c tnh ton bng phng php cn bng vt cht trn c s thnh phn
v c tnh ca cc nhin liu t, c tnh ca ngun thi v iu kin mi trng
khng kh xung quanh:
- Xc nh lu lng kh thi:
+ Lng khng kh kh l thuyt cn t chy 1kg nhin liu:
Vo = 0,089 Cp + 0,2264 Hp - 0,0333 (Op-Sp) m3/kg
+ Lng khng kh m l thuyt cn cho qu trnh chy 1kg nhin liu:
Va = (1 + 0,0016 d) Vo m3/kg. d - Dung m ca khng kh (g/kg), xc nh
theo t v .
+ Lng khng kh m thc t :
Vt = Va m3/kg. - H s khng kh tha, ly bng 1,5.
+ Lng kh SO2 trong sn phm chy: VSO2 = 0,683 10-2 Sp m3/kg
+ Lng kh CO trong sn phm chy:
VCO = 1,865 10-2 Cp m3/kg.
- H s chy khng hon ton, ly bng 0,02.
+ Lng kh CO2 trong sn phm chy: VCO2 = 1,853 10-2 (1-)Cp m3/kg
+ Lng hi nc trong sn phm chy:
VH2O = 0,111 Hp + 0,0124 Wp + 0,0016 d Vt m3/kg
+Lng kh O2 trong khng kh tha: Vo2 = 0,21 (-1) Va m3/kg
+ Lng kh NOx trong sn phm chy (cch 1):
MNOx = 3,953 10-8 Q1,18 kg/h
Q - Lng nhit do nhin liu to ra trong 1 gi, kcal/h
Q = [81Cp + 246Hp - 26(Op-Sp) - 6Wp] B kcal/h
B - Lng nhin liu tiu th trong 1 gi, kg/h
+ Lng kh NOx trong sn phm chy(cch 2):
VNOX = MNOX / B.NOX m3/kg
52

NOX - Trng lng ring ca kh NOx, ly bng 2,054 kg/m3

+ Lng kh N2 trong sn phm chy: VN2 = 0,8 10-2 Np + 0,79 Vt m3/kg
+ Lng kh N2 tham gia phn ng ca NOx: VN2(NOX) = 0,5 VNOX m3/kg
Lng kh O2 tham gia vo phn ng ca NOx: VO2(NOX) = VNOX
+ Tng lng kh thi trong sn phm chy khi t 1kg nhin liu:
VSPC=VSO2+VCO+VCO2+VH2O+VO2+VN2 -VN2(NOX) - VO2(NOX) m3/kg
+ Lu lng sn phm chy iu kin thc t:
LSPC = [(VSPC x B) / 3600] x [(273 + tK) / 273] m3/s
tK - Nhit ca khi thi (oC)
B - Lng nhin liu s dng trong 1 gi (kg/h)
- Xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim:
+ Ti lng kh SO2 :
MSO2 = (103 x VSO2 x B x SO2) / 3600 g/s
SO2 - Trng lng ring ca kh SO2 iu kin chun, ly bng 2,926 kg/m3
+ Ti lng kh CO:
MCO = (103 x VCO x B x CO) / 3600 g/s
CO - Trng lng ring ca kh CO iu kin chun, ly bng 1,25 kg/m3
+ Ti lng bi: MBUI = (10 x a x Ap x B) / 3600 g/s
a - H s tro bay theo khi, ly bng 0,5.
+ Ti lng NOx: MNOX = 3,953 x 10-8 x Q1,18) / 3600 g/s
T khi lng cc cht nhim tnh theo h s nhim thi ra do cc ngun
thi ng vi loi hnh cng ngh sn xut, s xc nh c khi lng cc cht
nhim thi vo mi trng i vi cc trng hp cc thit b x l nhim mi
trng hot ng v cc thit b ny khng lm vic.
Kh thi my pht in
Nhm m bo iu kin hot ng sn xut lin tc, phn ln cc d n u trang
b my pht in d phng. Nhin liu cho my pht in l du DO c thnh phn gm
carbon (C), hydro (H2), nit (N), oxy (O2), lu hunh (S), tro (A) v m (W). Kh
thi thng cha bi, SO2, NOx, COx, hydrocabon (THC), aldehyt (RHO).
Vic tnh ton ti lng cht nhim trong khi thi ca my pht in c th
da trn h s pht thi ca WHO nh trnh by ti bng 3.8. Gi tr ny s bin i
khi thay i nhin liu, nhit kh thi v chiu cao ng khi.

53

Bng 3-8. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in dng du

DO
Ngun thi kh
My pht in

Ti lng cc cht nhim (kg/tn)

Bi

SO2

NOx

THC

CO

RHO

0,94

18S

11,8

0,24

0,05

0,11

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993

Da trn ti lng, cn c vo c im cng ngh, cng sut my pht in c

th xc nh c nng cht nhim v lu lng ca kh thi.
Bng 3- trnh by tham kho kt qu tnh nng cht nhim trong kh
thi ca my pht in cng sut 1250KVA vi mc tiu th 500kg du/gi.
Bng 3-9. Nng cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in
Cht nhim

n v

Nng

Bi

mg/m3

24,7

SO2

331,5 (0,7%S); 710,5 (1,5%S)

mg/m

NOx

mg/m

310,5

THC

mg/m3

6,3

1,3

2,8

CO
RHO

mg/m

mg/m

Ngun:Bo co TM d nKhu lin hp luyn kim Crystal Togo Group, 2008

Kh thi l hi
Ni hi trong xng axt sunfuric s dng ngun nhit c tn dng t qu
trnh t lu hunh. Thng thng khi khi ng l phi dng du FO (hm lng lu
hunh t 2,0 n 3,0%) t l cp nhit cho ni hi. Nh vy, kh thi ca l hi
gm bi, SO2, NO2, CO v VOC. Ti lng thi cc cht gy nhim t kh thi l
hi khi cha qua h thng x l c xc nh nh sau: TSP = 1,0 kg/ m3 du FO;
SO2 = 15,6S kg/ m3 du FO; NO2 = 10,4 kg/ m3 du FO; CO = 0,004 kg/ m3 du
FO; VOC = 0,32 kg/ m3 du FO.
nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong mi trng
khng kh khu vc
Nh phn trn nu, nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim
trong kh thi v bn cht l vic xc nh s bin thin ca nng cht nhim theo
thi gian v khng gian. S bin thin ny c lm sng t bng nhiu phng php,
trong hiu qu v thng dng hn c l phng php xc nh mc khuych tn
ca cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh bng m hnh ton.
i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, ngun thi kh gm c ngun thi cao
(ng khi) v ngun thi thp (t cc ca thot kh ca phn xng sn xut). Xc
nh mc khuych tn cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh i vi ngun thi
co c thc hin bng m hnh ton v thng dung hn c l M hnh lan truyn
54

ngun thi cng nghip phc tp ISC3 (Industrial Source Complex Dispersion
Model) do Cc Bo v mi trng M thit lp:

M
C ( x, y , z ) =
2u u z

2
2
2

exp y exp ( H z ) + exp ( H + z )

2
2
2

2 y
2 z
2 z

Trong :
C(x,y,z): Nng cht nhim ti im c ta (x,y,z) (mg/m3);
C(x): Nng cht nhim trn trc x c y=z=0 (mg/m3);
x: Khong cch ti ngun thi theo phng x (m);
y: Khong cch t im tnh trn mt phng ngang theo chiu vung gc vi
trc ca v khi, cch tim vt khi (m);
z: Chiu cao ca im tnh ton;
M: Ti lng cht nhim t ngun thi (mg/s);
u: Tc gi trung bnh chiu cao hiu qu (H) ca ng khi (m/s);
y: H s lan truyn ca kh quyn theo phng ngang, phng y (m);
z : H s lan truyn ca kh quyn theo phng ng, phng z (m).
i vi cc ngun thi thp, vic xc nh nng cc cht nhim khuych
tn trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh c th p dng phng php tnh ca
V.S.Nhikitin ng vi cc trng hp sau:
-

Nh hp ng c lp:

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi qun, im tnh ton

trong vng gi qun khi 0 < x 6Hnh :

Cx =

Cy =

1,3.M .k 0,6
42
+
[
], mg / m 3
u
H nh .l (1,4l + b + x) 2

1,3Mk 0,6
42
S1 , mg / m 3
+

2
u H nh l (1,4l + b + x)

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi qun, im tnh ton

ngoi vng gi qun khi x > 6Hnh :

Cx =
-

55Mk
; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3
u (1,4l + b + x) 2

Nh rng ng c lp:

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im

tnh ton trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi khi b1 2,5Hnh:

55

Cx =
Cy =

1,3Mk
u

1,3.M .k 1
42
+
[
], mg / m 3
u
H nh .l (1,4l + b1 ) 2

1
42
+

H
l
(1,4l + b1 ) 2
nh

S , mg / m 3

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im

tnh ton ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi khi b1 > 2,5Hnh :
Cx =

55Mk
; C y = C x S , mg / m 3
2
u (1,4l + b1 )

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im

tnh ton trong vng gi qun sau nh khi 0 < x 4Hnh :

Cx =

5,6Mmk
; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3
ul.H nh

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im

tnh ton ngoi vng gi qun sau nh khi x > 4Hnh :
Cx =

15Mk
; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3
ul.(b + x)

Khu nh:

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh

rng ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh <
x1 4Hnh :
Cx =

14,4 Mmk
; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3
ul.x1

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh

rng ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi 4Hnh <
x1 8Hnh :
Cx =

3,6 Mmk
; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3
ul.H nh

+ V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh

rng ng u hng gi khi H<0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh
khi Hnh < x1 4Hnh :
Cx =
Cy =

1,3Mmk
u

1,3.Mmk 2
42
[ +
], mg / m 3
u
lx 1 (1,4l + x) 2

42
S 3 , mg / m 3
+
2
lx1 (1,4l + x)

56

+ V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh

rng ng u hng gi khi H<0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh
khi 4Hnh < x1 8Hnh :
Cx =
Cy =

1,3Mmk
u

1,3.Mmk 0,5
42
+
[
], mg / m 3
u
lH nh (1,4l + x) 2

0,5

42
+
S 3 , mg / m 3

2
lH nh (1,4l + x)

+ V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi (trn) vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi

ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H>0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia
hai nh khi Hnh < x1 4Hnh :
C x, y =

1,3.Mmk 2
20
[ +
S 3 ], mg / m 3
u
lx1 (1,4l + x) 2

+ V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi (trn) vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi

ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H>0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia
hai nh khi 4Hnh < x1 8Hnh :
C x, y =

1,3.Mmk 0,5
20
+
[
S 3 ], mg / m 3
u
lH nh (1,4l + x) 2

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc trn vng gi qun gia hai nh khi
nh hp ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh
< x1 6Hnh :
Cx =

1,3.Mk 1,5
42
[ +
], mg / m 3
2
u
lx1 (1,4l + b + x)

Cy =

1,3Mk
u

1,5

42
S1 , mg / m 3
+
2
lx1 (1,4l + b + x)

+ V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc trn vng gi qun gia hai nh khi
nh hp ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi
6Hnh < x1 10Hnh :
Cx =
Cy =

