Chăn nuôi gia cầm đẻ trứng

i
Bi Hu on

TRNG
V

P TRNG GIA CM

Trng g l k tch ca thin nhin, l mt trong nhng thc phm hon
thin nht m nhn loi tng bit n...

(Bch khoa ton th v Thc n v Dinh dng Hoa K)

H NI - 2009

ii

LI GII THIU

Cc danh y i trc t tn cho trng g l k t hong, mt loi thuc c tc
dng b huyt, dng huyt. Nhiu bi thuc ng y s dng trng g nh mt loi
thc n b dng v thuc iu tr. n nay, theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, c
bit l cc nh dinh dng M xem trng g l mt v kh dinh dng t nhin, gp
phn nng cao sc khe cng ng. Trng g cn l ngun cung cp nhiu cht dinh
dng: protein, lipit, khong, vitamin... cho c th, axit amin cn thit v c li cho c
th. V chnh nnng cc axit amin trong trng g c xc nh l tiu chun nh
gi gi tr sinh hc ca cc loi thc phm khc.
Trn th gii, cc nh khoa hc nh gi rt cao vai tr ca trng trong dinh
dng. Cng vi sa, lng trng tiu th bnh qun trn u ngi l mt trong nhng
ch s quan trng nh gi mc sng ca ngi dn trong mt x hi vn minh. V c vai
tr to ln nh vy nn sn xut trng chim mt v tr quan trng trong ngnh chn nui
ni chung, chn nui gia cm ni ring. Sn xut trng v p trng gia cm ang l cc
hot ng rt si ng trong ngnh chn nui gia cm nhm to ra sn phm p ng
cc nhu cu cp thit ca i sng x hi.
Cun sch m bn c ang cm trn tay s cung cp mt s thng tin cn thit v
tng i c h thng, t qu trnh hnh thnh trng, cu to, gi tr dinh dng, mt s
phng php ch bin trng... cc nhn t nh hng n sc sn xut trng: ging, thc
n, iu kin chm sc gia cm mi... n cc qu trnh pht trin phi, k thut p trng
gia cm nhn to v cng nghip...
Vi kinh nghim trn 30 nm ging dy v nghin cu trong lnh vc Chn nui
gia cm trong trng i hc Nng nghip, TS Bi Hu on tc gi cun sch, dy
cng bin son v nht l a vo ti liu mt s kt qu nghin cu mi ca nhiu nh
khoa hc trong v ngoi nc v ca chnh tc gi v nng cao nng sut trng v p
trng gia cm. Chng ti cho rng cun sch s l ti liu b ch cho sinh vin, cn b k
thut, cc nh chn nui v cho tt c nhng ai quan tm n nhng ni dung m cun
sch cp n.
Xin c trn trng gii thiu cng bn c! vi bn c ti liu k thut b ch
ny.
Del et ed: i hi cp bch ca
Del et ed: , ng thi cng l
Del et ed: i hi
Del et ed: bch
Del et ed: , nht l trong th i k hi
nhp, CNH, HH t nc.
Del et ed: v trng gia c m
Del et ed: t bo
Del et ed: ca
Del et ed:
Chng ti r t vui mng v
iii
Hy vng cun sch s gp phn nng cao nng sut trng v kt qu p trng gia
cm.
Bn cnh nhiu u im, chc chn cun sch cng s khng trnh khi nhng
nhc im v hn ch. Rt mong bn c ng gp kin cun sch hon thin hn.

NGT. GS.TS. ng V Bnh

MC LC
LI GII THIU....................................................................................................................ii
Chng I .................................................................................................................................... 5
TRNG GIA CM.................................................................................................................. 5
I. Tng quan v tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th trng gia cm trn th gii v trong
nc ............................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Trn th gii........................................................................................................................... 5
2. Vit Nam............................................................................................................................. 7
II. Hnh thi, cu to v thnh phn ho hc ca trng.................................................... 7
1. Hnh thi, cu to trng....................................................................................................... 7
2. Thnh phn ho hc ca trng......................................................................................... 10
III. C quan sinh dc ca g mi v qu trnh hnh thnh trng................................. 11
1. S pht trin ca c quan sinh sn gia cm.................................................................... 11
2. S rng lng v to trng gia cm. ............................................................................. 13
3. Qu trnh hnh thnh trng trong ng dn trng........................................................... 14
5. iu ho qu trnh to trng v trng ........................................................................ 20
6. Tnh chu k ca s trng.............................................................................................. 23
7. Chu k rng trng............................................................................................................... 23
8. Nhp iu trng hng nm............................................................................................ 25
9. Phn x p trng................................................................................................................. 26
10.Thay lng............................................................................................................................. 26
11.Thnh thc sinh dc ca g mi - qu trng u tin ............................................. 27
12. Tui v nng sut.............................................................................................................. 28
13.Quy lut trng v th trng................................................................................ 28
IV. Mt s yu t nh hng n sn lng trng........................................................... 29
1. nh hng ca hocmon n sn lng trng................................................................. 29
2. nh hng ca nui dng............................................................................................... 32
3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh............................................................................... 33
4. nh hng ca phng thc chn nui. ......................................................................... 34
V. Khi lng trng v cc nhn t nh hng n khi lng trng........................ 36
1.Quan h gia s lng v khi lng ring. .................................................................... 36
2.Nhit v khi lng trng.............................................................................................. 37
3. nh hng ca tui, th trng v thi gian n ............................................................... 37
4. Xc nh khi lng trng................................................................................................. 38
VI. Cht lng trng ............................................................................................................. 39
1. Nhng tnh trng nh gi cht lng bn ngoi ca trng v cc phng php xc nh. 39
2.Xc nh cht lng lng trng v lng ....................................................................... 41
VII.Trng l mt loi thc phm tuyt vi........................................................................ 43
VIII. D tr, bo qun v ch bin trng .......................................................................... 45
1.Yu cu v cht lng trng............................................................................................... 46
2
2. nh hng ca cc phng thc nui dng v chm sc n cht lng trng..... 49
3. Bo qun trng.................................................................................................................... 51
4.Sn xut trng sch v cng nghip ho ngnh sn xut trng.................................... 55
IX.Vn an ton thc phm trong chn nui gia cm Viet GAHP................................. 57
................................................................................................................................................... 59
CHN LC, NUI DNG V CHM SC G MI ........................................ 59
2.1. ng dng mt s tin b di truyn trong cng tc ging i vi g trng ging
................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.2.Cch xc nh v nh gi nng sut ca g mi trng....................................... 65
Nhng c im bn ngoi ca g mi tt v xu trc khi ........................................ 65
Nhng tnh trng bn ngoi ca g mi ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sn lng hng nm............................................................................................................... 68
2.3.Thc n cho g cc loi .............................................................................................. 70
2.3.1. Thc n cho g sinh sn hng tht........................................................................... 70
Thnh phn dinh dng ....................................................................................................... 71
KLCT................................................................................................................................ 71
2.3.2.Thc n cho g hng trng (Leghorn, Goldlin, Hyline, ISA Brown...)................ 77
2.3.3. Thc n cho g th vn........................................................................................ 80
IV.Nhng yu t quan trng nht ca mi trng tiu kh hu chung nui g ... 87
1.Khng kh .............................................................................................................................. 87
2. Nhit ................................................................................................................................ 91
3.Chm sc sc kho gia cm trong iu kin kh hu nng m...................................... 93
4. Chm sc g trong iu kin thi tit lnh.......................................................................... 95
5. nh sng............................................................................................................................... 97
6. Lp n chung.................................................................................................................110
V. Mt nui v ln ca n...................................................................................... 113
VI.Cc phng thc nui g mi ..................................................................................114
VII. Hng dn chn lc v nhn ging c th..............................................................115
7.1. Chun b cc iu kin chn nui...........................................................................115
7.2. K thut chn ging.......................................................................................................116
7.2.1. Chn g con mt ngy tui ........................................................................................116
7.2.3. Chn g 140 ngy tui................................................................................................116
7.2.4. Chn ghp gia nh sau 258 ngy tui .....................................................................116
7.3. K thut chn nui g ging........................................................................................117
7.3.1. K thut chn nui g con t 0 21 ngy tui........................................................117
7.3.2. K thut chn nui g con giai on 4 8 tun tui.............................................118
7.3.3. K thut nui dng g hu b t 43 hoc 50 ngy n 140 ngy tui. ............... 119
7.4. V sinh phng bnh .......................................................................................................121
VIII.Cng tc th y ..............................................................................................................122
Chng III ............................................................................................................................. 125
P TRNG NHN TO.................................................................................................... 125
I. Sinh l c quan sinh dc gia cm trng ........................................................................125
1. C quan sinh dc ca gia cm trng ..............................................................................125
2. S to tinh trng. ..............................................................................................................126
3.c im hnh thi v sinh l ca tinh trng gia cm...................................................128
4. Phn x sinh dc v ng tc giao cu .......................................................................... 128
II. S th tinh........................................................................................................................129
III. Tng quan v p trng nhn to.................................................................................131
1.Lch s pht trin ca p nhn to ..................................................................................131
3
Chn nui gia cm thi hin i, nu nh ch da vo p t nhin th khng th p ng
c s lng con ging cn thit. V vy con ngi nghin cu, th nghim to ra mi
trng tng t nh ca gia cm khi p thay th chng lm n ra t trng nhng c th
mi m khng cn s tham gia ca gia cm b m.............................................................. 131
2. nh ngha v p nhn to...............................................................................................132
3. Mc ch ca p nhn to................................................................................................132
4. Cu trc ca trm p nhn to........................................................................................132
IV. My p trng..................................................................................................................133
1. V my................................................................................................................................133
2. Bng iu khin, tn hiu .................................................................................................133
3. Gi khay v khay ng trng..................................................................................... 134
4. H thng o trng...........................................................................................................135
5. H thng thng thong .....................................................................................................135
6. H thng cp nhit ............................................................................................................136
7. H thng to m................................................................................................................ 136
8. H thng bo v.................................................................................................................137
V. Thu nht, chn v bo qun trng p.......................................................................... 137
1. Thu nht trng v bo qun tm thi.............................................................................137
2. Chuyn trng ti trm p.................................................................................................137
3. Nhn trng v xng st trng..........................................................................................138
4. Chn trng p....................................................................................................................139
5. K thut xp trng vo khay p.......................................................................................139
6. Bo qun trng trc khi p ...........................................................................................140
VI. Qu trnh p v vn chuyn g con ............................................................................141
1. a trng vo my p ......................................................................................................141
2. Chuyn trng t my p sang my n............................................................................142
3. Ly g con ra khi my n...............................................................................................144
4. Tim chng v bo qun g con mi n......................................................................... 145
5. Vn chuyn g con............................................................................................................146
VII.Kim tra s pht trin ca phi trong qu trnh p................................................ 147
1. Soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau su ngy p (trn 144 gi p)............147
2. Soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau 11 ngy p (sau 264 gi p)............... 149
3. Soi trng nh gi s pht trin ca phi sau 19 ngy p...........................................151
4. Kim tra khi g n v nh gi cht lng g n.........................................................153
5. Kim tra gim khi lng ca trng trong qu trnh p......................................... 154
6.Theo di di ca qu trnh p...................................................................................... 155
VIII. Mt s hin tng bnh l thng gp khi p trng cng nghip...................... 156
1. p trng bo qun di ngy .......................................................................................156
2. Bnh chn, cnh ngn (Micromelia) ..............................................................................156
3. Bnh atexia ........................................................................................................................157
4. Bnh khoo chn hay perosis ..........................................................................................157
5. Bnh g con b dnh bt khi n........................................................................................157
6. Phn tch t l phi cht ................................................................................................... 158
7. Nguyn nhn gy cht phi trong qu trnh p............................................................. 163
8. Biu hin ca phi cht cc thi k khc nhau trong qu trnh p.........................163
9. Gii phu phi cht ...........................................................................................................165
IX. nh hng do thiu vitamin C, Ca, P ti s pht trin ca phi ..........................166
Hp thu Ca...................................................................................................................... 167
Canxi v pht pho v cht lng v trng ......................................................................... 168
X.Cc nh hng ca ch p i vi s pht trin ca phi. ..................................170
4
1. Ch p v vic kim tra theo di .................................................................................170
2. nh hng ca nhit i vi s pht trin ca phi ............................................... 171
4. nh hng ca thng thong ti s pht trin ca phi ........................................182
5. nh hng ca o trng i vi s pht trin ca phi v v tr ca phi ..............184
XI. Kim tra sinh hc...........................................................................................................185
1. Cc nhu cu v mi trng phi pht trin trong cc giai on khc nhau.........185
2. Cc bin php nhm iu chnh nhit ca trng..................................................... 186
3. Cc bin php nhm iu chnh bay hi nc t trng.......................................... 187
4. Cch x l khi ang p b mt in.................................................................................187
5.Mt s iu ch khi p trng thu cm, chim ct v iu.....................................188
6.Mt s c im ring ca p trng thu cm, chim ct, iu................................188
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................... 195

For mat t ed: Left
Del et ed:
5
Chng I

TRNG GIA CM

1.1. Tng quan v tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th trng gia cm trn th gii
v trong nc
1.1.1. Trn th gii
Chn nui gia cm cng nh thng mi cc sn phm gia cm trn th gii pht trin
mnh trong vng 35 nm qua. Sn lng tht v trng gia cm tng nhanh hn sn lng tht
b v tht ln. Nm 1970, sn lng tht gia cm th gii ch t 15,1 triu tn, tht ln l 38,3
triu tn, tht b 60,4 triu tn nhng n nm 2005 sn lng ca cc loi tht ny tng ln
tng ng l: 81; 102,5 v 60,4 triu tn. Sn lng tht gia cm nm 1970 ch xp x 50%
sn lng tht ln v bng 25% sn lng tht b nhng n nm 2005 sn lng tht gia cm
tng cao hn 25% so vi tht b v bng 75% tht ln. Trng gia cm tng t 19,5 triu tn
nm 1970 ln 59,2 triu tn nm 2005.
Sn lng tht v trng ca cc nc ang pht trin cao hn cc nc pht trin. Hin
ti, sn lng tht ca cc nc ang pht trin chim 55% sn lng tht th gii, sn lng
trng chim 68%. Mt khc, do tc pht trin nhanh nn to ra s mt cn i: Bc,
Trung M v Chu u b chia s th phn bi cc nc chu , M La tinh nh: Trung Quc,
Brazil.
Sn lng trng cc nc ang pht trin trong nhng nm u ca thp k 90 vt
tri so vi cc nc pht trin v chim 2/3 sn lng trng th gii. Nm 2005, sn lng
trng gia cm khu vc Chu chim hn 60% v ch yu l ng gp ca Trung Quc
(sn lng trng ca nc ny chim 41% sn lng trng th gii), chu u gim xung
cn 16,8%, khu vc Bc v Trung M chim 13,6%. Cc nc Nam M chim lnh c
th trng t nm 1990 nhng h khng gi c th trng v h ch tp trung tng
trng v sn lng. Sn lng trng ca 10 nc ng u chim 72,4% tng lng trng
th gii v tp trung khu vc c cc nc dn u v sn lng tht.
Ngc li vi nm 1970, c 6 nc chu u c sn lng trng cao nht nhng n
nm 2005 ch cn li Php nm trong s cc nc c sn lng trng ln nht th gii. 5 v tr
cn li trong 10 nc l n , Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia v Th Nh K.
Nh vy, sn lng trng th gii hu ht c sn xut t cc nc Trung Quc, n
v Nht Bn. Nm 2005, trong 10 nc c sn lng trng cao nht th gii c 4 nc
Chu v 2 nc thuc Chu M La tinh. iu cho thy chn nui gia cm cho trng
chuyn t Chu u sang Nam v ng . Khu vc sn xut nhiu trng cng chuyn t
Chu u nm 1970 sang Chu nm 2005. C th l: nm 1970 c 6 nc chu u nm
trong s 10 nc c sn lng trng cao nht th gii v ch c 2 nc chu nhng n
nm 2005 c 5 nc thuc khu vc Chu , trong sn lng trng ca 3 nc (Trung
Quc, n , Nht chim gn 50% sn lng trng th gii).
Trong my thp k gn y, vng chn nui gia cm chuyn t Bc v Trung M,
Chu u sang khu vc Nam v ng . Nu nm 1970 ch c 2 quc gia chu trong 10
quc gia ng u v chn nui gia cm l Trung Quc v Nht Bn, th n nay M vn
ng v tr u (chim 22,9%), nhng Trung Quc v Brazil v tr th 2 v 3. Nm
2005, sn lng tht gia cm cc nc ang pht trin chim 54,7% sn lng tht gia cm
th gii. Th phn ca Bc, Trung M v chu u b chia s bi cc nh sn xut ln khc
chu v Nam M l Trung Quc v Brazil. Nm 1970, sn lng tht ca khu vc Bc
v Trung M, Chu u (EU) v Lin bang Nga chim hn 71% sn lng tht gia cm th
For mat t ed: Level 1, Tabs: 5.94 cm,
Left + 7.75 cm, Cent ered
For mat t ed: Level 1
For mat t ed: Font : 18 pt , I t alian
(I t aly)
For mat t ed: Font : 8 pt , I t alian (I t aly)
(I t aly)
(I t aly), Not Expanded by / Condensed
by
For mat t ed: I t alian (I t aly)
6
gii, cn chu v Nam M chim t hn 24%. n nm 2005, t l ny l gn 50%, tc
tng trng cao nht l khu vc chu gn 25 triu tn trong giai on 1975-2005, sau
l Nam M 12 triu tn.
Tc tng trng ca thng mi gia cm tng nhanh hn so vi kh nng sn xut,
c th l: nm 1970 ch c 521 tn tht gia cm c xut khu nhng n nm 2004 tng
ln 9,7 triu tn. Ngc li, nm 1970 tht gia cm ch chim 3,5% trong tng sn lng tht
th n nay t l ny l 12%. Trong cng thi gian ny, thng mi trng gia cm tng t 0,4
triu tn ln 1,4 triu tn.
Ngc li vi tht gia cm, trng gia cm ch xut khu c 12% nm 2004 v 1,8%
lng trng gia cm sn xut ra c a ra th trng th gii do cc nguyn nhn nh: vn
chuyn trng kh khn, trng thng c tiu th ni a.
Xut khu trng gia cm tng t 400.000 tn nm 1970 ln hn 1 triu tn nm 2004.
Th phn ca cc nc ang pht trin ch chim khong 10,5% n 24,5% ch yu l do nhu
cu tiu th cao hn so vi sn lng. Nm 1990, sn lng trng xut khu ca cc nc
chu u chim 82% sn lng trng xut khu trn th gii nhng n nm 2004 gim xung
cn 68% nm 2004. Nm 1970, lng trng gia cm xut khu ca H Lan v B chim
41,5%; 8 quc gia ng u v xut khu trng gia cm u thuc khu vc chu u v 2
nc thuc khu vc chu . Nm 2004, H Lan v Ty Ban Nha ng v tr th 1 v 2
chim 35,4% sn lng trng gia cm xut khu ca th gii., sau l Trung Quc. Ngoi
ra, cn c mt s nc khng phi l nc xut khu trng gia cm ln nhng nm 1970
nhng n nm 1970 tr thnh nhng nc xut khu trng gia cm ln nht th gii nm
2004 nh: Ty Ban Nha, M, Malaysia v n . Mc d nhu cu tiu th trng tng cao
song th phn tiu th trng ca cc nc ang pht trin ch chim 24-35%. Bn cnh ,
trong thp k qua Chu Phi tr thnh th trng hp dn. Lng trng xut khu ca Chu Phi
v cc nc Nam M c vai tr quan trng trong thng mi ca ngnh trng gia cm.
Trong giai on 1970-2004, s lng cc quc gia nhp khu trng gia cm tng ln.
Nm 1970, 1/3 lng trng gia cm trn th trng c nhp khu t c v trong 3 thp k
qua, quc gia ny vn lun v tr dn u (chim 25,4%). Nu nm 2001, c khng p
dng cc quy nh nhm hn ch nhp khu trng gia cm c nui ti cc trang tri chn
nui tp trung trn chung lng nhiu tng th c tnh n nm 2012, lng trng nhp khu
s t khong 10-100 t qu. Nm 2004, c nhng thay i v chnh sch ny, nn trng ca
nhng gia cm c nui trong cc chung nh bt u pht trin. Mc d, cc quy nh ny
ngt ngho hn quy nh ca cc nc EU v c th nh hng ti s lng gia cm trng.
Yu cu c th vi chung nui gia cm trng t nht cao 60cm v cch mt t 35cm. Nu
t 25cm cho ch thu phn th ch c th t c 2 dy chung thay v 3-4 dy nh thit k
trc y.
Ngnh chn nui gia cm c bin ng mnh trong vng 35 nm qua: sn lng tng
mnh theo thi gian, sn lng tht v trng gia cm ca cc nc ang pht trin tng cao
hn so vi cc nc pht trin. Cc nc khu vc Chu v Nam M c bit l Trung
Quc v Brazil l nhng nc pht trin mnh v chn nui gia cm. Sn lng trng gia
cm nm 2004 ca cc nc ang pht trin chim 68% tng sn lng trng th gii, ch
ring Trung Quc chim 41,1%; Sn lng tht chim 55% sn lng tht th gii. Chn nui
gia cm tng mnh mt s nc ng, Nam v Nam M nh Trung Quc v Brazil.
Ngc vi Trung Quc, Brazil l quc gia c nhiu hn ch v kh nng cung cp ngun
nguyn liu thc n cho gia cm nh kh du u tng. Do vy duy tr tc tng trng
ca ngnh chn nui gia cm nh hin nay c th y gi kh du u tng ln cao lm cho
gi gia cm th gii cng tng theo v y cng l bi hc ging nh i vi th trng thp
trong my nm qua. Tuy nhin, ngnh chn nui gia cm c th b gim mnh nu dch cm
7
gia cm khng c ngn chn. Dch xy ra ti Chu u v Chu Phi vo qu 1 nm 2006
lm cho ngi tiu dng lo ngi khng dm n tht v trng gia cm. Theo c tnh ca FAO,
do dch cm gia cm nn lng tiu th tht gia cm nm 2006 gim 3 triu tn, l tn tht
nng n i vi cc nh ch bin cc sn phm gia cm xut khu.
Tiu th tht, trng ca mt s nc trong khu vc: Trung Quc nm 2006 xut
khu 350 nghn tn tht gia cm, nhp khu 370 nghn tn, tiu th ni a 8 kg/ngi/nm,
bnh qun 320 qu trng/ngi/nm.
Thi Lan xut khu 280 nghn tn tht gia cm, khng nhp khu, tiu th 12 kg tht v 280
qu trng gia cm/ngi/nm.
Malaysia tiu th 32 kg tht gia cm/ngi/nm....
Ngun: Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Volume 62, December 2006
1.1.2. Vit Nam
Trc khi xy ra dch cm gia cm, s lng gia cm ca nc ta hng nm tng
trng mc cao. Tng n gia cm c nc nm 2001 l 216 triu con, nm 2003 l 254
triu con v nm 2005 ch cn 220 triu con. Tc tng n 2001-2003 l 8,5% nm. BSH
t 46,9 triu nm 2001 tng ln 65,5 triu nm 2003. S liu cc vng cn li tng ng nh
sau: B 45,6; 41,64 triu, TB 6,8; 7,8 triu; BTB 27,2; 36,7 triu; DHMT 14,4; 16,2 triu, TN
5,6; 10,1 triu; NB 24,9; 24,7 triu; BSCL 46,7; 51,5 triu con. T cui nm 2003, do
dch cm gia cm lm gim tng n gia cm xung cn 219 triu con nm 2004, gim
13,8%.. Mi tnh c s lng n gia cm ln l H Ty 10,8 triu con; Ngh An 10,9; Thi
Bnh 8,2; Hng Yn 6,50; Ph Th 7,9; ng Nai 5,2; H Tnh 4,9; Thi Nguyn 4,7; Hi
Phng 4,6 v Vnh Long 4,6 triu con.
Nng sut v sn lng tht, trng: sn lng tht trong giai on 2001-2005 t 372,7
nghn tn, trng t 4,85 t qu. Bnh qun tht, trng gia cm trn u ngi ca nc ta
nm 2003 l: 4,5 kg tht hi/ngi/nm tng ng 2,94 kg tht x/ngi/nm, 60 qu trng,
tng ng 3,4 kg trng/ngi/nm. Trc dch cm H5N1, sn lng tht gia cm hng
nm chim 16-17% tng khi lng tht hi cc loi.
Cc s liu ni trn cho thy mc tiu th tht v trng bnh qun ca nc ta cn rt
thp, nu bit rng hin nay mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi v trng gia cm ca ton th
gii l khong 8,0 kg trng; cc nc pht trin l trn 300 qu th ngnh chn nui ni
chung, chn nui gia cm ca nc ta ni ring cn phi phn u rt nhiu mi c sn
phm cung cp cho nhn dn, nhm gp phn cung cp cho x hi mt lc lng lao ng c
tr lc v th lc trong s nghip CNH, HH t nc.
Ngun: Bo co tng kt chn nui - Cc Chn nui, B NN&PTNT, 2006
Gi tht v trng gia cm nc ta hin nay t nht so vi cc nc trong khu vc.
Gi g ta lm sn : 90-100 000 /kg
G cng nghip lm sn ph bin 45.000- 50.000 ; .
Trng g 1.200-1.300 /qu; Trng vt 1.600-1800 /qu.
Trng th trng ni a Trung Quc: 800-950/qu.
Nhp khu 1 tn tht g i t M : 1.300 USD/tn.

1.2. Hnh thi, cu to v thnh phn ho hc ca trng
1.2. 1. Hnh thi, cu to trng
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cm
For mat t ed: Condensed by 0.3 pt
For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt
For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt , Viet namese
Del et ed: -
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Del et ed:
Page Break
Tiu th tht, trng ca mt s nc
trong khu vc: Trung Quc nm 2006
xut khu 350 nghn tn tht gia cm, nhp
khu 370 nghn t n, tiu th ni a 8
kg/ngi/nm, bnh qun 320 qu
trng/ngi/nm.
Thi Lan xut khu 280 nghn t n tht gia
cm, khng nhp khu, tiu th 12 kg tht
v 280 qu trng gia cm/ngi/nm.
Malaysia tiu th 32 kg tht gia
cm/ngi/nm....
Del et ed: Cc s liu ni trn cho th y

mc tiu th tht v trng bnh qun ca
nc ta cn rt thp, nu bit rng hin
nay mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi v
trng gia cm ca ton th gii l khong
8,0 kg trng; cc nc pht trin l trn
300 qu th ngnh chn nui ni chung,
chn nui gia cm ca nc ta ni ring
cn phi phn u rt nhiu mi c sn
phm cung cp cho nhn dn, nh m gp
phn cung cp cho x hi mt lc lng
lao ng c tr lc v th lc trong s
nghip CNH, HH t nc.
nghip CNH, HH t nc.
8
Trng gia cm c hnh trng, l hnh bu dc khng cn i - hnh Kassini, tc l
bu dc khng u, mt u t v mt u nhn. Trong thc tin, hnh dng trng c biu
hin bng ch s hnh thi: l t s gia gia ng knh nh/ ng knh ln, ch s ny
bin thin t 0,6 (hnh bu dc nhn) n 1 (hnh cu). Cng c th dng t l ngc li l
ng knh ln/ ng knh nh, khi , CSHT dao ng t 1,0 n 1,45.
Cng nh mi i lng sinh hc khc, kch thc v khi lng trng c bin
bin d kh ln. Romanoff t cc ch tiu trung bnh sau y cho mt trng g lgo trng tiu
chun l tng: ng knh ln (L) 5,7 cm, ng knh nh (chiu rng nht) (B) 4,2 cm;
dung tch (V) 53 cm
3
, din tch mt ngoi (O) 68 cm
2
v khi lng (G) 58g.
Trng gm 3 phn: v, lng trng v lng vi t l tng i gia cc phn l
1/6/3. Trung bnh v cng chim 10%, lng 33%, lng trng 57% khi lng trng.
Lng chnh l t bo trng. T l khi lng gia cc thnh phn ny trong trng
ca cc g mi khc nhau cng nh ngay ca mt n g mi cng khc nhau. T l y cng
tu thuc khi lng tuyt i ca trng, tui g mi v thnh phn thc n. Trng c v
cng rt chc bao bc, b dy l 0,2 0,4mm, ngoi ph mt lp cht nhy trong sut (lp
m sng) v trong c mng la gm hai lp chc. Mt ngoi v cng hi bng v c nh
c bit vi mc khc nhau tu theo trng thi lp m sng v cu to ca v cng. Mu
ca v trng thay i t trng (cc dng a trung hi) n vng nu (cc ging Chu ). V
trng gm cht hu c, xen vo y l cc mui v c. Cht hu c do protein ging nh keo
colagen (4%) to thnh, cht v c l cacbonat canxi (94%), cacbonat magie v canxi fotfat
(1%) to thnh.
Trn v cng c nhiu l kh, nhng l kh ny c ngha quan trng khi p trng.
Trong thi gian phi pht trin, c s trao i kh gia phi v ngoi cnh qua nhng l kh
ny. Khi mi p trng, phi c th b cht trong trng hp nu s l kh trn 1 cm
2
v cng
cc l kh qu hp v di (v dy) v thm nhiu nc t ngoi vo; trong nhng hon cnh
y, trao i kh (th) thp hn mc bnh thng kh nhiu. Vo cui thi k p, s gim cc
cht cha bn trong trng do bc hi c vai tr quan trng. Khi y nu v trng c nhiu l
kh qu v m khng kh trong my p thp th s c nh hng bt li i vi kt qu p
trng. nh hng ca mt l kh v b dy ca v trng i vi t l n cng nh m
ca khng kh bn ngoi c xc minh chnh xc. S l kh trn v trng dao ng nhiu,
trung bnh c n 10.000 l. u nhn ca trng, mt l hi t hn, cn u t th
nhiu hn so vi phn gia ca trng. Bnh qun 1cm
2
c 150 l kh.

Hnh 1. S cu to lp v cng ca trng gia cm

Di v cng c v la gm hai lp: lp trong gi l lp mng trng, v lp ngoi
dn cht vo v cng gi l lp mng v cng. Lp mng v cng nng gn 0,3g v c
dy trung bnh l 0,07 mm. pha u t n hi dy hn v u nhn hi mng hn. Gia
hai lp ny, ngay khi trng va mi ra, hnh thnh bung kh u t ca trng. Hin
For mat t ed: Font : I t alic
For mat t ed: Viet namese
9
tng ny xy ra do sau khi , cc cht cha trong trng b ngui i v co li do nhit mi
trng thp hn nhiu so vi thn nhit gi. Trong qu trnh bo qun, nc trong trng bc
hi nn th tch bung kh tng ln. Trong thc tin ngi ta li dng hin tng ny nh
gi trng ti hay c. Khi quan st lp v la bng knh hin vi c th thy mng ny l
mt mng li gm cc si xp t ln xn, do 70% cht hu c (keratin, muxin), 10% cht
v c v 20% nc to thnh.
Khong gia lng v v cha y lng trng, do nhiu lp c m c khc
nhau to thnh (h.2). Ngay di lp mng trng l lp long ngoi (khong 23% th tch), sau
l lp c gia (57% th tch) ri n lp long gia (17%) v lp c trong (3% th tch),
lp cui cng ny bc ly lng . Dy chng nm dc theo trc di ca trng, nh c nhng
u mt si mnh dn cht vo lp ny. Dy chng do nhiu si protitein to thnh, nhng si
ny xon li qung gia mt phn on thnh hnh xon c, cn theo hng ra pha ngoi
n i vo lp c gia ca lng trng, gi cho lng lun nm v tr trung tm. c bit
lu rng, th tch ca cc lp lng trng c th chnh lch kh nhiu so vi cc s liu nu
trn. V nh th tch lp c gia ca trng ti chnh lch t 20 n 80%. Lng trng trng
ti c mu vng nht, ngoi ra do c nhiu CO
2
nn hi c. c tnh keo ca lp c gia
ca lng trng l do c nhiu si muxin, nhng si ny to thnh cu trc li. nh gi
trng, vn xc nh cht lng v cu trc lng trng c c ngha ch yu. Khi cu trc
li b hng, v d do chn ng th lng trng c tr thnh long. N c phn ng kim,
nhit 60
0
C th ng li, bin thnh mt khi trng (lng trng trng). N cha gn 88%
nc, 0,6% cht khong, cc cation K, Na, Mg, Ca v Fe, cc anion SO
4
v Cl. Hm lng
cc sunfat tng i cao l do c lu hunh trong lng trng. Trong s gluxit th c D
glucoza (gn 0,9%). Cc cht protein (11%) l: albumin trng (6,5%), globulin trng (0,6%),
muxin trng (1,1%), v mucoit trng (1,2%). Ngoi ra, trong lng trng trng cn c lavin
trng (cht c mu vng cha nit), mt t fotfatit v cng c i cht clolexterin v keratin.
Lng nm trung tm trng, do mng lng , cn gi l mng mng bc ngoi, v vy,
trong iu kin bnh thng lng khng ln vo lng trng. Mng lng mn cm i vi chn
ng v khi trng lu th n dn dn b yu i. nhng trng mi , nh cc dy chng xon
c m lng c c nh gia trng.
Lng hnh cu (c
ng knh khong 3cm) ch yu
do non hong to thnh. Trong
cht ny cha tt c nhng cht
dinh dng cn thit cho s pht
trin ca g con. Trong lng
sm c mt vi lp sng gi l
lng cu to, gia b lm v
theo hnh ci nm (latebra- rnh
lng ), y v pha cc ng
vt ca t bo trng c a phi,
lun nm lp trn ca lng .
Quan st cu trc ca a
phi c th phn bit c trng
c trng hay khng. a phi ca
trng khng c trng (khng th
thai) c nhng khoang hnh nang (cc khng bo vacuola); cn trng th thai th cu trc
mt trn ca ngoi b (l phi ngoi) c dng ng nht. Ngoi ra, trong trng th thai cc qu
trnh hot ng sng ca phi pht trin t a phi gy ra cc dng in, nu dng dng c o
in cc nhy c th xc nh c (Rauch, 1950). Trc v trong khi p trng, ngi ta nhn
thy trong trng th tinh c in th khc nhau pht ra t a phi ang pht trin (hoc phi
10
sng) (h.2). Trong cc trng hp cc hiu in th c th cao hn 30 mV. trng khng
th tinh ch ghi c dng in yu khng bin i my (0-1mV).
Lng khng ho tan trong nc v c phn ng kim, thnh phn ho hc ca lng
phc tp hn lng trng.
T l gia lng trng, lng v v trng thay i nhiu. Bng 1 a ra nhng s liu
trung bnh v vn ny. Trong trng vt, lng chim t l cao hn. Trng g, tri li c t
l ca lng trng cao hn so vi trng vt v trng ngng.