1,3.Mk 0,25
42
+
[
], mg / m 3
2
u
lH nh (1,4l + b + x)

1,3Mk 0,25
42
+
S1 , mg / m 3

2
u lH nh (1,4l + b + x)

57

Trong :
Cx, Cy Nng cht nhim ti im tnh ton, mg/m3.
L Lu lng kh thi ca ngun thi, m3/s.
M Ti lng cht nhim thi vo kh quyn, mg/s.
k H s k n nh hng ca cao tng i ca ngun thi.
u Vn tc gi trung bnh, m/s.
S, S1, S2, S3 Cc h s tnh ton nng khong cch y vi lung kh thi.
m H s th hin phn kh thi gy nhim i vi vng gi qun.
Hnh- Chiu cao ca nh tnh t mt t n mi, m.
l Chiu di ca nh trc giao vi hng gi, m.
b B rng ca nh theo chiu song song vi hng gi, m.
x Khong cch t mt tng pha khut gi ca nh n im tnh ton, m.
x1 Khong cch gia hai nh, m.
H Chiu cao tng i ca ngun thi.
c im, mc khuych tn cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh ph
thuc vo cng thi ca ngun, tc gi, cao hiu qu ca ng khi v iu
kin kh quyn. Do vy, m hnh khuych tn cht nhim c thc hin i vi
tng cht nhim v theo cc kch bn c th v cc iu kin chi phi n qu trnh
khuych tn nu trn. Kt qu tnh phi c phn tch v c th hin bng cc hnh
v d bo cc ng ng mc phn b nng cc cht nhim trong khu vc.
3.4.2. Tc ng mi trng nc
nh gi mc tc ng ca d n ln mi trng nc khu vc c phn
nh theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n v gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
- nh gi tng lng cht nhim (theo tng cht) trong nc thi thi vo
mi trng nc;
- nh gi phm v tc ng trong khng gian, thi gian v mc tc ng
n tng i tng cn quan tm trong khu vc.
Giai on thi cng xy dng
Ngun gy nhim mi trng nc trong giai on thi cng xy dng ch
yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng
trng xy dng.
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hot ch yu cha cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc
hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v cc vi sinh vt.
Theo WHO (1993), tnh cht nc thi sinh hot c phn nh trong cc Bng
3- v Bng 3- di y.
58

Bng 3-10. Cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot (nh mc cho 1 ngi)
Cht nhim

Tng lng
(g/ngi/ngy)

BOD5

45-54

COD

72-102

TSS

70-145

Tng N

6-12

Tng P

0,8-4

Vi sinh
(NPK/100ml)

Tng Coliform

106-109

Feacal Coliform

105-106

Trng giun, sn

103

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993

Bng 3-11. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot

TT

Cht nhim

n v

Nng

Khng x l

C h thng b t hoi

BOD5

mg/l

562 675

100 200

COD

mg/l

900 1275

180- 360

TSS

mg/l

875 1812

80 360

Du m

mg/l

125 375

Tng P

mg/l

10 -50

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993

Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng
ln, song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Thng thng, tng lng
nc thi sinh hot c th c xc nh trn c s bnh qun t 60l n
80l/ngi/ngy m, hoc cn c theo cc quy chun, tiu chun ca cc b, ngnh. V
d nh theo tiu chun 20/TCN 3-85 ca B Xy dng, nc dng cho 1 cng nhn
trong mt ca lm vic trung bnh l 45 lt/ngi/ca.
Cn c vo tng lng nc cp (quy nh ca ngnh xy dng, lng nc
thi sinh hot c tnh bng khong 80% tng lng nc cp hoc theo tiu chun
nc thi u ngi khc) hoc cn c vo s lng cng nhn tham gia vo qu trnh
xy dng vi nh mc tiu th nc nu trn, tnh cht ca nc thi sinh hot nu ti
cc bng 4-8, 4-9 c th xc nh c tng lng cht nhim trong nc thi c
thi vo mi trng nc.
Nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng
Nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng gm nc ra nguyn liu, nc v
sinh my mc thit b thi cng, nc dng h b tng c hm lng cht l lng v
cc cht hu c cao c tim nng gy nhim cc vc nc tip nhn nc thi nh
59

sng, sui, ao, h, knh, mng. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca giai
on xy dng c th hin trong Bng 3-.
Bng 3-12. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi giai on xy dng
TT

Cc thng s

n v

Nng

TCVN 5945-2005

pH

6,99

5,5-9,0

Cht rn l lng SS

mg/l

663,0

100

COD

mg/l

640,9

80

BOD5

mg/l

429,26

50

NH4

mg/l

9,6

10

Tng N

mg/l

49,27

30

Tng P

mg/l

4,25

Fe

mg/l

0,72

Zn

mg/l

0,004

10

Pb

mg/l

0,055

0,5

11

Du m

mg/l

0,02

12

Coliform

MPN/100l

53x10

5000

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, 2007

Cn c vo s liu nu ti bng 3.16, tng lu lng nc thi hoc s liu o

c, kho st thc t ti cc cng trng c quy m tng t, xc nh c tng thi
lng cht nhim trong nc thi thi vo vc nc tip nhn nc thi ca d n.
Nc ma chy trn
Cn c vo din tch khu vc d n c th tnh c lu lng nc ma chy
trn Q:
Q = q.F.
Trong :
q - Cng ma tnh theo m/s;
F- Din tch lu vc thot nc ma, m2
- H s dng chy, ly trung bnh bng 0,6.
Cng ma (q) c xc nh theo cng thc:

(20 + b) n .q20 .(1 + C lg P)

q=
(t + b) n
Trong : q - Cng ma tnh theo m/s;
P - Chu k ngp lt;
q20, b, C,n - i lng ph thuc vo c im kh hu ti khu vc d n.
60

Thng thng trong nc ma t u s cha mt lng ln cc cht bn tch

t trn b mt nh du, m, bi, t. Theo s liu ca WHO (1993) nng cc cht
nhim trong nc ma chy trn khong 0,5-1,5mgN/l; 0,004-0,03mg P/l; 10-20mg
COD/l v 10-20mg TSS/l.
Lng cht bn tch t trong nc ma theo thi gian c xc nh theo cng thc:
G = Mmax [ 1 exp (-kz.T)]. F, kg
Trong Mmax - Lng bi tch ly ln nht( Mmax = 220kg/ha);
kz - H s ng hc tch ly cht bn, (kz = 0,3ng-1);
T - Thi gian tch ly cht bn tnh theo ngy (T=15 ngy);
F - Din tch lu vc thot nc ma (ha).
Trn c s cc s liu tnh ton, xc nh c tng thi lng cht nhim
c a vo vc nc tip nhn nc thi ca d n.
Giai on vn hnh d n.
nh gi tc ng ca nc thi i vi mi trng nc khu vc d n v ln
cn ca hot ng sn xut ho cht c bn l mt ni dung quan trng i hi
chnh xc, mc nh lng cng cao cng tt.
nh gi mc tc ng ti mi trng nc, ngoi vic xc nh r cc
ngun pht sinh nc thi (gm nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut) ca d n,
cn cn phi c y s liu v tnh cht ca nc thi bao gm lu lng thi, nng
v ti lng cht nhim trong nc thi i vi tng cng on sn xut.
Nc thi sinh hot
Tng lng nc thi sinh hot c xc nh cn c vo tng s cng nhn,
nh mc tiu th nc cho mi cng nhn theo ca hoc ngy. Vi tng lng nc
thi tnh theo ngy, tun v trn c s s liu nu ti cc bng 3.16, 3.17 xc nh c
tng lng cht nhim thi vo vc nc tip nhn nc thi ca d n.
Nc thi sn xut
Xc nh nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut c th da trn quy
m, c im cng ngh v nhng trnh by ti phn 3.2 ca chng ny kt hp vi
cc phng php khc nh phng php nh gi nhanh da trn h s nhim ca
WHO, s liu trong cc bo co TM c thm nh hoc kho st, o c trn
thc t ca cc c s ang hot ng c trnh cng ngh v quy m tng t.
Cn c v s liu v nng cht nhim trong nc thi, tng lu lng
nc thi hoc s liu c c t cc c s sn xut c quy m tng t, xc nh
c tng thi lng cht nhim thi vo vc nc tip nhn nc thi ca d n.
nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong mi trng
nc khu vc
nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong nc thi i vi
mi trng nc khu vc v bn cht l vic xc nh s bin thin ca nng cht
61

nhim trong mi trng nc theo khng gian v theo thi gian. S bin thin ny
c lm sng t bng nhiu phng php, trong hiu qu v thng dng hn c l
phng php xc nh mc khuych tn ca cht nhim bng m hnh ton.
i vi nc thi ca cc d n cng nghip, xc nh mc khuych tn
cht nhim trong mi trng nc bng vic s dng m hnh khuych tn cht
nhim c lp trnh theo ngn ng Turbo Pascal:
G=

Trong :

v + 4kDx
2

exp[

4kD
xv
(1 1 + 2 x )]
2D x
v

C - Nng cht bn ti im tnh ton (mg/l).

M - Ti lng ca cht bn (mg).
- Din tch tit din ca thi (m2).
v - Vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy (m/s).
k - H s phn hu cht bn theo thi gian.
Dx - H s khuch tn theo phng x (theo hng dng chy).

Nh vy, cc thng s cn thit tnh ton gm:

-

Lu lng ngun nc mt nh nht m bo tn sut 95% (m3/s);

Vn tc dng chy nh nht (m/s);

Lu lng nc thi x vo ngun nc mt (m3/s);

Hm lng cht nhim trong nc thi (mg/l);

Hm lng cht nhim trong ngun nc mt trc khi tip nhn nc

thi (mg/l);
-

H s phn hu cht nhim.

c im, mc khuych tn cht nhim trong mi trng nc ph thuc

vo lu lng thi, c im dng chy ca ngun tip nhn v iu kin kh quyn.
Do vy, m hnh khuych tn cht nhim c thc hin i vi tng cht nhim
v theo cc kch bn c th v cc iu kin chi phi n qu trnh khuych tn nu
trn. Kt qu tnh phi c phn tch v c th hin bng cc hnh v d bo cc
ng ng mc phn b nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng nc khu vc.
3.4.3. Tc ng mi trng t
Phn ni dung ny cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc bin i v cht lng
t (suy thoi, nhim, thay i tnh cht nng hc) do tc ng ca cht thi d n.
Cc cht c hi trong cht thi rn, nc thi v kh thi lan truyn vo mi
trng t theo 2 cch:
-

Lan truyn t nhin: lan truyn trc tip theo cc quy lut a ho, phn b li
vt cht trong t;
62

Lan truyn nhn to: lan truyn gin tip do ngi dn trong vng s dng
nc thi ti cho cc loi cy trng.

3.4.4. Cht thi rn

nh gi tc ng ca cht thi rn (cht thi sinh hot, cht thi rn cng
nghip, cht thi rn nguy hi) c phn nh thng qua vic xc nh mt cch nh
lng khi lng (kg/ngy, tn/nm) v thnh phn (tnh theo %), tnh cht ca cht
thi rn pht sinh trong tng cng on sn xut ca d n, c bit lu cht thi rn
nguy hi.
Giai on xy dng
Cht thi rn ch yu trong giai on ny l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng
ph thi, ri vi nh gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vn....v rc thi sinh hot. Lng
cht thi ny ln hay nh l tu thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun
l ca d n.
Giai on vn hnh
Cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ng vn hnh ca d n gm cht thi rn sn
xut v rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn.
-

Cht thi sn xut: Cht thi rn t cc nh my sn xut ho cht c bn ch

yu l b thi t cc qu trnh ho hc (b thi gip t sn xut axit photphoric),
x l t cc qu trnh t v bn t cc trm x l nc thi.

Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v tnh cht cht thi rn ca mt s

c s sn xut ho cht ang hot ng Vit Nam (bng 3-13, 3-14).
Bng 3-13. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Cng ty Supe Pht pht v Ho cht Lm
Thao
TT

Ch tiu

n v

Hm lng
M1

M2

M3

M4

P2O5

27,62

20,85

29,28

0,16

Al2O3

0,302

0,351

0,453

0,302

Fe2O3

1,42

0,03

1,77

0,15

MgO

3,0

2,0

3,0

0,8

CaO

42,0

28,0

42,0

27,4

Pb

0,075

0,019

0,022

0,006

Cr

1,75.10-3

1,25.10-3

2,25.10-3

<10-3

Cd

< 10-4

4.10-4

<10-4

<10-4

Mn

0,202

0,128

0,468

0,005

10

Ni

3.10-3

2.10-3

4.10-3

<10-3

11

As

8,28.10-4

8,29.10-4

9,91.10-4

1,76.10-4

12

Zn

0,058

0,082

0,013

0,069

63

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002.

Ghi ch:

M1- Qung apatit sau tuyn ;

M2 - Sn phm supe pht pht n ;
M3 - Qung apatit th ;
M4 Bn b lng.

Bng 3-14. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Nh my Supe Pht pht Long Thnh
TT

Ch tiu

n v

Hm lng
S1

S2

S3

P2O5

19,7

29,46

5,63

Al2O3

1,02

1,53

0,4

Fe2O3

3,03

4,55

1,7

MgO

12

0,65

SiO2

6,86

10,34

1,88

CaO

28,0

36,4

0,3

Pb

8,45.10-3

1,38.10-3

5,13.10-3

Zn

8,02.10-3

5,41.10-3

<10-3

Cr

< 10-3

<10-3

<10-3

10

Cd

2.5.10-4

2,1.10-4

1,36.10-4

11

Mn

0,274

0,324

0,005

12

Ni

0,015

0,01

<10-3

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Ghi ch: S1- Qu trnh sn xut supe pht pht n;
S2: Nghin qung;
S3: Bn lng.

Cn c vo c im cng ngh, quy m d n v loi nguyn nhin liu, sn

phm vi nhng trnh by phn trn ca hng dn ny c th xc nh c khi
lng, tnh cht ca cht thi rn. Ngoi ra, c th s dng phng php nh gi
nhanh ca WHO, s liu trong cc bo co TM c thm nh hoc t cc c s
ang hot ng c trnh cng ngh v quy m tng t.
-

Cht thi rn sinh hot

Ngun pht sinh cht thi sinh hot ch yu l t khu nh n, vn phng lm vic,
cc cng trnh v sinh bao gm cc loi rc thi thc phm, v hp, chai l, giy vn,.
c tnh trung bnh lng cht thi sinh hot cho mt u ngi trong mt ca
sn xut l 0,2-0,3 kg/ngi/ca, v cn c vo s lng cng nhn, c th tnh c
tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh cn c thu gom, x l.

64

3.5. nh gi tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

3.5.1. Ting n
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng d n, ting n gy ra ch yu do hot ng
ca cc my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng v cc hot ng
xy dng khc. Mc n ti a ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v cc my mc thi
cng do USEPA a ra nu ti Bng 3-6. Cc tnh ton ny cn phi c th cho tng
trng hp c bit i vi cc i tng nhy cm nh cc cng trnh tn gio, vn
ho, khu dn c.
Bng 3-6. Mc n ti a ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v cc phng tin thi
cng
TT

Thit b
thi cng

My i

80

68

59

Xe nng

72-84

66

54

Xe ti

83-94

70

65

My san

80-93

69

68

Xe lu

73-75

64

54

My ri ng

86-88

67

59

My m

74-77

68

54

Gu ngom

72-93

70

57

Cn cu

75-77

68

50

10

My trn b tng

74-88

70

62

11

Bm b tng

81-84

69

60

12

My nn kh

74-87

72

64

13

My khoan

87

14

My ng cc

90

15

My
tng

Mc
n
khong
cch 2m

Mc n khong
cch 200m

Mc n khong
cch 500m

80

Ngun: USEPA,1971

xc nh c mc n tng hp trong mt thi im nht nh v mt v

tr nht nh cn thit phi c s liu y v c im a hnh khu vc d n, s
lng, chng loi cc phng tin my mc thi cng, vn chuyn ti cng trng
mt thi im nht nh hoc s liu o c thc t t cc trng hp c quy m hot
ng tng t.
V mt l thuyt, tng hp mc n pht sinh t cc thit b thi cng ti cng
trng c th c tnh theo cng thc:

65

n
L = 10lg10 0,1.li
i
Trong :
L: mc n tng s;
Li: mc n ngun i;
n: tng s ngun n
nh gi mc nh hng ting n do d n gy ra i vi khu vc xung
quanh nhng khong cch nht nh c th c tnh theo phng trnh di y:
Li = Lp - Ld - Lc;
Trong :
Li - Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n khong cch r2, dBa;
Lp - Mc n o c ti cc ngun gy n cch ngun gy n khong cch r1;
Ld - Mc n gim theo khong cch r2 tn s i, dBa;
Ld = 20 lg [ (r2/r1)1+a];
r1 - Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi Lp, m;
r2- Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch ng vi Li, m;
a - H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t (a=0);
Lc - gim mc n qua vt cn. Ti khu vc d n Lc = 0.
3.5.2. rung
Rung ng l do hot ng ca cc phng tin, my mc thi cng ch yu l
ng cc, m nn, khoan v hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn nng. Mc
rung ng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong c bit quan trng l cu to a cht
ca nn mng cng trnh. Tuy nhin, xc nh mc rung ng, ngoi vic thc
hin cc kho st, o c i vi nhng trng hp c iu kin tng t vi khu vc
d n ang c trin khai ngoi thc t, cn c th xc nh nhanh trn c s s liu
c USEPA xc lp nu ti Bng 3-7. Cc tnh ton ny cn phi c th cho tng
trng hp c bit i vi cc i tng nhy cm nh cc cng trnh tn gio, vn
ho, bnh vin, trng hc, khu dn c.
Bng 3-7. Mc gy rung ca mt s my mc xy dng
TT

Mc rung ng
(Theo hng thng ng Z, dB)

Loi my mc

My o t

Cch ngun gy
rung ng 10m

Cch ngun gy
Rung ng 30m

80

71

66

My i t

79

69

Xe vn chuyn hng nng

74

64

Xe lu

82

71

My khoan

63

55

My nn kh

81

71

My o bng hi

85

73

My ng cc bng khoan dn

98

83

My ng cc bng rung chn

93

83

Ngun: USEPA, 1971

nh gi c mc rung ng trong mt thi im nht nh v mt v tr

nht nh cn thit phi c s liu y v iu kin a cht cng trnh nn mng, s
lng, chng loi cc phng tin my mc thi cng, vn chuyn ti cng trng thi
im hoc s liu o c thc t t cc trng hp c quy m hot ng tng t.
3.5.3. nhim nhit
nhim nhit l mt loi nhim lin quan n hu ht cc cng on sn xut
trong ngnh cng nghip ho cht. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t:
-

S truyn nhit t l t, l hi, ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi v ca h

thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng;

S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng.

Tng nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit bn

trong nh xng tng cao, c th chnh vi nhit mi trng bn ngoi ng k,
nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi tc ng xu ti sc kho v
nng sut lao ng. Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n.
Do vy, cn c nhng nh gi, d bo v mc nhim nhit ti cc phn
xng v c bit i vi mi trng xung quanh. Vic nh gi ny da trn c
im cng ngh, c s kin thc chuyn gia v kt qu kho st, o c.
3.5.4. Tc ng ch thu vn
Vic khai thc nc mt, nc di t v x thi mt lng ln nc thi vo
cc vc nc mt khu vc (sng, h, bin ven b) s c nhng tc ng n ch
thu vn mt v di t khu vc. Do vy, phn ni dung ny cn lm sng t cc vn
sau:
-

Bin ng v tr lng, mc nc ca cc tng cha nc di t;

Bin i ch dng chy mt (i vi sng, sui);

Bin i ch dng chy, dng bi tch ven b (i vi bin);

Bin i v cng , phm vi nh hng ca cc qu trnh bi t, xi l lng

sng, b sng, b bin, y bin.
67

3.5.5. Tc ng mi trng t
Tc ng n mi trng t phn ni dung ny c cp qua cc ni
dung sau:
-

Chim dng t ca d n (cn c s liu chnh xc v din tch chim dng

ca tng loi t: nng nghip, lm nghip, vn, nh v khc);

Tc ng gy trt, st l t, ln t, mt t bi hot ng xy dng ca d n.

3.5.6. Tc ng mi trng sinh thi

Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r nhng tc ng bt li i vi h ng thc
vt trn cn v di nc phn b trong khu vc d n.
H sinh thi trn cn
Phn nh v tc ng i vi h sinh thi trn cn gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
-

Tc ng i vi h thc vt: mc cht ph cy ci, hoa mu; bin ng v

din phn b, v ging loi, v s lng c bit i vi cc loi thc vt c
th, cc loi thc vt qu him;

Tc ng i vi h ng vt: mt ni c tr, sinh sng; kh nng sinh tn, bin

ng v ging loi, v s lng c bit i vi cc loi ng vt c th, cc
loi ng vt hoang d, cc loi ng vt qu him c trong sch ;

H sinh thi di nc
Phn nh v tc ng i vi h sinh thi di nc gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
-

Tc ng vi thc vt phiu sinh: mt ni sinh sng, bin ng v thnh phn

loi, s lng c bit i vi cc loi qu him;

Tc ng i vi ng vt phiu sinh: mt ni sinh sng, bin ng v thnh

phn loi, s lng c bit i vi cc loi qu him;

Tc ng i vi ng vt y: mt ni sinh sng, bin ng v thnh phn

loi, s lng c bit i vi cc loi qu him.

3.5.7. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t-x hi

Phn ni dung ny cn trnh by nhng nh gi v tc ng n mi trng
kinh t-x hi khu vc d n (khng nh gi trn c s nhn nh chung chung cho
c mt khu vc hoc mt vng rng ln).
Tc ng n mi trng kinh t
nh gi tc ng mi trng kinh t gm nhng nh gi v tc ng n iu
kin v cc hot ng kinh t trong khu vc chu nh hng bi d n bao gm cc
ni dung sau:
-

nh hng n c cu kinh t vng, ngnh;

nh hng n thu nhp ca cc h dn b mt t, mt vic lm bi d n;

nh hng do thay i c cu s dng t;

68

nh hng n c s h tng.