Bng 1. T l (%) gia lng trng, lng v v trng ca mt s loi gia cm

Loi chim Trng khng v Lng trng Lng V
G 88,4 56,8 31,6 2,6
Vt 87,7 52,1 35,6 12,3
Ngng 88,6 50,2 38,4 2,4
Nh nu trong bng 2, lng do nc (48,7%), m (32,6%) v protein (16,6%)
to thnh. Cn lu rng, hm lng m trong lng cao lm cho cc cht dinh dng c
nng lng cao cho phi pht trin.
1.2. 2. Thnh phn ho hc ca trng
Bng 2.Thnh phn ha hc ca trng g (%)

Thnh phn
Ton qu
trng (%)
Trng
b v (%)
Lng
(%)
Lng trng
(%)
V v mng
v (%)
Ton b trng 100 - 31,0 58,0 11.0
Nc 65 75,0 48,0 87,0 2,0
Protein 12 12,0 17,5 11,0 4,5
M 11 11,0 32,5 0,2 -
ng 1 0,5 1,0 1,0 -
Khong 11 1,5 1,0 0,8 93,5

Bng 3. Mt s axit amin thit yu trong trng g

Cc axit amin thit yu trong protein trng g (%)
Arginin Hystydin Isoloxin Lyzin Metionin Phenilalanin Treonin Tryptophan Valin
6,6 2,4 16,9 7,0 4,0 6,3 4,3 1,5 7,2

Vitamin

Bng 4.Hm lng vitamin trng g tnh trong IOOg vt cht
(theo Bengard)
Ton b Lng Lng trng
Vitamin A, mg 0,2 0,03-1,2 -
Vitamin D, IU 200 100-400 -
Vitamin E, mg 1 3 -
Vitamin K, mg 0,02 - -
nghip CNH, HH t nc.
11
Vitamin B
I
, mg 0,15 0,3 -
Vitamin B
2
, mg 0,4 - -
Niaxin (amit ca axit nicotinic), mg 0,1 0,05 0,01
Vitamin B
I2
, mg 0,05 18 0,1
Axit pantotenic, mg 0,7 7,2 0,1
Trng cha rt nhiu vitamin (bng 4), nhng li thiu vitamin C.
Trong lng trng ch c du vt m v 12,1% cht kh. M c mu t vng nht
n vng thm v cha cc cht triglixerit ca cc axt bo: palmitic, stearic, oleic v c axit
bo t do v axit glixerinophosphoric. Ngoi ra cn cha cholexterin khng b x phng ho
v c cc fotfatif- lextin v kefalin. Sc t vng ca lng (vitellolutein) khng phi l sn
phm ng vt ca trao i cht m cu to t cc cht mu c ngun gc thc vt. Nhng
sc t vng v cha trong lng khng phi c tng hp trong c th g mi m
chuyn t thc n vo trng. Tu theo s lng cc sc t m lng c mu m hay nht,
nhng mu khc nhau ny l do t ng quan s lng gia cc hp phn c mu ring bit
quyt nh. Nhng hp phn ch yu l - lutein (hn hp cc cht carotinoit- xantofil v
zeakxantin), carotin v flavin trng. Chng c hp th t thc n thc vt i qua mng rut
non qua ng bch huyt m vo h tun hon v tch lu li trong m ca c th v lng
trng.
Nhng thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht protit lng l: vitellin (3/4 cht protit),
albumin nhn, livetin v c nhng cht c cha lu hunh ca hai protein ny dng sn
phm thu phn ca chng l tirozin, triptofan v cistin.
Trong s cc cht khong, thng gp nhiu fotfat, st v canxi c nhiu hn so vi
trong lng trng.

1.3. C quan sinh dc ca g mi v qu
trnh hnh thnh trng

Trong qu trnh sinh sn ca gia cm, ngi ta
nhn thy nhng du hiu ging vi b st m t
chng tin ho ln: th tinh trong v sinh sn bng
cch trng. gia cm, trong qu trnh tin ho
cng vi vic tng kch thc trng xy ra vic thoi
ho phn bn phi ca h thng sinh dc, v vy ch
c bung trng tri v ng dn trng tri. S pht
trin phi xy ra trong trng, c bo v bng v
cng. Gia cm con mi n thng c kch thc
tng i ln.

1.3.1. S pht trin ca c quan sinh sn gia cm
S hnh thnh mm ca tuyn sinh dc (h sinh dc) xy ra vo thi k u ca s
pht trin phi: phi g vo ngy th 3, vt v ngng ngy th 4 - 5. u tin h sinh dc
khng c phn bit, c ngha chng khng c nhng du hiu ca ging, v tng phn
c to thnh t 2 phn sinh trng v mt phn sinh dc.
Phn sinh trng ca h sinh dc c to thnh t np sinh dc l tng. Mt phn
khc, phn tu l nhng dy chng sinh dc v cht m, phn th hai - v to thnh t m
phi. Phn sinh dc ca h sinh dc to ra nhng t bo sinh dc u tin (sinh dc bo) c
di chuyn theo mch mu vo vng np sinh dc trc khi hnh thnh b sinh dc (honada)
vo cui ngy th nht hoc gia ngy p th hai. Thi k phn bit h sinh dc phi g
c nhn thy vo ngy p th 6 - 9. Trong qu trnh pht trin h sinh dc, ging c t
For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt , English
(U.S.)
For mat t ed: English (U.S.)
(U.S.)
12
dy biu m lin kt pht trin ln, t bo c phn ho ra 2 dng: non nguyn bo v
nang. Ti ngy p th 9, bung trng th hin s khng i xng, bung trng phi ngng
pht trin v thoi ho dn. Trong bung trng tri pht trin lp v v lp tu. v xy ra
qu trnh sn sinh ra cc t bo sinh dc u tin - non bo. Vo ngy th 9, phi g m
c 28 nghn, ngy th 17 - 680 nghn, n cui k p s lng chng gim cn 480 nghn
non bo.
n ngy p th 12, ng dn trng c phn thnh loa vi, phn tuyn v t cung.
Vic hnh thnh tinh hon phi g xy ra t b phn sinh dc trung tnh. Dy c
hnh thnh ngy th 7 trong b phn sinh dc, dn dn bin thnh ng. Trong chng xut
hin lng ng, cn t bo thnh ng c phn ho thnh t bo sinh dc u tin (tinh
nguyn bo) v nang (t bo sertoli). Tip t ng to thnh cc ng dn tinh ngon ngoo,
t tinh nguyn bo pht trin thnh cc t bo sinh dc, cn t bo sertoli thc hin chc
nng m - dinh dng. Mm tinh hon ni vi thn nguyn thu, t ng dn ca n (ng
Bolpha) sau khi n s tr thnh ng dn tinh. Thn nguyn thu mt chc nng v thoi ho.
T phn cn li ca n to thnh mo tinh hon.
Chc nng bung trng. Bung trng nm pha tri ca xoang bng, v pha trc
v hi thp hn thn tri, c bng cc np gp ca mng bng t trn xung. Np gp
khc ca mng bng ni n vi ng dn trng. Kch thc v hnh dng bung trng ph
thuc vo trng thi chc nng v tui gia cm. g con 1 ngy tui, bung trng c dng
phin mng, kch thc 1 - 2 mm vi khi lng 0,03g, cn 4 thng tui - phin hnh thoi c
khi lng 2,66g. G trong thi k mnh bung trng hnh chm nho, khi lng t 55g,
vo thi k thay lng khi lng bung trng gim cn 5g.
Trong bung trng c cht v v cht tu. B mt v c ph bng mt lp biu m
c lp t bo hnh tr hay lng tr thp. Di chng c mng lin kt mng, sau n c 2 lp
nang vi cc t bo trng. Nm lp ngoi l nhng nang nh c ng knh n 400 m ,
trong lp su c nhng nang ln hn vi ng knh 800 m v to hn.
Cht tu nm gia bung trng v c cu to t m lin kt vi cc mch mu v
dy thn kinh ln. Trong cht tu c nhng khoang (l hng) c ph bng biu m dt v
t bo k.
S to trng
Qu trnh pht trin ca t bo sinh dc ci: trong s pht trin t bo trng c 3 thi
k: tng sinh, sinh trng v chn... Trong qu trnh pht trin t bo sinh dc ci (giao t)
xy ra khng ch l s thay i cu trc v kch thc ca n m cn l s thay i c b th
nhim sc ca nhn t bo trng.
Thi k tng sinh xy ra trong qu trnh pht trin phi thai ca bung trng v kt
thc vo thi k g n. Nh k trn, do kt qu ca mt lot phn chia c t gim nhim
cc t bo sinh dc u tin (non nguyn bo), s lng non bo trong bung trng t n
480 nghn.
Trc khi bt u trng trong bung trng g mi m c 3500 - 4000 non
hong nhn thy c, thu cm l 1250 - 1500. Khc vi t bo sinh trng, trong non
bao c nhn to vi ht nhn nh v th nhim sc. Trong non bao khng c nhn t bo
(trung th). Sau khi kt thc qu trnh sinh sn, cc t bo sinh dc c hnh thnh gi l
non bo ca hng th nht, tham gia vo thi k sinh trng.
Thi k sinh trng c chia thnh thi k sinh trng nh v thi k sinh trng
ln. Thi k sinh trng nh ko di t khi n n khi thnh thc sinh dc. u tin s pht
trin ca non bo th hin yu. g 1 ngy tui ng knh non bol 0,01 - 0,02mm, ti
45 ngy tui n t 1mm. Thi gian ny, nhn vn chim v tr trung tm trong t bo trng,
chuyn cng tng bo sang bn cnh t bo v to a phi. g con 2 thng tui qu trnh
tch lu lng trong tng bo ca non bo bt u. Lng c xp thnh nhng lp
mu sng v mu sm. tm c lng sng hnh phu, t c vt nh i ra ra t bo
13
trng. Cu to nh vy gi l phi. Trn n l a phi. Cc t bo nang xung quanh non
bo ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh lng .
Thi k sinh trng ln di 4 - 13 ngy v c trng bng s tng nhanh lng trong
t bo trng. Trong thi gian ny lng tch lu 90 - 95%, thnh phn ca n gm protit,
photpholipit, m trung tnh, cc cht khong v vitamin. c bit, lng c tch lu mnh
ngy th 9 v 4 trc khi trng rng. Vo thi k ny, di mng nang trn b mt t bo
trng hnh thnh lp v lng n hi (mng), qua n cc cht dinh dng i vo trong t
bo. Ngi ta nhn thy c tnh chu k trong ngy ca vic to cc lp lng . Lng
sm c tch lu trong c ngy n na m, cn lng sng - trong phn cn li ca m.
Vic tng qu trnh sinh trng ca t bo trng l do nh hng ca foliculin, vic ch tit
n bung trng tng cng vi lc bt u thnh thc sinh dc. Vo cui thi k pht trin
ca t bo trng, gia v lng v thnh nang xut hin mt khoang, khong gn lng
cha y limpho. Trong non hong bi t do v cc cc ca n nm theo lc hng tm:
cc anivan (cng a phi) hng ln trn, cn cc thc vt xung di. Non hong hnh
thnh ca g mi c ng knh lng 35 - 40mm. Mu ca lng ph thuc vo cc sc
t trong mu: carotenoit, carotin v xantofil. Mu m ca lng thng gp khi gia cm
c n thc n c carotenoit. Nh vy, da vo mu ca lng m xc nh gi tr
vitamin ca trng p cng nh trng thng phm.
Thi k chn ca non hong (thi k cui ca s to trng) bao gm 2 s phn chia
ni tip ca t bo sinh dc. Trong qu trnh ny t bo trng gim lng nhim sc th i
mt na, v vy s phn chia ny gi l gim nhim hay phn bo gim nhim. Trc khi bt
u chia ln th nht, trong nhn ca non bo hng th nht xy ra vic ko di nhim sc
th v s lng trng tng gp i. Nhn tin dn n b mt ca non bo. Nhng nhim sc
th ging nhau xch gn nhau to thnh tng i, cn mng nhn bin mt. Do kt qu phn
chia non bo ln th nht to thnh 2 t bo: non bo hng th hai v tiu th c hng hay
tiu th cc th nht m trong ht nhn ca chng c mt na lng nhim sc th. Qu trnh
ny c hon thnh bung trng trc khi trng rng. Sau khi phn chia ln th nht, lp
tc sy ra s phn chia gim nhim phu ca ng dn trng. Khi t non bo hng th
hai to nn t bo trng chn v tiu th phn cc th hai nhn c mt na nhim sc th,
cn na khc li nhn ca t bo trng. Nh vy, do kt qu phn chia gim nhim, trong t
bo trng chn c mt na s nhim sc th. Cc tiu th hng th nht v th hai khng pht
trin v dn dn b tiu ho. Tiu th hng th nht c th chia lm hai.
Trong qu trnh phn chia gim nhim xy ra s trao i cc thnh phn di truyn
(gen) gia cc d nhim sc th. Nhim sc th c v ci ko li gn nhau v to thnh i.
Vo thi k gn nhau (tip hp) nhim sc th trao i nhng phn ca mnh. Qu trnh ny
c gi l tip xc, c ngha quan trng trong vic truyn cc du hiu di truyn t th h
ny sang th h khc.

1.3.2. S rng lng v to trng gia cm.
Qu trnh thot ra ca t bo trng chn (lng ) t bung trng gi l s rng trng.
Trong nang trng chn, p sut keo - thm thu ca dch nang tng ln, dn ti s ph v
vch nang ti vng l th. ch ny vch nang u tin mng i do nhng thay i thoi ho
di tc dng ca cc hocmon, sau n v ra. C kin cho rng, l th b ko ra bng cc
si c ring, khi cc mch mu vng l th co li v nang v khng b chy mu. Nang
v trong khong khc. Qua k nt mi t to, t bo trng ri vo ti lng (np gp mng
bng xung quanh bung trng) v vo phu hay l loa kn. Do chuyn ng lin tc ca thnh
phu m n thu c trng y. Nu c tinh trng th vic th tinh t bo trng s xy ra
ngay trn thnh phu.
14
S rng trng g xy ra mt ln trong ngy thng l sau 30 pht sau khi n
trng. Nu g sau 16 gi trong ngy th s rng trng s chuyn sang bui sng ngy hm
sau. Nu trng b gi li trong ng dn trng s lm ngng tr s rng trng tip theo. Nu
ly trng ra khi t cung, th cng khng
lm tng nhanh s rng trng c. S
rng trng g thng xy ra trong thi
gian t 2 gi ti 14 gi hng ngy.

1.3.3. Qu trnh hnh thnh trng trong
ng dn trng.
Chc nng ca ng dn trng. ng
dn trng c hnh ng, xy ra s th
tinh v hnh thnh trng, bt u gn bung
trng v kt thc l huyt.
Kch thc ng dn trng thay i
theo la tui v hot ho chc nng ca h
sinh dc. Khi bt u thnh thc sinh dc
ng dn trng l mt ng trn, thng c
ng knh u trn ton b ng. Sau khi qu trng u tin ng dn trng ca g c chiu
di 68 cm, khi lng 77g. Vo thi k trng mnh, chiu di ca n tng ti 86cm, cn
ng knh n 10cm. g khng trng chiu di ng dn trng gim n 11 - 18cm,
ng knh 0,4 - 0,7cm, cn thi k thay lng chiu di l17cm.
gia cm thnh thc sinh dc, trong ng dn trng c nhng phn sau: phu, phn
lng trng, c (eo), t cung v m o.
Phu - phn m rng ca pha u ng dn trng, di 4 - 7cm, ng knh 8 - 9cm. N
nm di bung trng. Phu c chia thnh phn phu ring v c, n l phn chuyn tip.
B mt nim mc phu xp np, trong n khng c cc tuyn. Trong nim mc c phu c cc
tuyn hnh ng, cht tit ra ca n tham gia vo vic hnh thnh v trng. Thnh phu chuyn
ng nh s co bp ca lp v v dy c i t mp phu ti vch bng.
Chuyn ng nhu m ca phu c kh nng hng ly t bo trng rng. phu, t bo
trng dng li khng qu 20 - 30 pht. Lp lng trng u tin c bao bc xung quanh t
bo trng c phu. Lng trng nhy, c c cc tuyn hnh ng tit ra qun ngay lng .
Khi i qua phn u ca ng dn trng, lng xoay chm xung quanh trc ca n, khin cho
lp lng trng mi bc xung quanh lng cun xon li, to thnh dy chng. Chng gi
cho lng tm trng. Khi lng i tip pha di, phn long ca lng trng c tit
ra quanh lng , to nn lp bn trong ca lng trng long
Phn to lng trng - phn di nht ca ng dn trng. Vo thi k mnh, n di
n 30 - 50cm. Nim mc c nhng np xp dc. Trong n c mt lng ln tuyn hnh ng,
cu to ging nh tuyn c phu. Cht tit ra ca tuyn xung quanh lng u tin c,
cn sau l lp long ( ngoi) ca lng trng. Cc tuyn hnh ng phn to lng trng c
kch thch bng estron v progesteron. Thi gian trng trong phn to lng trng khng qu
3 gi.
C ng dn trng l phn hp ca ng dn trng di 8cm. Nim mc c nhng np
xp nh. lp ngoi ca lng trng long c b sung v to mng v trng. Cc tuyn
eo tit ra cht ht ging nh keratin to nn lp si chc qun ly nhau hnh thnh mng
chc. Cc l ca mng di v tit ra dung dch mui vo lng trng, lm tng khi lng
lng trng trng. Qu trnh ny xy ra c trong t cung. Trng nm trong on eo gn 1 gi.
T cung l on tip ca on eo, n l phn m rng hnh ti dy, chiu di 10 -
12cm. Cc np nhn ca nim mc pht trin mnh, v xp theo hng ngang v xin. Tuyn
For mat t ed: Font : I t alic, English
(U.S.)
Del et ed: qua
Del et ed:
15
ca vch t cung tit ra cht dch lng, thm qua cc mng di v trng vo lng trng.
Trong thi gian trng t cung, khi lng trng tng gn gp i. V trng c hnh thnh
cng do dch tit ca tuyn t cung.
V trng c cu to t ct hu c v cht trung gian. Ct c hnh thnh bng
nhng si protein dng colagen nh chng cho ln nhau.
Cht trung gian cu to t nhng mui canxi dng hp nht khng tan - canxi
cacbonat (99%) v canxi photphat (1%). S tng hp cht vi c tin hnh trong sut thi
gian trng t cung (18 - 20 gi).
Do thm thu mt lng nc ln t dch tit ca tuyn t cung vo trng nn khi
lng ca n c tng dn, lc ny b mt ca cc mng di v c bm cht vo thnh
t cung, do cc mng ny gin ra. Trng lc ca c t cung tng ng thi, n c kh
nng tip xc ln vi trng v tit khong to v ln b mt trng.
u tin lp v ngoi c to thnh lp trong nh v trng, lp ny c cu to t
nhng nh, u trn ca nh cm su vo b mt ngoi ca lp di v, cn phn chn rng
th hng vo vch d con. Nh cu to t tinh th canxi cacbonat (canxita), nhng tinh th
hp tip bng protit. Lp nh chim 1/3 dy v. T bn ngoi lp nh c ph mt lp
bn chc. Nn mng ca lp ny l cc si collagen c to bi cht dch ca tuyn phn
trc t cung. Phn trung gian gia cc si cha mui canxi, lp bn chc ny lm cho v
trng c gi vng.
Khong khng gian gia nn cc nh khng cha cht vi, y c cc l kh, cc
mch ny xuyn qua dy cht bn chc v c m ra trn b mt ca v trng bng cc
l. S lng cc l ph hp vi s lng l ng ca tuyn d con. Cc l phn b trn b mt
v trng khng u: phn nhiu l tp trung trn u t ca trng, vng bung kh v t hn
c l u nhn ca trng. Trong mt v trng g c ti 8 nghn l hi. Tuyn d con sn
xut ra cc sc t lm cho v trng c mu khc nhau.
T bn ngoi v trng c ph mt lp trn v mng nh, mng ny c to bng
cht tit ca t bo biu m t cung.
Men cacbonanhydraza v photphataza ki m tham gia tch cc vo trong qu trnh hnh
thnh v trng, Cacbonathydraza xc tc cho s hnh thnh anion cacbonat t cacbonic v
nc. Phophataza kim xc tc vo qu trnh chuyn ion ho canxi tng hp cc cht v c
ca v. Ngi ta rt ra kt lun rng g , trong biu m t cung cha mt lng
cacbonanhydraza nhiu hn hn g khng . Cc cht c ch cacbonanhydraza
(sulfanilamit) ph hu qu trnh hnh thnh v trng... Nu tha cht th trng ra khng
c v.
m o l on cui cng ca ng dn trng, sau khi hnh thnh trng ri vo .
T d con m o c tch ra bng phn thu hp c t cung, ni c van c. Phn cui
cng ca m o c m ra vo on gia nhp gn niu qun tri. m o di 7 - 12 cm.
Nim mc nhn, tuyn ng khng c. Lp biu m ca m o theo mt s tc gi cho bit l
c sn xut ra dch tit, dch tit ny tham gia vo s hnh thnh lp mng trn v, lp c pht
trin tt, nht l lp c vng, nh s co bp ca lp c ny m qu trng c y ra ngoi.

S hnh thnh cc lp v trng. Ngay khi trng va vo n phn eo th u trc
ca n bt u hnh thnh lp v la. Trng chuyn ng kch thch cc thnh phn ca phn
eo lm cho cht ht ta nh keratin tit ra t cc ng dn ca nhng tuyn nm trn thnh eo.
Cht ny c hnh si nhy c v dnh. Cc si y xon vo nhau thnh lp v chc bn trong
ca lng trng. Khi trng hon ton vo phn eo th mt lp v la rt mng dnh cht, bc
ly n. Trng lu li y mt thi gian ngn, sau y tip tc t t di chuyn, lc y cc tuyn
pha di phn eo tit ra cc cht cu to lp v la ngoi. Lp ny do cc bi si th hn
v xp hn cu to nn cng ging nh lp si ca lp v trong. Da vo nhng tnh trng
ny, khi soi knh hin vi rt d dng phn bit lp v trong vi lp v ngoi.
16
Lc u lp v la ca thnh trong dnh cht vo trng, v sau n gin ra v khi trng
chuyn n pha cui phn eo th n hi tch khi trng. V la mu hng nht c cha mt t
cht oporfirin.
Trng c cc lp v la bc ngoi, i vo t cung lm cho t cung tit ra cht dch
cha nhiu nc. Cc lp v la ban u c c tnh thm nc cao nn nc v mt s mui
ho tan thm vo trng, lm cho lng trng b trng ln, tng khi lng, li dn cht vo
cc lp v la. Trn mt rn li t nhiu ca v la hnh thnh lp vi tc l lp v cng.
Lp v cng hnh thnh trong t cung. Nhng trng ri khi ng dn trng qua ng
r nm cui t cung c lp v cng cu to hon chnh; mt khc nu ct bt t cung mt
on th cu to v cng tr nn thiu hon chnh, cha hm lng vi v protit thp.
Trong qung thi gian ba gi u khi trng lu li t cung, nguyn liu hnh thnh
v vi tch t li rt chm. Sau hin tng tch t tr nn ng u v nhanh. Trong qung
thi gian 17 gi cui cng, khi lng lp v cng tng ln theo t l thi gian trng lu li
trong t cung. Lng cc cht cu to nn v cng tit ra tu thuc vo ln ca lng v
khi lng lng trng tch t trong trng.
Khi lp v cng hnh thnh, nhng ni no tip xc vi biu m t cung th sinh ra
cc l kh. Nhng l ny ging nh l mao mch b, m ra mt trn lp v cng.
Khng nn khng nh rng, vi l do mt on c bit no ca t cung hoc do mt
tuyn c bit no y tit ra, v cc m t cung ca g mi ang r cha t canxi hn
cc m thuc nhng phn khc ca ng dn trng. V khi hnh thnh v cng trong vng 20
gi, c n 5g cacbonnat canxi tch lu trng, do c th d on l ngoi t cung ra cn
c ngun canxi khc na. Hm lng canxi trong mu g mi ang cao hn kh nhiu so
vi g mi khng . V khi v trng hnh thnh th lng mu dn v t cung tng ln, nn
c th gi nh rng, cc mui canxi dng ho tan t mu chy vo t bo cc tuyn t cung,
sau cc t bo tuyn ny li tit dung dch y vo ng t cung. Canxi khng li mt du
vt no ta c th theo y m xc nh ni tit ra n hoc qung ng n chy qua. Ch
c hin tng l trong cc tuyn tip xc vi trng, hm lng canxi c cao hn mt t.
Trong thi gian hnh thnh cc lp v trng, cht oporfirin c phn b vo lp v
cng c mu. y l cht mu ch yu, do hemoglobin ca hng cu phn hu m to ra. Khi
v cng hnh thnh xong c th c cc cht mu khc b sung thm thnh hnh lm tm,
hnh cc sc vn hoc cc nt sn b.
Lp v mng trng ngoi (lp m sng) hnh thnh trong qung thi gian t khi trng
cu to hon chnh cho n khi trng ra ngoi. V thnh phn ho hc, n cng ging nh
cc lp v la.
1.3.4. Ti sao trng c u to, u nh?
Trng gia cm s d c mt u to mt u nh l do trong qu trnh hnh thnh b
pha trn ca ng dn trng dn p tng on mt n i xung di. u trng ny b dn
p, lng trng v mng v b y sang phi ri li sang tri, v th m pha u ny phnh to,
sau khi v hnh thnh xong th c c nh li. Ngc li, u kia ca qu trng hng
xung on di ca ng dn, do va i n va chn vo ng dn trng, lm cho ng ny
m rng trng d di chuyn xung t cung. Lc dn p ca ng dn vo qu trng lm cho
u nh hnh thnh ri nh hnh dn. Khi trng vo n t cung, u nh hng v pha ui
g, cn u to th hng ngc li.
Cho n nay vn cha r iu g quyt nh thi gian cho ln rng trng u tin ca
gia cm, nhng c hai yu t h thn kinh v c ch hormon l quan trng hng u. Ln rng
trng th 2 l s tip din ca ln rng trng trc v xy ra 15-40 pht sau khi qu trng
u tin i qua l huyt. Nhng ln rng trng tip theo xy ra vo cng khong thi gian sau
khi trng c .
Nhng qu trng ra lin tc khng ngh c gi l trng hay l chu k trng.
Kt thc chu k ny, gia cm s khng trong mt s ngy tip theo. ln ca mt
17
trng c th t 1 n hn 200 qu (k lc c ghi nhn l 235 qu). Nhng loi g
trng tt t 3-8 trng mi tr ln v u n. Khong thi gian mt rt c trng cho
tng c th: nhng con kh nng sn xut ngho nn c nhng ngn hn, ngc li
nhng con c kh nng sn xut tt c trng ln hn. Khi thi gian cho mt , g mi
s dng rng trng v dng c sn xut trng trong mt ngy hoc nhiu hn, v sau li
tip tc cho tip theo. Nhng con g sn xut trng km c thi gian ngh di hn nhng g
sn xut tt.
Thi gian cn thit sn xut mt trng
Thi gian cn thit cho mt qu trng di chuyn trong vi trng rt khc nhau mi
c th. Hu ht g mi trng lin tip sau nhng khong thi gian t 23-26h. Nu thi gian
ny di hn 24h, mi qu trng trong giai on lin tip nhau s c trong ngy khc.
Nhng qu trng vo bui chiu s nm trong ng dn trng lu hn nhng qu trng
vo bui sng. Nhng qu trng cui cng c mun khi chui s b gin on v mt
chu k rng trng s chm dt.
Thi gian cho rng trng
G mi c nhng trng di qu trng u tin ca trong thi gian sm ca
ngy, 1-2 h sau khi mt tri mc hay sau khi h thng nh sng nhn to c bt ln. S
rng trng ca ln hnh thnh lng tip theo n rt nhanh sau khi mt qu trng c
vo ngy tip theo, ch sau mt khong thi gian ngn. Nhng con g mi c thi gian cho
mt ngn hn qu trng u tin ca vo thi gian mun hn trong ngy, s rng trng
cho ln hnh thnh lng l chm hn, v khong thi gian ch cho s trng di hn.
Hu ht qu trnh rng trng xy ra trong sut khong thi gian bui sng, s bt bnh thng
nu qu trnh rng trng din ra vo bui chiu.
Qu trnh sn xut trng vo thi im bt u
Trong tun trng u tin, s rng trng rt khng bnh thng, c ch hormon ca
g mi l khng cn bng. Thng ch c 2-4 trng c sn xut. Nhng n nhng tun th
2-3 qu trnh rng trng s c nhng tin b ng k, v ch gim st rt chm trong tun vi
nhng qu trng cn li trong mi chu k .
nh sng v s rng trng
nh sng, d l t nhin hay nhn to, s c nhng tc ng kch thch n tuyn yn,
kch thch n tng lng hocmon FSH tit ra, v ngc li s kch hot bung trng. C hai yu t
thi gian v cng nh sng u quan trng. Qu trnh iu khin lng chiu sng cho ph
hp trong chung g l rt phc tp v s c ni r hn trong cc phn sau.
Lm t nh l mt tn hiu ca vic rng trng
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, g mi s tm khong 24h trc khi rng trng, v nhiu
nh khoa hc coi tn hiu ny l quan trng hn cho vic xc nh vic rng trng hn c qu
trnh trng. Bng chng l s xut hin ca mt qu trng hon chnh trong l huyt chng c
g lin quan n n lc i tm ca g mi. Mt s g mi rng trng v t bo trng khng ti
c vi trng v nhng con g mi ny s tm mun hn mt ngy.
T cung v c bn l tuyn v, di khong 10-12cm g . Trng ang hon thin
tn ti trong t cung khong 18-20h, lu hn nhiu so vi cc giai on khc trong vi trng.
Lp lng trng mng pha ngoi c lng ng sau mng v
Khi trng ln u vo t cung, nc v mui s c b sung qua mng v bi qu
trnh thm thu bm ra khi lp mng v lng lo v lm lng ho mt s lng lng trng
mng hnh thnh nn lp th 4, chnh l phn lng trng mng pha ngoi.
trng
ng tc trng l mt phn x phc tp. Nhng th cm nim mc m o c kch
thch bng qu trng nm trong n. Nhng xung ng t th cm lm cho c m o v d con co
bp mnh. Lc thnh d con cng vi trng qua m o vo nhp. Nh c co bp ng thi
18
ca c d con v c m o nn trng c y qua nhp m khng chm vo vch, cho nn b
mt v trng mi khng bn. Thng g trng t th ng.
C trn ng dn trng phn b cc si thn kinh giao cm v ph giao cm. S co bp
c d con kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm, s kch thch ca thn kinh giao cm lm cho
chng yu i. Qu trnh ny thu c kt qu do tim cht kch thch hoc c ch cc dy thn
kinh . S co bp d con g kch thch bng axetyl colin, histamin. Tim atropin gi m tc
dng axetyl colin, m axeticolin ny l i lm cho d con co bp. Cc ch phm hormon cng
c nh hng n hot tnh ca c d con v m o. Khi dng adrenalin th c vng m o
c co bp. Oxitoxin vi liu 0,1 - 0,2ml kch thch mnh co bp d con sau khi tim 3 - 4
pht. Dng progesteron lm cho g ngng .
Trong s iu chnh trng, hocmon c hnh thnh trong nang trng cng tham
gia vo. Sau khi ct b nang trng, g ngng 9 - 36 gi. ng tc trng nm di s
iu khin ca h thn kinh trung ng.
Thay i lin tc iu kin nui dng (thay i chung, chuyn g t nh ny sang nh
khc, thay i ch nui dng...) c th lm cho g ngng mt thi gian di.
m o phn cui cng ca ng dn trng l mt ng c ngn, qua y trng lt
ra ngoi. Chiu di m o gn tng ng vi chiu di ca trng. Khi trng th phn di
ca t cung l ni trng ang nm s m ra, m o xoay v hng l huyt, cn l huyt th
xoay hng ra ngoi. Lc by gi m o n ra, sau y trng trt qua mp trn ca m o.
Sau khi m, t cung li tr v trng thi bnh thng nh c. Nh vy khi trng lt ra ngoi
th thc t xem nh khng tip xc vi m o ln l huyt m trc tip i thng t t cung ra
ngoi. T cung cng xoay vi trng. Lc u trng nm ngang vi chiu t cung. Phn ln
qung 90% - s trng khi nm trong t cung th u nhn xoay v pha sau ca thn g mi
nhng khng phi tt c cc trng khi th u nhn u ra trc v c nhiu trng hp
trc khi , trng b xoay chuyn. V th t 20 n 30% s trng khi ra khi t cung th u
t ra trc. Tu theo m o n to u trn hoc u di ca t cung m m l t cung
nm vo qung u t hoc u nhn ca trng v do trng ra s theo hng u t ra
trc hoc u nhn ra trc.
Chuyn ng ca m o c th tu thuc vo trng thi sinh l ca g mi. C kho
ca m o c l t ng co li xung quanh t cung m. Trng c th b gi li nu khng
c cc iu kin khng thch hp .
Thi gian hnh thnh trng. nhng g mi ngy mt, s rng trng thng bt
u sau khi qu trng trc c na gi. Sau 15 pht lng ri vo phu v vo
phn cong ca ng dn trng.
Thi gian trung bnh trng trong cc phn khc nhau ca ng dn trng c nu
trong bng 5.
Nh trong bng nu, trng lu li trong cc giai on khc nhau ca ng dn trng
theo nhng thi gian khng ging nhau.
Phn protit chim 60% chiu di ton b ng dn trng nhng trng ch y 3 gi,
tc khong 13% s thi gian lu li trong ng dn trng. Cn t cung chim gn 15% ton b
chiu di ca ng dn trng th trng lu li 19 gi (trn 80% tng s thi gian). Nh vy
trong tng phn ca ng dn trng, trng chuyn ng v pha trc vi tc khc nhau.