Tc ng n mi trng x hi
nh gi tc ng mi trng x hi gm nhng nh gi v tc ng n iu
kin v cc hot ng x hi trong khu vc chu nh hng bi d n bao gm cc ni
dung sau:
-

nh hng do di dn, ti nh c;

nh hng n c cu ngnh ngh, vic lm;

nh hng n phong tc tp qun (nu c);

nh hng n cc di tch lch s, vn ha, tn giao v cc cng trnh kin trc

c gi tr;

nh hng n cng ng dn tc c bit l dn tc thiu s.

3.6. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng

D bo, nh gi nhng ri ro, s c mi trng do d n gy ra ch i vi
nhng ri ro, s c c th xy ra trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh d n.
3.6.1. Ngun gc pht sinh ri ro, s c
phn ni dung nay, cn xc nh c ngun gc pht sinh ri ro, s c trong
giai on thi cng xy dng v giai on vn hnh ca d n.
i vi ngnh sn xut ho cht c bn, s c u c th xy ra trong cc cng
on sn xut v ch yu gm:
-

N bnh cha, ng dn kh clo, kh amoniac, kh SO2, kh SO3

V, thng cc bn cha axit ;

R r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng

Chy n do chp in.

Hng hoc s c ti cc cng trnh x l mi trng nn khng t tiu chun

pht thi

3.6.2. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng

Thng thng nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng c thc hin theo cc kha
cnh sau:
-

nh gi ri ro ti mi trng t nhin;

nh gi ri ro ti h sinh thi;

nh gi ri ro ti mi trng kinh t - x hi;

nh gi ri ro ti sinh mng v sc kho con ngi (ngi trc tip lm vic,

cng ng a phng);

69

Nhng ni dung v nh gi s c ngoi vic xc nh nhng cng on sn

xut c nhiu tim nng sinh ra s c cn phi phn tch thit hi i vi h sinh thi,
thit hi ti sn ca d n, ca a phng v x hi v thit hi v sc khe, tnh
mng ca ngi trc tip lm vic v cng ng a phng. C gng ht sc c th
d bo cc tc ng da vo c im t nhin kinh t x hi ca khu vc d n, trnh
nu chung chung
3.7. nh gi mc tc ng tng th
Trn c s kt qu nh gi tc ng n cc thnh phn mi trng nu trn,
thng thng vic thc hin cc nh gi mc tc ng (theo cc mc rt mnh,
mnh, trung bnh, yu hoc nghim trng, trung bnh, nh v khng r rt) c thc
hin bng phng php ma trn. y l phng php nh gi mang tnh nh tnh
hoc bn nh lng (cho im theo trng s) trn c s lp bng kim tra i chiu
tng hot ng ca d n vi tng thng s hoc tng thnh phn mi trng nh
gi mi quan h nguyn nhn - hu qu.
Phng php ma trn hin ang c p dng c tnh tng hp cao l H
thng nh lng tc ng (impact quantitative system IQS) c xy dng trn c
s cc hng dn TM ca T chc E&P Forum, UNEP v WB (VESDI, 2008). Cc
thng s nh gi gm: cng tc ng (M); phm vi tc ng (S); thi gian phc
hi (R); tn sut xy ra (F); quy nh lut php (L); chi ph (E) v mi quan tm ca
cng ng (P). Cc tc ng s c phn tch, nh gi v cho im tng ng theo
Bng 3-8. H thng phn loi IQS.
Bng 3-8. H thng phn loi IQS
Thng
s

H thng xp loi
Mc

nh ngha

Tc ng ln Tc ng c th lm thay i nghim
hoc nghim trng cc nhn t ca mi trng hoc
to ra bin i mnh m v mi trng.
trng
Tc ng loi ny c th nh hng ln
n mi trng t nhin hoc KT-XH
ca mt khu vc.

Tc
ng

Cng
ng Tc ng c th nh hng r rt mt s
tc Tc
nhn t ca mi trng. Tc ng loi
trung bnh
ng
ny c th nh hng khng ln n mi
(M)
trng t nhin hoc KT-XH ca mt
khu vc.

im

Tc ng nh Tc ng c th nh hng nh n mi
trng t nhin hoc mt b phn nh
dn s.

Tc
khng

ng Hot ng ca d n khng to ra cc
ng tc ng tiu cc r rt.
70

k hay khng
tc ng
Khng ng Phm vi hp quanh ngun tc ng
k
Phm vi tc ng xung quanh ngun
gy tc ng (trong phm vi x, phng)

Phm
Cc b
vi tc
ng
Khu vc
(S)

S
tng
tc

Phm vi tc ng xung quanh ngun gy

tc ng (trong phm vi lin x)

Lin vng

Phm vi tc ng trn 2 huyn xung

quanh ngun gy tc ng

Quc t

Phm vi tc ng nh hng n lnh

th nc lng ging

<1 nm
Thi
gian tc 1-2 nm
ng
(S)
2-5 nm
> 5 nm

Tn
sut
(F)

Lut
php
(L)

Chi ph

2
3

4
1

Thi gian phc hi trng thi ban u t

1 n 2 nm.

Thi gian phc hi trng thi ban u t

2 n 5 nm.

Thi gian phc hi trng thi ban u t

trn 5 nm.

Him khi xy S c mi trng c kh nng xy ra

ra
nhng c d bo l him
Nguy c xy Nguy c xy ra s c mi trng tng
ra tng i i cao
cao

0
1

Nguy c xy Nguy c xy ra s c mi trng cao

ra rt cao

Khng
quy nh

c Php lut khng c quy nh i vi tc

ng

Quy nh c Php lut quy nh tng qut i vi tc

tnh
tng ng
qut

Quy nh c Php lut quy nh c th i vi tc

th
ng

Chi ph thp

Qun
l

Thi gian phc hi trng thi ban u

di 1 nm.

Rt
him S c mi trng rt him khi hoc
hoc khng khng bao gi xy ra
xy ra

S
c
mi
trng

Chi ph thp cho qun l v thc hin cc

bin php phng nga, gim thiu tc
ng tiu cc

Chi ph trung Chi ph trung bnh cho qun l v thc

hin cc bin php phng nga, gim

71

(E)

Mi
quan
tm ca
cng
ng
(P)

bnh

thiu tc ng tiu cc

Chi ph cao

Chi ph cao cho qun l v thc hin

cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu
tc ng tiu cc

t quan tm

S kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng

ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca
d n l t hoc khng c

Mc quan S kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng

tm
trung ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca
d n l khu vc tng i hp( x,
bnh
phng).

Mc quan S kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng

tm cao
ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca
d n l trn phm vi rng (lin x,
phng).

Ngun: VESDI, 2008

Mc tc ng tng th c xc nh trn c s tng im c tnh theo

cng thc:
Tng s im (TS) = (M+S+R) x F x (L+E+P) = Mc tc ng tng th.
Bng 3-9. Mc tc ng tng th c xc nh theo thang bc im
im

Mc tc ng

09

Khng tc ng hoc tc ng khng ng k.

9 72

Tc ng nh.

72 144

Tc ng trung bnh.

144 264

Tc ng ln hoc tc ng nghim trng.

Ngun: VESDI, 2008

72

CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA, KHC PHC, GIM THIU

CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N N MI TRNG

Yu cu: vic la chn v a ra cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu cn m bo

cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Cc bin php gim c th hin theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n

(chun b, xy dng v vn hnh);

Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c cc tc ng xu ti mi trng ph hp

vi quy m cng trnh, ngun ti chnh cho php ca d n;

Mi loi tc ng xu xc nh u phi c bin php gim thiu tng ng,

c l gii r rng v u im, nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu sut/hiu qu
x l. Trong trng hp khng th c bin php hoc c nhng kh kh thi
trong khun kh ca d n th phi nu r l do v c kin ngh c th;

Phi c chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th tc ng xu s c

gim n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut
hin hnh. Trng hp khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th phi nu r l
do v c nhng kin ngh c th.

Di y l nhng trnh by v cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu ln mi

trng ca d n. Tuy nhin, v c bn y mi ch l nhng gi mang tnh nh
hng, c tnh tham kho v khng coi l chun mc p dng. Do vy, trong bo
co TM, cc bin php gim thiu c la chn cn phi c c th ha i vi
d n v m bo tnh kh thi cao.
4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on chun b mt bng v thi
cng xy dng
4.1.1. Giai on quy hoch mt bng
Vic quy hoch mt bng ca d n phi m bo cc nguyn tc v quy hoch
cng nghip v cnh quan mi trng:
-

La chn hp l hng nh xng s dng tt nht iu kin thng gi t

nhin;

Xc nh kch thc cc di cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc

cng trnh v d n vi khu dn c m bo s thng thong, hn ch s lan
truyn nhim, m bo phng chy, cha chy v gim thiu nh hng trc
tip ca cht thi i vi cng nhn v dn c xung quanh;

Phn cm cc nh xng theo nguyn tc nhng cng on sn xut c mc ,

tnh cht gy nhim mi trng tng t nhau th gn nhau;
73

B tr khu vc sn xut cch ly khu hnh chnh v iu hnh sn xut. m bo

phn b cc di cy xanh hp l vi tng din tch s dng t chim t nht l
15% din tch t ca d n (hoc c din tch theo quy nh hin hnh);

B tr khu sn xut c tim nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh, khu x l

nc thi v khu tp kt rc thi cui hng gi ch o ca khu vc v cch
xa khu dn c;

H thng cp, thot nc cn c quy hoch hp l m bo vic cung cp

nc cng nh thot nc c d dng. Phn lung trit cc ngun nc
thi c lu lng ln v tnh cht nhim khc nhau c phng n x l kh
thi v mt k thut, kinh t v mi trng.

4.1.2. Giai on thi cng xy dng

Nh trnh by cc phn trn, hot ng thi cng xy dng s c tim nng gy
nhim mi trng khu vc d n c bit l mi trng nc v mi trng khng
kh. Cc tc ng ny tuy ch c tnh nht thi, din ra trong thi gian xy dng d n,
song vn cn phi c cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu.
Gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh
gim thiu pht sinh cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh c th xem xt,
p dng cc bin php sau:
-

B tr hp l tuyn ng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu trnh n tc giao

thng v nh hng n cc khu vc nhy cm v mi trng nh im dn c,
trng hc, di tch lch s, tn ngng...;

Ti nc nhng khu vc thi cng v mt ng cc tuyn ng vn

chuyn nguyn vt liu, c bit l cc on ng i qua hoc gn khu dn c
(nu r loi phng tin ti nc, v tr ti nc, thi im ti nc v tn
sut ti nc trong ngy, thng, ma...);

Cc phng tin vn ti nguyn vt liu ra vo cng trng phi c che ph

kn v khng ch vt liu ri (t, ct) qu y trnh ri vi;

Cng trng phi c che chn chng pht tn bi ra mi trng xung quanh;

Gim thiu ting n v rung ng

gim thiu ting n v rung c th xem xt, p dng cc bin php sau:
-

Quy nh v tc xe, my mc khi hot ng trong khu vc d n;

Lp t cc thit b gim ting n cho cc my mc c mc n cao;

Khng s dng my mc, thit b thi cng qu c, gy ting n ln. Thng

xuyn kim tra bo dng thit b, cc b phn gim m, gim chn;

Kim tra mc n, rung trong qu trnh xy dng, t t ra lch thi cng ph

hp t mc n tiu chun cho php;

Vi nhng my mc, phng tin thi cng c ting n ln khng b tr lm

vc vo cc thi im nhy cm v ting n trong ngy t 22h n 6 gi sng
74

ngy hm sau;
-

Khng s dng cng mt lc trn cng trng nhiu my mc, thit b thi cng
c gy n ln trnh tc ng cng hng ca ting n.

Gim thiu nhim mi trng nc

gim thiu pht sinh cht gy nhim mi trng nc c th xem xt, p
dng cc bin php sau:
-

Khng x nc thi cha qua x l trc tip xung cc thu vc;

Tun th nghim ngt k thut khoan, ng cc nhm hn ch tnh trng thm

nhp nc mt v cc cht nhim vo tng nc di t. L khoan khng s
dng c x l ng k thut;

La chn thi im thi cng xy dng vo thi im thch hp nh ma kh;

B tr cc cng trnh x l nc thi tm thi;

T chc thot nc ma tt, trn chiu di h thng thot nc c xy dng cc

h ga lng cn bn t.

Kim sot cht thi rn trong xy dng

Cht thi rn trong qu trnh xy dng gm rc thi, cht thi rn xy dng (ch
yu l vt liu h hng, t thi, vt liu bao b...). Mt s bin php nhm gim
thiu lng cht thi rn gm:
-

Ti s dng hoc ti ch ti mc cao nht lng cht thi rn pht sinh cho cc
mc ch s dng khc nhau;

T chc thu gom cht thi rn v vn chuyn n ni quy nh;

Trang b cc thng cha rc m bo v sinh mi trng.

Kim sot nhim do du m thi

gim thiu pht sinh cht thi du, m c th xem xt, p dng cc bin
php sau:
-

Gim thiu ti a vic sa cha xe, my mc thi cng ti khu vc d n.

Du m thi, ph tng thay th phi c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l nh k

tun th theo cc quy nh hin hnh, c gng c th c s c th tip nhn x
l loi cht thi ny

Gim thiu cc tc ng khc

-

i vi sc kho ngi lao ng: m bo cc iu kin sinh hot nh ln tri,

nc sch, n, , trang b y bo h lao ng;

i vi vn an ton lao ng: khi thi cng phi c cc bin php an ton,
phng nga s c;

Cc my mc thit b thi cng phi c l lch km theo v phi c kim tra,

theo di thng xuyn cc thng s k thut;
75

Cng nhn trc tip thi cng c hun luyn v thc hnh thao tc, kim tra,
vn hnh ng k thut v p ng kp thi khi c s c xy ra.

4.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on vn hnh d n

Nhm gim thiu cc tc ng xu do hot ng ca d n gy ra, trong phn
ni dung ny trnh by tham kho mt s bin php k thut x l cht thi pht
sinh t cc cng on trong qu trnh sn xut ho cht c bn.
4.2.1. Gii php k thut x l kh thi
Nh trnh by phn trn, ngnh cng nghip sn xut ho cht c bn lun
pht thi ra mt lng kh thi ln cha nhiu cht nhim c nng vt quy
chun, tiu chun mi trng, do vy, v nguyn tc cn phi c x l trc khi thi
ra mi trng. Cc thit b x l kh thi thng c s dng trong ngnh sn xut
ho cht chia ra lm hai loi gm: loi thu gi cc cht nhim dng ht v loi
thu gi cc cht nhim dng kh. Cc cht nhim dng ht c thu gom bng
phng php s dng lc c hc, cn cc cht nhim dng kh c thu gom bng
phng php l ho. Bng 4-1. c tnh ca cc thit b x l khdi y lit k cc
thit b x l kh thi cng cc c tnh ca chng tham kho.
Bng 4-1. c tnh ca cc thit b x l kh

Thit b x l

Kch thc
Cht gy
Nng ti
ht ti a,
Hiu sut, % nhim thu
a, mg/m3
micron
c
X l bi trong kh thi

A.Thit b thu bi c kh
- Bung lng

> 50

>3

<50

bi kh

- Xyclon

5 - 25

>0,5

50 - 90

bi kh

B. Lc bi ti

<1

>0,05

>99

bi kh

- Thp phun

25

>0,5

<80

cht lng

- Cyclon

>5

>0,5

<80

cht lng

- Venturi

<1

>0,05

<99

cht lng

D. Lc bi in

<1

>0,05

95 - 99

kh hoc bi
m

C. Thu bi t

X l kh gy nhim
E. Thp hp th kh

>0,5

>90

cht lng

F. Thp hp ph kh

>90

kh
lng

hoc

Ngun: Max S. Peters; Klaus D. Timmerhaus. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers. McGrau-Hill, 1991
76

V nguyn tc, m bo v mt mi trng, cc thit b x l kh thi u

phi c lp t tt c cc ngun pht sinh kh thi v c thu gom a ra mi
trng bng ng khi.

Hnh 4.1 Thit b tch bi bng lc kiu ti

Hnh 4.2 Thit b tch bui kiu tnh in

Xc nh chiu cao ng khi
m bo cho vic pht tn kh thi vo mi trng khng kh mt cch tt
nht, trnh gy nhim cc b, ngun thi (ng khi) phi m bo c cao ph hp
77

vi tnh cht, lu lng kh thi, c im a hnh, iu kin kh tng khu vc. V

mt l thuyt, xc nh chiu cao ngun thi c th da theo cch tnh di y:
H

A( M ) Fmn
N
3
Ccf Cnen t L

Trong :
H - Chiu cao ca ng khi
A - H s k n n nh ca kh quyn,
M - Ti lng ca cht c hi (g/s),
F - H s k n loi cht khuch tn,
m,n - Cc h s thc nhim k n iu kin ca kh thi ming ng khi,
Ccf - Nng cht nhim cho php,ti mi trng xung quanh
Cnen - Nng nn ca cht nhim ti khu vc,
N - S ngun thi cng hot ng,

t = tk - txq - Hiu s nhit tnh ton (oC),

tk - Nhit khi thi (oC)
txq - Nhit ca mi trng khng kh xung quanh (oC),
L - Lu lng kh thi ca ng khi (m3/s),
X l kh thi
a) X l kh thi sn xut axt sunfuric
Nh trnh by trn, cc cht nhim trong kh thi t hot ng sn xut
axt sunfuric gm ch yu l SO2 v m axt sunfuric.
-

X l SO2:

C nhiu phng php x l SO2 trong kh thi nh phng php hp ph,

phng php bn kh, phng php hp th bng cc dung dch kim hoc mui kim,
ph bin nht l phng php hp th.bng sa vi hoc thch cao trong dng lng .
Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php ny l s dng sa vi , vi dng dung dch
lm cht hp th vi hiu sut kh > 82% . Phn ng hp th v xy ho nh sau:
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3;
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO3 = CaSO3 + 2 H2O
hay CaCO3 + H2SO3 = CaSO3 + CO2 + H2O;
CaSO3 + 1/2O2 + 2 H2O = CaSO4.2 H2O
Ch rng Ca SO4 rt t tan nn thng dng thp hp th rng hoc thp phun
m khng dng thp c m trnh ng rn gy tc m
-

X l m axt sunfuric
78

S dng cc thit b tch m tin tin, c hiu xut x l cao, v d nh thit b

tch m axit bng lc bui tnh in t ( nh my Super pht pht Lm thao)
b) X l kh thi sn xut axt photphoric
Kh thi t hot ng sn xut axt photphoric thng cha hp cht flo t cc
cng on phn ng, cng on lc v cng on c c.
x l hp cht flo trong kh thi c th dng phng php hp th nhiu
cp, thit b hp th c s dng c th l mt trong cc loi nh sau:
HF + H2O

= HF.H2O

SiF4 + 2HF =
-

H2SiF6

Thit b hp th kiu phun (Thit b hp th rng)

Thit b ny c chia lm hai loi: Thit b phun thng ng (Spray Tower) v

thit b phun nm ngang (Spray cross flow scrubber). Cc dng cht thi lng v kh
c th ct nhau hoc i ngc chiu. Cht lng c phun qua cc vi phun c p sut
u vi phun t 1- 4at.
u im ca loi thit b ny l kt cu n gin, d vn hnh, tn tht p sut
nh (50-70 mm H2O), chi ph nng lng thp. Nhc im l lng nc s dng
nhiu m hiu sut x l thp. Do vy, tng hiu qu ca thp phun, thng s
dng thp nhiu tng phun, mi tng thp coi nh mt cp thit b. tng hiu qu
ca thp phun vic phun p sut cao cng c th p dng, tuy nhin iu ny dn n
to git v m.
-

Thit b hp th kiu Venturi

Thit b kt cu n gin v cho php u t thp. Thit b ny s to ra s tip

xc kh-lng ln do s phn tn cht lng thnh cc ht rt nh.
Nhc im chnh ca thit b ny l tn tht p sut ln, v d: vi tc kh
c Venturi 50m/s th t s lng l 1,1 m3/1000 m3 kh, tn tht p sut v pha pha kh
c th ln n 300 mm H2O.
Ngy nay thit b hp th kiu Venturi c s dng rng ri trong cc nh my
sn xut axt photphoric, nh my sn xut phn bn v n cho hiu sut hp th cao,
ch to n gin.
Do s phn tn cht lng trong thit b rt cao nn khi ra khi thit b, kh cn
mang theo mt lng m ln. tch m ny ngi ta thng dng cc thit b tch
m khc nhau, c loi c hiu sut rt cao.
-

Thp m (Packed Tower)

Thp m l thit b hp th c hiu sut hp th cao hn thp hp th rng nhng

tn tht p sut cao hn v d b tc nu trong dung dch cha cc ht rn.
-

Thit b hp th kiu Xyclon (Cyclon Spray Scubber)

Trong thit b ny s tip xc lng - kh c thc hin bng vi phun cht lng
vo pha kh chuyn ng.
79