Bng 5. C cu thi gian to trng trong c th g mi

Thi gian trng lu li
Cc phn ng dn trng
Gi
T l so vi ton b
thi gian, %
Phu 0,33 1,4
For mat t ed: Left
cm
For mat t ed: Font : Bold, Not I t alic
19
Phn protit 3 12,8
Phn eo 1,17 5,0
T cung 19 80,8
m o Rt ngn
Cng 23,5 100,0

Trc khi hnh thnh trng, xy ra hng lot cc bin i c th trng thy v khng
trng thy trong cc c quan sinh dc v trong cc chc nng ca c th.
Trc thi k sinh sn, mu cha nhiu cht m v sau chuyn vo trng. Nng lng
chi ph vo qu trnh bin ho ny l do hm lng glucoza trong mu c tng thm v c
lin quan vi vic tng cng trao i c bn.
Khi bt u trng, hm lng m, protein, gluxit v cc cht khong trong mu g
mi c tng thm. Tng cao nht l hm lng m (n 255%), trong s cc cht khong
th hm lng fotfo tng cao nht (n 202%), tip theo l cc cht hu c cha trong fotfatit,
cn hm lng fotfo v c ch tng 26%, canxi tng 68%. Mu g mi ang nhiu protein
hn mu g mi khng 62%.
hnh thnh trng ni chung v tng phn ca trng ni ring, nh lng , lng
trng, v g mi cn chuyn ho mt lng ln cht dinh dng nn tt nhin i hi
hot ng kh cng thng khng ch ca cc c quan sinh dc m cn ca ton b c th.

Bng 6. Chiu di v khi lng ng dn trng v khi lng bung trng thuc cc la
tui khc nhau cc giai on c nng sut khc nhau.
ng dn trng
Tui
Khi lng, g Chiu di, cm
Khi lng
bung trng, g
G con mt ngy tui 0 0,45 0,03
G mi t lc ba thng tui 0,18 6,60 0,31
G mi t lc bn thng tui 1,10 9,69 2,66
G mi t lc nm thng tui 22,0 32,21 6,55
G mi t sau khi qu trng u 77 68 38
G mi t ngay sau khi ngng 74 65 34
G mi trong thi k thay lng 4 17 3
G mi li sau khi thay lng 75 68 49
G mi gi ang 78 69 52
G mi gi vo lc ngng ma ng 5 30 4
G mi gi trong thi gian p 6 30 3

Cc qu trnh xy ra khi hnh thnh trng

Bng 7. S lng t bo trng nhn thy trong bung trng ca g mi thuc cc ging
khc nhau
(theo ti liu ca Pirle v Shoppe v Romanoff)
Ging g S nang Nang di T bo trng nhn thy Tng s
20
pht trin 1mm
T 1mm
n 1cm
Trn 1cm
Lgo trng (Loghorn) 87 2268 124 5 2484
G lai i mt 46 2257 64 7 2374
Plymouth Rock 31 1486 88 6 1608
G chi n 54 1323 167 6 1550
G Brama nht 28 1074 119 9 1130
Bng 8. S thay i thnh phn ho hc ca lng (%) trong qu trnh hnh thnh trng
(theo Romano ff)
Trng c ng knh

T 2 n 6mm T 6 n 35mm
Nc 86 45
Protein 44,4 35,1
M 23,1 42,3
Folfalit 11,0 12,7
Cht dn xut khng m 8,6 3,9
Tro 12,9 6,0

Tnh chu k ca s rng trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: iu kin nui dng v
chm sc, la tui v trng thi sinh l ca gia cm... vic nui dng km, khng nh
sng v nhit khng kh trong chung cao cng lm chm s rng trng v trng.
Ngi ta bit c mi lin quan gia vic rng trng v ch ngy chiu sng. Nu
nui g ban ngy trong nh ti, cn ban m cho nh sng nhn to, th s rng trng v
trng s chuyn sang ban m.

1.3.5. iu ho qu trnh to trng v trng
S rng trng gia cm chu s iu khin ca cc hocmon. Cc hocmon hng sinh
dc ca tuyn yn FSH v LH kch thch sinh tr ng v chn ca cc t bo trng. Phn mnh,
cc t bo nang tit estron trong khi trng rng, kch thch hot ng ca ng dn trng.
Estron nh hng ln tuyn yn, c ch vic tit FSH, nh vy s lm chm vic chn t bo
trng bung trng. xc nh c l hocmon luteinostimuli (LH) ki m tra vic rng
trng ca gia cm. Tuyn yn ngng tit n khi trong ng dn trng c trng. Do c ch
s rng trng ca t bo trng chn tip theo. Ngoi ra LH ch tit vo bui ti, s chiu sng
lm ngng tr vic tit n, do vy, s rng trng s b ngng li. Ngi ta cho rng g t
lc bt u tit LH n lc rng trng ko di khong 6 - 8 gi. V vy vic chiu sng thm
vo cc gi bui chiu v ti lm chm vic tit LH, vic trng v rng trng 3 - 4 gi.
Nh vy, c ch ca qu trnh rng trng gia cm ph thuc vo mc tit cc hocmon
hng sinh dc trong ngy.
Trong vic iu ho qu trnh rng trng, c cc vng ca h thn kinh cp cao tham
gia, k c v bn cu i no. gia cm, to nn phn x c iu kin tc dng ln cc nhn
t khc nhau ca mi trng bn ngoi m n kch thch hay c ch qu trnh rng trng v
trng.
Chu k trng. trng l bn nng ca qu trnh sinh sn. Chim rng th hin r
hot tnh sinh dc c chu k theo ma v do chu k trng ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi
cnh. mt s ging g cng nghip cao sn, tnh trng theo ma khng th hin. iu
Del et ed:
21
chnh ch nui dng th duy tr c sn lng trng cao trong thi gian di. G cao sn
c th 300 v hn 300 trng trong mt nm.
Phn ln l g mi ngy 1 qu, khng ngh trong thi gian ngy di hay ngn. G
km thng cch nht; my ngy, sau ngh khong 2, 3, 4, 5 ngy v c th hn,
sau li tip. Thi gian ko di ca chu k trng ph thuc vo thi gian hnh thnh 1
qu trng. g thi gian cn thit hnh thnh 1 qu trng l 24 n 28 gi (trung bnh
l 25 gi). Nu trng c hnh thnh di 24 gi th g lin tc (ngy mt) v chu k
trng c th ko di (4 - 6 trng v hn). Nu nh trng c hnh thnh trn 24 ting, th g
cch nht. S ko di qu trnh hnh thnh trng g s lm cho trng nm trong d
con lu. Nu nh vo na ngy th hai m khng c hin tng rng trng, th qu trnh
trng s cch nht. V d, qu trng hnh thnh trong 26 gi th trng vo nhng ngy sau
s lch sang 8, 10, 12, 14 gi ca ngy, v sau l cch nht. Nh vy, thi gian cn thit
hnh thnh qu trng cng nhiu th chu k trng cng ngn v cng ko di thi gian cch
nht. Ngc li, chu k cng di th thi gian ngh cng ngn.
Chu k trng ca g c c trng rt nhp nhng, ngha l chu k c nhc
li. Chu k c chia ra: chu k ng, khi thi gian trng ko di qua mt s ngy nht
nh v chu k khng ng. Tnh nhp nhng ca chu k thay i khi ph v iu kin nui
dng. G trng tt c chu k c nh v ko di. Nhng g km chu k thng ngn,
thi gian ngh gia cc chu k di, t.
Chu k sinh hc trng l thi k t khi bt u pht dc v qu trng u tin
n khi bt u thay lng, trong thi gian g thay lng n khng . Sau khi thay lng sn
lng trng c hi phc v ko di n khi thay lng ln sau. g 2 nm tui v gi hn,
chu k sinh hc trng bao gm c thi gian gia 2 t thay lng. S bt u v kt thc
ca chu k sinh hc trng nhng g ny c th xy ra trong thi gian khc nhau trong
nm v ph thuc vo thi gian n ca g. Thng l chu k ko di 1 nm. Chu k ko di
c quan st thy g c kh nng pht dc sinh l cao, trng c nh v u.
G ty, vt v ngng chu k trng khc hn ch ko di hn v theo ma. G
tt trong mt nm ti 220 - 250 qu, vt 120 - 180 qu, g ty 100 - 150, ngng 50 - 80
qu.
Yu t ma trng ca vt v ngng lin quan n chu k nm ca hot tnh hocmon
(B.G.Novicop). Nng FSH v LH v hot tnh ca chng ph thuc vo s lng Rilizing
- hocmon c to thnh trong vng di i th.
Vt bt u t 7 - 8 thng tui v trong thi gian 6 thng cho n thi k thay
lng. Trong thi gian (chu k sinh hc u tin) vt bnh qun 120 - 130 qu trng. Sau
t thay lng, kh nng trng c khi phc (cui k th II) v ko di 5 thng, trong
thi gian ny vt cho 80 - 90 qu trng. Vt rt sm, v d vo 3 - 4 gi sng. n 6 gi
sng c ti 70% vt , cn n 9 - 10 gi vt xong.
S pht trin v chc nng cc c quan sinh sn ca g mi c kim tra bng c ch
thn kinh hocmon phc tp, di nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh. Tc nhn kch thch
u tin ti s pht trin h thng sinh dc gia cm non l s sn xut hocmon hng tuyn
sinh dc ca tuyn yn, nhng hocmon ny kch thch s pht trin v trng thnh ca trng
trong bung trng. Cng vi s sinh trng ca trng xut hin hot ng ni tit ca bung
trng; t bo nang trng tit ra oxtron, cht ny kch thch s sinh trng v hot ng ca
ng dn trng. Di nh hng ca oxtron d tr cc cht dinh dng c di chuyn, nhng
cht ny cn thit cho s hnh thnh mng v trng, tng mc trao i cht, tng tch lu
canxi trong mu g , s tch lu ny di s iu tit ca hocmon tuyn cn gip. Cn
tuyn cn gip chu nh hng ca hocmon tuyn yn. Sau khi rng trng cc t bo nang
trng v, tit ra progesteron duy tr trng thi hot ng ca ng dn trng khi hnh thnh
qu trng v cng lc tuyn yn tch li hocmon thc (oxitoxin). Qu trnh ny c ch
hot tnh vn ng ca ng dn trng v d phng trc thi gian. Tuyn yn tit ra
22
hocmon prolactin c ch tit hocmon kch thch nang trng v hocmon lutein. FSH kch
thch s pht trin v trng thnh ca nang trng, cn nhng g mi t, hocmon ny cng
kim tra s pht trin trng. LH kch thch rng trng. Qu trnh tit LH b c ch khi trong
ng dn trng c qu trnh hnh thnh trng, tc l lm chm vic rng nang trng trng
thnh. Sn phm LH c tit ra t tuyn yn ph thuc vo lng progesteron trong mu.
Ngi ta kt lun rng lng progesteron t th kch thch qu trnh ti t LH; cn liu lng
ln th c ch qu trnh .
Vo thi im trng, tuyn yn tit oxitoxin tng ln, hocmon ny kch thch co
bp cc c trn ca thnh ng dn trng.
Tp trung iu chnh chc nng b my sinh sn c duy tr nh c mi lin quan
khng kht ca tuyn yn v vng di i th. Sau khi b c hai bn cu no g trng
thnh, th thy hin tng teo b my sinh dc v chc nng ca n khng c tr li bnh
thng.
T l ca g ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: loi, ging, g, la tui, trng thi sinh l,
c im c th, iu kin ngoi cnh, iu kin nui dng.
Trong cc yu t mi trng th nh sng c nh hng nht n s pht trin v chc
nng ca c quan sinh dc con mi. Ko di s chiu sng khc nhau th kch thch hoc c
ch hot tnh sinh dc ca g. Nui g con trong iu kin ngy chiu sng di hn th thi
gian thnh thc sinh dc rt ngn i. Vt Bc Kinh nui dng t b iu kin ngy chiu
sng 16 gi th s thnh thc sinh dc bt u khi 135 ngy tui, cn trong iu kin chiu
sng t nhin th phi n 240 ngy tui. Ngng rt ngn thi gian thnh thc sinh dc, khi
chiu sng 13 gi. Dng thm nh sng nhn to, s thnh thc sinh dc g v g ty s
sm hn. Nhng nu s thnh thc sinh dc rt sm th g c khi lng b v trng b,
cho nn vic ny cn phi tnh k khi nui n g ging. Khi s thnh thc sinh dc mun th
g trng to hn. Trong iu kin chn nui g cng nghip, s iu chnh ch nh sng
cn c ch , coi nh mt yu t quan trng i vi gia cm t c sn phm trng
cao.
Cc qu trnh hormon
Hormon hng sinh dc (gonadostimulin) gia cm, cng nh cc ng vt khc
kim sot chc nng tuyn yn. Hormon kch thch nang (FSH) thc y s pht trin nang
bung trng ca con ci, con c - vic ln ln ca cc ng dn tinh v s pht trin ca
tinh trng trong tinh hon. Luteionstimulin (LH) c n thit cho nhng trng chn thot ra
khi nang, ngha l s rng trng v to nn cc hocmon sinh dc ca bung trng. con
c, hormon ny kch thch chc nng ni tit bn trong cc t bo k ca tinh hon. Prolactin
hay hormon to luteinostimulin iu khin s pht trin bn nng p trng gia cm v y
mnh hot ng ca tuyn ngc ( chim b cu); n km hm vic tit FSH v estron.
Mi lin quan chc nng gia tuyn yn v cc tuyn sinh dc c hnh thnh ngay
thi k phi thai. Sau khi ph hu tuyn yn phi g th cc tuyn sinh dc khng pht trin.
Vic tit FSH v LH c nhn thy phi g 13 ngy, nhng trong thi k phi thai nhng
hocmon ny nh hng yu ln chc nng ni tit ca tuyn sinh dc. Cng vi vic trng
thnh sinh dc, vai tr ca cc hocmon hng sinh dc thu trc tuyn yn cng tng. Vic
ct b tuyn yn gia cm trng thnh dn ti s xut hin nhng du hiu c trng cho
con thin: ngng pht trin mo, bt u pht trin ngc (teo nh) cc tuyn sinh dc.
g vic tit LH xy ra 6 - 8 ting trc khi rng trng. Lng hocmon hng sinh
dc ph thuc vo trng thi sinh l ca gia cm. g , lng FSH v LH t hn g cha
, g trng trng thnh nhng hocmon ny nhiu hn g mi . Khi tim hocmon vo
th bung trng g trng thnh phn ng mnh hn (nht l trc khi trng rng) so vi g
cha trng thnh. iu ny c gii thch l trong cc t bo ca tuyn yn trc khi trng
rng hocmon hng sinh dc c tch lu; g p LH nhiu hn so vi g . Nu tim
hocmon gy p ca thu trc tuyn yn cho b cu, th thy hin tng pht trin mnh biu
23
m ca diu v to nn "sa diu". C thng bo cho rng vic tha LH s lm gim chc
nng ca tuyn sinh dc. Vic a hocmon ny vo gia cm non gy nn nhng thay i teo
trong t bo sinh dc. Vic a FSH vo gia cm s trung ho tc dng ca LH ln tuyn sinh
dc. S xut hin bn nng p g mi c th ngng nu a estrogen vo.
Chc nng hng sinh dc ca thu trc tuyn yn ph thuc vo hm lng
hocmon sinh dc trong mu. Nu s lng chng b gim, th sn phm hocmon hng sinh
dc tng ln. Vic tng hm lng estrogen trong mu s hn ch tit FSH v kch thch vic
to nn LH. Hocmon sinh dc tc dng ln thu trc tuyn yn qua vng di i. Vic a
hocmon sinh dc vo c th trong mt thi gian di s lm gim hot tnh ca t bo vng
di i, gim vic to dch chit thn kinh ca chng, nh vy s lm ngng tr sn xut
hocmon hng sinh dc. Tm li, chc nng hng sinh dc ca thu trc tuyn yn c
iu khin theo nguyn tc lin h ngc chiu.
Ngi ta nhn thy c mi lin quan cht ch gia chc nng iu tit hocmon ca tuyn gip
vi hot ng ca cc tuyn sinh dc. Sau khi ct b tuyn gip g trng v vt c nhn
thy tinh hon b b i v qu trnh to tinh b c ch. Khi tim tiroxin s gy nn s tng
tuyn sinh dc ca chng. Nu a mt lng nh hocmon ny vo g mi th s tng chn
ca cc nang bung trng. Liu tiroxin cao s c ch chc nng bung trng, km hm cc t
bo trng chn. Nu b sung mt cch nhn to cc hocmon tuyn gip vo c th gia cm, th
c th gy ra thay lng trc thi hn. Mi lin h gia tuyn gip v s thay lng ln u
tin c xem xt trong th nghim cho gia cm n tuyn gip ti hoc kh. Hiu qu
tng chc nng tuyn gip khng xut hin ngay, thay lng nhn t o xy ra sau 7 - 10 ngy,
din ra mnh m trong khong 5 - 10 ngy. Hocmon ca tuyn gip rt cn to ra s thay
lng nhn to. Trc khi xy ra thay lng t nhin cn phi c mt liu tiroxin hoc bt tuyn
ny sy kh (15g) gy nn vic thay lng bt buc g. Ngi ta nhn thy g b ct b
tuyn gip s thay lng t nhin b ngng li trong mt thi gian di. Thay lng xut hin
trong thi gian nht nh trong nm trng vi thay i chc nng ca tuyn gip theo ma.

1.3.6. Tnh chu k ca s trng
Nh phn trn nu, s hnh thnh trng v trng khng phi bt c lc no cng
xy ra m b ngt qung theo nhp iu hoc chu k nht nh.
Chim rng, mi la ch mt s t trng, p n ra mt chim non. B cu t 2
4 qu, c loi mi la t 12 n 30 qu.
Trong iu kin t nhin, phn ln chim rng mi nm ch mt la vo mt ma
nht nh. Nu v mt l do no y m chim non b cht th chu k sinh sn li xut hin v
khi y chim la hai. Mt vi loi chim rng (k c g rng nhit i) hng nm v p
chim non n ba la. Cn chim s l loi bn gia cm th n bn la. B cu nh hng
nm c th n mi la.
Mt s g nh vn cn gi c tnh trng theo cc la nh k. V d mt s gia
cm a phng o Trinidad (Nam M) mi la n 12 trng, tip y l thi gian p
ko di qung 16 ngy, cng ton b chu k l 28 ngy.
G mi thun chng gc chu u hoc chu M lin tc trong mt thi gian di v
t khi ngng qu vi ngy. Tuy nhin, ngay c nhng mi tt, bung trng cng khng
phi lun lun trng thi hot ng. Trong thi gian ngt qung di c cc qu trnh thoi
trin din ra trong bung trng. Thi gian ngt qung y thng din ra vo ma ng, trng
vi k thay lng hon ton.

1.3.7. Chu k rng trng
Mun c sn lng trng cao th thi gian tin hnh qu trnh rng trng cn phi
ng u n mc ti a, v rng trng l hin tng kch thch ton b cc qu trnh khc,
cui cng dn n vic to thnh trng.
24
Rng trng thng din ra sau na gi k t khi qu trng trc. Khi trng vo
phn sau ca ng dn trng, phn ny li c mu dn vo v chuyn qua trng thi hot ng
tch cc tip thu qu trng mi thnh thc.
Vn ti sao nang trng v vn cha c sng r. Ngi ta khng th cho rng, do
p lc ln bung trng ngoi vo t pha phu cng khng phi do p lc xy ra bn trong
nang t pha lng hoc t dch nang. V vy ch cn c th gi nh rng, hin tng nang
v cng nh phn ln cc qu trnh sinh sn khc cng do cc hocmon iu tit.
S c mt ca g trng v hin tng p mi khng nh hng n tn s rng trng.
i vi b cu th vn c hi khc. b cu, ng tc p mi lm kch thch trng rng.
Sau khi p mi khong tm hm th trng rng. Khi trong t c hai trng th b cu mi bt
u p. Hin tng trng rng b ngng li v b cu mi khng thm na. Tuy nhin nu
ly trng ra khi t th li c th tip tc c s rng trng. C th buc g mi thm nhiu
trng bng cch ly trng ra khi . Nhng khng nn cho rng, ch dng ring bin php
nhn to ny l c th nng cao sn lng trng ln n 300 qu hng nm, m mun t n
nng sut y cn cn phi to ra hng lot cc iu kin khc na.
Cc iu kin bn trong v bn ngoi u c th d dng iu tit vic rng trng. nh
sng kch thch rng trng, cn bng ti th c ch n. V vy, nu hin tng rng trng cn
phi hon thnh xong ngay trc lc ti tri th n s b gi li cho n sng hm sau. Trong
iu kin chiu sng lin tc th s trng v tip l s rng trng din ra c ngy ln
m. Vo cui ma h tri qu nng bc lm gim tc rng trng. Sn lng trng lc by
gi cng gim.
Nu quy ry g mi khi th trng b gi li trong ng dn trng v s rng trng
tip theo s b chm li.
C nhng trng hp c nhng qu trng n hai ba lng , v ngi ta ghi li
c qu trng c nhiu nht l 9 lng . G mi t khi lin mt lot ton trng c hai
lng . Ngi ta xem nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do s ri lon ca chu k rng
trng, trong mt s lng rng gn nh cng mt lc. Hin tng ny xy ra g
trng ging hng tht nhiu hn g hng trng.
Cng vn thng xy ra nhng trng hp m Sterky nu l g mi vn rng
trng u n, nhng lng thnh thc khng ri vo ng dn trng m ri vo khoang c
th v y mt thi gian th b tiu ht i, sau chng khng bao gi na. Nhng g
mi ny b ngoi thy rt bo v p, khi dng sp th thy chng khng bao gi trng.
G mi trng theo nhp l my ngy lin tc sau y ngng mt hoc vi
hm. V vn ny, gi thit ca Bastian v Zarrow rt ng ch . V nguyn tc, gi gic
trng vo bui sng i vi cc qu u chu k, cn qu cui cng i khi vo lc
qu tra rt lu. Phn ln gia cc chu k c mt ngy khng v mi chu k c th t
mt n trm qu trng, c khi cn nhiu hn na nhng a s trng hp g t hai n ba
qu. Cc tc gi trn cho rng, c hai chu k hon ton c lp vi nhau, tc ng tng h
ln nhau v cng to thnh chu k rng trng in hnh ca g mi. Chu k u l s thay i
ngy m k tip nhau, chu k hai l nhp iu thnh thc cc nang trng. Tin quan trng
gii thch vn ny l thi gian t bo trng thot khi nang trng din ra ban m vo
cng mt gi ging nhau v ko di kh lu gn tm gi; ngoi ra li cn do cc nang u
thnh thc sau cng mt thi gian tng i bng nhau.
Th nghim Bastian v Zarrow chng minh rng, chiu sng ban m dn n trng
thi hot ng ca g mi s lm cho trng thi rng trng ca nang u tin trong chu k b
chm li. V cc tc gi cho rng, nhp iu ban ngy thy g mi khi rng trng, c th gii
thch bng tc ng u th giai on sng trong ngy v hot ng ban ngy c tc ng
n rng trng.
25
Vn ny khng mu thun vi hin tng trng rng vo ban ngy v vo lc g
mi hot ng mnh, v t khi hocmon hng tuyn sinh dc tit vo mu n khi trng rng
cch nhau tm gi.
Cng nh tc gi trn khi so snh khi lng lng nhng trng k tip nhau
nhn thy rng, khi lng cc lng trong nhng chu k t hai n ba qu trng c gim
xung, cn cc chu k di hn th khng thay i nhng y c nhiu trng hp ngoi
l. Cng c nhng trng hp trong mt chu k, khi lng cc cht kh ca lng cn
tng ln.
Ngi ta xc nh rng, trong mt chu k, thi gian cch nhau gia hai ln trng
cc g mi c khc nhau. Khong cch thi gian ny cng gn ng vi 24 gi bao nhiu th
g mi y cng c kh nng c chu k ko di by nhiu. Nu khong cch cng di bao nhiu
th chu k cng kt thc sm by nhiu. . V nu qung thi gian ny di hn 24 gi th qu
trng tip theo (vo hm sau) s ra mun hn. Trong nhng trng hp khong cch ny
ko di th vi hm sau, g s trng vo lc qu tra, khi hot ng ca bung trng b
c ch v do trng b km li khng na. S ngng tr ny lm mt nhp iu rng
trng v chu k b ngt qung. Vic chn lc g mi c chu k trng ko di to kh nng
chn lc nhng mi c khong cch gia hai chu k trng gn ng 24 gi. V vy nhng
g c chu k trng ko di thng trng vo mt thi gian gn ging nhau tr my hm
u v cui k trng.
Cho n nay, chu k trng di nht m ngi ta bit c l mt g mi Logo,
lin mt mch 235 ngy khng ngh.
kt lun cn phi ni rng, hin nay ngi ta vn cha r nguyn nhn cui cng ca
tnh cht chu k trong s trng g mi: c phi l do hot ng ca bung trng biu hin
bng cc khong thi gian u n gia cc ln rng trng hay l do hot ng ca ng dn trng
tu thuc thi gian m c nh hng n rng trng. V vy, s gii thch ca Bastian v
Zarrow c gng kt hp c hai gi thit ny li cng c v hp l hn.

1.3.8. Nhp iu trng hng nm
Nu chu k ko di l mt tnh trng c th, c ngha quyt nh i vi sn lng
trng hng nm th khng nn qun rng cn c nhiu nhn t khc tc ng n nng sut
trng na.
Nh ngi ta bit nng sut trng chu nh hng r rt ca nhng bin i ma
v. Rt kh gii thch cc nguyn nhn gy nn nhng s tng gim ny v cng vi thay i
ma v hng nm, cn c hng lot cc nhn t khc nh hng n hot ng ca cc c
quan sinh dc nh ngy di hay ngn, nhit, iu kin nui dng vv V vy Bardjer
cho rng, a s ti liu n nay vn cha th gii thch c nhp iu sinh tng gim theo
iu kin thi gian hng nm. Thi v nh hng t ti nng sut ca g mi nhiu, cc g
mi trung bnh th n thi v thun li nht mi mnh. Trong mi trng hp, cho n
nay vn cha c cch no to ra g mi hon ton khng chu nh hng ca ngoi cnh.
Ni n nh hng ngoi cnh i vi nng sut trng, c th nu vn : nu ta tip
tc nng cao nng sut trng th hin tng nng sut b gim theo thi v c th mt i hay
khng. Lerner v Taylor xc nh rng, s ngng trong ma ng l mt hin tng
khng ty thuc vo sn lng trng hng nm cao hay thp, nh th c ngha l ngng
ma ng khng phi do nng sut trng cao trong ma trc gy nn m cng khng dn
n nng xut cao vo ma sau. O. Neil trong nhng th nghim tm thi h thp cc iu
kin nui dng v chm sc cng i n kt lun nh th. ng xc nh rng, sau khi tm
thi b gim nng sut xung do cc iu kin nui dng b st km, nu th tiu cc nguyn
nhn gy nn s st km y th nng sut vn khng th ln cao hn mc trung bnh.
Nhng trng khng ra ng thi gian ca n v nhng nguyn nhn no y th vn
b gi li nguyn th. V vy, thi gian trng ko di l mt tnh trng quan trng ca g
26
mi tt. Thi gian ngt qung thng xy ra vo lc tm ngh ma ng ko di t ngy
mng mt thng mi n ngy mng mt thng ba. Khong thi gian tm ngh ng ph
thuc vo c tnh di truyn v nh hng ngoi cnh. vng kh hu nng, hin tng tm
ngh ma nng thay cho tm ngh ma ng.
C th c nhiu cch xc nh thi gian ko di trng. Heis v Saninborn (theo
trch dn ca Hutt) xc nh: l s ngy k t khi bt u trng n khi bt u tm ngh
ma ng. Cc tc gi ny gi thi k y l nm trng sinh hc. C th ly ngy thng g
qu trng cui cng hoc tui ca g mi vo lc y lm mc o c th thi gian ko di
trng. Mun th phi ghi chp ngy g n. Trong thc tin c th dng s lng trng
vo thng tm v thng chn tc l trong hai thng trc khi tm ngh lm mc o. Hutt
cho rng nng sut chung cng vi nng sut tng thng l mc o gi tr kinh t ca g mi
trc tip hn v thch hp hn bt k mt kiu xc nh no khc. Chng ta c th nht tr vi
quan im ny. Nghin cu cn thn s trng ca g mi ta c th c ngay n tng r
rng v thi gian ko di v tnh n nh ca s trng.

1.3.9. Phn x p trng
Bn nng p trng lin quan n kh nng trng v phn x khng c iu kin. mt
s g thng l ma xun sau khi th bt u p trng. S p ca g nh c th hin
dng nm l trong , ngng ; g ku cc cc. c bit s p th hin r g ty, thng l
sau khi c 15 - 17 trng. Bn nng p trng xut hin sau khi 12 - 15 trng, cn
nhng mi so sau 6 - 10 trng. vt bn nng ny xut hin trong trng hp, nu nhng
trng ra vn trong . g dng trng bn nng p trng khng cn. iu to iu
kin cho n c nng sut trng cao. g ging tht, s p trng lm gim sn lng trng.
Thi gian p ca g l 21 ngy. khng ch khng cho g p, ngi ta lm cng tc chn
ging, chn nhng g t p hoc khng p.
Trong iu kin t nhin, g mi rng sau khi trng t u th chuyn qua giai
on p trng ri nui con v ch sau mi gt u t th hai
Hin nay do chn lc, bn nng p trng mt s ging g chuyn trng gim i
nhiu. Thc ra, ngi ta vn cha t n mc xo b n hon ton. Bn nng ny biu hin
mnh nht cc ging g tht (ln) chu . Mt vi ging g chu u v chu M lai vi g
mi chu vn gi bn nng ny mc tng i. Thm ch nhng ging g b (ging
g trng) a trung hi, ni chung khng cn bn nng ny na, nhng i khi vn thy th
hin. C th hiu mt cch d dng v sao bn nng ny li c duy tr qua nhiu th h, nu
ta nh rng y l do vn bo tn ni ging m c. Nhng g mi khng p th mt kh
nng duy tr ni ging, con ci ca chng ch c th c c bng cch p trng nhn to nh
s can thip ca con ngi. Vic tin hnh tuyn chn g theo hng khng c bn nng p
trng cng d dng v iu ny lin quan n vic tuyn chn theo nng sut cao hng nm:
ni chung cc mi p th t trng ( y cng vn c nhng trng hp ngoi l).
Heis v Sainborn chng minh rng nhng g mi c bn nng p trng th cng
trng gia hai k p cao hn nhng g mi khng c bn nng ny. Tuy nhin iu y cng
khng th b p ton b trng b mt (do khng ) trong khi p v do trong mi trng hp
nhng g mi c bn nng p thng c nng sut trng hng nm thp hn.
c ch bn nng y, ngi ta nht g mi vo gi hay vo lng t ngoi tri. Bng
cch y thng sau vi hm g mi c th qun p c.
Thi gian gn y ngi ta dng dng in h th rt ngn thi k g mi p trng.
Cng c th rt ngn thi gian p ca g mi bng cch: h st (c th dng thuc gim st),
cho n tt, nht chung vi g trng, t lng g ni khng yn tnh v c nh sng y ,
lm nh vy, sau 2-3 ngy g s b p (Bi Hu on v CTV).

1.3.10.Thay lng
27
Thi gian g ngh lu khng phi vo lc p trng m vo lc thay lng. Cho n
nay ngi ta vn cha to c ging g khng thay lng hoc khi thay lng m vn . Thay
lng v gia cm l hin tng sinh l t nhin tng ng vi hin tng thay lng mao
ng vt c v.
Hin tng thay lng ko di bao lu v ti n hnh vo lc no l hon ton tu thuc
vo cc i thay ln ca c th. Trong mt s trng hp, cc lng chnh ln lt b thay th,
do quanh nm chim c lp lng v gn bo v ton thn. Trong nhng trng hp
khc, do ton b lng cng rng bt ng nn c lc g mi hu nh b tri lng. Thay lng i
hi c th loi chim hot ng gp i, khi gia cm rt mn cm vi mi trng v b
m. Mt mt yu cu chi ph nhiu th cn thit phc hi lp lng mi, mt khc g b tri
lng d b tc ng nh hng bt li ca thi tit hn.
Thi gian bt u thay lng gn vi hot ng gim st ca c quan sinh dc. Khi bt
u thay lng, trnh cho c th khi hot ng qu sc, g ngng trng. Ngi ta phn
bit thay lng hon ton vi thay lng b phn hoc thay lng c. Khi thay lng hon ton th
g mi thay ton b lng v v trong thi gian t hai n nm thng, n khng . Trong iu
kin kh hu ph bin, thay lng hon ton phn ln bt u vo cui thu hay vo ma ng,
nh ta bit cc nh hng thun li hoc bt thun li u c th lm chm hoc lm
nhanh hin tng thay lng v trong cc trng hp hn hu c th hon ton lm nh ch
hin tng y. Trong thi gian ny nu thay i v tr hoc chung tri, thay i thi tit bt
ng, thay i thc n t ngt th c th dn n thay lng chp nhong. Nhng g mi tt
bt u thay lng mun hn v mt t thi gian hn cc g mi khc to ra b lng mi. C
nhng g mi c bit trong hai nm lin hoc lu hn na, vn m khng c cc du hiu
thay lng hon ton. V vy, gia thi gian ko di thay lng v sn lng trng hng nm c
mi lin quan cht ch.
Khi thay lng b phn th g khng thay ton b lng m thng ch thay lng c.
Trng hp ny, thi gian g ngng rt ngn v khng c tnh quy lut nh thay lng hon
ton. Nu cho g n v chm sc c bit cn thn th c th lm cho chng trnh c thay
lng ton b. Nhng g mi trng thnh i khi bt u thay lng b phn vo ma ng,
sau thi gian trng cng thng.
Heis v Sainborn pht hin rng, khong thi gian ngh ma ng khng tu thuc
vo qu trnh thay lng v khng c mi quan h no gia khong thi gian thay lng v
khong thi gian p trng. Ngc li, cng trng, tnh cht n nh ca s trng,
sn lng trng c nm v sn lng trng trc khi thay lng c tng quan nghch vi
khong thi gian thay lng. G mi c nng sut cao v lu bn th cng c thi gian thay
lng ngn nht.
Hin tng thay lng cng do cc qu trnh hocmon iu tit v c quan h vi hot
ng ca tuyn gip. Khi tuyn gip pht trin qu mc th lng thay sm. Mt khc, hot
ng tuyn gip li b chi phi bi kch t do tuyn yn tit ra. Tim kch t gip trng s lm
cho g thay lng sm. Nh Buddenbrock chng minh, khi tim hormon ny 3 l n, g bt
u thay lng.

1.3.11.Thnh thc sinh dc ca g mi - qu trng u tin
cht dinh dng to thnh trng, trong c th g mi c tc trao i cht rt
cao. Nhng ging g mi ngy nay c to ra qua chn lc, bt u trng rt sm khi
thnh thc sinh dc nhng c th th cn lu na mi trng thnh. G mi t bt u
trng th th trng ch t gn 2/3 trng lng bnh thng khi trng thnh. G mi vn
tip tc ln khi trng do c th phi lm vic gp i.
Chim rng bt u trng vo ma xun, vo thi gian thun li trong nm, phn ln
khi c mt nm tui. G mi thuc cc ging trng hin nay bt u trng vo cui h
hoc vo ma thu lc nm n sau thng tui (tu theo thi gian n). Ni chung tnh thnh thc
28
sinh dc sm c quan h vi nng sut trng cao. Nu v mi con n ra vo thi gian bt thng
trong nm th chng c th thnh thc sinh dc rt sm nhng s c nng sut thp.
Ngi ta nhn thy rng, g con n vo ma xun v u ma h thnh thc sinh dc
mun hn, v vy khi thnh thc th cn nng cao hn g n vo thu ng.
Mc d g n vo ma xun trng mun hn nhng tng s trng chng ra li
nhiu hn. G mi c nng sut cao nht trong ma thu l nhng g n vo thng hai v bt
u trng vo thng by, nhng trong thng mt v thng chp, chng cng thng hay
ngng v bt u thay lng cc b. Trong c hai trng hp k trn, giai on trng
thc t trong nm u b rt ngn rt nhiu.
Theo quan im sinh hc th trong cc iu kin nui dng bnh thng, nhng g
con n ra trc ngy mt thng t khng c u im g tri hn. G mi n vo thi gian
thng thng trong nm bt u trng vo thng mi mt, thi gian trng khng b
ngt qung v khng thay lng. Trong iu kin chm sc v nui dng theo phng php
hin i c th cho g n quanh nm v ngi ta phn b s trng lm sao c hiu qu
kinh t nht.
Heis nghin cu vn ny s ln g mi Rhode Island n vo thng ba v thng t.
Nhng g mi n sm qu th nh hn nhng g mi n vo thi gian trung bnh hoc n
mun. Khi lng khc nhau ny khi 14 thng tui tr ln khng cn na. Tui g mi t khi
bt u trng c nh hng n trng lng trng: nhng mi thnh thc mun ni chung
c nm ra trng nng hn nhng mi thnh thc sm. Nhng mi thnh thc rt sm th
nng sut cao hn nhng mi thnh thc mun nhng khng cao hn s mi thnh thc trung
bnh.
Heis cho rng, ng v quan im kinh t m xt th tt nht l nui g mi thnh thc
sinh dc t bn thng ri n su thng tui.

1.3.12. Tui v nng sut
Tui cng cao th nng sut g mi cng gim. iu y khc vi cc loi gia sc khc
nh b, ln. B ci t sn lng sa cao nht vo la th t hay la th nm, ln ni
nhiu con nht vo la ba hay la bn. Trong c hai trng hp trn, chng ta u gp nhng
qu trnh sinh trng ko di, ch sau khi cc qu trnh ny hon thnh th sau gia sc mi
c kh nng t nng sut y . Sau khi bt u trng, g mi cng cn tip tc ln, tuy
nhin cng trng t c trong nm u tin s l cao nht.
Nng sut ca gia cm mi theo tui c trnh by trong bng sau:

Bng 9. Nng sut ca gia cm mi theo tui
Nm G Vt Ngng G ty
1
2
3
4
5
100%
85%
70
60
50
100%
105
80
70
55
100%
125
160
150
75
100%
105
95
75
85
Cn c vo s bin ng ca t l trng qua cc nm m ngi ta xc nh thi gian s
dng thch hp i vi tng loi, ging gia cm.
i vi g nn s dng ht nm u, vt 2 nm, ngng 4 nm, g ty 3 nm. Nu tip tc nui, tiu
tn thc n tng ln nhng t l thp.

1.3.13.Quy lut trng v th trng
29
Gia cm hng trng yu cu trn 270 trng trong nm trng u tin. Cc
ging g siu trng hin nay thng trn 300 trng. Qu trnh thng din ra theo quy
lut, c Balkar Bains m t nh sau:

th trng

G hng trng thng bt u lc 18-20 tun tui, sau , t l tng ln rt
nhanh, n 30-32 tun tui c th t 95-97 % v duy tr nh cao ny n 34-35 tun tui.
l phase I.
Trong phase II, t 35-50 tun tui, t l bt u gim dn xung, cui phase, t l
cn khong 75-80 %.
Phase III: sau tun tui th 50 tr i. T l gim xung, n 66 tun tui ch cn
60-70% v thng kt thc giai on trng ti y.
i vi g siu tht hoc th vn, qu trnh trng cng din ra theo quy lut tng
t, ch khc:
G bt u mun hn khong 4 tun, do din bin ca th trng cng li
li 4 tun so vi g siu trng.
Ngay c khi nh cao, t l cng ch t khong 80- 85 %.
Ngi ta thng cn c vo th trng, t l , gi trng hoc gi g con trn th trng
m quyt nh thay th g mi vo thi im thch hp, nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t cao
nht.

1.4. Mt s yu t nh hng n sn lng trng

1.4.1. nh hng ca hocmon n sn lng trng
Tuyn yn v tuyn sinh dc. ngha ca homon c nu r trong phn vit v chu
k rng trng. D nhin s iu tit homon cng c ngha quyt nh i vi vic nng cao
sn lng trng. C nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v nh hng ny ca cc hocmon i vi
nng sut trng. V d Brant nghin cu t m tc ng ca estrogen, androgen v
progesteron i viht ng ca ng dn trng gia cm. Tim cc hocmon ny vo g mi
Lgo trng cha thnh thc sinh dc (tu theo liu lng tim) s lm cho ng dn trng to
ra. Ch tim estrogen s lm cho ng dn trng ln ln 41 ln, cn nu ch tim androgen hoc
progesteron d vi liu lng cao nht cng ch lm n ln ln t hai n ba ln so vi i
chng. Ring estrogen th gy nn nhng bin i c th trong ng dn trng i vi g mi
t trng thnh.
18
95
30
34
66
70
T l (%)
Tun tui
30
Cn c vo tc ng ny ca cc hocmon i vi cc c quan to trng, ngi ta hy
vng c th d dng nng cao nng sut trng khi tim hocmon cho g. Tuy nhin, v vn
ny cho n nay vn cha c iu g sng t.
Trong thc t din ra hng lot cc cng trnh nghin cu m kt qu hon ton tri
ngc nhau. Qua y ngi ta thy rng, loi chim vic xc nh quan h tng h ca cc
hocmon v tc ng ring bit ca tng hocmon kh hn ng vt c v.
Buddebrock nu r cc c im sinh hc ca loi chim v c bit v s tn ti ca
bung trng th s bn phi. Sau khi ct bung trng ang hot ng bn tri th bung trng
bn phi bt u pht trin v bin thnh mt tinh hon y . C th v vy m g mi
thin, mo v tch pht trin mnh lm cho b ngoi trng ging nh g trng. Nh chng ta
thy phn ng ca bung trng th s bn phi rt rt c o. Ngi ta khng r n phn
ng nh th no khi tim cc hocmon t ngoi vo v c l y l nguyn nhn ca mi kh
khn trong vic xc nh quan h tng h gia cc hocmon v ca nhng mu thun v cc
ti liu thu c khi tim hocmon cho g mi . V vn dng hocmon nng cao sn
lng trng, Hutt nu nh sau: trong cc thng bo v 31 th nghim dng cc cht tuyn
yn, bung trng, tuyn gip hoc dng cazein c hot tnh tiroit v dng th vng u khng
c mt bng chng no chng t rng, d da vo mt trong s cc cht th nghim li c
th buc g mi nhiu trng hn so vi i chng. Trong hon cnh hin nay, chng ta
cha th nng cao nng sut trng bng cch dng bin php hocmon c th ng dng
rng ri trong thc tin.
Tuyn gip. Tuyn gip gy nh hng quyt nh i vi qu trnh trao i cn thit
cho vic sn xut trng, v vy v mt l lun dng phng php cho g n cc ch phm
tuyn gip nng cao nng sut trng l c th c. Cc th nghim ni ting trc y ca
Djiakming (1922 1923) nghin cu tc ng ca cc ch phm t tuyn gip khi cho chim
n. Trong cc th nghim ny trao i cht tng rt cao, n mc, mc d cho n y , chim
vn hon ton khng tch lu m. Trng thi ny dn n tnh trng tuyn c (timus) b b li,
cn tuyn l huyt th b teo sm; b lng tr nn ri v c. Lng pht trin nhanh n
mc lm cho thi gian thay lng ko di v lng mt sc t. Khi cho n cc ch phm t
tuyn gip vi liu lng cao th sau qung thi gian ngn li c thay lng v c th dn n
rng lng hon ton.
Turner xc nhn rng, g mi gi tiroxin t hn cc g mi t kh nhiu. Bng cch
cho n ko di cht tireoprotein tuyn gip c th duy tr mc cha tiroxin trong mu v
nh th ngn chn vic gim st sn lng trng.
Tuy nhin, nhng kt qu thu c trong cc th nghim dng ch phm t tuyn gip
vn cn nhiu mu thun, v vy cha nn s dng cc ch phm y vo thc t sn xut.
Tuyn c (timus). So vi tc ng ca tuyn yn, tuyn gip v tuyn sinh dc th tc
ng trc tip ca tuyn c i vi nng sut trng l khng ng k. Greenvoad v Blyth
xc minh rng, sau khi ct tuyn c th hm lng canxi trong mu g mi cn non vn
mc bnh thng v chng vn trng c v vi bnh thng. Do , tri vi nhng ti liu
trong cc th nghim khc, timus hnh nh khng gy nh hng g i vi vic hnh thnh
lp v vi. Paron v Kagan (theo trch dn ca Buddenbrock) cho bit rng, vt c khi ct
b tuyn c s c hin tng ngng pht trin cc dch hon. Tc ng ca s ct b tuyn c
vt mi yu hn, tuy nhin s pht trin tuyn sinh dc v ng dn trng ca chng s b
chm li. Buddenbrock gi thit rng, c l timus lm cho cc tuyn sinh dc pht trin nhanh,
cc tuyn sinh dc pht trin li gy nh hng c ch i vi timus bng cc hocmon ca
chng. Tuy th ng ta cho rng, trong s tt c cc c quan ni tit th tc ng ca timus cn
ang c tranh lun nhiu hn c. V th khng c g ng ngc nhin khi khng mt nh
no nh ng dng timus vo thc tin.
nh hng ca cc hocmon i vi s p trng
31
Nhng nh nng cao nng sut trng bng cch rt ngn vi thi gian p c ngha rt
ln. Godfrey v Jaap thnh cng trong vic lm ngng hin tng p trng bng cch tim
estrogen (dietilstilbestrol). Phng php lm ngng p trng bng hocmon cng c hiu qu cao
nh mt bin php ni ting c ng dng trong thc tin t lu l nht g mi p vo lng
thong kh. Cc tc gi cho rng, hm lng estrogen trong mu cao do tim dietilsbestrol vo dn
n c ch chung s tit hocmon ca thu trc tuyn yn v lm ngng p trng.
Nh phn trc nu, prolactin kch thch p trng. Hnh nh bn nng p trng
loi chim c hai giai on thc s: giai on p trng giai on nui chim non. Giai on u
do tuyn yn iu tit, cn phi tit prolactin nhiu v tit trong thi gian di duy tr giai
on ny; giai on hai c th bt u m khng cn tc ng ca prolactin.
Do hocmon c nh hng i vi bn nng p trng v khi tim chng vo th c
th ngn nga c bn nng y xut hin. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng cn ph bin
rng ri v bng cch chn lc c k hoch, ngi ta c th to ra cc ging g khng c bn
nng p trng v nu gp mt s c th c bit c bn nng ny trong ging chn lc th
ngi ta s loi thi chng s n gin hn l dng hocmon.
nh hng cc hocmon i vi hin tng thay lng
Ngi ta thy r l hin tng thay lng cng thuc v cc hin tng sinh l chu
nh hng ca hocmon. Globulin tuyn gip (tireoglobulin) c th hp th iot c trong c th.
Hiu qu ni tit ca tuyn yn c quan h cht ch vi hm lng iot trong tuyn yn.
Hocmon tuyn yn kch thch qu trnh hnh thnh lng v trong qu trnh thay lng bnh
thng, hm lng iot tuyn yn b gim. gy nh hng i vi qu trnh thay lng
bng cch s dng iot khng t kt qu. C th gy thay lng rt mnh bng cch dng
cc hocmon gy nh hng ln hot ng ca tuyn gip. Tim progesteron cng c th xc
tin s bt u thay lng. Tuy nhin, n nay vn cha c phng php no c th chuyn s
thay lng vo thi gian sm hn (theo kin ca Shaffner).
Vn dng cc ch phm hocmon gy tc ng i vi vic sn xut trng ta c th
ni rng, nhng kt qu n nay t c v mt ng dng kinh t vn cha c tho
ng. Chng ta vn cha c khi nim r rt v ton b cc mi quan h hocmon, v trong a
s trng hp khi a cc hocmon vo nhm gy ra mt qu trnh no trong c th th
ng thi cng lm c ch cc qu trnh khc hay ni chung l khng mang l i kt qu r rt.
S dng cc hocmon c th gy ri lon tt c cc qu trnh din bin c quy lut trong c
th; nhng qu trnh ny do tc ng tng h cht ch ca cc hocmon quyt nh. Trong
trnh hiu bit hin nay ca chng ta v hocmon, vic lm nh th cng ging nh tm
cch cha ng h eo tay bng mt con dao gm: kt qu th cha bit nhng chc chn s
lm hng cc b phn no . V vy hp l hn v ng tin cy hn (t nht l trong thi
gian hin nay) l nn nui nhng g mi m c th c c im di truyn v mt tit cc
hocmon cn thit sn xut trng vi mc thch hp v trong thi gian cn thit, tc l
y mnh cng tc chn lc v nhn ging mt cch khoa hc.
nh hng ca cc loi ch phm khc
nhiu ln ngi ta tm cch tc ng ln hot ng ca c quan sinh sn v ln cc
qu trnh lin quan vi hot ng ca cc c quan y bng cch s dng nhiu loi ch phm
khc nhau khng c ngun gc hocmon.
V d trong y hc ngi ta dng thuc sc t v cy iohimbin mang tn l iohimbin
v trong th y mang tn l iohimvtol (dng bin cht). Iohimbin kch thch hot tnh sinh dc
ca con c v con ci. Th nghim i vi g mi t cho thy rng, cht thuc ny khng
lm nh hng n tc thnh thc cng nh nng sut.
Iotcazein kch thch hot ng tuyn gip v ngi ta dng n cho gia sc n cng
nhm mc ch y. Khi cho g mi t n iotcazein th trong ba thng u sn lng trng b
gim st, cn v sau th khng h thy c s bin i no. Khi cho n iotcazein cng nh cho
32
n tiouraxin, ngi ta nhn thy nng sut gim st r rt; cho n iotcazein th th trng b
gim st v ngc li cho n tiouraxin th th trng tng ln.
Axetincholin cht c thuc tnh ph giao cm l cht kch thch hot ng ph giao
cm, trong khong 50% s trng hp, cht ny lm cho trng ra nhanh t 2 n 18 gi.
Nhng trng ny hoc c v vi mm hoc khi lng tng i ca v vi trong ton b
khi lng ca trng thp i.
Efedrin sunfat l cht kch thch giao cm; nu tim cht ny vo bp tht lc trng
nm trong t cung th trng ra mun hn khong mt ngy m. Nghin cu hnh dng
trng th thy axetincholin lm cho trng c hnh di, cn tim efedrin th trng c hnh trn.
Tim c hai cht vo thi gian trng nm trong t cung s lm gim khi lng v trng.
Ngoi ra, efedrin cn c xu hng lm trng lng trng c, cn axetincholin th ngc li:
lm c lng trng long.
Khi dng mt vi loi thuc ng, loi gy m trong y hc, ngi nhn thy trng
rng sm.
Thuc engepitin dng chng vim gan truyn nhim (2-amino-5-nitrotiazol), c th
gy hin tng thay lng v sau thi gian thay lng ny nng sut cao hn khi thay lng do
thiu n. Ngi ta cho rng. engeptin khng gy nh hng tai hi i vi nng sut v sau.
Mc d kh nng gy nh hng ln cc qu trnh lin quan n sn lng trng c rt
nhiu dng khc nhau, cho n nay ngi ta vn cha nghin cu c loi ch phm no c
th s dng c kt qu (khng gy hu qu tai hi) nng cao sn lng trng trong mt
thi gian di. Vic nghin cu lnh vc ny s c gi tr ln lm sng t cc qu trnh sinh
l nhng cha hn c th ng dng trc tip vo thc tin.

1.4.2. nh hng ca nui dng
Theo cc nguyn nhn rt d hiu, sn lng trng ph thuc vo nui dng vi mc
rt cao. Ngi ta c cn c gi nh rng, mc d c s iu tit hocmon v thn kinh
i vi cc qu trnh sinh sn, s hnh thnh cc nang chn (v ngay c bn thn sn lng
trng) s b thoi ho, nu khi lng lng khng c cu to y v bn thn vn
ny tu thuc vo s cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho c th mt cch y .
Sn lng trng s b gim st nu khng cung cp y cc cht dinh dng cho c
th tc l nu g mi nhn thc n mc khng p ng yu cu ca khu phn duy tr
v sn xut. G cng c th khng nu cc cht dinh dng c cung cp km phm cht,
nu trong thc n thiu cc cht nht nh cn thit to ra lng . C nhiu cng trnh
nghin cu v nh hng ca s lng v cht lng protein i vi sn lng trng. Kh
nng g mi s dng protein ca bn thn c th sn xut ra trng ht sc hn ch. Khi thiu
cc axit amin, g mi ngng n bn, nm ngy. V vy, cc axit amin nh metionin, lizin,
triptofan v mt s khc thng khng trong cc khu phn c ngha quan trng i vi
gia cm.
Khi nhiu, ch ring vic cu to v trng cng i hi mt s lng ln cc cht
khong. T c th hiu c rng, cung cp khng cc cht khong, nht l canxi v
fotfo cng nh mangan v cc nguyn t khc s lm gim sn lng trng. i vi cc
vitamin cng th. Trong thi gian r, chim cn s lng y cc vitamin theo mt t l
va phi. Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi nht cng nu ln hin tng nng sut trng c
nng cao bng cch b sung vitamin vo khu phn. Ngi ta xc nh c mi tng
quan gia hin tng thiu vitamin vi kh nng khng km ca c th i vi cc bnh
khc nhau.
Trn l thuyt, ngi ta thy phng php ch bin thc n v k thut nui dng
cng nh hng n sn lng trng, v vy c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu t m tc ng
ca nhng bin php trn. Tuy nhin, tc ng ny s khng ng k nu hm lng cc cht
dinh dng cn thit c y trong thc n v vi t l hp l.
33
Tri vi kin ca cc nh chn nui gia cm thc hnh, ngi ta thy s thay i
thc n t ngt khng gy nh hng bt li i vi sn lng trng, nu khi thay i, cht
lng thc n khng b gim st.
Tm thi cho n hn ch c th gy nh hng n nng sut nhng phi ht sc thn
trng khi ng dng phng php ny. Nu dng bin php tc ng mnh qu th g mi phn
ng bng cch thay lng. Cng khng nn qun rng, theo nguyn tc, nng sut trng b
gim st th v sau khng b p li c. Khi nui dng g mi khng y trong mt
thi gian di th giai on trng ch yu s chuyn ho qua cc thng ma xun. Ch khi
cho n rt y th g mi mi nhiu trng vo ma ng, h thc n b hn ch th chu
k trng ca g mi tr thnh tng t nh chu k ca g rng.
Khng c mi quan h c th gia vic nui dng g mi t trc lc bt u
trng vi nng sut trng giai on tip sau. Trong mt thi gian nht nh, nui dng
theo khu phn thp th g mi t bt u trng mun hn mt t so vi g c n y
v trng lc u c ln hn mt t, nu thc n c ci tin th chng tng nhanh sn
lng v khi lng trng ca hai nhm s nhanh chng bng nhau. Cng khng c s khc
nhau v cc ch tiu nh t l , t l cht, nhu cu chung v thc n, th trng cui cng, t
l m. Do , s thnh thc sinh dc sm khng m bo nng sut cao v sau.
V vy, c nng sut trng cao, trc ht cn tho mn mt cch tt nht nhu cu
cc cht dinh dng cho nhng g mi c bn cht di truyn tt. Mc d khi cho n thiu v
xy dng khu phn sai th bn cht di truyn khng c tc dng nhng cng khng th nng
cao kh nng sn xut ca g mi ln qu gii hn do tnh di truyn quy nh v biu hin qua
hot tnh hocmon ca g mi.
iu kin nui dng thch hp nht hin cha c nghin cu y . My nm gn y,
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu theo hng ny ang c tin hnh.

1.4.3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh
Nh bit sn lng trng tu thuc vo cc iu kin ngoi cnh, c bit l cc
yu t kh hu. Thi tit xu nh hng khng tt i vi nng sut trng. Mt vn cn
cha c gii p y , l tng nhn t kh hu nh hng n nng sut trng mc
no v tc ng vo c th theo con ng no.
nh hng ca nhit . Thay i nhit trong ngy m t nh hng n sn lng
trng. S tng gim nhit t t vo ko di c tc ng yu hn l tng gim mnh t ngt,
nhit xung thp nh hng mnh hn nhit tng cao.
Wilson mi t trong iu kin nhit t 21 n 45,5
0
, nhn thy nhit trn 32
0
nh
hng ln n thn nhit. Khi nhit tng cao th g n t hn nhng khng phi tt c cc g mi
u gim n nh nhau. nhit tng t 21 n 35
0
th lng nc s dng tng gp i. Khi nhit
mi trng tng th hot ng ca tim km, nhp th th tng ln nhit 27
0
v c bit tng
mnh lc 40,5
0
.
Trong cc th nghim tip sau. Wilson (1948) nhn thy ln ca trng gim v v
cng tr nn mng khi nhit cao hn 21
0
. Khi nhit cao hn 27
0
th g mi gim th
trng. Nu nhit khng kh trn 38
0
, ko di trong tm gi lin hoc lu hn th mt s g
mi b cht v say nng. Wilson tha nhn kin cho rng, g khng chu ng c nhit
cao v khng c tuyn m hi. Khi nhit qu cao th nng sut trng gim st r rt, cc
ging khc nhau th mc gim cng khc nhau.
Fox nhn thy khi nhit bn ngoi qung 42
0
m thiu nc ung th khong thi
gian hp hi g ph thuc vo cc ging khc nhau. Nu nhit cao nhng g c cp
nc y th t l sng st s cao, v khi , t l sng s lin quan vi nhu cu nc ung
nhiu hn. Wilson, Hillermann v Edwards (1952) chng minh rng, g mi nui lng trong
iu kin 32 35
0
, vic thot nhit qua lp lng khng th thc hin c bng cch bc x
34
hoc i lu. Ch mt phn nhit khng ng k c th thot ra t cc phn da khng c lng
ca c th.
Trong gii hn nhit quy nh, nh hng ca ch nhit i vi nng sut trng
khng phi l yu t tc ng trc tip ln c th g mi. Khi nhit tng th g cm thy
kh chu, n km, cc qu trnh trao i trong c th cng thng v do m nng sut trng
gim. Wilson v Hillermann ngh khi nng qu nn lm cho g mt bng cch nhng nc,
vy nc hay di nc vo u.
Vn ny, Hart v Wilson cng b cc th nghim tng t cho rng, khng mt
phng php no c s dng (k c cch phun nc thnh sng m, cch vy nc qua thit b
c bit nh ti hoa) em li kt qu thch ng c.
V nh hng nhit thp i vi nng sut trng, Heis (1951) tha nhn kin cho
rng, ma ng g ngng l va do cc nhn t di truyn va do cc nhn t ngoi cnh,
thm vo y, nhit mi trng ngoi c nh hng ln hn dy ca ngy, thi gian
mt tri chiu sng v nhit trong chung.
Theo hng dn ca Agricultural Research Service USA (1954) th nhit thch hp
nht i vi g mi l 13
0
C. nhit y g nhiu trng nht v tiu tn thc n t
nht. Ngi ta cng cho rng, sn xut trng ch gim 5 10% nu nui g mi trong gii hn
nhit c nh t 4 n 24
0
. -5
0
th nng sut gim 26%, 29
0
qung 50%. 5
0

tiu tn 12,3kg thc n cho 1 kg trng sn xut ra; cn 29
0
l 4kg, 13
0
l 3,5kg.
Nh vy r rng l g mi phn ng i vi nhit ngoi cnh bng cch thay i
nng sut trng. Tuy nhin, qung nhit m g c th cho nng sut cao c gii hn tng
i rng ri. Ch nhit qu cao hay qu thp th sn lng trng mi gim st mnh.
nh hng ca nh sng. Vn nh sng nh hng n nng sut trng cc k
quan trng v s c tho lun k trong phn chn nui g mi trng.