Loi thit b ny mc d c nng sut hp th cao hn so vi loi thp phun thng

thng, nhng n vn cn c mt s hn ch nh i vi thp phun rng thng thng.
Tu thuc vo nng hp cht flo trong kh thi m cng ngh x l c la
chn thch hp. Di y l cc cng ngh x l c la chn x l cc ngun
kh thi ca xng axt photphoric.
X l kh Flo t b trn, phn ly, kt tinh
Cng ngh p dng: hp th vi dung dch hp th l nc. Thit b hp th l
thp hp th kiu xyclon dng thng ng.
Kh thi cha hp cht flo t cc cng on trn, phn ly, kt tinh c a vo
h thng thit b ra kh flo. H thng thit b x l gm hai cp thit b hp th kiu
xyclon. Dung dch ti l nc c phun theo nhiu lp, tng hiu qu ca thit b.
Vi nng kh flo i vo h thng x l t 500 - 1000 mg/Nm3, h thng thit b ra
kh ny bo m c nng kh flo ra khi thp l <10mg/Nm3.
X l kh thi c cha hp cht flo t cng on c c
Kh thi c cha SiF4 c thu t b phn c c i qua thit b hp th SiF4
bng axt H2SiF6 long. Axt sn phm l H2SiF6 c nng 20%, lu lng axt thu
c lin tc l khong 284 kg H2SiF6/h.
Kh ra

kh ra

llm lnh

Thit b hp th

Thit b nh hp

kh vo

Trao i nhit

Hnh 4.3. S nguyn tc h thng x l kh bng phng php hp th

4.2.2. Gii php k thut x l nc thi
Nc thi sinh ra hu ht cng on sn xut v tnh cht nhim ca nc
thi ca tng cng on l rt khc nhau nn v nguyn tc nc thi sn xut phi
c phn loi nh nc nhim c hc, nc nhim bn ho cht v nc nhim
bn du m... c bin php x l thch hp, hiu qu v m bo tnh kinh t.
80

Cng ngh x l nc thi thng ng dng cc qu trnh x l c hc, sinh

hc v ho l x l cn l lng (SS), cht hu c (BOD5, COD), c, du m v
kim loi nng. Trong qu trnh x l nc thi t cc nh my sn xut ho cht,
phng php ho hc thng hay c s dng x l cc cht rn dng keo, mu,
mi, axt, kim, kim loi nng v du. Qu trnh x l ny thng l tp hp ca mt
s qu trnh c s nh kt ta ho hc, xi ho ho hc, to bng lng hoc trung ho.
Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut ho cht cn c x l trc khi thi bao
gm hai loi: Nc thi ra thit b, ra sn v nc thi t qu trnh sn xut.
Nc ra sn v ra thit b
Nc thi loi ny thng l nc thi c tnh axt hoc tnh kim v c cht
rn l lng. x l nc thi loi ny, bin php x l thng thng l trung ho
nc thi bng ho cht. Nu nc thi c tnh axt th s dng cc ho cht nh
CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NaOH trung ho. Nu nc thi c tnh kim th s
dng axt HCl, H2SO4 trung ho. Sau khi trung ho, nc thi phi i qua thit b
lng tch cc cht rn l lng ra khi nc trc khi thi.
Nc thi sn xut
Nc thi sn xut axt photphoric ch yu l nc thi rc t bi cha gp. Do
nc thi ny cha axt H3PO4 v mt s thnh phn khc c th s dng li c nh
nit, phtpho cho nn phng php x l thng c p dng l tch cht rn t
nc thi v nc c tun hon s dng li.
Nc thi nhim du
Nc thi ca c s sn xut thng b nhim du m cn x l. Tu thuc vo
hm lng du v tnh cht cng nh dng phn tn ca du, cht bo trong nc thi
m c th p dng loi b du m bng b tch du c hoc khng c sc kh hoc
tuyn ni (Hnh 4-).

1- Nc thi nhim du

4- C cu gt du

2- Nc thi sch du

5- Mng thu hi du

3- H thng sc bt kh

6- Thu hi cn

Hnh 4-4. S x l nc thi nhim du

81

 X l nc thi tp trung
Thng thng i vi mt t hp sn xut ho cht, nc thi t cc cng on
sn xut sau khi x l s b c a v trm x l nc thi tp trung x l trc
khi thi ra mi trng. Nguyn l cng ngh x l nc thi ca trm x l nc thi
tp trung c th hin trong Hnh 4- di y.

Hnh 4-5. S nguyn l trm x l nc thi tp trung

Ch thch :
1- Song chn rc

a. Nc thi c x l s b

2- B thu nc thi

b. Bn hot tnh tun hon

3- My bm chm

c. Bn d

4- B Aeroten

d. Nc d t b nn bn

5- Thit b khuy trn

e. Nc x l a ra h iu ho

6- B lng

f. Bn kh lm phn bn

7- B nn bn
8- My lc p bn
9- B tip xc kh trng

4.2.3. Cc gii php khng ch ting n v rung ng

Cc gii php khng ch ting n
Cc gii php khng ch nhim ting n thng c p dng gm :
-

S dng m chng n c lp ti chn ca qut v thit b;

Nhng ni iu hnh sn xut c cch ly ring;

82

Kim tra s cn bng ca my khi lp t. Kim tra mn chi tit v cho du

bi trn thng k;

Thit lp tng chn hoc thit b bc m.

Cc gii php khng ch rung ng

chng rung cho my mc thit b, cn thc hin cc gii php sau :
-

c mng my khi lng (b tng mc cao), tng chiu su mng, o

rnh ct kh hoc than ci trnh rung theo mt nn;

Lp t m cao su v l so chng rung i vi cc thit b c cng sut ln.

4.2.4. Gii php x l cht thi rn

Cht thi rn trong qu trnh sn xut phi c thu gom x l. Thng thng
vic thu gom v x l cht thi rn c thc hin theo nguyn tc th hin trong Hnh
4-

Hnh 4-6. S thu gom v x l cht thi rn

i vi d n sn xut axit photphoric, loi cht thi rn ch yu l b gp
(thch cao pht pho). Lng b gp thi ra rt ln v thng thng c x l theo 2
cch: Chn lp v ti s dng vo sn xut sn phm khc.
Lp bi thi b gp
Gii php ng b gp trn cc khu t rng c s dng nhiu trn th
gii. Nguyn l ng l bn thch cao c bm n h thng cc b lng. Ti y
nc c tch ra sau c lm mt v c tun hon tr li nh my. Cc bi
83

cha b gp thng thng c bc lt bng cc tm chng thm lm t HDPE sau

c ph ln trn mt lp t st khong 60-100 mm m bo khng cho nc ngm
xung t v c h thng thu nc. Cn phi qun l tt ngun nc t b lng do
nc ny c tnh axt, cc mui floride v P2O5. Nhn chung lng cht thi rn ny l
rt ln, do vy, ngy t u phi c phng n v cng ngh v th trng sn xut
cc sn phm ph t cht thi rn ny.
Ti s dng b gp
B gp hin nay c nghin cu sn xut ma tt (Plaster), nhng cn phi
tinh ch sau mi a vo sn xut ma tt. iu ny ch c th thc hin bng cch
ti kt tinh hoc tuyn chn phn on. Thch cao c tuyn ra c tinh khit 96%
v c lm gim m bng cch lc trong thng quay v sau vt trong my ly
tm. Sau khi tch nc, gp c a vo l thiu kt thng quay, hi nc s dng l
hi nc t cng on sn xut axit sunfuric.
Ngoi ra cn c th s dng b gp sch lm ph gia cho xi mng, sn
xut axit sunfuric hoc lm cht ci to t. c th s dng b gp vo cc mc ch
ny cn phi la chn ng ngay t u cng ngh sn xut v sau la chn cng
ngh ch bin ph hp.
4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng sinh thi
Nhng bin php gim thiu tc ng n mi trng sinh thi ch yu gm:
-

Trong qu trnh la chn v tr cn phi quan tm n mi trng sinh thi vn

c ca h ng thc vt ti ni thc hin d n, so snh nh gi li hi cc v
tr c a ra nhm chn v tr ti u cho d n t b nh hng ti h sinh
thi;

Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti iu kin sinh thi t nhin bng gii php

s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, y l yu t quan trng cn c quan
tm;

Cc gii php k thut, qun l thch hp hn ch c s ph v cn bng

sinh thi.

4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng kinh t-x hi

Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t, x hi nhiu khi l
ng k. Do vy, cn phi c bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng, trong
ch c bit n cc vn sau:
-

Di dn, n b v ti nh c (Nu c);

C cu vic lm ca ngi dn a phng chu tc ng ca D n;

Quy hoch pht trin c s h tng ph hp cho khu nh c mi;

Trt t an ninh x hi.

84

4.5. Cc bin php phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng

Phn ni dung ny cn xut phng n chung v phng nga v ng ph s
c, trong nu r:
-

Ni dung, bin php phng nga, ng ph s c m ch d n ch ng thc

hin trong kh nng ca mnh; nhn xt, nh gi v tnh kh thi v hiu qu;

Ni dung, bin php phng nga, ng ph s c cn phi c s hp tc, gip

ca cc c quan nh nc v cc i tc khc;

Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l.

Di y l nhng trnh by v cc bin php phng chng mt s s c c

tim nng xy ra i vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut ho cht c bn tham kho.
Cn u tin, coi trng cc gii php ngn nga nhim thng qua cc phng
n quy hoch, p dng cng ngh tin tin
-

Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng nh my trn c s xem xt n cc vn

mi trng c lin quan nh:
+ La chn hng nh hp l;
+ Xc nh kch thc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc
cng trnh ca nh my cng nh gia nh my v khu dn c theo quy
nh.

Hiu chnh di cch ly ph hp vi hng gi, tn sut gi c xc nh bng

cng thc :
Li = Lo x Pi / Po
Trong :
Li - Chiu rng vng cch ly cn xc nh theo hng i (m)
Lo - Chiu rng vng cch ly ly theo mc c hi ca nh my (m).
Po - Tn sut gi trung bnh tnh u cho mi hng (%).
Pi - Tn sut gi trung bnh thc t ca hng i (%)
+ B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, kho bi, khu hnh
chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch. T l cy xanh trn tng din tch t
s dng ca nh my ti thiu phi t 15%. Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi
cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l.
-

p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sn xut sch, t cht thi.

Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh xc

nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt
lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi, to iu kin
thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi.

S c r r kh, nhin liu

85

S c r r kh c hi, nhin liu c kim sot thng qua thc hin quy trnh
an ton, xy dng h thng kho, b cha p ng tiu chun k thut an ton v lp
t h thng cnh bo t ng v thc hin:
-

Thng xuyn kim tra h thng ng ng, van ... trnh r hi, kh c ra
mi trng xung quanh;

Thay th ph tng, thit b ng ng dn ng thi hn, khng s c xy ra.

Phng chng chy n

-

Thc hin nghim chnh php lnh nh nc v phng chng chy n ti cc

khu vc c nguy c cao nh: cng on kh ho than, thng cha, kho cha ho
cht, kho du, l t...;

Trang b y cc phng tin cha chy ti khu vc nhy cm;

C h thng tip t, chng st cho nh xng v cc thit b sn xut.

Bo h lao ng
-

M bo v c s dng trong khu vc m c nguy c vt trn cao ri

xung hoc ha cht bn vo;

Trang b knh bo h, knh che mt khi thc hin nhng cng vic c th gy ra
nhc mt, c bi hoc ha cht bn vo mt v mt;

Trang b v bt buc eo gng tay khi lm nhng vic nguy him n bn tay,
c bit l khi vn chuyn nhng cht c nguy hi cho bn tay hay khi vn
chuyn nhng vt nhn th rp;

My th hoc mt n s dng nhng ni c th gy nguy hi cho sc kho

nh khu vc m axt, hi, khi;

Vt bo v tai, s dng nhng khu vc m vo thi im ting n ln;

Khi lm vic, cng nhn c (v phi) mc qun o, giy ng bo h lao ng

c cp pht.