1.4.4. nh hng ca phng thc chn nui.
Qua phn nu trn v tc ng ca nhit v nh sng i vi sn lng trng, ta
thy phng thc chn nui g mi cng c nh hng n sn lng trng. V vy, mt vn
t ra l chn nui theo phng thc no th m bo c nng sut cao v khng lng ph.
Vn kh khn nht l chn nui g vo ma ng tc l to nhng iu kin g c th
cho nng sut cao.
nhit v thng gi chung tri. Warren v nhng ngi cng tc thng bo rng,
thng xuyn duy tr nhit trong chung 18
0
th nng sut tng ln khng ng k nhng
thay lng vo ma thu xut hin chm hn v trong mt vi trng hp c th khng xut
hin. Trn c s nghin cu vn ny, B Nng nghip M thu c hng lot ti liu
nh tnh phm n tng 40% nu nhit t 29
0
gim xung cn 4
0
. Khi nhit cao hn 13
0

th tnh phm n gim nhng nhu cu nc ung li tng. nhit gim th trng to hn v
c v cng tt hn nhng sn lng trng li gim st.
Tri vi kin cho rng, nng sut trng vo ma ng th gim st l do nh hng
ca nhit. Ohl cho rng, c th trnh s gim st y bng cch hun luyn cho g quen vi
nhit cao v thp. hun luyn, ngay t ma xun, sut ma h v ma ng ngi ta
nui g trong cc chung h c mi che. Kubith th nghim nui g trong cc chung ch che
kn ba mt khng nhn thy s st km. Qu tht, khi tri gi rt qu, sn lng trng cng c
gim nhng li c phc hi ngay.
Gerriets v nhng ngi cng tc thng bo rng, qua th nghim nui g theo cc
kiu chung mt trc h th sc kho khng b nh hng, nng sut thp hn v tnh phm
n c tng ln mt t.
Ngi ta nghin cu lm sao cho g cm th vi nhng thay i thi tit n
mc thp nht c th c. Every tin hnh th nghim kt hp 3 yu t ngoi cnh quan
trng nht l nhit , m v thi gian ko di ca ngy nh sng, theo cc mc khc
35
nhau. Mt nhm nui nhit c nh 18
0
, m 65
0
v ngy nh sng di 12 gi. Nhm
th 2 nui trong iu kin nhit v m thay i theo ma v, ngy nh sng ging nh
nhm 1. nhm th ba c ba yu t u thay i theo ma v. Kt qu l g nhm 1 nui
nhng iu kin l tng, trong chung tri c kh hu nhn to, nng sut c nm khng cao
hn my nhng khng b gim st do nng qu hoc lnh qu nh cc nhm khc. Sn
lng trng vo ma thu cao hn, vo ma xun th thp hn. So vi trng ca cc nhm
khc th v ma thu trng nhm mt b hn, v ma h li to hn. Thay lng khng bt u
sm nh g nhm th ba v din ra theo mc thp hn. G nhm th hai nm trng
trung gian. V t l thi loi th khng thy c g khc nhau gia cc nhm. Qua nhng th
nghim cc chung c kh hu nhn to, Greenwood cng nhn thy c nhng hin tng
nh th: nng sut tng gim khng ng k, thay lng mun v khng nhanh nh lc thng.
Trong nm trng u, nng sut nhng mi nui trong iu kin kh hu nhn to cao hn
nhng trong 2 nm sau th gim xung mnh hn nhng g mi nui trong iu kin bnh
thng v nh th ni chung nng sut g nui bnh thng cao hn.
Tt nhin khi nh gi vn ny trc ht phi xut pht t cc d kin kinh doanh.
D th nghim nui trong iu kin c kh hu c nh c nhng ch tiu nh th no chng
na, khng nn qun rng, vic duy tr nhit v m c nh cn c chi ph ln. Kh hnh
dung c rng, thu hoch trng cao hn ma ng c th b p li nhng chi ph ny. Tuy
nhin, khi to cc iu kin t nhiu gn vi iu kin l tng, c nhit c nh trong
chung, c ch nh sng hp l nht v c thng gi tng i hon ho th nng sut
trng tng.
Nui g lng. Mt s vn t ra l nui g lng c tc ng nh th no i vi
nng sut g mi. Nui lng tc l nui g trong cc thit b m y c ng ca g mi rt
b hn ch. Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh, Cooney v nhng ngi cng tc nhn
thy khng c sai khc ng tin cy gia nng sut hng nm ca g nui lng so vi g nui
trn nn c n. G mi nui nn hai nm lin trng tt hn nhng g chuyn t lng sang
nn hoc t nn sang lng v cng tt hn s g sut thi gian ny nui trong lng. Olsson
(1946) cng khng nhn thy sai khc ng tin v mt thng k gia sn lng trng g nui
trong lng v g nui bnh thng.
Trong cc th nghim ca mnh, Temper ton v Dady nhn thy rng, trong nm
trng u tin hai phn ba g mi nui lng cho nhiu trng hn g nui bnh thng nhng
n nm trng th hai th nng sut gia nhm ny khng c g khc nhau. Nhng g mi
trong nm u nui trn th sau tt hn, khng k lc y nui lng hay nui nn.
Havermann v Wgner nhn thy c bit i vi nhng ging c th trng trung bnh th
nng sut hon ton t yu cu, vt hn nng sut bnh qun, nht l vo ma ng. Mener
nhn thy s g mi trong nm trng th hai chuyn qua nui lng th nng sut gim st r rt
so vi nhng g mi vn tip tc nui nn. nhng g mi t trong nm trng u, ngi ta
ch nhn thy c s khc nhau khng ng k so vi g lng. G lng c phn ng i vi nhit
bn ngoi h thp mnh hn g nui trn nn.
Cn c vo cc dn liu trn th nui lng khng c nh hng g c th (kch thch
hoc c ch) n sn lng trng. V vy, khi gii quyt vn nui lng ngi ta ch xut
pht t nhng tnh ton kinh t xem c kh nng t thu nhp trng cao trn mi din tch
nui lng hay khng c th b li chi ph nui lng tng i cao. Vn ny i hi
thng xuyn thi loi s g mi khng hay km v b sung nhng g mi mi vo n,
iu y c ngha l phi t chc p trng v nui con quanh nm. V vy, trong trng hp
ny nng sut c nng cao khng phi bng bin php sinh l m bng bin php kinh t.
m lt dy v sn chi. Khi nh gi cc phng thc nui g trn nn c m dy
c nh hoc c chn hng ngy hoc c m lt thay i thng xuyn kt hp vi s
dng sn chi hoc kt hp c hai phng thc ny th nhng vn c t ra trc nht l
chi ph lao ng, k thut cho g n v kh nng sng ca g. Vn nh hng trc tip ca
36
mi phng thc chn nui ny i vi nng sut trng vo hng th yu. V nh hng
ca sn chi, Winter v Schlamb thng bo rng, nhng g nui sn chi c nng sut trng
cao hn s g mi nui ti chung. Ngi ta cha bit c nh hng ca vn n
nng sut mc no. Nh Mener nu trong cc th nghim i vi mi hn mt
nm, c c mt phc h tng hp gm nhiu yu t khc nhau tc ng i vi chn th sn
chi: protein hon chnh, nhiu vitamin, cc cht c tc ng tch cc m ta cha r, cc yu
t v sinh, nh sng mt tri. V vy, tc ng tt thng thy khi chn th c th gii thch l
do tc ng gin tip ca mt vi hoc vi yu t k trn i vi c th g. Tc ng y c th
to ra ngay trong chung khi c kin thc thch hp. Ch c s chiu sng ca mt tri l c
tc ng trc tip i vi nng sut trng khi chn th. Trong tt c cc phng php nui
dng th chn th l phng php gn vi hon cnh t nhin ca t tin hoang d ca g
nht. Chng no m ngi ta cha sn xut v s dng cc cht khc nhau cc cht gy nh
hng i vi c th g nh yu t t nhin th chn th vn l yu t quan trng ca nng
sut.
Cn lu rng, Hip hi bo v ng vt th gii ( World Society for the Protection
Animal) cho rng, vc chn nui gia sc gia cm trong lng hay ci st l vi phm quyn li
ca ng vt (Animal Welfare) v t nm 2012- 2014, cc nc pht trin, EU v Bc M s
ngng khng s dng cc sn phm chn nui c ngun gc t ng vt c nht trong lng
v ci st.

1.5. Khi lng trng v cc nhn t nh hng n khi lng trng
trn chng ta nghin cu vn nh hng ca cc yu t khc nhau n vic
nng cao nng sut trng. Tuy nhin, trong khi ni m nng sut c hai thnh phn hp
thnh: s lng trng ra v khi lng trng. Vic nh gi nng sut g mi theo khi
lng trng s chnh xc hn.

1.5.1.Quan h gia s lng v khi lng ring.
Nh bit, gia s lng v khi lng trng c lin quan vi nhau. Kh xc nh
tnh cht ca mi quan h, v y khng phi l quan h tuyn tnh. Khng nn ngh rng, s
lng trng tng th khi lng trng gim. Atwood v Clark nghin cu trn 200 g mi t
ging Lgo xc nh quan h gia khi lng trng bnh qun vi sn lng g c nm.
Cc tc gi nhn thy c tng quan nghch ch nhng mi trong nm u 170 trng
hoc nhiu hn, c xu hng khi lng trung bnh ca trng gim t nhiu khi nng sut
trng tng ln cao.
Nghin cu cc dng g Lgo c nng sut v thp, Marble nhn thy mi tng quan
gia khi lng trng v sn lng c nm khng phi l mi tng quan tuyn tnh. Xu
hng gim khi lng trng vi mc nh nhau cc dng g c sn lng trng rt cao
cng nh cc dng c sn lng thp gii thch ti sao khng c mi quan h ph thuc tuyn
tnh. Thi gian gn y trong vng 10 nm Blyth hai ln nghin cu mi quan h gia s
trng vi khi lng trng vo tng thng c th trong nm v nhn thy rng, nhng g
no trong thng 22 qu tr ln th c mi quan h ph thuc theo ng thng ng tin
gia cc tnh trng nghin cu. nhng nhm c nng sut thp hn c khong cch gia cc
chu k di hn th khng c mi quan h ph thuc no. Tc gi i n kt lun rng bt u
t mt gii hn c th ca nng sut th c mi quan h nghch o, ph thuc ny s mt i
nhng g mi c nng sut thp do khng u.
Cc cng trnh nghin cu u nht tr rng, xu hng gim khi lng trng ch xut
hin trc ht khi c nng sut cao, cn khi nng sut thp thp th nguyn nhn y nm trong
s tn ti ca nhng mi quan h sinh l khc.
Khi lng trng cn tu thuc vo v tr ca n trong chu k. Benion v Warren xc
nhn rng, trong mi chu k, qu trng sau nh hn qu trng trc mt t. Chu k
Del et ed:
37
trng cng ko di bao nhiu th s chnh lch v khi lng gia qu trng u chu k vi
qu trng cui chu k cng ln by nhiu. Qu trng u tin ra sau khi ngh 7 hm hoc
lu hn th nh hn trng ra trc lc tm ngh. Trong thi gian m ln ca trng cn
tip tc tng g mi t th chnh lch v khi lng trng trong chu k s t hn sau khi
trng t ln ti a.
Nghin cu nhp trng v khi lng trng, Seck i n kt lun rng, khi
lng lng v lng trng ch ph thuc ch trng ra v u hay cui chu k v khi
lng trng gim st trong chu k trng. Gic ng v s yn tnh cng khng gip cho
trng to hn.
Nghin cu vn nh hng ca thi gian tm ngh i vi khi lng,
Podhradsky i n kt lun rng sau thi gian tm ngh ngn th nhng qu trng u ca
la mi thng c khi lng cao hn v ngc li, sau nhng t ngh di th li thp
hn khi lng cc qu trng tip sau ca chu k y. Tc gi gii thch vn ny rng: tm
ngh ngn hn (v d 2 ngy) cn thit khi nhiu ch nhm mc ch tch lu s lng cht
dinh dng cho trng hnh thnh; cn i vi nhng t ngh ko di th c l li gii thch
l s ngh ngi cn thit ca c th sau t hot ng cng thng.
V vy, trong mt vn cp cn c nhng ch cha sng t , v khi lng
trng va chu nh hng ca ton b s trng ra, va chu nh hng ca tnh phn b
trng theo chu k.

1.5.2. Nhit v khi lng trng
nh hng ca nhit i vi khi lng trng c xc minh. Warren
nghin cu s thay i ca ln trng cc nhit khc nhau trong nm. S giao ng
ca nhit thy trong ma ng khng nh hng n ln ca trng. Trong iu kin
nhit y (bnh qun qung 10
0
) trng t khi lng ti a l 62g vo thng hai. Sau y
khi lng trng li gim xung t t, do th nhit v khi lng trng ngay khi
nhit tng gim mnh trong vng vi hm u c biu din theo hng i nghch vi
nhau. nhit ti a (47
0
) khi lng trng bnh qun ca nhng g mi th nghim t
51g. Khi nhit ch cao hn 21
0
c th thy xu hng gim khi lng. Kannard (1947)
cng nhn thy khi lng trng v dy ca v b gim t thng ba n thng by, t
thng chn sau khi tri mt c hai tun th khi lng trng li tng. Hutchinson chng
minh rng, nui trong thi gian nhit cao ngn (107-214 ph) ban ngy khng qu 38
0
lm
gim khi lng trng nhiu hn khi g lu trong iu kin nhit 29
0
.

1.5.3. nh hng ca tui, th trng v thi gian n
Nh bit khi lng trng thay i theo tui g mi. Theo Clark khi lng trng
trung bnh ca nm trng th hai cao hn nm u, trong thi gian nm th hai v th ba
th vn gi mc tng t v khi tui tng n mi nm th gim xung. Peterson v
Lampman thy rng, khi lng trng tng ln t nm trng u tin n nm trng
th hai, mc tng ny g mi nm u trng nh tng i cao hn g mi trng
nng hn, ngay c khi khi lng trng tng bnh qun trong nm th hai so vi cc nm
u l 7,6%.
Funk v Kempster chng minh rng, thi gian g mi t bt u trng trong nm
rt c ngha i vi khi lng trng. G mi t khi bt u cng sm bao nhiu th khi
lng trng cng thp by nhiu, g mi t trong thi gian ny cng nng bao nhiu th trng
cng ln by nhiu.
S ph thuc ca khi lng i vi th trng c xc nhn trong cc th nghim ca
Mener tin hnh trn hai nhm g mi c th trng cao hn (300g) th khi lng trng trung
bnh cng cao hn 2,2g.
Del et ed: n
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
38
Skoglund, Thomhave v Manfodr nghin cu khi lng trng nhng g mi n vo
thi gian khc nhau. Nhn thy nhng g mi n trong thi gian t thng mi n thng ba.
Cc tc gi gii thch vn y l do khi g mi n v ma ng bt u trng th gp phi
thi gian nng trong nm, lc ny khi lng trng b gim, cn g mi n vo ma h th bt
u trng vo cc thng mt tri. Ngoi ra, hnh nh nhng g mi c khi lng trng
thp hn th thnh thc sinh dc sm hn nhng g mi khc. Nhng g mi n vo ma
ng bt u khi t 180 ngy tui, trong khi y nhng mi khc ch t mc thnh thc
vo lc 202 ngy tui. Do s ph thuc ca khi lng trng i vi thi gian g n c th
gii thch bng nh hng ca nhit bn ngoi.

1.5.4. Xc nh khi lng trng
c n tng chnh xc v khi lng trng ca mi g mi cn phi cn ton b trng
n sp trong ton nm trng. Theo cch y, khi lng trng sn xut l tng s ton b
cc trng em cn. Phng php ny c p dng trong cc cng trnh nghin cu v khi kim
tra quc gia v nng sut. Nhng trong thc tin ngi ta khng dng cch y v tn nhiu sc lao
ng. V vy, y ngay t u vic xc nh khi lng trng da trn c s cc mu chn lc.
Hin nhin l chnh xc khi xc nh nh th cng cao nu cc mu chn lc c tin hnh
thng xuyn v phn b u trong nm. Do khi lng trng tu thuc vo tui g mi cng
nh vo nhit bn ngoi nn c th nhn thy nhng s liu khc nhau kh nhiu trong s ghi
chp qua tng thng.
Martimo kim tra chnh xc ca cc phng php cn c chn lc khi xc nh
khi lng ca c khi trng, so snh cc kt qu thu c vi s liu thc t. Tc gi thy
nhng nhm g mi c nng sut thp th ngay c nhng phng php t chnh xc hn vn
mang li nhng kt qu tho ng, tuy nhin nng sut cng cao th s khc nhau cng ln.
Tc gi ngh mt phng php ng tin cy l cn mt qu trng (qu u tin) ca
mi thi k bt u t ngy mng mt, ngy mng mi, 20 mi thng, tnh khi lng trng
ca mi thi k thnh kilogam ri cng cc kt qu li. Nhng nu ch cn mt qu vo ngy
mng mt v ngy mi lm mi thng th cng vn cha t c cc s liu chnh xc.
Rauch so snh lch trung bnh v lch ti a trong cc phng php xc nh
khi lng trng khc nhau. V d nh trong ngnh nui g ging c ngi ta cn nhng
qu trng ra t ngy 26 mi thng cho n lc ht thng v trn c s y tnh khi lng
trng c nm. Phng php y cho sai s trung bnh t 0,7g v sai s ti a l t 2,0g.
Nhng i vi tng g mi th khng bao gi c th ni l c sai s trung bnh hay ti
a, v vy iu gy kh khn cho ngi nui g trong lc chn lc theo khi lng trng.
Trong thc tin phng php thun tin nht l phng php khng i hi phi cn nhiu,
m ch cn khi a s g mi . Tt nhin thi gian thch hp nht l ma ng l nhng
thng cng vic khng bn rn lm. Nhng v ma ng khng phi lc no cng c th theo
di ht ton b n mi, v d vy s phi tn kh nhiu thi gian thu c s trng ca
mi g mi tnh ch tiu trung bnh vo thng nm hu ht g mi u . Ngoi ra nh
ni trn, trong thi gian ny khi lng trung bnh ca trng tng i gn ging khi
lng trng trung bnh c nm. Cn trng vo thng nm, ta c 54% tng s mi c lch
n t 1,0g, 85% khng qu t 2,0g v ch c 15% l c lch cao hn t 2,0g (quan st
ring). Trong thng y ch c 0,5% tng s mi cha kim tra c v chng cha bt u .
Tuy nhin, trong thng nm ngi nui g c nhiu cng vic nh p trng, nui g con nn
khng c thi gian cn trng.
Trng hp khng th t chc cn trng mi thng trong nm ngy, th kim tra nm
ngy trong cc thng chp, ging, hai, bn, nm, su cng c kt qu kh chnh xc. Cn nh
vy trong 75% mi c th c lch n t 1,0g, 96% n 2,0g v ch c 40% l trn t 2,0g.
Ngoi ra c th trong su thng ny t nht mi g mi cng c mt ln vo ngy kim
tra v nh vy c th c s liu hu ht ton n.
39
Trn c s cc kt qu thu c ca nhng cng trnh nghin cu, Menzin ngh khi
kim tra bng thng, nn tng thm thi gian cn trng kim tra (tr nhng thng u); khi
cn kim tra bng thng cng vi chi ph lao ng y c th t mc chnh xc cao hn cn
kim tra nh k c nm, c th dng lm ch tiu chn lc theo khi lng trng.
Cn kim tra trong thi gian ngn khng xc nh c khi lng trung bnh ca s
trng sn xut c nm nhng nu tin hnh cn vo cng mt thi gian v g cng mt la
tui tng t th c th kp thi phn bit nhng g mi tt (theo tnh trng ny c th cho vo
cn).
Nhng trng qu nng, trn 75g thng c hai lng , v vy khng nn tnh nhng
trng ny. Trng hp g mi trng ln trung bnh, nng c 70g th li khc vn c th
cho vo cn.
Khi xc nh khi lng trng, cn c s tho thun gia yu cu v chnh xc vi
chi ph lao ng khng cao qu. chnh xc phi cao c th m bo pht hin nhng sai
khc p ng c yu cu ca cng tc tuyn chn.

1.6. Cht lng trng

1.6.1. Nhng tnh trng nh gi cht lng bn ngoi ca trng v cc phng php xc nh.
Mt s nhn xt v trng chim: trng iu c khi lng ln nht: 1,5-2kg mt
qu, v khi lng v l 280g. Mi qu trng iu nng bng 36 qu trng g.
Loi chim voi (c tn khoa hc l Aepyiornis), n t Madagascar l loi chim ln nht,
nhng b tuyt chng bi nn sn bt trong sut th k XVII. Trng ca loi ny thm ch cn
to hn trng ca iu chu Phi: nng 12,5kg, cao 32cm v c b ngang l 22cm
Nhng qu trng nh nht trn th gii c l thuc v loi chim nh nht, l ging
chim rui Mellisuga n t Cuba. Mt con chim trng thnh vi khi lng 1,8g s c
qu trng nng... 0,2g.
Chim kiwi ang gi k lc v kh nng trng. Mt con chim mi 2,5kg c
mt qu trng 450g. T l gia khi lng qu trng v c th l 20%, y cng l t l cao
nht trong th gii loi chim. V d nh trng g ch chim 4% khi lng c th.
Nu k n t l khi lng ca trng vi c th, trng ca chim cu gy l nh nht:
2% khi lng c th.
Cc nh khoa hc tm hiu mi lin h gia s lng trng trong mt ln v tui
th ca cc loi chim. Nhng loi chim ln sn mi nh i bng hay kn kn, mi ln ch
1-2 trng v ch 2 nm mt ln.
Chim cnh ct khng l mi ln mt trng, loi nh hn 2 trng.
i vi nhng loi chim khng mt lng trng c nh mt ln, nu ta c mi
ngy ly khi ca n mt qu trng th n c tip tc thm.
Loi c nh thng thng 406 trng, nhng trong 15 ngy chng c th ti 13
qu. Cn loi chim vo c mi ln 7-10 trng, nhng trong vng 62 ngy chng c th
ti...62 qu.
Mi nm chim ct c th c 300 trng.
Loi chim p trng nhanh nht l chim mt trng: ch trong 10 ngy, nhng loi khc
nh chim hi u ln hay chim kiwi l 85 ngy. Thng th nhng loi chim ln hn s p lu
hn.
Ngi ch tri, ngi bn v ngi mua c th d dng xc nh khi lng trng
bng cch cn trng vi chnh xc 0,1g v xc nh hnh dng trng bng cch o cc
ng knh. C hai i lng y u c bin thin ln. Trong cc ti liu nghin cu ngi ta
xc nh gii hn bin thin ca khi lng trng l t 30 n 80g, quan h gia ng knh
ln v ng knh nh (ch s hnh thi) t 0,5 n 1,0. Bn cnh ngi ta cng c thng
bo v nhng qu trng khng l nng (n 450g) v v nhng trng t hon m khi lng
40
khng qu 1g. Hnh dng trng c th c kiu, khc vi hnh dng thng thng nhng
iu y khng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca trng. Tht vy c th gp nhng qu
trng ging nh hnh qu thn, c nhng ch li, lm khng u, c nhng mu tha hnh
giun v c nhng nt khc thng khc. Tt c nhng trng k hnh y l do ri lon chc
nng ca ng dn trng, khng c v, trng v mng qu hay dy qu hoc thiu v. B dy
ca v cng khng c di 0,32mm, nhng trng c v mng hn th khng thch hp
vn chuyn v c nguy c v. Ch s hnh thi ca trng bnh thng phi bng 0,7 0,8, v
nu hnh dng c nhng chnh lch ln hn th c th gy kh khn trong p trng nhn to
(t l n thp).
V trng phi sch, trn, khng b h hng v ng mu. Vn ra trng ht sc
quan trng trong trng hp bo qun trng. Nht l khi bo qun trong cc nh m t,
trng ra ri chng b hng hn cc trng khng ra, v lp m sng b h hi trong lc ra.
V vy, ch nn bo qun nhng trng vn sch t nhin, cc trng bn cn ra th phi lp
tc chuyn i tiu th. Ngi ta nghin cu hng lot cc bin php phn bit trng
ra ri nhng vn khng n gin.
xc nh tui trng, ngi ta dng hin tng pht quang, hin tng ny hin ra
trn v cng khi chiu tia t ngoi vo trng. c tnh pht quang ca trng l do trn lp m
sng c cc cht pocfirin, khi di cc tia t ngoi vo th nhng cht ny pht ra nh sng
mu sm. Thng thng mu sm ca trng cha ra tu theo thi gian di hay ngn
(tu theo iu kin bo qun) m nht dn, lc u bin thnh mu tm hoc sau y thnh
mu trng xanh lam nht. Tuy nhin, khi di tia t ngoi c th nhng trng ti i khi cng
c mu khng ging bnh thng m hi khc thng, c trng hp sau t mt n hai ngy
nhng trng ti c mu tm xanh lam hoc trng xanh lam nht. Mt khc, nhng trng
hn mi ngy i khi cng c pht quang mu , do chnh xc ca phng php
ny khng cao.
nh gi mc ti ca trng nguyn (cha dp v), i khi trong thc tin
ngi ta dng phng php th theo t trng. Nh bit, nhng trng mi (trng lng
ring bnh qun gn 1,08g/cm
3
) khi y l nc th nm ngang. Cc cht cha trong trng
b kh dn th trng lng ring ca n cng b gim theo. V vy, nhng trng b kh i
nhiu th s lm cho u to ng dn ln v trng c xu th ni ln trn mt nc. ng dng
phng php ny, ngi ta b trng vo dung dch NaCl 10% v quan st th ni ca n trong
dung dch. Th theo cch ni khng ng tin cy lm, v trng lng ring ca trng ti bin
thin rt ln (t 1,06 1,11g/cm
3
), do khng th xc nh chnh xc tui ca trng.
C th nh gi mc kh ca trng theo ln (chiu cao v ng knh) ca bung
kh c to thnh gia cc lp v la ngay sau khi trng mi ra. Bung kh sinh ra trc
tin l do cc cht cha trong trng b co li khi trng ngui (t nhit trong c th g mi
41
0
C xung nhit mi trng chung nui). nhit 20
0
C ng knh ban u ca
bung kh vo qung 14mm. Kch thc ca bung kh tip tc ln ln, sau y ch yu l do
cc nhn t nh nhit , m, trao i khng kh trong phng v thi gian bo qun ko
di. Vic xc nh ln ca bung kh khi nh gi cht lng trng c ngha ln trong
vic bun bn. Trong thc tin, ngi ta dng loi n c bit n soi trng, nh n ny
ngi ta cng c th xc nh nhng bin i din ra trong qu trng, v d thay i v tr
ca lng , s h hng do vi sinh vt gy nn, ngoi ra cn thy c cc vt nt b trn v
cng m mt thng khng thy c, v.v V vy, khi kim tra trng cn dng phng php
soi trng. Phng php ny khng i hi thit b phc tp.
Chiu cao ca bung kh trng ti c cht lng cao ch l mt vi milimt. Chiu
cao ti a ca bung kh c tiu chun ho. Tiu chun ny cc nc khng ging
nhau. Bung kh thng nm u t ca trng v c hnh bn cu. i khi nhng trng
em bn, do vn chuyn khng cn thn bung kh b chia thnh nhiu mnh. Trong nhng qu
41
trng gi l trng chy, bung kh di ng v nm di mng trong ca v la. y l mt hin
tng bt thng xy ra khi lp v la pha trong b hng.
Khi nh gi cht lng trng, cn ch n trng thi ca lng trng lc soi trng.
Nhng trng ti th sng, khng c chm v sc, nhng trng c ngc li, c v ti. Lng
trng phi trong, ngc li lng li ti ging nh bng ti c vin khng r. Khi t ngt
lc xoay mnh trng th lng khng chuyn v mt pha. V tng phn v c nh ca
lng tu thuc trng thi lng trng sinh ra nhiu bin i theo dng lng trng c b
chng ln; cng c th nh gi cht lng lng trng theo tnh cht ny.
Mt trong nhng nhim v khi soi trng l xc nh v thi loi nhng trng c vi
khun v nm khng th s dng c. Do hin tng y m cht cha trong trng tr nn
c, khng cho nh sng xuyn qua hoc c cc chm c bit. Ch yu l do vi khun t bn
ngoi lt qua v b hng (cc ng nt) hoc qua cc l kh ca v cng, c bit trong
trng hp lp m sng b hng, nh khi trng b lu hoc khi ra trng. Xung quanh cc
gi thit nu trong ti liu v nhng c tnh dit khun ca lng trng trng (cc cht enzim
phn gii protein) hin cha c s thng nht. Trong nhiu loi trc khun tm thy trong
trng, y ta ch nu ln nhng loi thng gp nht l Bact.proteus, Bact.fluorescens,
Bact.coli v c cu khun. nhit trung bnh trc ht c Bact.proteus, i khi Bact.coli
v cu khun, ngc li nhit thp hu nh ch c trn v cng Bact.fluorescens cn cu
khun th t hn. Bact.fluorescens trn v cng d dng lt vo trng v gy nn s phn
hu. Trng hng khi soi c th c mu hoc mu en.
Ngoi trc khun, trng cn b nm mc lm hng, loi nm ny khi m khng kh
cao th pht trin rt nhanh. Trng b nm lm hng khi em soi th thy cc chm ti, bn
ngoi v cng c ph nhng chm en hoc xanh l cy nht. Trng nh th tt nhin khng
dng n c. Cc ht mu trng thy trong lng v lng trng khi soi trng c th pht
sinh do kt qu ca bnh bung trng hoc do p trng (ht si nng). Sau khi p vi hm
trong trng hnh thnh phi vi cc mng c cc tia mu xuyn qua, trng hp phi b cht
th s xut hin vnh khuyn mu. Trng p rt d b hng v lc ny khng th s dng
n.
kt lun cn nhc n phng php xc nh cht lng trng do Brant v Norris
p dng cch y khng lu bng cch o s hp th nh sng v tnh dn in ca trng. Ph
hp vi iu y, nhng s thay i mu sc xut hin khi trng lu (ngha l khi cc cht
cha trong trng b phn hu) hoc do cc vt l gy nn (v d cc ht mu c th xc nh
bng s hp th nh sng c chn lc v o bng quang k. Romanoff dng dng in xoay
chiu c tn s cao (27 Mhz) do tnh dn in pht hin rng, trng cng lu th cng tnh
dn in cng tng v nhit cao tng nhanh hn nhit thp. Phng php ny ch c
th p dng theo quy c nh gi cht lng trng, v kt qu o phn ln tu thuc vo
cc yu t bn ngoi (hnh dng trng v.v) Norris v Brant tin hnh o lng trng v lng
theo phng php tng t pht hin rng, cc ch tiu thu c trong khi o tu thuc
vo cht lng khc nhau ca cht cha trong trng.

1.6.2.Xc nh cht lng lng trng v lng
Trong thc tin, phng php nh gi cht lng trng n gin nht l soi trng.
Nhng xc nh ng cht lng cc cht cha trong trng cn tin hnh phn tch nh
lng cc mu chn t cc l trng c th. Trong lng v lng trng c p lc thm thu
khng cn bng, v hm lng cht kh trong lng (gn 51%) gp t bn n nm ln
trong lng trng (gn 12%). Do s thay i m c cc cht trong lng v lng
trng khng nhng ch tu thuc vo s bc hi nc ra bn ngoi qua v cng, m cn s
trao i gia chng vi nhau. Nh hm lng cht kh trong lng cao nn mt mt, nc
t lng trng thm vo, mt khc cc cht ho tan trong lng khuch tn qua mng mng
ra lng trng. Khi bo qun trng lu nhit 38
0
, hm lng nc trong lng tng ln, cn
42
lng trng th mt nc. S khuch tn gia lng v lng trng ph thuc vo nhit v
thi gian bo qun, v vy nhng thay i tng ng ca cc c tnh c th dng lm thc
o tui ca trng. Ngi ta dng nhiu phng php phn tch l ho tnh ton v mt s
lng cc bin i p lc thm thu bn trong trng. Phng php nghim lnh do Veinstein
nghin cu kim tra thc phm da trn c s s chnh lch gia im ng c ca lng
(trung bnh l 0,6
0
) v lng trng (trung bnh l 0,45
0
) gim dn theo tui trng. Hng s
nghim lnh ca trng va xong phi khng di 10, ca trng ti khng di 7 (
tin s dng, ch s tnh theo bi s 100).
C s phng php tnh khc x ca Janke v Jirak da vo hin tng l khi c nhng
bin i ca cc qu trnh thm thu trong trng c th cc ch s khc x ca lng v lng
trng cng thay i. Do hm lng nc trong lng thp nn ch s khc x ca n cao hn ca
lng trng. Do khi bo qun trng, nh trao i nc v cc cht gia lng v lng trng m
h s khc x ca lng b gim, cn h s ca lng trng th li tng. V vy, s chnh lch gia
hai ch s ny gim xung. Con s khc nhau y nhn ln 1000 ln c xem l mc nh gi
trng. Bn cnh ch s y cn c ch s khc gi l ch s trng lu. Ch s ny l bi s 1000
ln ca mc chnh lch gia ch s khc x ca lng c nghin cu vi ch s ca lng
trng ti. Ch s trung bnh ca trng ti nhit 20
0
n
0
D
bng 1,4195 (D- ng thng
natri). Thi gian bo qun tng th ch s trng lu cng tng v mc nh gi thp. Chi tit ca
phng php ny c nu r trong cng trnh nghin cu ca Janke v Jirak. Khi dng phng
php xc nh trng lng ring v o chiu cao ca bung kh c th tnh lng nc bc hi ra
mi trng bn ngoi, cc phng php nghim lnh v tnh khc x cho php xc nh nhng thay
i s lng trong trng.
Ngoi ra, Janke v Jirak cn nghin cu phng php so mu, nh phng php ny
ngi ta c th xc nh s lng cc mui v c ca fotfo cha trong lng trng cng cao khi
trng cng lu.
nh gi phm cht ca trng, i khi ngi ta cng dng cc xc nh pH. Ch s
pH ca lng trng trong my ngy u sau khi tng ln vo qung t 7,6 n 9,2 (do CO
2

bi tit ra), c lc n ngng li c nh, sau li tip tc h xung. Ngc li pH ca lng
th bin i rt t. Tuy nhin, xc nh tnh trng trng c hay cht lng trng bng cch
o mt cc ion hiro thng rt khng chnh xc, v vy ch l mt phng php b sung
trong cc trng hp c bit.
Lng trng c cht lng cao khi ra trn mt knh phng th c hnh li, xung
quanh c lng trng c trong nh gng, bn ngoi c lng trng long. Trng cng c th
cng c nhiu bin i trong cu trc cht keo nh nu trn. Do nc thm vo m th tch
lng tng thm n mt mc m cc mng lng cha b v m ch vo trng thi
chng cng v lng khng b trn ln vi lng trng. ng knh lng tng thm tu
theo iu kin bo qun, cn chiu cao th gim xung, v khi tnh n hi ca mng lng
gim st th khi lng b bp li. Lng trng ti khng ng nht, c hai vng khc nhau
r rt v m c nhng trong qu trnh trng c i th hnh dng y cng b thay i. Khi
p nhng trng c th lng trng chy ra mnh hn l do phn c v phn long u b gim
qunh nn lng trng chim mt b mt ln. Khi lu, qunh ca lng trng c b
gim nhiu v sau thi gian bo qun di khng th phn bit c ranh gii gia cc lp
lng trng na. K thut o nhng thay i hnh thi ca cu trc trng thng n gin v
nhng s liu c s dng nh gi ti ca trng. tnh cc i lng xc nh
cht lng trng, ngi ta dng mt h thng thit b xc nh cc ch tiu.
Cc nh khoa hc M dng ch s lng (t s ca chiu cao lng trn ng
knh lng ) v ch s lng trng (t s ca chiu cao lng trng trn ng knh trung bnh
ca lng trng) lm nhng i lng c bn. C hai i lng ny c trng cho hnh dng
bn ngoi ca lng trng v lng . Chng cng c trng cho ti ca trng v tr s ca
chng gim theo thi gian bo qun ( nhit cao gim nhanh hn nhit thp). Tr s
43
cc ch s lng v lng trng rt thay i, v y c c vai tr ca yu t di truyn v
nhng thay i ma v. Trong cng trnh nghin cu mi y ca cc tc gi M (Wolk v
cc tc gi khc) ngi ta ngh ch nn o chiu cao lng v nh vy n gin v nhanh
hn. ng thi tnh lun c khi lng trng cng vi c im lng trng, bn cnh ch
s lng trng ngi ta cn nu thm t s ca din tch lng trng trn khi lng trng.
Phng php nh gi lng trng c theo n v Haugh rt ph bin, tnh t chiu cao ca
lng trng v khi lng trng hoc tnh bng mt thc kp c bit. Bn cnh , trong
vic xc nh hnh dng lng v lng trng, ngi ta dng nh tiu chun. Trong nhng tp
nh y c in sn hnh dng lng v lng trng vo cc thi gian bo qun khc nhau hai
mt mt chp t trn xung v mt chp mt bn. Trong tp nh tiu chun c km theo cc
s liu tng ng da vo ngi ta nh loi cht lng. Phng php ny hin nay ang
c p dng xc nh mu sc ca lng bng cch so mu ca lng vi cc nan
mu c sn ca qut Roche.
Cng ngy ngi ta cng s dng cht lng lng trng c, nht l cu trc v khi
lng ca n, nh gi cht lng trng. Tnh bn (kh nng lu) v c tnh thch hp
nu nng ch yu do cht lng trng quyt nh. Hin nay, ngi ta thch dng cc
phng php nghin cu nhanh. Trong cng tc ging ch nn s dng lm mi sinh sn
nhng g mi m trng c cht lng cao ng thi nhiu, trc ht nn kim tra cht
lng trng v khng him nhng trng hp khi nng sut trng cao th cht lng trng b
gim.

1.7. Trng l mt loi thc phm tuyt vi

1.7.1. Gi tr dinh dng ca trng
Bch khoa ton th v thc phm ca Hoa K c vit: trng g l mt k tch ca
thin nhin, l loi thc phm tuyt vi nht m con ngi tng bit n. Trng khng
nhng l ngun cung cp cc cht dinh dng d tiu ho c nng lng cao, m cn l thc
n cha cc axit amin v cc cht dinh dng khc c gi tr cao. V mt ny, trng ca
nhng loi chim khc c gi tr km hn. V vy, trong phn vit sau y v c bn s ch
cp n tnh cht ca trng g.
Hng nm ton th gii sn xut hng trm t trng g. C mc sn xut cao nh
th khng phi ch l do ngi ta c th s dng trng g vo nhiu loi thc phm: nu
nng, sn xut bnh m, bnh bch quy, ga t.... m cn do chng ngon, hm l ng vitamin
v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc quan trng khc trong trng rt cao. Trong bng 10 ngi ta
so snh gi tr dinh dng gia trng g, sa v tht ln theo nhit nng, theo hm lng cc
cht dinh dng th v vitamin. Cng vi hm lng cao v cc cht dinh dng v nhit
nng, trng cha mt s lng kh ln nhng cht c hot tnh sinh hc cn cho con ngi
(vitamin, cc cht khong). Trong trng c tt c cc nguyn t t y, qua qu trnh p
trng c th pht trin ln thnh mt c th mi. Nh vy r rng trng g phi l loi thc
phm c gi tr nht cho ngi. Cng cn phi ni n h s hp thu v h s tiu ho cao ca
tt c cc thnh phn trng. Theo Grossfeld, protein c s dng n 97,2%, m 95,1%,
gluxit 98%, tro 76%. Ngoi ra, trng cn cha nhiu axit amin c gi tr sinh hc hon
chnh. Theo ti liu ca Romanoff, trong trng c cc axit amin khng thay th c nh sau:
izolxin (0,36g), lxin (1,21g), lizin (0,38g), metionin (0,27g): fenilalanin (0,41g), treonin
(0,33g), triptofan (0,17g), valin (0,24g), acginin (0,57g), xixtin (0,26g), histidin (0,16g) v
tirozin (0,28g). Hm lng cc axit ny ging hm lng chng trong sa, tht v mt s
trng hp cn cao hn. C gi tr nht l ovovitelin. Albumin trng (thnh phn ch yu ca
lng trng) c h s tiu ho thp nht gn 70%.
Lng trng ti tc ng kch thch ln nim mc ca d dy v rut nhng sau khi
ung nng (nu) hoc b nh ln th mt c tnh ny. Tri li, lng lc ti cng nh khi
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
44
nu chn th vn tiu ho tt nh nhau. iu y l do cc ht m nm trong lng trng
thi keo (nh tng). Trong lng cng c cha cc fotfatit (nh lexitin) c tc dng i vi
h thn kinh v s trao i gluxit v lin kt mt cch hu c vi st (2mg), do trng c
ngha c bit bi dng cho sc kho. Trng l ngun cung cp fotfo hu c d hp thu,
99% cht ny (mi qu trng c 116mg) nm trong lng .

Bng 10. Gi tr dinh dng ca trng thc phm, sa v tht
(theo ti liu ca Grossfeld v Romanoff)
Thnh phn ho hc, % Vitamin
Thc phm
Nc Protit M gluxit
Nhit
nng,
kcal
A,
IU
B
1
, mg B
2
, mg
Axit
nicotinic,
mg
C, mg
Cc
vitamin
khc
Trng khng c v 74 13 12 1,0 158 1140 0,12 0,34 0,1 - D;1,1mg
Bt trng 2 48 43 2,6 593 4460 0,35 1,23 0,2 - D; E
Lng ti 49 17 33 1,0 355 3210 0,32 0,52 - - D; E
Lng trng ti 88 11 - 1,0 47 - - 0,22 0,08 - -
Sa b ti 87 3 4 4,9 69 280 0,04 0,17 0,1 1,7 D; 0,12
Tht b c bo mg E
Trung bnh 60 17 21 - 218 20 0,20 0,29 7,0 - -

Hot tnh ca vitamin l do tc ng ca vitamin A + caroten
Mt IU (n v quc t) vitamin A = 0,0006 mg - caroten.
Ngoi st v fotfo cn phi k n canxi (2mg mi qu - trong 99% nm v cng),
magie (27mg, trong 90% lng ), kali (82mg), clo (76mg), natri (66mg), lu hunh (67mg),
lu hunh ch yu lin kt xixtin v metionin v cc nguyn t vi lng km (khng qu 1
mg mi trng), ng (0,3mg), brom (di 0,2mg), mangan (di 0,02g) v iot (t 0,004 n
0,01mg).
Cc danh y i trc t tn cho trng g l k t hong, mt loi thuc c tc
dng b huyt, dng huyt. Nhiu bi thuc ng y p dng trng g nh mt thc n b
dng v thuc iu tr. n nay, theo kt lun ca cc nh khoa hc, c bit l cc nh dinh
dng M xem trng g l mt v kh dinh dng t nhin, gp phn nng cao sc khe
cng ng. Trong trng g HDL-Cholesterol cn thit v c li cho c th cng nhiu cht
dinh dng khc nh vitamin B12, D, E, Riboflavin, Folate... c bit vitamin E, acid bo
Omega-3 ca trng khi lin kt vi nhau s to thnh mt hp thc ha hc c kh nng lm
gim nguy c mc bnh tim mch. Acid bo Omega-3 c tc dng gim t l nhi mu c
tim, gim ng mu, ci thin tnh trng bnh i tho ng, gim s hnh thnh cc bnh
tc mch. C tc dng tch cc trong nhiu bnh tim mch, cao huyt p, stress, suy nhc,
kch thch tiu ha, chng to bn, chng vim xng khp, tng kh nng thi c ca gan,
b no, nng cao tr lc, phng nga suy no, nng cao nng lc tr tu, chng d ng, gim
ung th ...
Trng g cn l ngun cung cp nhiu acid amin cn thit v c li cho c th. V
chnh nng cc axit amin ny trong trng g c xc nh l tiu chun nh gi gi
tr sinh hc ca cc loi thc phm khc. c bit, trng g cha nhiu Lysin, l mt trong 8
axit amin c bit cn thit cho c th. Trong 100g trng g c cha 1.070mg Lysin, nhiu
gp 9 ln so vi sa m. y l mt axit amin tham gia tch cc vo s pht trin ca c th.
Ngoi ra Lecithin c nhiu trong lng trng c c tnh kt hp vi cht bo thm qua
thnh rut vo mu i nui c th, lm cho cholesterol khng tng trong huyt tng.
Trng c ngha ln v mt thc phm trc ht l do c cc axit amin v cc cht
dinh dng khc c nng v h s tiu ho cao. Cng nh tt c cc i tng sinh hc,
tnh trng cht lng ca trng rt d thay i. V vy, vic xc nh cht lng trng c
45
tin hnh da trn vic xc nh cc tnh trng bn ngoi, bn trong v nng cc cht dinh
dng trong trng. Bn cnh , ngi ta cn nh gi trng ln c s cc c tnh l ho
hc: mi v trng khng c hon ho hoc c cc v khc thng d nhn thy bn ngoi
( ln, hnh dng), bn trong (cc th l, cc ht mu trong lng trng v lng ).
1.7.2. V vn cholesterol trong trng
Cholesterol c cng thc l C27H45OH, thuc nhm lipit c tn l sterols, c tng
hp trong c th ng vt, chim v ngi, l sn phm ca qu trnh trao i cht t bo,
khng c trong thc vt. Cholesterol c tm thy nhiu trong mu ngi b x cng ng
mch v cao huyt p. Nm 1974, Cc Nng nghip Hoa K cng b, trong cc qu trng to
(56,7g) c hm lng cholesterol l 274 mg, v cho rng n nhiu trng l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn gy ra bnh tim ngi. Nm 1987 ngi ta kim tra li v xc nh hm
lng cholesterol ch l 210 mg cho mi trng trung bnh, nm 1989, cc nh khoa hc ch
ra l hm lng cholesterol thp hn ti liu cng b n 22%. Ngi ta cng cho bit,
hm lng cholesterol trong trng ln l 213 mg; trng trung bnh l 180 mg hay 310 mg/
100 gam trng c v, 1280 mg/ 100 g lng .
ng l trong trng c cha mt lng ln cholesterol v nu nh mt ch n ung c
nhiu cholesterol s c hi, gy ra nhng nh hng trc tip n hm lng cholesterol
trong mu.
Tuy nhin, cc nh khoa hc li cho rng, vic tng hm lng cholesterol trong mu
khng nguy him bng vic d tha cc cht bo bo ha. Cc loi cht bo ny mi thc s
l k th nguy hi cho sc kho con ngi cao hn nhiu so vi hm lng cholesterol.
Hip hi tim mch ti M cng tha nhn rng, bn vn c th n trng g mi ngy min
l bn phi lm ch c hm lng cholesterol thu np qua cc loi thc phm.
Mt qu trng g c cha ti 213 mg cholesterol, tp trung ch yu trong lng
trng. Nu c th hon ton khe mnh th vic np 300mg cholesterol mi ngy s khng
nh hng g ti sc khe.
Nu l ngi c tin s mc bnh tim mch, tiu ng hay c nng cholesterol
LDL mc cao, nn hn ch n nhng loi thc phm c cha nhiu cholesterol. V liu
lng cholesterol cho php i vi ngi mi ngy l 200mg.
Sau cuc iu tra ca AC Nielsen nm 2003, ngi M bt u n mt lng trng
kh ln. Theo thng k, nhiu hn so vi nm 2002 n 19%. Thc cht trng ch cha 25%
cholesterol t hn so vi suy ngh ca nhiu ngi. Ngoi ra, cc nh khoa hc cn cho rng
hm lng cholesterol c trong trng khng gy nguy hi m n sc kho. Mt nghin cu
mi y v s trao i cht cho thy, mi ngy n 3 qu trng vn khng lm tng lng
cholesterol. n trng cn mang li nhiu li ch cho sc kho.
Theo nghin cu ca i hc Tefts Boston, n trng c th s hp th c mt lng
lutein ng k (cht ny gip c th ngn nga c bnh m) t trng, lutein c trong trng
nhiu hn so vi cc loi rau qu. V vy, n nhiu trng s gip c th nga c bnh m.
Trong trng c cha nhiu choline. y l mt loi sinh t B hn hp, cht ny s
gip tr no ca thai nhi pht trin tt hn.
Theo mt pht ngn vin ca t chc dinh dng Hoa K th trng rt giu vitamin K,
loi vitamin ny gip ngn nga s ng cc ca mu, trnh c hin tng tc mch.
Hm lng axit bo ca trng ln n 350 mg axit bo, ngang vi 28 g c hi.

1.8. D tr, bo qun v ch bin trng

Trong u kin ph bin hin nay, s sn xut trng rt bin ng. Vic sn xut trng
t thng chn n thng hai t hn so vi cc thng khc trong nm. Trng thu c nhiu
nht t thng ba n thng su. Do mun phn phi cho th trng u n cn phi t
(U.S.)
46
chc d tr trng. Phi to nhng iu kin bo qun nh th no cc qu trnh phn hu
vt l, sinh hc v vi sinh vt hc b hn ch n mc thp nht.
Ngay trong nhng iu kin bo qun tt nht trong t lnh, sau bn thng, cht lng
trng cng b suy gim ng k. S thay i ny tng theo thi gian bo qun. Cha c cch
no hi phc li s gim cht lng trng. Cn phi quan tm tht y n khu bo
qun t lc nhn trng vo cho n lc xut trng ra mang i ch bin. V sinh trong sn
xut, chn la, bao gi v trnh s chn ng trong vn chuyn l nhng yu t quan trng
nht.
Ti nhiu nc, bng cch chn ging ngi ta ci tin c cht lng trng. Trong cc
c s ging phi ch c bit n nhng tnh trng ca cht lng trng sau y: khi lng, ch s
hnh thi (t l gia chiu rng, trn chiu di dy v trng, chiu cao lng vt mu, cht lng
protein theo n v Haugh).
Enzim. Qu trnh phn gii din ra trong thi gian bo qun trng ch yu do cc
enzim gy ra, l cc enzim proteaza, lipaza, desmolaza.

1.8.1.Yu cu v cht lng trng
Khi nim v cht lng trng bao gm nhiu ch tiu. V vy ch nh gi trn mt ch
tiu l rt kh. Theo cc cng trnh nghin cu ca nhiu nc trn th gii th vic nh gi cht
lng trng n ch c th da trn nhiu ch tiu v cu to v thnh phn ca trng. Trng n cn
phi cha nhiu cht dinh dng v vitamin, c mi v thm ngon v v dy chc tin cho vic bo
qun lu ngy.
c bit, khi lng qu trng l mt trong nhng tiu chun quan trng ca cht lng
trng n. Trng a ra th trng tiu th phi nng hn 45g. Ngi ta xc nh rng trng cng
nng th cng t hao ht v khi lng trong thi gian bo qun.
Bng 11 .S hao ht v khi lng trng g Leghorn trng sau 21 ngy bo qun
(nhit 20
0
C, m tng i 68%).
Hao ht khi lng
S lng trng
nghin cu
Loi trng theo
khi lng %
Loi mt c
coi l 100%
P
28 50-55 5,47 100 -
39 55-60 4,52 86,2 0,10
xc nh khi lng ca trng, cn cn vi chnh xc sai s t 0,1g. Xc nh
cht lng trng theo t trng qu trng cn t c ch . Nh bit, bung kh ca qu
trng m to th t trng gim. T trng cn t l thun vi dy v trng. Cc s liu nu
trong bng 12 cho bit l trng c v dy th c t trng cao.
xc nh t trng ca qu trng, ngi ta dng nhiu phng php. C th tnh tr
s c t trng trn c s khi lng v th tch ca trng. T trng trng cng c tnh bng
cch th trng vo dung dch mui c nng c xc nh trc.
bn ca v trng c xc nh bi dy ca v trng v hm lng manhe trong v
trng. Khi dy ca v trng bng 0,32mm th bn c coi l . Nhng cn lu v trng
mi c dy . Nu v trng khng bn th trng d b hng, ngoi ra cht lng trng p v kh
nng bo qun cng gim xung.
Bng 12. S khc nhau v dy ca v trng
S lng trng
55 55 30
Khi lng qu trng, g
T trng
55,72
<1,075
56,17
> 1,075
56,17
1,080

dy v trng, mm

47
0,22-0,24 9,1 - -
0,25-0,27 27,2 - -
0,28-0,30 49,1 7,3 -
0,31-0,33 14,6 52,7 13,3
0,34-0,36 - 40 60
0,37-0,39 - 26,7

Trng khng c v chc thng lm cho
g c thi xu l n trng. dy ca v trng
dao ng trong mt gii hn ln, cc s liu c
nu ln trong bng 12. Gn 30% trng l Leghorn
c bn ca v t yu cu.
dy trung bnh ca qu trng o
vng xch o v cc min cc ca qu trng.
do cc tr s bn trong, ngi ta dng micromet
hay thc o dy.
xc nh cht lng v trng, ngi ta
cng s dng ch s hnh dng, tc l t s gia
ng knh nh v ng knh ln. Ch s ny
m lch nhiu khi con s bnh thng th tng
thm s nguy him do v trng b v khi ng
gi hay vn chuyn trng.
Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta xc nh
rng c th da theo tnh trng lng trng v lng
bit c cht lng ca trng. Trng bo
qun lu ngy thng lm thay i cc thnh phn ny.
Lng ca trng ti phi cao v mng ca n phi n hi v chc. Cc cht cha
bn trong ca trng khi p ra phi chim mt din tch nh v khng chy long ra. C th
biu din cc c im ny theo cc chng trnh ton hc bng cc ch s lng trng v lng
.
Ch s lng trng l t s gia chiu cao so vi tr s trung bnh ca ng knh b v
dng knh ln. Cc tr s ny c o trn qu trng p v ra tm knh nhn t theo
mt phng ngang. Chng ti trnh by trn s sau y d khi qut cc im va ni.
Thng ngi ta s dng cc tr s ny xc nh s thay i ca lng v lng
trng trong qu trnh bo qun.
qunh ca lng trng v lng l mt tnh cht dng nh gi cht lng
trng. qunh c o bng dng c o qunh Hoppler. Tr s tm c cho php suy
on thi gian bo qun.
H s khc x cng c dng nh gi trng. Cn phi nh rng nhng ch s ny
ca lng v lng trng, c bit l trng ti, rt khc nhau. Nu bo qun lu th cc ch
s ny s b thay i do cc qu trnh thm thu xy ra bn trong trng. Trn c s nhng s
khc nhau v s khc x ca nh sng c th tch ton c ch s cht lng v i khi c
ch s bo qun na.

Bng 13. S phn b ca trng theo dy ca v trng
dy ca trng
0,26-0,28 0,29-0,31 0,32-0,34 0,35-0,37 0,38-4,40
S lng trng 8 40 70 82 9
Hnh 5: S cu to trng
48
T l phn trm 5,03 25,16 44,02 20,13 5,60

Hnh5

h
D chiu cao ca lng d

h
E Chiu cao ca lng trng c

d
D - ng knh ca lng

d
E - ng knh trung bnh ca lng trng c
(trung bnh gia
d
E min v
d
E max)
Ch s lng :
d
I
h
D
D
D

Ch s lng trng:
h
I
h
E
E
E

Ch s cht lng l tr s ca s chnh lch gia cc h s khc x ca lng v lng
trng nhn vi 1000. Ch s bo qun l s khc nhau gia cc h s khc x ca lng ca
trng ti vi trng c bo qun mt thi gian nhn vi 1000.
im ng c ca lng trng v lng , phng xp v s n nh ca lng trng
cng l nhng ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca trng. xc nh phng xp ca lng
trng, ngi ta ly lng trng ring ra cho vo cc v nh cho ni bt ln. Ch s phng xp
l t l tnh theo phn trm gia th tch c nh ni bt ln v th tch ban u. S n
nh ca lng trng c xc nh theo s lng lng trng li quay tr li trng thi dch
lng khi yn 30 pht sau khi nh ni bt.
tm ra nhng khuyt tt ca trng ngi ta thng soi trng. Khi soi trng c th
thy c kch thc ca bung kh. Trng n c coi nh cn tt nn bung kh c cao
khng qu 5mm khi trng c gi bung lnh hay trong ma ng v khng qu 7mm khi
gi ch nng hay trong ma h. o vo khong 2000 trng ma h trong iu kin
chn nui thm canh ca tri th nghim, Podelvitch thy rng, cc tiu chun trn dng cho
trng n l qu cao. Ngi ta xc nh l khi bo qun trng ti trong phng c iu
ho nhit trong thi gian 22 ngy, chiu cao trung bnh ca bung kh l 5mm, nhit
trong phng l 20
0
C; m tng i ca khng kh trong phng l 68%. Khi o kch thc
ca bung kh, ngi ta dng thc o c chia milimet. Soi trng, ly bt th vch ng ranh
gii ca bung kh ri o cao ca bung kh theo ranh gii .
Soi trng pht hin cc khuyt tt, nh lng di ng, bung kh di ng, dy
chng chng, v rn. Nhng qu trng c cc khuyt tt y s mt nhiu nc, bng 14 c cc
con s v vn ny. Khi soi trng c th pht hin c trng c phi ang pht trin cng
nh trng ang b nhim vi khun v nm mc. phn di s a ra nhng khuyt tt c
tm ra nh soi trng (Gresner v nhng ngi cng tc).
Bng 14. S hao ht v khi lng ca trng sau 22 ngy
bo qun 20
0
C
Khi lng,
g
Hao ht v khi
lng, g
P
Trng c v bnh thng 56,07 5,21
Trng c v rn nt 54,74 11,77
0,01

soi trng tt nht nn dng n kh trnh lm nng trng.
Nhng trng bn khng gi c lu. Nu trng dnh phn th trong khi bo qun cc
vi sinh vt s chui qua l kh vo bn trong. C khi ti 80% trng dnh phn. Ra trng l
khng lm ng theo tiu chun.
Ph hoi hay lm h mng v trng trong lc ra s lm gim rt nhiu kh nng bo
qun trng. Nhng cng trnh nghin cu mi nht cho bit l khi dng cc dung dch c
Del et ed:
Page Break
49
bit ra trng, ch lm h hi khng ng k. Nhng dung dch ra git cht nhiu vi sinh
vt trn b mt v trng. Phn bn trong ca trng ti do cc g mi kho mnh ra
khng c vi sinh vt, nhng trn b mt v trng, theo Forsait v Brux, vn c rt nhiu vi
khun (10
4
10
6
). Do trong mi trng m, s nhim bnh tng ln, cn phi gi cho trng
sch, khng b dp v.
C nhiu phng php pht hin ra trng b ra. C th nhn bit trng b ra
qua trng thi ca lp mng v v cng c th theo s thiu mt s loi mui nht nh khi
kim tra bi tia t ngoi, bng cc phng php nhum mu, bng o dn in v bi cc
phng php quang ho hc.
Hm lng vitamin A trong lng l mt tiu chun quan trng nh gi cht
lng ca trng. Thiu vitamin A trong thc n khng ch dn n s gim st sc trng
m cn lm t l n km i. Ngi tiu th thch trng c lng mu thm. Cng mu
sc ca lng c th o bng dng c my mc c bit. Raux ngh dng my so mu
Pulfrix xc nh mu sc ca lng .

1.8.2. nh hng ca cc phng thc nui dng v chm sc n cht lng trng
C nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng trng. Nh bit cht lng trng chu
nh hng ca s thay i ca ma. Ngoi ra, cht lng trng cn c lin quan vi sc
trng. Cc yu t di truyn, bnh tt, tui v c im ca ging c nh hng quyt nh n
cht lng trng. iu kin nui dng v chm sc cng c nhng nh hng nht nh.
Thiu thc n cng nh khu phn khng ng lm cho sc trng gim xung.
S to thnh trng ph thuc vo s hp th canxi, Nering tnh ton rng sn
xut ra 150 trng mt nm cn phi c 300g canxi hay 750g CaCO
3
. Thiu canxi lm cho v
trng mng v lm gim bn ca v. S trao i photphat canxi v mc cung cp
vitamin D
3
cho g mi c vai tr quyt nh i vi s to v. Sunde chng minh nh
hng ca ma i vi dy ca v trng. Tim phng bnh dch t g lm cho v trng
mng di mt thi gian. Nhit mi trng tng ln lm gim kch thc trng. Hm lng
prrotein trong khu phn gim xung nhiu cng gy ra nhng nh hng nh th. Tuy nhin,
thc n khng nh hng nhiu n trng thi protein ca trng. Nu cho n kh ht bng
mt thi gian di lm cho mu sc protein thay i, c bit l khi bo qun mt thi gian di.
Ngi ta cho rng nguyn nhn ca hin tng l s trao i gia lng v lng trng
tng ln mnh. y st cha trong lng cng tham gia vo phn ng.
Cht lng ca lng trng, khc vi cht lng lng trng, ph thuc nhiu vo s
nui dng. Cc sc t zeakxantin v lutein cha trong ng, c rt v bt c nh hng n
cng ca mu sc lng . Nhng cht ny lm lng m r rt nhng khng c nhiu
provitamin A. V vy lng mu nht cng c th cha nhiu vitamin A nu trong thc n
c nhiu vitamin ny, nhng c t carotenoit (bt c, m c). Ngoi cc cht carotenoit, cc
sc t tng hp, th d apocarotinal cho thm vo thc n cng lm tng m ca lng .
Nhng nghin cu tin hnh trm th nghim Podelvitch cho bit rng, nu cho g mi n
thc n c nhiu carotenoit th hm lng vitamin A trong lng c th tng ln ti 4500 IU
trong 100g. Gi tr sinh hc ca lng ph thuc vo hm lng m trong thc n. Vitamin
A v caroten ho tan trong m, nu nui g bng thc n c t m s khng thu c kt qu
nh mun.
Trong thc n ca g mi cha nhiu bt c, cn trng, c hp lm cho mi v ca
trng thay i. Sau khi ty trng chung nui, cc cht kh trng cng lm cho mi v ca
trng thay i. Cho thc n ht c s l bng hexacloran chng mt nu khng ra k
cng gy ra hu qu nh vy. Cc cht thuc ho hc c bit gy hu qu tai hi cho cht
lng trng.
nhng a phng c t ngho iot phi cho thm iot vo thc n ca g mi
nng cao hm lng iot trong trng.V nh hng ca vic b sung thm iot vo thc n n
50
kh nng bo qun trng cho n nay vn cha c thng bo c th. Cht lng trng cng
gim i g khi g n thuc chng cu trng thng xuyn. Thuc ny lm cho lng c mu
lm m v v trng sng mu. Ngoi ra, cc loi thuc ny cn lm tng tnh thm ca mng
lng dn n s tng cng trao i gia cc cht ca lng trng v lng v iu , c
th dn n cc khuyt tt ca lng .
Cc ti liu cho bit, iu kin chm sc nh hng khng r rt n cht lng trng.
Cc trang tri chn nui gia cm trng thng phm c nhim v sn xut trng,
cc x nghip ny sn xut ra v bn cc sn phm nng nghip qua cc trung tm nhn v
giao hng. y trng c soi, chn la, phn loi theo cht lng, nh du v ng gi.
T y trng c ch thng n ni tiu th hay c bo qun cc kho lnh. Gi trng
ph thuc vo cht lng trng. Nhng trng c cht lng khng tt pht hin bi s soi
trng s b loi b.
Khi lng qu trng l mt tiu chun quan trng nht phn loi trng theo cc loi
cht lng. Theo tiu chun, trng n c chia ra cc loi sau y : di 45g -55g, 55-60g,
60g v cao hn. bo qun trng phi c khi lng khng c thp hn 45g. V trng,
chiu cao ca bung kh, trng thi lng trng v lng , trng thi a phi v mi ng c
dng lm tiu chun nh gi cht lng. c bit trng ti phi c v sch v cu to bnh
thng.
Theo nhiu b tiu chun th ch nhng trng sch, khng ra v khng ty mi c
xp vo kho bo qun (gn y, ngi ta ra trng thng phm bng nhng thit b rt
hin i m khng lm nh hng n cht lng trng, theo , trng c ra bng tt b
c p lc rt cao v rt nhanh).
Chiu cao ti a ca bung kh trng g c th l 8mm. Trong thi gian bo qun
trc ngy 31 thng 3, chiu cao ca bung kh khng c qu 5 mm v t ngy mt thng
t khng c qu 7 mm.
Lng trng phi sng, chc v trong sut. Lng khi soi trng ch l mt vt m
khng c hnh dng r rt. Nu lng chuyn khi v tr trung tm hay nhn thy a phi th
coi nh l khuyt tt. Mi hi hay thi cng c xem xt, trng n phi khng c cc mi
ny. Nhng trng dng n phi c chn la k cng (bng 15). Nhng trng khng c
cht lng tt l nhng trng c nhng vt mu , xm, en khi mang soi. Nhng trng c
mi v nhng trng b nm mc cng thuc loi y. Chn trng bng cch soi trng c lm
cc trung tm sn xut trng.
cc nc, ngi ta c tiu chun phn loi t 4 n 6 loi theo kch thc ca trng.
Yu cu v v trng, chiu cao bung kh, trng thi lng trng v lng c khe kht hn. Cc
cht cha bn trong trng cng c nghin cu.
Bao gi c tm quan trng quyt nh trong vn chuyn vo trong bo qun. Theo cc
iu l v ng gi th cn phi m bo cho v trng c ton vn. iu ny khng ch i
hi tay ngh vng m cn phi c nguyn liu bn dng bao gi. Mt khc, nguyn liu dng
bao gi khng c ngn cn s thng kh. Ngoi ra cn yu cu l c th xp c nhiu
nht l dng cc thng g cha c 360 qu trng mi thng. trng khng va vo nhau,
ngi ta xp trng vo cc khay bng cc tng c cc mu li lm. u t ln pha trn.
Bng 15. nh gi trng da trn ghi chp ca s soi trng

Trng c cht lng tt
Trng khng c cht lng
tt
Trng tt:
Chiu cao ca bung
kh khng qu 5mm hay 7mm
Trng loi thi:
Trng lu, chiu
cao bung kh ln hn 7mm
tnh t ngy bo qun l sau
1 n 4 v 5mm trc 31
C mi thi
C vng mu
C vt kha
C chn en
Thi ln vi mu
51
thng 3.
Nh hn 45g. Bn.
Dp v. Bung kh di ng.
Lng di ng hon ton.
Trng c vt mu. C
vt l bn trong. Trng c
vt en bn trong. Trng
long lng. C mt trong cc
khuyt tt trn u b loi b
xanh ca v.