An ton khi tip xc vi ha cht

Tun th theo ng yu cu v an ton ha cht qui nh theo php lut. Phn
ny phi c th i vi tng qu trnh sn xut ha cht c bn thuc d n
-

S dng trang thit b bo h thch hp khi vn hnh vi ha cht nguy him

hoc c hi;

Khng s dng ha cht khng c nhn m cha nhn bit r rng;

Phi bit nhng quy trnh ng trc khi vn hnh vi ha cht. Khng vn
hnh vi nhng ha cht m mc nguy him ca n cha bit r rng;

Nm vng S liu an ton ca ha cht bao gm c quy trnh vn hnh an

ton i vi tt c cc ha cht c s dng;

Khi ha cht b trn, phi ng ca cng, khng dng nc cng nh khng

c php ha cht chy trn vo h thng cng;
86

Khoanh vng v trung ha ha cht trn sau xc vo thng, qut v ra

bng nc.

Xy dng bao quanh cc bn cha ha cht lng phng d r tran

ha cht ra ngoi nh cc axit , kim, nhin liu lng

87

CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI

TRNG
Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny phi xut c chng trnh qun l v gim st,
quan trc mi trng nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng v
pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh biu hin suy thoi,
nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn nga. Do vy, nhng xut
phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp

vi trnh t chc, qun l ca d n;

Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi

trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n;

Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th quy chun k thut, tiu
chun cho php;

Cc im gim st mi trng phi c m ha v th hin r trn s hoc

bn t l thch hp.

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng

ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn v bo v mi trng trong
qu trnh thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo
vn hnh trong thc t. Do vy, ni dung chnh ca chng trnh qun l mi trng
ch yu s gm:
-

T chc v nhn s cho qun l mi trng; qun l cht thi, cht thi nguy
hi; phng, chng s c mi trng, s c chy n;

Lp k hoch qun l, trin khai cc cng tc bo v mi trng tng ng cho

cc giai on chun b mt bng, thi cng xy dng v vn hnh cng trnh;

K hoch o to, nng cao nhn thc mi trng cho cn b, cng nhn;

p dng chng trnh gim thiu pht sinh cht thi (sn xut sch hn, cng
ngh thn thin mi trng, thay th nguyn liu, ti s dng..);

Khng ch v gim lng tiu hao nguyn liu, ho cht, nng lng bng vic
p dng cc bin php qun l v k thut ph hp;

Kim tra, gim st vic thc hin quy c, cam kt v v sinh cng nghip v
bo v mi trng.

Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc

chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v: cc hot ng ca d n
trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh; cc tc ng mi trng; cc bin
php gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch dn
c th v chng loi v c tnh k thut; cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc yu
88

t khc ngoi cht thi; cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng; cc bin php
phc hi mi trng nu c; chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc bin
php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi khc); kinh ph thc hin; thi gian biu thc hin
v hon thnh; c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l
mi trng.
Bng 5.1 Chng trnh qun l Mi trng
Hot ng
ca d n

Tc ng mi
trng

Giai on
chun b

V d

Bin php gim

thiu tc ng
xu v bin php
qunl MT

Thi hn
hon th nh
v d tr
kinh ph

C quan
thc hin

C quan
gim st

Thay i mc
ch s dng t
Di dn ti nh
c
Tc ng x hi

Giai on
thi cng
xy dng

Lin quan ti
cht thi

Giai on
vn hnh

Mi trng kh
Mi trng
nc

Khng lin quan

ti cht thi

Mi trng t
Kinh t x hi
S c ri ro

5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng

ra chng trnh nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun
b, xy dng v vn hnh ca d n:
5.2.1. Gim st cht thi
i hi phi gim st lu lng/tng lng thi v gim st nhng thng s nhim c
trng cho cht thi ca d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam, vi tn
sut ti thiu 03 (ba) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s
vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
i vi cc d n pht sinh ngun nc thi, kh thi ln, tim n nguy c gy
nhim mi trng mc cao, phi c phng n thit k v lp t cc thit b o lu
89

lng v quan trc t ng, lin tc cc thng s nhim c trng trong cht thi c
quan thm nh v ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng xem xt, quyt nh.
i vi cc d n sn xut ho cht c bn, vic gim st ngun thi ch yu gm
ngun kh thi, ngun nc thi v cht thi rn.
Gim st ngun kh thi
Gim st nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t cc ngun thi theo cc
tiu chun, quy chun cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh v tiu chun, quy
chun v kh thi.
Thng s gim st
m bo cho vic gim st p ng yu cu ng thi c mc kinh ph thp
nht c th, nh trn ni, vic gim st c tp trung vo cc thng s nhim
c trng cho cht thi ca d n. i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng
s gim st c th nh sau:
-

i vi d n sn xut xt clo: bi, Cl2, HCl, SO2, NO2, (ng khi l hi).

i vi sn xut axt sunfuric: SO2, H2SO4.

i vi sn xut axt photphoric: HF, SiF4 , H3PO4.

V tr cc im gim st

V tr gim st cn c la chn ch yu l t ming cc ng khi chnh ca

cc phn xng sn xut v cc im cui hng gi nhng khong cch ph hp,
thng thng cc khong cch t ngun thi l 300m, 500m, 800m v 1000m. Cc
im o nhng khu vc dn c nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch
o ca cc ma trong nm, ch yu l ma ng v ma h (khu vc pha Bc) hoc
ma kh v ma ma (khu vc pha Nam).
Tn sut gim st
Hot ng gim st ngun thi phi thc hin theo nhng tn sut nht nh
trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Theo quy nh hin hnh, tn sut gim st c
thc hin 3 thng mt ln. i vi d n c quy m ln cn lp t thit b o lu
lng v quan trc t ng, lin tc cc thng s nhim c trng ti cc ngun thi
kh chnh.
Gim st ngun nc thi
Gim st cht lng nc thi cng nh vic x thi ra mi trng ca cc
ngun thi theo tiu chun, quy chun thi, nng ti a cho php ca cc cht
nhim trong nc thi.
Thng s gim st
Da vo c im ca ngnh sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng s gim st
i vi nc thi gm c th nh sau:
-

i vi sn xut xt clo : pH, cht rn l lng.

i vi sn xut axt sunfuric: pH, cht rn l lng.

90

i vi sn xut axt photphoric: pH, cht rn l lng, H3PO4, H2SiF6, Fluoride,

tng nit, tng photpho, Pb, As, Cr v Hg.
V tr gim st

Cc im gim st nc thi gm im trc v sau h thng x l nc thi,

cc im x nc thi (ngay t knh, ng x nc thi), vc nc mt tip nhn nc
thi ca d n v mt s vc nc khc c trng trong khu vc.
Tn sut gim st
Theo quy nh hin hnh, tn sut gim st c thc hin 3 thng mt ln. i
vi d n c quy m ln cn lp t thit b o lu lng v quan trc t ng, lin tc
cc thng s nhim c trng ti cc ngun nc thi chnh.
Gim st ngun cht thi rn
Gim st thng xuyn qu trnh thu gom, lu gi v x l ti khu vc d n
theo loi cht thi rn nguy hi v cht thi rn thng thng.
5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh
Ch phi gim st nhng thng s nhim c trng cho d n theo tiu chun, quy
chun, quy nh hin hnh ca Vit Nam trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n
khng c cc trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ti thiu
06 (su) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch
gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh
Hot ng gim st mi trng khng kh xung quanh c thc hin bn
ngoi nh my, c s sn xut v c bit l ti cc khu vc dn c gn nht. Gim st
mi trng khng kh gm:
-

Gim st nng cc cht nhim trong khng kh khu vc;

Gim st thng s kh tng nh hng n s pht tn cht nhim.

V tr cc im gim st

V tr cc im gim st cn phi c la chn m bo phn nh c mc

nh hng ca cc cht thi ca d n i vi mi trng xung quanh. Chnh v
vy, cc im gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc d n thng c
b tr theo chiu gi v nhng khong cch ngun thi thng l 300m, 500m, 800m
v 1000m. Tuy nhin, i vi khu vc c a hnh phc tp th vic la chn a im
gim st l phc tp hn nhiu. Ngoi ra, cn cn ch n s thay i hng gi
trong ngy, trong thng nht l i vi cc thng vo cc ma chuyn tip nh thng
10, thng 11 v thng 4, thng 5.
Cc thng s gim st
Cc thng s gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh bao gm:
-

Kh tng: Nhit (oC), m (%), vn tc gi (m/s), hng gi, p sut kh

quyn (mmHg);
91

Cc thng s nhim gm: bi (ho cht), Cl2, HCl, SO2, NO2, H2SO4, HF, SiF4 ,
H3PO4;

Ting n : LAeq, LAmax v mc n theo cc di octa.

Quy nh v gim st v phn tch mu kh

i vi cc yu t kh tng: cn tun th theo ng quy nh ca ngnh kh

tng thu vn;

i vi cc yu t mi trng: cc cht kh c hi, bi, ting n... c ly

mu phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm vo ma kh v vo ma ma.
Thi gian quan trc lin tc trong ngy, cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc
quy chun k thut v tiu chun cho php.

Gim st cht lng mi trng nc

phc v cho cng tc gim st cht lng mi trng nc, trc tin cn
thng xuyn kim tra, gim st cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot, nc sn xut,
nc thi v cht lng nc sng sui, ao h xung quanh chu tc ng ca nc thi
d n.
Cc thng s gim st
Cc thng s gim st mi trng nc gm: TSS, pH, H3PO4, H2SiF6, Fluoride,
tng nit, tng photpho, axit H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, kim loi nng (Pb, As, Cr, Hg), du
m v coliform.
V tr cc im gim st
+ im x nc thi ca d n;
+ Ngun nc mt (tip nhn nc thi) trong khu vc;
+ Ngun nc ngm trong khu vc.
Quy nh gim st v phn tch mu nc
-

i vi cc ch tiu mi trng nc c ly mu v phn tch vi tn sut 2

ln trong 1 nm, vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Cc ch tiu c phn tch
theo quy chun k thut v tiu chun cho php;

Thit b ly mu v phng php phn tch: theo quy chun.

Gim st mi trng t
Cng nh cc thnh phn mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh, cc yu t
mi trng t cng cn c gim st. Tuy nhin, tn sut gim st cc yu t mi
trng t c th tha hn (1 nm/ln), nhm nh gi cht lng mi trng t v
theo di s dch chuyn ca cc cht c hi, kim loi nng trong t.
Cc thng s gim st
Cc thng s mi trng t cn gim st bao gm: pH, lu hunh, axit H2SO4,
HCl, H3PO4, du v cc kim loi nng (Pb, Ar, Cr, Hg).
V tr cc im gim st
92

Cc bi thi x;

Khu vc thot nc ca d n.
Quy nh gim st v phn tch mu t

i vi cc ch tiu mi trng t c ly mu v phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln

trong 1 nm, vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Cc ch tiu c phn tch theo
quy chun k thut v tiu chun cho php;

Thit b ly mu v phng php phn tch: theo quy chun.