Nu dng ba cc tng bao gi th di dy hp v trn np phi c v bo v y
np bng ba cng. Kho cha phi sch v khng c mi hi. l mt yu cu c bit quan
trng bo qun trng. Chuyn vn trng trong ma h khng c trng nng qu
20
0
C. V ma ng trnh khng trng b ng vn.
1.8.3. Bo qun trng
C nhiu phng php bo qun trng. Trc khi xut hin t lnh th cch bo qun
trng ph bin l ngm trng vo nc vi hay dung dch ca mui natri (silicat natri). Hin
nay phn ln cc nc trn th gii, ngi ta bo qun trng trong phng lnh. Cho cc loi
kh nh CO2, O3 vo bung lnh hoc ph mt lp du ln v trng lm cho s bo qun
tt hn nhiu. Lm ng hay sy kh trng c hiu qu tt, khi p v b v i.
a. S thay i thnh phn trng trong qu trnh bo qun.
Cng vi thi gian bo qun, trong trng din ra nhng s bin i ho hc, l hc v
ho sinh hc. Cc bin i ny lin quan vi cc enzim c mt trong . S thay i ca
mng lng v s bc hi nc qua cc l kh gy ra cc qu trnh thm thu gia lng
trng v lng , lm cho nng ca cc thnh phn trng cng thay i theo. Th d nc
i t lng trng vo lng v nhng cht ho tan trong lng (cc cht khong) i t lng
sang lng trng. Di tc dng ca enzim tripsin, s phn gii muxin xy ra, sau cc
protein khc cng b phn hu. Trong lng , ngoi enzim cacbohydraza cn c cc enzim
esteraza v proteaza. Nng amoniac t do c coi l mc phn hu protein trong lng
. Cc qu trnh phn hu trong lng trng dn n s to ra tioglicol, kh sunfua hidro v
anhidrit c lu hunh. iu ny s lm cho s phn gii lp lng trng c thm nhanh
chng.
Cc qu trnh phn hu v khuch tn lm thay i kch thc ca bung kh. Hm
lng vt cht kh ca lng trng v lng cng thay i. C th thy iu qua cc h s
chit quang ca nh sng, nht ca lng trng v lng gim xung. Ch s lng trng v
lng gim xung. Ch s lng ca trng ti bng 0,45, ca trng i bng 0,25.
Qu trnh bo qun trng cng lm thay i pH. Ngay sau khi , pH ca lng trng
bng 7,5, ca lng bng 6,0. Do s thi kh cacbonic v hin tng phn hu nn pH tng
ln nhanh, 9,8 i vi lng trng v 7,6 i vi lng . Trong trng i, pH li gim xung.
Cc vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn lm cho trng b h. Cc qu trnh ln men xy ra
trong trng lc bo qun l mnh t thun li cho hot ng ca vi khun. Nhng g mi b
bnh, c th truyn bnh qua trng lc ang c hnh thnh trong ng dn trng hay truyn
qua l huyt. S nhim bnh t ngoi vo l nguyn nhn chnh gy bnh trong trng. Cc vi
trng amip coc, coli i qua l kh vo trng. V trng b hng, dnh phn, dnh cc nguyn
liu ca lp n chung v trng b i to iu kin cho s truyn bnh. Di tc dng ca
nm mc, mt bn trong ca mng di v trng xut hin cc chm en, c bit thy r
nhng trng c lng di ng. Nm mc i vo trng nhng ni m lng dnh st vo
mng di v trng. Sau chng bt u phn hu cc cht ca trng. Hin tng ny ch
ngng li khi thiu oxi. Nhit bo qun trong phng lnh khng ngn cn c s to thnh
52
nm mc. S pht trin ca nm mc ch b ngng li 6 7
0
C. Cc loi nm chnh l
Penicillium, Chladosporium, Aspergillus v Fusarium.
Tt c nhng bin php c hiu qu hin nay bo qun trng u c gng lm gim
n mc thp nht cc qu trnh phn gii trong trng. Sn phm c bo qun cng phi c
c nhng yu cu c th . V d ch nhng trng c cht lng cao mi c gi li. V
vy, ngay sau khi g phi thu nht nhanh v a vo ni bo qun cn thn. Cht lng
trng s gim xung nu trng b lc mnh. ngoi ra, trng dng bo qun mt thi gian
di khng nn ni c nhit qu cao 16
0
C v m tng i ca khng kh l 85%.
Lm lnh trng sau khi trng c ra l mt bin php bo qun rt quan trng.
b. nh hng ca nhit v thi gian bo qun trng
Haugh (Hu) ca trng s gim i theo thi gian bo qun. Tuy nhin, mc
gim ca n v Hu cn tu thuc vo nhit mi trng. Cc th nghim ca Coutts v
Wilson (1986) cho thy, vi trng trc khi bo qun Hu l 90 n v. -1
0
C, sau 5 ngy
bo qun, gim i 5 n v, trong khi ; 10
0
C, gim i 15 n v, 15
0
C gim i 18 n v,
21
0
C gim i 25 n v v 24
0
C gim i 30 n v.
nh gi trng theo cm quan rt quan trng nhng cng rt kh. Phng php ch
quan ny dng nh gi mi v lng v lng trng. Cc chuyn vin nh gi chng
theo cc tiu chun cht lng c bi. Trc ht nhng trng c hoc bo qun khng ng
th mi khng bnh thng: trng c t nhiu c mi hi, trng thi th c mi fomat hay mi
dihidro sulfua. trng cnh cc vt bc mi mnh (hnh, x phng v.v) th nhng mi y
c th nh hng xu i vi trng. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp ring c th thy
trng c mi bt thng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Thng gp nht l mi bt c, do t l bt
c xu qu cao hoc cc axit bo t do nhiu qu. Nghin cu khc gii thch mi c tanh l
do c nhng loi trc khun nht nh hoc do trao i cht khng bnh thng ca nhng g mi
c bit. Mi c kh l do sn phm trao i cht ca trc khun sinh ra. Chng thng t phn
g, i khi t cc vt liu gi bc ri vo trng. i khi mi c kh c bit thy trng cn
nguyn cha dp v. Cc loi trc khun nu trn pht trin nhanh nhit thp (gn 0
0
) dng
khi bo qun lnh. V vy, mi c kh thng thy trng trong t lnh.

c. Bo qun trng trong cc dung dch
Bo qun trng trong cc dung dch ngn nga c s bc hi ca trng. Ngoi ra
cc cht ca dung dch cn dit c cc vi sinh vt c trn b mt v trng v bt kn c
l v trng.
Nc vi. Ch nhng trng g cha b hng mi c bo qun trong nc vi.
nhit trong phng gi trong gii hn 5 10
0
C. Kt qu tt hn nu dit l 0
0
C. bo
qun mi qu trng cn c mt lt dung dch, ngi ta ch dng vi cha ti pha dung
dch. C 1000l dung dch cn c 50kg vi l 5kg mui n. Mui n c ho tan vo nc vi
s lng tng ng ri mi cho vo nc vi, va nc mui vo va quy u. Sau
c hai gi li quy dung dch mt ln. Sau mt ngy m th dung dch kt ta. Gn cn thn
lp nc trong pha trn vo b cha. Trong dung dch y cha vo khong 0,16 0,17%
cacbonat canxi vi pH khng thp di 10. gi c cc ch s ny th sau khi cho trng
vo dung dch phi y kn np li.
Ly trng ra khi dung dch rt d dng, nu trng ni ln trn mt nc. Mun vy
ly ra 1/6 dung dch ra khi b ngm trng, th vo l dung dch c nng cao th d
dung dch clorua magie ( 1, 3 ). Mc nc trong b gim dn khi trng c vt ra v vy
phi thm dung dch vo.
Garantol. Garantol l mt hp cht gm c vi ti ri c cho thm mt t ferosunphat.
Ferosunphat c dng ngn khng co vi thm vo bn trong trng.
Nc vi. Dung dch gm c mt phn dung dch mui n 35% v mi phn nc. Cng
c th dng cc loi nng khc. Dung dch ny c phn ng kim mnh, di nh hng ca kh
53
cacbonic ca khng kh bn ngoi, trong dung dch bt u kt lng cc tinh th. Nhng tinh th ny
bm vo b mt v trng v bt kn cc l kh.
C ba phng php bo qun trng k trn u c nhng nhc im khc nhau v so
vi s bo qun trong phng lnh chng ch gi tm quan trng th yu. Khi bo qun trong
nc vi, bn ca v trng gim xung, v vy khi nu, v trng ri vi c vo trng.
Nc vi cng truyn mi vo trng v lng trng mt kh nng ni bt khi dng quy
kem. Hin tng ny cng thy khi ngm trng vo dung dch garantol. Trng bo qun trong
nc mui cng c v gin v ln vo trng khi nu. V vy, trc khi nu, ly kim di mt
l u ca ca qu trng. Kh nng to bt khng n ni ti nh khi ngm trong nc vi.
Hin nay cc phng php bo qun ny ch c dng trong gia nh.

d. Bo qun trng trong phng lnh.
Trong phng lnh c th cha c mt s lng trng ln trong thi gian sut nm
m khng lm cho trng b gim khi lng v cht lng. Kt qu bo qun trong t lnh
ph thuc vo nhit v m. trnh s hao ht nhiu v khi lng, khng kh trong
phng lnh phi bo ho hi nc. Mt khc m cao li l mt iu kin thun li cho s
pht trin ca nm mc trn b mt v trng. Ch nn gi trng tt cn mi trong phng lnh.
Trc khi bo qun trng trong phng lnh, ngi ta soi trng nhit 5
0
C. Khng phi soi
tt c trng m ch soi vo khong 10%. Ch trong trng hp s trng hng qu tiu chun
cho php mi phi soi ton b trng. trnh cho v khi b dp, nht l trong ma h cn
phi lm lnh trng dn dn.
Trng c t trong cc khay trng ri cho vo hp ba cng. u t ca trng
ln pha trn. Lm nh vy bung kh khng b di ng, ranh gii ca bung kh khng b
lch v lng khng b di ng. Nguyn liu dng bao gi khng c c mi, phi kh
v khng t. nhit gi trong thi gian di l t 0
0
C v m l 78 82%. Hi lch
khi iu kin ny cng khng nh hng g my. C th ci thin c iu kin bo qun
nu gim nhit trong phng lnh ti 1,5
0
C v m ln ti 90%. Thay i khng kh
cng nh hng tt ti cht lng trng. Bin php ny m bo cho kh hu ca phng lnh
n nh.
Nu ly trng ra khi phng lnh vo ma h, phi tng nhit ln dn dn cho
trng khi b vn li. Trc khi cung cp trng cho b trng cn phi soi li v loi b
nhng trng hng.
Nhng bit, ngay trong iu kin bo qun tt, sau ba thng cht lng trng cng
gim xung nhiu. C th trnh c iu bng cch cho kh cacbonic vo phng lnh.
Khi cabonic c tc dng dit vi khun. Nu c nng kh cacbonic c th nng
cao c m ca khng kh trong phng lnh. iu ny hu nh trnh c s hao ht
khi lng trng. Kh cacbonic rt oxi t trng ra ngoi v lm ngn cn cc qu trnh ln
men ca s phn hu, lm cho trng lu i. Nu hm lng kh cacbonic trong phng lnh t
ti 50% th iu kin bo qun s c ci thin rt nhiu. Phng php bo qun ny c
p dng trong trng hp c cc bnh cha kh tc l cn phi trang b thm. tit trng
khng kh ca phng lnh, i khi ngi ta dng ozon. Nhng tc dng tit dng ca ozon
cng b hn ch bi kh ozon khng xuyn su c. Tc dng oxi ho ca ozon c th dn
n s phn hu qu nhanh cc lipt ca lng . Ngoi ra ozon cn kch thch mnh cc
mng nhy v vy khng th lm vic trong iu kin c nng ozon cao. Nng ca ozon
khng nn vt qu 3 5mg trong 1m
3
khng kh. Trong nhng nm gn y tit trng
ngi ta hay dng tia t ngoi. Phng php ny c kt qu tt trong phng ch bin tht v
khi d tht trong phng lnh. Tc dng ca tia t ngoi ch hn ch trn b mt sn phm v
th n khng ph hp bo qun trng.

e. X l bng du
54
C th hn ch s h hng ca trng trong thi gian bo quan bng cch x l bng
du. Du bt kt l kh, do lm gim bt s thot hi nc v khi lng trng ngay c khi
bo qun trng trong mt thi gian di. Ngoi ra, n cn gim s trao i oxi v kh cacbonic.
Gresner xc nh rng khi x l bng du, s hao ht khi lng gim i ch cn 0,15%
nu ng thi gi trng trong bung lnh. Trong nhm trng i chng s hao ht l 1,5%
Khi x l bng du, trc ht lm gim s thi kh cacbonic rt nhiu to iu kin tt
cho vic bo qun trng. Mt nhiu nc thng gn lin vi s thi kh cacbonic. X l
trng bng du cn phi lm ngay 24 gi sau khi trng c ra. Trng c cho vo
phng lnh khng lu trc khi xp vo bo qun. Thc tin cho bit l nn cho trng vo
phng lnh khi trng ra t ngy th 14 n ngy th 21. Trong thi gian ny hu nh
phn ln kh cacbonic b mt ht. V vy, lm tng kh nng bo qun trng trc khi
x l bng du nn x l bng kh cacbonic. Mun vy trng c a vo hp cha khng
thot kh, mt trn ca hp cha nng kh cacbonic khng c thp hn 85%. S x l
ko di 105 pht. Trong thi gian ny pH ca lng trng gim xung ti 7,8. Sau ngi ta
nhng trng vo du parafin 20
0
(6,3
0
theo Engler) trong 3 giy nhit 60
0
C (mi qu
trng cn 30mg parafin). Nu du nhiu qu cho chy bt trc khi xp vo phng lnh.
cho vic bo qun c kt qu hn, nn cho thm nhng cht chng vi khun vo
du, th d cho thm axit benzoic, benzoat natri, axit xalicilic v oromixin s lm tng kh
nng bo qun. Trong iu kin khng thun li ( nhit 20
0
, m khng kh 61%) c thm
cc cht ny s lm cho trng lu hng. Nhng nu pht hin thy nhng cht ny thm
vo bn trong qu trng th phi dng li khng c x l na.

f. Lm ng
Ch c th lm ng nhng sn phm c cht lng cao. Trong phng dng ch
bin trng cn sch s. Tt c nhng dng, trang thit b trong phng cn phi thng
xuyn ty trng. Trc khi lm ng trng cng c kh trng. nhit c kh trng i
vi ton b trng v lng l 60 62
0
C, i vi lng trng l 58 89
0
C. Kh trng trng
lm trong 2 pht. Kh trng nh vy tiu dit c 99% vi khun trong s c vi trng
Ecoli v salmonella.
Ngay sau khi ly trng ra khi v, trng c cho vo my quy u. Hn hp ny
c chy qua mt ci ry c nhng l khc nhau. Sau trng c h nhit nhanh
chng xung -28
0
C; qu trnh ny ko di 28 gi. Sau gi trng 18
0
C. nhit cao
hn, cht lng trng b gim i nhiu. Sn phm lm sn ny c cho vo hp st ty.
Cng c th dng nhm hoc cc nhin liu khc lm bao b.

g. Sy kh
Khi sy kh lng nc trong lng trng v lng gim i. iu ny hn ch rt
nhiu s hot ng ca cc enzim. Ngoi ra, hot ng sng ca phn ln vi sinh vt b ngng
li. Sn phm sau khi c lm kh lin c bao gi li bng nguyn liu khng cho khng
kh v nc i qua v lm lnh trong phng c m rt thp. Lng trng v lng ( b
v) c sy kh cng vi nhau. Nhng c th sy kh tng phn. sn xut bt trng cng
nh sn xut bt sa ngi ta dng phng php phun. trnh s nhim vi trng v nh
hng khng tt ca kh, ngi ta dng h thng chn khng. nhit cn phi iu chnh
nh th no lng trng khng b ng vn. Khi lm vi lng trng, cn ch b mng
trng c th cn st li.
Khi ch bin cc sn phm trng, khng nn qun mt iu l trong trng c th mang
cc mm bnh. Trc ht l cc i din ca nhm Salmonella (nguyn nhn gy ra nhng
bnh thng hn, ph thng hn, vim rut). c bit c hi cho ngi l khi n trng vt c
nhng loi vi trng ny. Trong mi nm trc y khi trng c s dng nhiu, ngi ta
kh trng c trng ti ln sn phm ca trng. Trc khi lm kh trng, ngi ta kh
For mat t ed: Dut ch (Net herlands)
55
trng 60 61
0
C trong vi pht. Lc ny cn ch lng trng khi b ng, nu khng
cht lng trng s gim i nhiu. Lng t t nhy cm vi vic un nng hn lng
trng. Kh trng sn phm trng khng c tin hnh di tc dng ca oxit etilen trong
chn khng. Kh nng bo qun bt trng c tng ln khi pH gim xung n 5,5 v lng
hi nc ch cn 2%. Vi s c mt ca kh cacbonic v nhit thp, bt trng c th bo
qun c mt thi gian rt di.
h.Bo qun trng bng mng bc nhn to
Lp mng bc t nhin trn v trng c tc dng nh mt ro chn chng li s xm
nhp ca vi sinh vt v gim tn tht khi lng trong qu trnh bo qun. Nu ta ra v trng
ngay sau khi thu hoch m bo v sinh v trng th s lm mt i lp bo v t nhin ny,
trng rt mau hng. Hin nay, ko di thi gian bo qun trng g, trng vt ti sau khi
ra v tit trng, c nhiu nc p dng phng php ph mt lp mng nhn to bn ngoi
v trng thay th lp mng bo v t nhin b mt i. Mng bao c s dng ph bin
nht l du khong, ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi mng ang trong giai on nghin cu v th
nghim nh: mng protein (whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, mng t zein...),
mng lipid (du u phng, du ht bng, du da...), polysaccharid (chitosan, alginat...),
shellac. Mng bc nhn to c th gip ko di thi gian bo qun ca trng gia cm do hn
ch qu trnh trao i CO2 v O2 qua v.
nc ta, c mt s nghin cu theo hng ny, nhng vn cha c ng dng rng ri.
Cc nh khoa hc thuc Trng i hc bch khoa TP.HCM tm ra cch gi cho trng
vt ti lu hn bng nhng mng bc nhn to, h tin hnh nghin cu chi tit nh
hng ca mt s mng t nguyn liu khc nhau nhm m bo qun trng lu di v an
ton v sinh thc phm.
u tin, trng c lau bng vi mm nhng nc m 32 - 34oC, ngm trong dung
dch oxy gi 0,5% trong 3 pht ri ra nhanh li bng nc m v thi kh. Sau khi chun b
cc dung dch to mng (bao gm mng bc monostearin, soy protein isolate (SPI), carboxy
methyl cellulose (CMC) v du da), ngi ta to mng bc cho v trng bng cch nhng
tng qu trng vo dung dch to mng trong 10 giy, ri dng kp ly ra, t trn cc li,
lm kh nhanh bng qut my, sau bo qun nhit thng (25 - 32oC).
Sau , ngi ta kho st hiu qu ca cc mng bc trn v du da i vi cht
lng ca trng vt trong 15 ngy bo qun iu kin nhit thng, da trn cc ch tiu:
gim khi lng, pH lng trng, Haugh, t l hng, nh gi th hiu v phng, mi
v mc a thch chung. Kt qu kho st cho thy ngoi tr du da, cc mng bc u
ko di thi gian bo qun ca trng ln 15 ngy so vi i chng 10 ngy, trong mng
monostearin cho hiu qu tt nht. Tt c cc trng bc mng, ngoi tr bc mng SPI, u
c ngi nh gi chp nhn. Tc dng tt ko di thi gian bo qun trng ca cc loi
mng c th sp xp theo th t sau: monostearin > CMC > SPI.

1.8.4.Sn xut trng sch v cng nghip ho ngnh sn xut trng
Trong k nguyn hi nhp ton cu, khi hng ro thu quan gia cc nc ngy cng
tr nn mng manh hn th cng l lc cc ri ro trong chn nui cng tng ln ng k.
in hnh nc ta trong thi gian hu WTO l dch tai xanh, v trc l dch cm gia
cm. ng trc cc nguy c , nhng nc c ngnh chn nui pht trin v giu tim
nng u xc nh l, chn nui bn vng, mt mt cn tng cng cng tc m bo v
sinh mi trng v an ton sinh hc, mt khc, y mnh qu trnh khp kn t khu sn xut
n khu ch bin sn phm lm ra vi cht lng cao. Gn y, cc nh my ch bin tht
ln ca cng ty CP ti Vit Nam gip cho cc trang tri ca h rt ch ng trong vic
tiu th sn phm v rt t ph thuc vo th trng (vn rt tht thng nh d bo thi tit
vy) l nhng v d in hnh v cng tc ny.
Trong lnh vc sn xut v tiu th trng gia cm, cc nc Thi Lan v Trung Quc
For mat t ed: Dut ch (Net herlands)
56
l nhng nc gn y rt thnh cng trong vic a dng ho sn phm chn nui g
trng.
Hng nm 60 triu tn trng c tiu th trn ton cu, trong khong 40 triu tn
c tiu th chu . Nc tiu th trng ln nht l Trung Quc vi s lng 30 triu tn
mi nm.
S cng nghip ha sn xut, ch bin trng chu li cha pht trin v chu li
cng l ni bng pht nhiu nht trn th gii v dch cm gia cm, nh hng n an ton
ca sn phm trng.
Lng trng hng ha qua x l chim t l cn rt khim tn. S lng trng
c x l, ch bin cng nghip Trung Quc ch chim 0,13% tng sn lng trng mi
nm trong khi M v khi EU do chp hnh lut an ton thc phm (trong c u khon
phi x l trng trc khi a ra th trng tiu th) th s lng trng c x l chim ti
96% v 98%. Con s ny Nht Bn t 60% v i Loan l 20%.
c th xy dng thng hiu trng an ton th tng qu trng phi c m s ha
nhm xc nh c ngun gc xut x, thi gian v ni sn xut, kim nh cng vi s
kim sot cht ch sn xut trng t u vo nh cc khu ging, chung tri, thc n, quy
trnh chn nui, thu gom n u ra nh bo qun, ch bin, ng gi sn phm
Th no l trng sch
Trng sch l trng c sn xut ra t dy chuyn sn xut khp kn, kim sot c
ton b quy trnh t chn nui (sn xut con ging, sn xut thc n, to mi trng chn
nui an ton v v sinh t tiu chun quc t) n sn phm: bao gm vic thu hoch, v
sinh, phn loi. m ho hoc ch bin nhm a dng ho sn phm: trng ti (trng qu),
trng b v (dch trng), bt trng, trng mui v trng luc b v.
V d, h thng sn xut trng sch ca DKY c th hin qua s sau:

Trn th gii hin c cng ty Sanovo Staalkat vi hn 50 nm nghin cu cung
ng c nhiu h thng ch bin trng vi quy m cng nghip ha, hin i v m bo
cht lng trng "sch".
57
cc quy m v kiu dng khc nhau, cc h thng dy truyn ch bin trng gm
cc cng on nh ra trng (bng bn chi thit k c bit v nc phun vi tc nhiu
nht 30 giy/qu) lm kh bng kh nng 40-45
0
C soi qua tia t ngoi pht hin trng
c phi, trng hng Phn loi trng theo mu sc, loi b trng dp v (chnh xc n tng
mm) phun du bo qun nu sn phm bn l trng ti.
i vi mc ch bn dch trng th dy truyn c thm cc thit b nh my tch v;
my tch lng trng, lng ; my kim dch, kim tra vt mu,... my ng gi chuyn bit,
ng thi h thng cn c my thu gom li v trng v nghin nh lm thc n chn nui.
Nu sn phm cn thu l trng luc th cn c thm my o xem trng c phi l trng
ca g mi khng (loi trng ny thng kh bc), bung luc, my bc v....
Nu sn xut bt trng th h thng my cn c thm bung sy bt, ng gi c
dng v t ng.
Qu trnh trn, bn cnh vic ly c nim tin ca ngi tiu dng v an ton sinh
hc, cn tng kh nng la chn cho ngi tiu dng, m rng c nhiu th trng, kch
c cu cung pht trin. Hn na khu ny li d c th cng nghip ha lm tng nng
sut to sn phm hng ha. ng thi lm gim s bin ng v gi trn th trng, trnh
hin tng: c nng xut th mt gi v ngc li.

Tuy nhin, c th s dng c h thng my ch bin hin i ny th phi c
ngun nguyn liu m bo cng sut mi my xp trng c sc cha v x l ti 24.000
qu/gi. iu ny i hi sn lng trng v h thng thu gom trung gian phi rt pht trin.
Do , pht trin chn nui gia cm cn chuyn dch sang hng gia tri, trang tri cng
nghip ha ln, i i vi u t cng ngh ch bin, bo qun cng nghip ha, a dng ha
sn phm th chc chn s thu ht c nhiu th trng, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm
v thc y tr li ngnh chn nui hp dn ny.

1.9.Vn an ton thc phm trong chn nui gia cm Viet GAHP

Trn th gii, t lu vn an ton thc phm c c bit quan tm. Mt trong
nhng gii php hng n mc tiu trn l vic p dng cc tiu chun va kim sot hiu
qu, va p ng cc yu cu kinh doanh ca cc Hip hi bn l trn th gii nh tiu
chun GAP, tiu chun BRC.
Tiu chun GAP (Good Agricultural Practices , thc hnh nui trng tt) l tiu
chun ra i t chng trnh an ton thc phm th gii (din n kinh doanh thc phm th
gii c t chc vo thng 5/2000). Mc tiu ca chng trnh an ton thc phm th gii
bao gm:
- Nng cao an ton thc phm
- Nng cao bo v ngi tiu dng
- Nng cao lng tin ngi tiu dng
- Thit lp cc yu cu dng lm chun so snh cc h thng an ton thc phm
- Ci tin hiu qu v chi ph trong ton b chui dy chuyn cung cp thc phm
Tiu chun GAP cp n vic kim sot nhng khu u tin ca vic nui trng v
phng php m bo cung cp thc phm an ton v khng c. N quy nh cc yu t cn thit
thc hnh nui trng tt sn xut thc phm tht, trng... Cc sn phm trn mun c bn
trc tip vo siu thi M, EU th cc nh cung cp cn phi quan tm p dng GAP (khu nui
trng), GMP v HACCP (khu ch bin, ng gi, vn chuyn).
Trong GAP bt buc chng ta phi phn tch nhng mi nguy xut pht t u vo nh: thc
n, nc... tt c cc yu t nh hng n vt nui. V t vic xc nh ny, phi a ra cch thc kim
sot lm gim thiu cc mi nguy c khng an ton c th sy ra.
Cc yu cu chnh ca GAP bao gm:

For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt , Not Bold,
I t alic, Font color: Red
Del et ed: .
58
- Mi trng nh xng/ trang tri/ ch nui phi thch hp, khng c nc thi chy
vo h thng ti tiu.
- Mi trng chung quanh phi c nh gi cc ri ro do nhim v ngp lt.
nh k nh gi s tc ng tim n ca mi trng n an ton thc phm.
- Trang thit b phi c thit k ng mc ch s dng, d dng lm sch. nh k
nh gi cc iu kin hot ng ca trang thit b.
- Bo tr v lp k hoch bo tr, cc nh thu hoc cc i bo tr phi nhn thc v
tun th cc tiu chun v sinh quy nh ca n v.
- Nhn vin c toa lt v trang thit b v sinh.
- Nhim bn do ha cht / cc vt l t bn ngoi: cc ho cht (phn bn, cht ph
gia, thuc, xng, du...) c s dng phi c qun l v kim sot.
- V sinh v lm sch: c chng trnh thc hin v sinh, h s thc hin phi y .
Cc ho cht s dng phi ph hp vi mc ch s dng.
- Qun l cht lng nc s dng.
- Qun l cht thi: cht thi phi c kim sot ngn nga s nhim bn vo
t v nc. C chng trnh x l thch hp cht thi v cc vt cha ha cht.
- Kim sot vt gy hi: nh gi s nh hng ca cc ha cht c s dng v
ma trc trong nc v t. Vic kim sot vt gy hi c thc hin bi cc t chc c
kh nng hoc bi nhn vin c o to.

Theo t chc Lng Nng Th gii: GAP l cc bc thc hnh c lin quan n tnh bn
vng ca mi trng, kinh t v x hi trong sut qu trnh sn xut v ch bin sau thu
hoch to ra thc phm cng nh cc sn ph ca ngnh nng nghi p cht lng v an
ton (FAO, 2003).
Ai nh ra cc tiu chun GAP? l cc Chnh ph cc nc, cc t chc dn s -
phi chnh ph.V cc mc tiu chnh ca GAP l cht lng mi trng v an ton nn hu
ht cc chnh ph u thng qua cc qui nh v lut v GAP. H cng ng h s tha thun
GAP ca khu vc t nhn. Ti Php, chnh ph va ban hnh tiu chun GAP p dng cho
cc nh vn tin b. ng thi chnh ph Php cng p ng cc mi quan tm ca nh
vn v cc nh bun l l lm sao tiu chun GAP ca chnh ph v GAP t nhn (ang
tn ti) thng nht nhau, c bit l vi Eurep GAP v lm th no n gin ha cc nh gi
v thc thi GAP?
GAP v cc t chc quc t
- Bn cnh Eurep GAP- c bit p dng cho sn phm ti- c hai t chc trn qui
m quc t thit lp tiu chun GAP nh tiu chun ton cu ha.
- GFSI - T chc An Ton Thc Phm Ton Cu- l t chc 100% t nhn do cc nh
ch bin v bun l hng u th gii thnh lp vi tt c cc cp trong chui cung cp,
bao gm c nng tri, u c GFSI quan tm
Ngy 15 thng 5 nm 2008, B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
Ban hnh Quyt nh s 1504 / Q-BNN-KHCN ca Thc hnh chn nui tt cho chn
nui gia cm an ton ti Vit Nam (VietGAHP).
59

Chng II
CHN LC, NUI DNG V CHM SC G MI

2.1. ng dng mt s tin b di truyn trong cng tc gi ng i vi g
trng ging
2.1.1. Mu sc lng
i vi g tht c b lng trng hoc sng mu khi git tht ngi ta d dng lm
sch lng. g c lng mu sm hoc en thng li gc lng vi sc t en trn da lm
thn tht khng p, gim s hp dn ca sn phm. tht, chnh v vy m khi to cc t hp
lai chuyn tht ngi ta thng to ra g vi mu lng trng hoc vng sng.
Mu lng lin kt gii tnh c ng dng nhiu trong cng tc ging khi lai to g
chuyn trng v chuyn tht lng mu. Gen s (ln) quy nh mu lng nu, gen S (tri) quy
nh mu lng trng nm trn NST gii tnh Z. Thng chn g trng b ZsZs (nu) cho phi
vi mi m ZSW (trng) cho ra n con khi mi n c g trng lng trng (loi b ngay) v
g mi lng nu.

Cha ZsZs (nu) x mi m ZSW (trng)

Giao t Zs; Zs Zs, W

Con thng phm g trng ZsZS (trng) g mi ZsW (nu)

G trng nu hoc nu l t nhng ging nh newhampshire, rhodisland v leghorn
nu. G mi trng t nhng ging nh: susex, viandot, viandot v dorking.
Cha lng en cho phi vi mi m sc trng en s cho con mi en v g trng en
vi chm trng sng trn u nh ging Bovan Nera.
For mat t ed: Level 1, I ndent : First
line: 0 cm
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
60
2.1.2. Tc mc lng
Tnh trng mc lng nhanh s nhn thun li cho vi rt ngn thi gian nui g tht
broiler. Khi git tht la tui sm, gia cm s c t lng mng, gc lng trng thnh kh,
khng li nhng l ln vi nhng vt mu sm trn da lm cho quy tht xu v d b
nhim khun.
Gen quy nh tnh trng mc lng nhanh (k) nm trn NST gii tnh Z l gen ln
thng c s dng nhiu trong cng tc ging to ra t hp lai broiler thng phm. C
th phn bit trng mi qua tc mc lng cnh s cp ngay t khi mi n khi chn t hp
lai gia g trng b mang gen kk (ln), mc lng cnh nhanh v g mi m mang gen KW,
mc lng cnh chm (K l gen tri). Trong n con n ra, g trng c kiu gen Kk s mc
lng cnh chm, lng cnh s cp hnh kim: g mi c kiu gen kW s mc nng nhanh nn
lng cnh s cp c c trn chp lng.
Cha kk (mc lng nhanh) x M KW (mc lng chm)

Giao t k K; W

Con: g trng Kk (mc lng chm), g mi kW (mc lng nhanh)

Tc mc lng c xc nh qua tnh trng lng cnh ca g con mi n v g 10
ngy tui qua tnh trng lng ui. G mc lng nhanh s c lng ui lc 10 ngy tui, g
mc lng chm th ui cha mc lng (Richard v Malden, 1990).
T l ph thuc vo tun tui, ngi ta c th d on t l qua cng thc sau:
Cng thc s on t l :

Y = 100 x
1
]
1
,
_
+
d X) x (c -
) b x a ( 1
1

Trong :
Y: T l (s trng /100 mi /ngy)
X: S tun t khi trng u ca qun th
H s a = 39,6; b = 0,3; c = 0,0035 (hng trng); 0,012 (hng tht); 0,004 (vt, chim
ct); d = - 0,03 (hng trng); - 0,08 (hng tht).
Cng thc d on khi lng trng

p = a (b x 0,9
x
).
Trong :
P: khi lng trng (g); x: s tun

H s Trng Hng tht Chim ct Vt Ngng
a 62 68,7 11,2 66,5 140
b 18 23 4 19 60

2.1.3. Mt s gen c bit c s dng trong cng tc ging
Trong rt nhiu gen quy nh khi lng c th, mt s gen c ngha ln trong cng tc
ging gia cm nh gen Cp gy ra s pht trin khng bnh thng ca m sn, gen td gy ra tnh
trng hypothyroidism, gen dw gy gi m tm vc ca g trng thnh. Cc gen trn thng ln v
him vi tn s gp rt thp.
61
Gen Dw tri l tnh trng bnh thng, gen ln dw
B
gy ci nh gi l Bantam gen.
Gen dw gy tnh trng ci nng lin kt gii tnh vi nhim sc th Z, gen dw nm gia gen n
gy thoi ho gan v gen wl gy khng cnh, gen dw n m gn gen s (lng trng) hoc gen
S (lng vng nu). Gen dw c ch nhiu v n lin quan n nhiu chc nng ca trao i
cht, chc nng sinh l, ding dng, tp tnh v bnh l. Nhng nh hng ca gen ny c th
rt d dng nghin cu khi trong n con mi c 50% ci, nh, cn 50% l g mi bnh
thng. Tnh trng s sm xc nh nu c tim gen s (lng trng) v gen k (mc lng nhanh).