5.2.3. Gim st khc

Ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui,
b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc
mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc tc ng ti cc i tng t
nhin v kinh t - x hi khc (nu c) vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s
bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c
th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
5.3. D ton kinh ph cho hot ng qun l v gim st mi trng
Vic thc hin chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng s do chnh ch d
n chu trch nhim. Do vy, cn a ra cc khon kinh ph d ton m bo cho vic
thc hin y cc hot ng qun l v gim st cht thi v mi trng xung
quanh nh chng trnh t ra.

93

CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG

Yu cu: Tham vn cng ng l mt ni dung quan trng m bo khng ch cho

qu trnh ra quyt nh c minh bch, chun xc m cn to iu kin cho ngi
dn trc tip b tc ng bi d n v nhng ngi quan tm v d n c th tham gia
vo qu trnh TM v tng lng tin i vi d n. y l nhng yu t quan trng
gp phn m bo cho d n pht trin bn vng. Do vy, vic tham vn cng ng
phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
-

Tham vn ng i tng;

Ni dung tham vn phi xc thc vi d n vi vic s dng ngn ng d hiu

ph hp vi trnh dn tr ca i tng c tham vn;

Kt qu tham vn phi c lng ghp trong qu trnh thc hin TM v phn

nh trong bo co TM.

6.1. i tng tham vn

Vic xc nh cc i tng tham vn c vai tr quan trng quyt nh tnh hiu
qu ca hot ng tham vn. Do vy, xc nh cc nhm i tng tham vn c cn
c vo phm vi tc ng (theo khng gian v thi gian) v mc tc ng ca d n
ti mi trng khu vc c bit l ti iu kin sng v sc khe ca cng ng. Do
vy, i tng tham vn thng thng gm:
-

Nhm ngi chu nh hng trc tip ca d n bao gm nhm ngi mong mun
c hng li t d n; nhm ngi chu ri ro hay tc ng xu bi d n;

Nhm ngi chu nh hng gin tip bao gm nhng ngi sng vng ln
cn hoc nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn nh ngun nc xut pht t khu vc
d n;

Cc c quan nh nc: cc B lin quan, chnh quyn a phng ni thc hin

d n;

Cc i tng khc gm cc t chc NGO, nhm ngi khng chu nh hng

ca d n nhng quan tm n d n v nhng tc ng ca d n (cc nh
khoa hc, cc nh t vn, cc nh u t...). y l nhm ngi khng i din
cho cng ng dn c a phng, song c nhng thng tin, ngun lc quan
trng c tm v m;
i din cho cc nhm cng ng cn tham vn nu trn thng thng c th
gm:

i din chnh quyn a phng: y ban nhn dn, Mt trn t quc phng, x;

Nhng ngi c thm quyn theo truyn thng: trng lng, trng bn, nhng
94

ngi lnh o trong tn gio, dng h ...;

-

T chc on th, x hi a phng;

i din khu vc t nhn: nhm doanh nghip t nhn, hi thng nhn, hi

ngnh ngh...

Do vy, phn ni dung ny khng ch a ra cc i tng c la chn tham

vn m cn cn phi c nhng l gii mang tnh khoa hc, khch quan v vic la
chn ny.
6.2. Hnh thc tham vn
Vic la chn hnh thc tham vn c cn c vo iu kin c th ca d n
v ca a phng ni thc hin d n. Thng thng, vic tham vn cng ng c
thc hin qua 2 hnh thc chnh l trao i trc tip gia ch d n vi cng ng
v chnh quyn a phng v nhn bit kin ca cng ng qua cc hnh thc thu
thp thng tin.
-

Tham vn thng qua hnh thc trao i trc tip: hnh thc tham vn ny phi
m bo c s trao i bnh ng gia ch d n v i tng c tham vn
(nhng i tng b tc ng). Vic trao i trc tip gia ch d n v cng
ng a phng thng c t chc thng qua hi ngh, hi tho, cc cuc
hp theo tng chuyn hoc l hnh thc gp g trc tip trao i vi tng
nhm i tng c th. Cc hnh thc ny c la chn ty thuc vo iu
kin v quy m ca vn cn tham vn. Hot ng tham vn ca hnh thc
ny nn c ghi nhn bng bin bn theo mu tham kho di y.
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
BIN BN PHIN HP THAM VN CNG NG
1. a im hp (ghi r a im thuc thn, xm, x, phng...) ;
2. Thnh phn tham gia
2.1. i din ch d n (nu r h tn, chc v) ;
2.2. i din chnh quyn a phng (nu r h tn, chc v cng tc) ;
2.3. i din cng ng dn c (nu r h tn) ;
2.4. C nhn, t chc tham gia (c danh sch km theo).
2.5. i din c quan t vn
3. Ni dung din bin phin hp:
Lu :
- Ghi theo trnh t din bin ca phin hp ;
95

- Ghi mt cch y , trung thc cc cu hi, tr li, cc kin trao

i, tho lun ca cc bn tham gia phin hp.
Trnh t phin hp c th nh sau :
3.1. Nhng ni dung trnh by ca Ch d n v nhng vn ca d n ly
kin cng ng.
3.2. Nhng ni dung trao i gia ch d n v nhng ngi tham gia hp.
3.3. Kt lun ca cuc hp (cn ghi r nhng kin thng nht, nhng kin
bo lu khc vi kt lun chung v nhng kin ngh lin quan).
(a im hp), ngy....thng....nm.....
I DIN CH U T
PHNG

I DIN CNG NG A

(K v ghi r h tn)

(K v ghi r h tn)

XC NHN CA UBND X (PHNG)

(K v ghi r h tn, chc danh)

Tham vn thng qua thu thp thng tin: hnh thc tham vn ny bao gm vic
ch d n cung cp cc thng tin v ni dung c bn ca d n v nhng tc
ng mi trng, bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trn cc phng tin thng
tin i chng (i pht thanh, truyn hnh, bo ch) ca a phng v Trung
ng hoc qua hnh thc gi phiu iu tra trc tip n tng i tng tham
vn. Ni dung ca phiu iu tra c th c tham kho nh mu di y.
C quan d n

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

PHIU THAM VN KIN CNG NG

I. H tham vn:
- H v tn ch h: ................................................. Tui : ..................................
- a ch thng tr:(ghi y theo h khu).
- S nhn khu trong gia nh : ...........; n tui lao ng : ......... cha n tui
96

lao ng: .....................

II. Hin trng s dng t:
- Tng din tch t ang s dng (m2):.; t .; t nng
nghip.; t vn..; t sn xut..; t khc
III. Ngun thu nhp chnh ca gia nh:
- T sn xut nng nghip :
+Din tch trng la (ha) : .................... ;Sn lng (T/ha) : ....................
+Din tch hoa mu (ha) : ....................; Sn lng (T/ha) : .....................
- T ngnh ngh khc : ...................................... Thu nhp (thng) : ....................
IV. Nhng nh hng trc tip ca d n n h gia nh:
- Tng din tch t b d n chim dng (m2):.; t .; t nng
nghip.; t vn..; t sn xut..; t khc
- Mt vic lm: s ngi.........; tui:..........; loi hnh cng vic:..................
- nh hng n sc khe do cht thi ca d n: (d bo trn c s nhn thc
v d n).
IV. Cc yu cu v kin ngh ca ch h v d n:
1. V vn thu hi t : ........
2. V vn n b t, nh ca v hoa mu : ...
3. V vn GPMB ca d n : ..
4. V vn di di, ti nh c : .
5. V vn m bo cuc sng : ..
6. V vn mi trng i vi cc hot ng ca d n :
.............................................................................................................................
7. Cc yu cu v kin ngh khc :
.............................................................................................................................
.., Ngy thng
NGI THAM VN

nm 200

NGI C THAM VN
(K v ghi h tn)

Phn ni dung ny khng ch a ra hnh thc tham vn m cn cn phi c l

gii m bo tnh khoa hc, khch quan ca vic la chn ny.
6.3. Ni dung tham vn
Ni dung tham vn cng ng v d n bao gm:
97

Nhng ni dung c bn ca d n;

Nhng tc ng xu ln mi trng ca d n;

Nhng bin php gim thiu tc ng xu ln mi trng s c p dng.

Kt qu ca qu trnh tham vn phi c phn nh mt cch trung thc trong

bo co TM bao gm c cc kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a
phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng d kin s c
p dng.
6.4. kin ca ch d n trc kt qu tham vn cng ng
Ch d n cn c kin ng hay khng ng trc kin yu cu ca
cng ng, vi loi hnh sn xut ha cht c bn, bn cnh cc yu cu v m bo
iu kin sng ca dn c khu vc nh to cng n vic lm, m bo trt t,an ninh,
giao thng sinh hot.... cn rt ch ti bin php phng nga v ng ph trc s c
ri ro do chy n hoc d r ha cht vo mi trng, gy thit hi v phi c cam kt
n b thit hi do cc s c ri ro t hot ng ca d n gy ra

98

CHNG 7. KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT

1. Kt lun:
Phi c kt lun v nhng vn , nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng tc
ng cha, nhng vn g cn cha d bo c; nh gi tng qut v mc , quy
m ca nhng tc ng xc nh; mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc
ng xu v phng chng, ng ph cc s c, ri ro mi trng; nhng tc ng tiu
cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch d
n v nu r l do.
2. Kin ngh:
Kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt
kh nng gii quyt ca d n.
3. Cam kt:
Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng,
chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong Chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu
chun, quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc
cam kt vi cng ng nh nu ti mc 7.3 Chng 7 ,tun th cc quy nh chung
v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n, gm:
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v
hon thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi d n i
vo vn hnh chnh thc;
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin
trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc d n;
- Cam kt v n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s
c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n;
- Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng
sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.

99

PH LC NH KM
Ph lc nh km bo co TM c xem l mt phn ca bo co nhm m
bo cho nhng ni dung c cp trong bo co l c cn c php l v c s khoa
hc ng tin cy. Do vy, ch a vo ph lc nhng vn bn, s liu, s , bn v
cc ti liu khc c lin quan trc tip v gn b hu c vi tng phn ni dung c th
ca bo co TM ca d n.
Thng thng, ph lc s bao gm:
-

Cc sao cc vn bn php l (khng bao gm cc vn bn quy phm php lut)

lin quan trc tip v chi phi hot ng ca d n;

Cc s liu v thnh phn mi trng t nhin (vt l, sinh hc) v cc s liu

phn tch (di dng cc phiu) v cht lng khng kh, t, nc, ting n,
rung;

Bn sao cc vn bn lin quan n tham vn cng ng: Cc vn bn gp kin

ca chnh quyn a phng (UBND, Mt trn t quc cp x, phng); Bin bn
kt qu i thoi gia ch d n vi cng ng dn c (nu c); Cc phiu iu
tra, thm d kin cc c nhn, h dn c trong khu vc d n (nu c);

Cc s , bn , bn v, nh minh ha lin quan n d n nhng cha c

th hin trong cc phn ni dung ca bo co TM;

Cc ti liu lin quan khc.

100