Gen dw c th gp hng trng cng nh hng tht. Tc dng ci cc khng th
hin khi lng g con mi n m xut hin nh mt qu trnh tng trng thp hn so vi
bnh thng. g trng thnh, th trng g mi gim 50%, g trng gim 40%. G dw mo
pht trin hn, tch m nhiu hn, nng sut trng gim khong 10% g nh cn, thnh thc
sinh dc chm hn 7 10 ngy nhng t l p n cao hn 5 10%. G dw chu nhit tt,
lng glucose mu thp do tng s tch lu glycogen, tch lu protein thp nn qu trnh d
ho nhanh; trong tuyn yn tch lu 1 lng hormon sinh trng khng tit ra c hoc tit
ra dng khng hot ng, iu ny dn n tng tiu tn thc n cho tng trng, mn cm
vi khu phn thiu protein, c bit l cc axit amin.
Gen dw th hin g hng trng: gim khi lng c th 15 25%, gim khi
lng trng, gim sn lng trng 10%, mn cm vi lnh v iu kin chm sc km, chu
nng tt. C th nui g vi mt cao hn khong 30 35%.
Gen dw g hng tht: gim khi lng c th v khi lng trng, gim mc tng
trng v gim thc n cho duy tr t 15 30%. Khi lai vi g bnh thng Dw s phc hi
tnh trng bnh thng g mi, ch cn 3% g tr ng Dwdw ci.
Gen dw c s dng lm gim th trng g mi hng tht nhm gim tiu tn thc
n sn sut g con. G mi dw khng tt vi bnh Leucosis nn c t l nui sng cao
hn.
Gen chu nng tt gm c gen Na (Naked neck) l gen tri khng hon ton, gy
tnh trng tri lng u v vng c. G mang gen NaNa gim 40% lng ph, vng da u v
da c khng c cc gc lng nn thng tri. G NaNa gim 30% lng ph, cn g nana mc
lng bnh thng.
G hng tht mang gen Na tng sc chu nng, nng sut trng cao, khi nui nhit
cao 30
0
C vn gi mc tng trng cao, chuyn ho thc n tt, t l lng t, sc sng cao,
kho mnh, t l nui sng cao hn v t l tt xu (cannibalism) thp hn g mang gen nana.
G mang gen NaNa c th trng cao hn v tiu tn thc n thp hn g mang gen Nana.
G hng trng gen Na tng sc chu nng, nng sut trng cao khi nui nhit
cao, sm hn, trng c khi lng cao hn, v trng dy v chc hn, t l cht thp hn
so vi g mang gen nana.
Gen F (Frizzle) gy lng qun ra ngoi, lm gim tnh ph ca lng nn nhit s d
dng to ra.
Gen Na v gen F c mi tng tc cht trong vic ci thin nng sut trng trong iu
kin nhit mi trng cao trn 30
0
C.
2.1.4.T chc cng tc ging
T chc cng tc ging ca cc quc gia u c t chc theo s sau y:

Ngn hng gen v ging gc
ng b v cha m
Thng phm
62

Nhn chung t chc cng tc ging u theo hng pht trin nhng x nghip chuyn mn
ha sau y:
- Cc x nghip ging gc v ngn hng gen
- Cc x nghip nhn ging, nui g ng b, b m
- Cc x ngip v tri nui thng phm, cc tri p
Cc c s ny c nhim v v chc nng khc nhau, nhng c mi lin h mt thit
vi nhau to thnh mt h thng.
Cc x nghip ging gc v ngn hng gen
Nhim v ca cc x nghip ny l gi cc dng thun v m bo cung cp cho cc
tri nhn ging nhng g ging trng v ging tht tt. Bn cnh cc x nghip ny phi c
c s kim tra sc sn xut ca tng c th dng thun. Cc x nghip ny ch cung cp
cho cc x nghip nhn ging nhng g qua kim tra v kh nng sn xut khng ngng
nng cao v bo m nng xut cho cc x nghip cng nh cc tri thng phm.

Cc x nghip nhn ging
Nhim v ca cc x nghip nhn ging l nhn cc n gia cm nhn c t cc
x nghip ging gc c th cung cp cho cc x nghip thng phm nhng n gia cm tt
nht. V cc x ngip nhn ging khng lm cng tc ging chuyn mn nn ti y khng
tin hnh kim tra sc sn xut. Cc x nghip ging c nhim v m bo k hoch cung cp
con ging lu di, t tiu chun k thut cho cc x nghip nhn ging trn c s cc hp
ng cht ch. Cc x nghip ny cn c quy hoch khoa hc trn c s nghin cu kh
nng tiu th ca cc tri thng phm. Cc nh nui gia cm ca cc x nghip nhn ging
cn c nhn g cng tui v xut i nhng g m tui ca chng c bit chc chn
qua theo di trn s sch.
min Bc nc ta, nhng x nghip ny c quy m kh ln nh x nghip nhn ging
g hng trng Lng M, x nghip nhn ging g tht Tam Dng cc x nghip ny
c trang b y m bo vic sn xut g con tt.
Cc x nghip v tri nui thng phm
Nhim v ca cc c s ny tng i n gin, ch yu l sn xut trng, tht
cung cp cho th trng.
Cc x nghip sn xut trng nui g mi thng phm nhn t cc c s nhn
ging khi chng mi n. Sau khi khai thc trng, n khi g mi gim, khng t hiu qu
kinh t th loi thi git tht v li nuI n mi.
Cc x nghip nui g tht nhn g con thng phm mi n, nui n tui nht
nh, thng l 6- 12 tun tui th xut bn. Thi gian nui ngn hay di ty thuc vo ging,
iu kin nui dng, th hiu ca khch hng
Cc x nghip sn xut thng phm nn c quy m ln c th c gii ha hoc t
ng ha sn xut, nh lm gim chi ph v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn. Ti cc c
s ny c th nui g bng loi thc n ph hp m bo sc sn xut cao v h gi thnh
sn phm.
Cc trm p
63
Cc trm p nhn trng t cc x nghip nhn ging, quy m ca cc trm p c xc
nh da trn kh nng cung cp trng p ca cc x nghip nhn ging v kh nng tiu th
g con ca th trng. G con n ra t cc trm p ny c cung cp cho cc x nghip nhn
ging, cc c s sn xut thng phm, cc hp tc x, v c th bn rng ri cho nhn dn
a phng. Trm p khng ch lm nhim v kinh doanh n thun m cn lm nhim v
kim tra, thng bo cht lng trng p kp thi cho cc c s sn xut trng p m trm
nhn trng. V l trm u mi nn cc trm p cn lm tt cng tc an ton sinh hc, v
sinh, tim phng ban u m co cung cp ra th trng cc n g con sch bnh.
2.1.5.Lai kinh t (lai cng nghip)
L phng php cho giao phi gia nhng con trng v con mi khc ging hay khc
dng vi mc ch dng con lai ly sn phm. y l phng php lai ph bin nht hin nay
trong chn nui gia cm
Cng c th lai kinh t 4 mu (dng).
y l phng php ph bin nht hin nay to con thng phm (c tht v trng).
Thng thng, cc hng cung cp ging c mt s lng rt ln cc dng thun (hng Sasso
c hng trm dng khc nhau). Khi mua gi ng ng b, ngi ta thng mua 3-4 dng thun,
chnh l dng ng b (ni v ngoi), thng c k hiu l A; B; C v D. Khi g chun b
vo , ngi ta ghp dng ng ni A vi dng b ni B to ra con trng b AB (b con
mi i), ghp dng ng ngoi C vi dng b ngoi D to con m CD (b con trng i).
Cho b AB ghp vi m CD s to ra con thng phm.
Mt v d v cng thc lai to g trng thng phm t 4 dng (theo Smith,1995) nh
sau:

T 4 dng, g A, B to ra dng trng, C v D to ra dng mi

Xin nhc lai, g siu trng, con trng thng phm c mu trng, loi b ngay, ch
li con mi c mu nu nui trng thng phm. ( g siu tht, con trng v mi
thng u c mu trng, g th vn th c trng, mi thng phm u c mu nu).

Th h ng b c (Great grandparents):
Nhn thun 1 trng X 4 trng X 4 trng X 40 trng X
4 Mi 40 mi 40 mi 4 400 mi
Dng A Dng B Dng C Dng D
Th h ng b 80 trng X 800 mi 800 trng X 8000 mi
(Grandparents) A B C D

Th hcha m 25.000 trng X 250.000 mi
(Parents) AB CD

G con (ABCD) 10.000.000mi
Thng phm ABCD
64
Bng 16. Mt s ging g chuyn trng v kim dng ang nui ph bin nc ta

G chuyn trng
1 Goldline. 54 H Lan 1990 Khng cn
2 Brown Nick M 1993 Pht trin
3 Hisex Brown H Lan 1995 Pht trin
4 Hyline M 1996 Pht trin
5 ISA Brown Php 1998 Pht trin
6 Babcobb -B380 Php 1999 Pht trin
7 Lohmann Brown c 2002 ang pht trin
G kim dng
1 Tam Hong 882 Trung Quc 1992 Cn li khng nhiu
2 Tam Hong Jiangcun Hng Cng 1995 Cn li khng nhiu
3 Lng Phng Trung Quc 1997 Pht trin mnh
4 ISA- JA 57 Php 1997 Cn li khng nhiu
5 Sasso (SA 31) Php 1998 Pht trin
6 Kabir Israel 1997 Pht trin
7 ISA. Color Php 1999 Pht trin
8 Ai Cp Ai cp 1997 Pht trin
9 Hubbard Plex Php 2000 Pht trin
10 Newhampshire Hungari 2002 t pht trin
11 Yellow Godollo Hungari 2002 t pht trin
12 G Sao Hungari 2002 ang pht trin
(Ngun: B Nng nghi p v PTNT)
Nng sut trng ca mt s t hp chuyn trng theo gii thiu ca cc hng g nc
ngoi
S lng trng Tn t hp g trng
thi gian c tnh S trng (qu)
Thc n tiu tn
(kg)
Leghorn Ba V 23-74 TT
52 tun
270
Goldline 54 21-88 TT
60 tun
313/mi u k
322/mi c mt
2,3/kg trng
1,4/10 trng
Isa Brown 20-78 TT
59 tun
320/mi u k
Brown Nick 18-76 TT
58 tun
305-325/mi u k 2,2-2.3/kg trng
Hy line Browne 18-80 TT
61 tun
334/mi u k
339/mi c mt
2,2-2.5/kg trng
Lohmann Brown 12 thng
14 thng
290-300
340-345
2,1-2.3/kg trng
Tetra
(tc AA Brown)
52 tun 310-313 2,15-2.25/kg trng
1,45-1,55/10 trng
Hubbard Golden 19-72 TT 270-291/mi u k
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65
52 tun
Dekalb Brown 19-78 TT
60 tun
330-339
Dekalb Gold 18-72 TT
18-78 TT
505
304
2,1/kg trng
1,3/10 trng

2.2.Chn lc v nh gi nng sut ca g mi

2.2.1.Chn lc ging theo ngoi hnh v phng php phn bit trng mi
Chn lc g con 1 ngy tui
Vic chn lc g con c bt u t lc g n ra trm p. y l cng vic c
tin hnh bt buc cc c s ging thun, cng nh cc c s ging b m, thng phm.
G con 1 ngy tui c chn lc tru?c h?t l ph?i c ngu?n g?c r rng v c cc c im
ngoi hnh nh sau: lng c mu c trng ca phm ging, bng, xp, mt sng, nhanh
nhn, khi lng s sinh ln, chn bng, cng cp, dng i vng vng, phn x nhanh nhn.
Bng thon, rn kn.
Cn loi nhng c th c khuyt tt v ngoi hnh nh khoo chn, h rn, bng ph, vo m,
hu mn dnh phn, tm vc nh, lng bt.

Chn lc g hu b
Trong giai on ny thng c hai thi k chn lc l chn lc lc kt thc giai
on g con (42 hoc 49 ngy tui i vi g hng tht, 63 ngy tui i vi g hng
trng), v chn lc lc kt thc giai on g hu b vo lc 133 ngy tui i vi g
hng trng v 140 ngy tui i vi g hng tht.
Chn lc giai on ny cng da vo ngoi hnh v khi lng c th. Nhn chung cc
ging g pht trin bnh thng th c c im mc lng nh sau: cui tun l th nht
nhn thy lng ui, c bit g mi. Trong tun l th hai, lng mc theo hnh r qut
vai, sau mc t trong ra ngoi. Dc theo ranh gii pha di ca cnh xut hin lng mc
pha di i. Trong tun l th ba lng c lng v xut hin lng pha diu. Sau 20
ngy c lng gy v tun l th 5 c lng c. Ch tun l th 6 hai bn sn ca vng
ngc mi xut hin hai mng lng. n tun l th 7, g hng trng c b lng tng i
hon chnh. i vi g hng tht th b lng pht trin che kn thn mun hn t 1 - 2 tun
l. Cn c vo mc mc lng trn c th g c th nhn bit tng i tui g. Da trn c
s ny c th rt ra kt lun v phng thc trao i cht v kh nng sn xut sau ny ca
gia cm. Trong giai on g hu b, nhn chung g c chn tng i cao v thn mnh hp.
Ch chn nhng c th pht trin hon chnh, tm vc cn i, mo v tch tai pht trin, b
lng ng mt. i vi g mi cn xem xt khong cch xng hng v khoang bng. G
trng cn c dng i hn ngang, ln (bng) cng dng theo chiu ng cng tt (loi nhng
g c ln song song vi mt phng ngang - l g broiler), tt nht l to mt gc trn 45
o

so vi mt phng ngang, hai chn vng chc, i ng vng vng, nhanh nhn, tnh tnh hiu
ng.
Nhng c im bn ngoi ca g mi tt v xu trc khi

Cc b
phn
G mi tt G mi xu
u
Mt
M
Mo v tch
Rng, su
To, li, mu da cam
Ngn, chc
Pht trin tt c nhiu mao mch
Hp, di
Nh, mu nu xanh
Di, mnh
Nh, nht nht
For mat t ed: Cent ered
(U.S.)
66
tai
Thn
Bng

Chn
Lng
Tnh tnh
Di, su, rng
Pht trin tt, khong cch gia cui
xng ln v xng hng rng
Mu vng, bng, ngn chn ngn
Mm, sng, pht trin tt
a hot ng
Hp, ngn, nng
Km pht trin, khong cch gia
cui xng hng v xng ln hp.
Mu nht, th gip, ngn chn di
X, km pht trin
D tn hoc u oi

Chn lc g mi ang
Trong qu trnh nui dng g mi , c bit g b m, cn nh k chn lc,
loi ra khi n nhng c th km. Chn g mi trong giai on ny cng da vo cc b
phn ca c th nh mo, khong cch gia xng hng v mm xng li hi, l huyt, b
lng...
Nhng c im bn ngoi ca g mi mi tt v km

Cc b phn G mi tt G mi xu
Mo v tch tai
Khong cch gia xng hng
Khong cch gia mm xng
li hi v xng hng
L huyt

B lng

Mu sc m, chn
To, mm, mu ti
Rng, lt 3 - 4 ngn tay

Rng mm, lt c 3 ngn
tay

t, to, c ng, mu nht

Khng thay lng cnh hng
th nht
gim mu vng ca m,
chn, mt, tai
Nh, nht nht, kh
Hp, lt 1 - 2 ngn tay,
cng
Hp, cng, ch lt 1 - 2
ngn tay

Kh, b, t c ng, mu sc
m
thay 5 hoc nhiu hn
lng cnh hng th nht
Mu vn gi nguyn
Cn c vo nhng c im trn chng ta c th chn c nhng g mi tt. C th
m mt vi c th g mi xc nh s pht trin ca bung trng v ng dn trng.
V hnh dng bn ngoi, g mi cng khc vi g mi khng . G mi c mo
v tch ti, cng v sng, c lng trn, pht trin tt. G mi lu th lng ui b x
xc, x, rng lng lng. Khong cch gia hai u xng hng v khong cch gia xng
hng n u xng m c g mi rng hn g mi khng . G mi mt thi
gian di th mu m, mu chn v cc b phn khc trn tr nn nht nht, v sc t xantofin
ln lt b tiu ph vo lng v khng c b t thc n.
Theo Hutt, cc vng da bng, mi mt v di tai sau khi g bt u c mt tun
th b mt sc t. Sau mt thng th m nht nht, sau bn n su thng th sc t chn
hon ton mt i. Hin tng mt mu bt u t y m v kt thc vo u m. Sau khi g
tm ngh hai tun ri tip tc li th qung gia m c th xut hin mt vnh vng, do
sc t t li y trong thi gian tm ngh. y m v u m vn cn cc phn c mu.
Hin tng ny khng thy cc ging g c m v chn mu en hay mu trng.
Dc vo cc du hiu , y ngi ta dng xc nh xem g hin ang hay t
lu v c lng t l . Phng php ny v nhng phng php nh gi nng sut tng t
gip ta kh nng pht hin v kin quyt thi loi nhng g mi khng .
Nhng mun xc nh mi quan h gia nng sut v ln ca mt s b phn c
th ca c th, trc ht l ln ca u g, trn c s y c th nh gi sn lng
trng khng mang li kt qu. Vic tm mi quan h gia th trng v nng sut cng
khng km phc tp hn. Ngay trong cng mt ging, nhng mi nh cn nht v mt l do
67
ri lon sinh trng no y m b chm ln cng nh nhng mi nng cn nht, do bo qu
u c nng sut thp. Gia hai thi cc ny l nhng c th c khi lng trung bnh v th
trng ca chng cng khng i din cho nng sut c.
Ngi ta cng nu quan h gia chiu di v chiu rng ca lng vi nng sut.
Gericke v Erasmus xc nh rng, lng hp c quan h vi nng sut cao g mi Lgo
trng v mi Apstralo en v dng lng ny thng hay gp mt s g c lng ngn hn l
s c lng di, nhng ng thi nhng mi c lng kh di v rng cng nhiu.
V ngi ta cho rng, c mi quan h gia hin tng thay lng v sn lng trng nn
ngi ta ngh dng khong thi gian thay lng lm thc o nng sut. Nh bit, nhng
g mi thay lng mun c nng sut cao hn nhng g mi thay lng sm. V vy vo ma thu,
quan st g mi c th bit nhng mi thay lng sm v loi chng ra khi n.
V vn ny Marble nghin cu chi tit hn, sau khi theo di qu trnh thay lng
ng xc nh rng, hin tng thay lng din ra trn cc b phn c th theo tun t c tnh
quy lut. Lng thn rng sm hn lng ui v lng cnh mt t. Nhng g mi xu bt u
thay lng sm hn v lng thn ca chng rng nhiu hn. Nhng tnh cht hay lng khng
th dng lm ch tiu phn loi g theo nng sut.
Tt c nhng nh chn lc g mi theo mc tng ca khi lng trng, theo thn
nhit hoc theo nt sinh dc trong l huyt g mi con khi mi n u t ra khng c kt qu.
sp v vic s dng sp. nh gi nng sut cc c th ca gia cm th phng php
dng sp l tin li v ph bin hn c. Phng php tnh ny n gin v chc chn hn phng
php s nn gia cm.
sp u tin do Bibra ng Vin nm 1897. ngha ca sp l ch g mi khi
vo y th s lun ti y cho n lc ngi ta m cho ra, do ngi chn nui c
c s ca n m ghi ln v trng. Mi trng g ra u c ghi vo s ring. Cch hai
gi mt ln (khi r th thi gian ny ngn hn) ngi ta th cho g mi ra khi v ghi s
trng vo s. Do sp lm tng khi lng cng vic kh ln. T y c th hiu c
v sao ngi ta khng dng phng php kim tra ny sut nm v c tm cch rt ngn thi
gian kim tra n mc c th c. Trong cc ti liu nghin cu c thng k t m, Garrys
v nhng CTV chng minh rng, c th d tnh c sn lng ng nht ca g mi trn c
s cc s liu thu c trong bn thng ma ng (t thng mi n thng ging) v hai
thng ma h (thng tm v thng chn). iu y c ngha l trong vic nh gi g mi, iu
quyt nh l nng sut tnh vo nhng thng m ch c nhng mi tt mi nhiu. V vy,
nu khng yu cu chnh xc cao th tin hnh kim tra vo ma ng v cui ma h cng c
th p ng c. Trn c s cc s liu tnh ton thch hp, Wolter v Korf chng minh
rng, trong nhiu trng hp ch cn tin hnh kim tra vo qung mt vi thng trong nm
v da vo cc s liu kim tra b phn y cng c th nu ln cc kt lun v nng sut c
nm ni chung. Thompson chia nm trng ra lm ba giai on: giai on u gm bn
thng ma ng, giai on hai xem l giai on nng sut trng ln cao v giai on cui
cng ko di 30 ngy cui nm trng. Tc gi kim tra nng sut trng trong giai on u
v giai on cui, cng chung l 150 ngy. Trong giai on nng sut trng ln cao th khng
tin hnh kim tra nng sut. Cng da trn c s y, Wolter nu kin lm gim bt cng
vic ca ngi nui gia cm vo nhng thng ma xun khi cng vic tri chn nui c
bit nhiu. Thompson v Djeffry xc nhn rng, nng sut tnh trong nm da trn cc s liu
kim tra trong bn thng ma ng (t thng mt n thng ging) v t thng su n thng
chn, bnh qun ch chnh lch 16 qu so vi nng sut thc t. Veit i n kt lun rng, ch
nn s dng sp trong cc thng xun h (t thng ba n thng by) v ch trong thi k
ny mi xc nh nng sut chung ton n. Trng hp bt c d cng c th t sp vo
c trong thng tm.
Cng c th gim bt vic s dng sp bng cch thng xuyn kim tra nng sut
nhng c thi gian cch qung xen k. V d c th kim tra nng sut trng hng tun vo
68
mt ngy nht nh. V vn ny Dadly (theo trch dn ca Rauch, tm c mi tng
quan gia s liu kim tra trong thi gian ngn vi nng sut thc t l 0,90 0,92. Nu tin
hnh kim tra bn tun mt ln trong thi gian bn ngy lin tc th cng c th t mc
chnh xc nh th. Nu hng thng kim tra mt ln trong sut thi gian mt tun l th c th
t mc chnh xc cao hn.
Rauch kim tra nng sut trng trong 13 ngy lin th thy mc chnh lch hng
thng so vi nng sut thc t l t 8 trng, chnh lch ti a l t 27 trng. Norskog v
Crump nghin cu kh nng rt ngn vic kim tra: 1) tin hnh kim tra sau nhng thi gian
bng nhau; 2) nh mt s ngy kim tra lin tc; 3) tin hnh kim tra mt cch tu tin (so
snh vi s liu kim tra trong nhng ngy 1, 2, 4, 7 v 14 thng). Sai khc gia ba phng
php khng ng k. Nu kim tra cc nhm g mi cn so snh vi nhau vo nhng ngy
khc nhau th phng php u c kt qu chnh xc hn.
Cng trnh ca Rauch t c s cho cng tc nghin cu sau ny v vn tnh
chnh xc ca vic kim tra c chn lc khi tnh nng sut trng. Tc gi nu cng thc d
tnh lch trung bnh v lch ti a so vi nng sut thc t khi kim tra c chn lc. V
d nu kim tra mi tun su ngy th lch trung bnh l t 4 trng v ti a l t 11 trng.
i vi cng tc tuyn chn g th chnh xc ny (t 4 trng) hon ton t yu cu.
Mt kh khn ln l khi nh gi nng sut c th, ngi ta khng r l c lch trung bnh
hay lch ti a, v vy, khi kim tra hai g mi cng nng sut nh nhau, trong thc t c
th chnh lch ti a l 22 trng tc l gp i lch ti a.
Nu ngi ta cho rng, i vi nhng ging g hin nay c nng sut tng i cao
khi chn lc m chnh lch nhau mi trng l t yu cu th trong lc kim tra c chn
lc, mc chnh xc trong vic xc nh nng sut khng c php vt qu con s y. Trong
thc tin, vic kim tra su ngy lin vn thng l ti tranh lun v theo phng php ny
th ngy ch nht c th khng tin hnh kim tra. Tuy nhin, do b mt ngy cch qung
trong tun nn vic t li cc sp khng cn ngha na l do , s ngy kim tra b gim
xung t nht l t hai n ba ngy. Theo Rauch, nu hng tun kim tra nm ngy th lch
trung bnh tng ln t 6, lch ti a n t 18, nu kim tra bn ngy th s c t 8 v t 24
trng. Cc lch y u vt qu gii hn chnh lch cn ch khi chn lc, v vy cc
lch y phi l ng tin v mt thng k. Meller v Coombs nghin cu li phng php kim
tra t hai n ba ngy trong tun i n kt lun rng, phng php ny mang li kt qu
rt chnh xc, nu so snh s trng bnh qun do 25 g mi, con ca mt g trng sinh ra hoc
do cc nhm g mi cng b m, nm con hoc trn nm con trong cng mt nhm vi nng
sut bnh qun c xc nh ca nhng nhm ny. Kt lun ny khng c g l t ngt v
khi tp hp mt s g c s liu trung bnh th t nhin nhng lch c th c s b tr
nhau, ng thi cng trung bnh ho kh nng tuyn chn, ngha l ngi nui g c th chn
nhm g tt nht nhng li khng c kh nng chn nhng c th mang nhiu c tnh di
truyn tt nht trong qun th ny.
Khi kim tra c chn lc th khng th xc minh thi gian ko di ca thi k trng
- mt trong cc yu t quan trng ca nng sut, v khng th xc nh chnh xc thi gian bt
u v kt thc trng. Cng ng nh th, kim tra c chn lc khng cho php nh gi
nhng la trng in hnh cho mi g mi khc nhau.

Sn lng hng nm.
Khi nim v sn lng hng nm rt ph bin, v nhng mi t tt trng ko di
gn mt nm cho n khi thay lng ln u tin. C th tnh thi gian bt u nm trng
theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cch n gin nht l bt u tnh t lc g qu trng u tin.
u im ca phng php ny l c tnh n k hn g mi con n ra. Nhng trc khi tin
hnh mt s so snh no y hoc tin hnh tnh ton theo cc nhm ch em hoc cc nhm
con gi th cn phi i n khi cc mi t n mun nht v cc mi t bt u mun nht
69
xong. Nh vy vic chn i tip tc nhn ging b tr ngi v ko di. Nhc im
ny cng bc l r khi cc c s ging cng tin hnh ghi l lch g nhm mc ch t chc
bn g trng ra ngoi a phng mnh. Vn ny c lin quan n mt cng tc cc k
khn trng v hu nh qu kh nng v tnh nng sut trng ca g mi trong a phng.
C th nu thm mt nhc im na ca cch tnh sn lng c th hng nm: nhng g mi
mun nu mt s trng ging nh cc mi sm th cng c anh gi cao nh cc
mi sm.
V vy, mt s a phng ngi ta quy c thi gian bt u nm trng ca tt
c g mi cng n trong nm u quy vo mt k hn nht nh. K hn ny c xc nh
vo qung thi gian khi i a s g mi, cng n vo ma p trng bnh thng bt u
trng. Trong trng hp ny nhng mi n sm hn k hn thng thng c nh gi qu
cao, cn nhng mi n mun b nh gi qu thp. Nu thi gian p trng khng ko di qu
th c th nhn nhng vi nhc im ny: khi so snh sn lng trng theo cc nhm ch
em hoc cc con gi th mc chnh lch gim bt nhiu, v thng thng mi nhm u c
mt s g n sm, mun v bnh thng, gn nh nhau. Phng php ny cho php bt u
tnh sn lng trng vo mt thi gian nht nh, l mt phng php rt c ch khi phi tnh
ton s liu nhng c s nui g ln. V d c, trong cc c s nui g ging, ngi ta
tnh sn lng trng t ngy mt thng mi n 30 thng chn nm sau v trnh chnh
lch qu nhiu, ngi ta quy nh thi gian p trng g ging gii hn trong chn tun. S
trng ra trc ngy bt u nm c ghi li trc s trng trong nm v c mt
gch nghing phn bit. V cc x nghip ging khng phi c mc ch t cp, m mc
ch ca n l cung cp g tt cho cc x nghip thng phm nn khi xc nh thi gian bt
u nm trng, cn phi tnh n kh nng ca cc x nghip thng phm. Quy nh k
hn bt u tnh sn lng nm c ngha l ngi chn ging phi chn nui nhng mi no
nhiu trng nht, vo thi gian c li nht cho ngnh chn nui g. Nu hon cnh ca a
s x nghip thay i th ngi chn ging phi thay i k hn nm tnh.
Trong trng hp kim tra nng sut khng tin hnh nhng c s ging, m cc
trm c bit nhm mc ch ny th vic kim tra phi bt u v kt thc vo cng mt lc
tt c cc c s. D ngi chn ging c t do chn g n bao nhiu i na cng vn
phi kim tra nhng mi nhiu nht vo thi gian ny.
Trng i hc Cornell M nu mt phng php kim tra khc, theo y ch tnh
s trng ra trc khi g c 500 ngy tui. l cch tnh sn lng trng theo nm
trng sinh hc. Hutt thy u im ca phng php ny l ch vic kim tra kt thc tng
i sm, nm sau c th tin hnh chn lc kp thi v c th b tr cc mi t vo chung .
Nu tnh g bt u trng khi c 180 ngy tui th phng php kim tra ny ch ko di
trong vng 320 ngy tc l t hn phng php tnh nng sut c nm l 45 ngy. Ngoi s
khc bit , khng c g khc vi cch tnh sn lng trng c th hng nm, v vy n cng
mang nhng u im v nhc im nh nu trn.
C th bt u tnh nm trng t qu trng u tin nhng kt thc ng vo mt ngy
quy nh. V d vo ngy 30 thng chn nm sau. Phng php ny loi b nhng kh khn khi tnh
ton tng kt do thi gian kt thc trng trong nm ca nhng c th khng ging nhau nhng
cn phi bt u kim tra sm hn v lm cho cc mi n mun b thit thi.
n nay vn cha tm c phng php c th lm tho mn mi yu cu cn xc nh
nm trng u tin v hin nay vn cha c s nht tr quc t v phng php kim tra trong
nm trng u tin. nhng nc khc nhau u c tin hnh vic kim tra ny theo cc
phng php khc nhau.Kt qu l so snh cc s liu v nng sut tr nn rt kh khn, v khi so
snh cc s liu y trong nm trng u tin m khng tnh n phng php thu thp s liu
th s phm sai lm ln. Hin nay, khi tip thu cc s liu v nng sut nhng nc khc nhau th
cn thit phi hi xem s liu y c tnh theo phng php no.
For mat t ed: Viet namese, Condensed
by 0.3 pt
70
Gi nh dng s lng trng ra khng nhng ch trong nm u m cn trong hai
ba nm lin xc nh nng sut th vn s n gin hn nhiu. Nu tnh nng sut trong
thi gian vi nm th s chnh lch do mt s mi c bit sm hay mun vi tun s khng
c ngha g quan trng; nhng nhn t khc nh tnh trng sc kho, kh nng khng,
khong thi gian thay lng v trng, khong thi gian ca cc chu k s c nh hng
quyt nh i vi sn lng trong thi gian vi nm.
i vi vic nh gi sn lng ca g mi trong ba nm tui th vn dng phng
php no tnh sn lng trong nm u s khng cn ngha na. Nu tin hnh chn lc
theo sn lng di hn (v d nh trong chn nui g ging c ngi ta chung nhng g
c nng sut hng nm u nhau, tnh trong ba nm lin) th phng php tin hnh chn lc
trong nm u khng c ngha g c. Theo kin ca Hutt c th hy vng rng, sau ny khi
tin hnh tuyn chn g mi c nng sut cao trong thi gian mt vi nm th ng thi c th
nng cao nng sut trong nm trng u tin. Phng php ny t ra yu cu cp bch
hn v vic tuyn cc g mi kho mnh.
Khng th nh gi sn lng trng hng nm theo t l . Ch tiu ny ch nu c
cng trng ton n bng cch tnh s trng c ra trong 100 mi (Romer). Nh
khi xy dng cc n mi, i khi ngi ta cn xc nh vo thi gian no th t t l 25
hoc 50%.

2.3.Thc n cho g cc loi

2.3.1. Thc n cho g sinh sn hng tht
G sinh sn hng tht c chia lm 5 giai on: giai on g con, giai on g d,
giai on khi ng, g pha I, g pha II. Tuy vy tu iu kin chn nui ca mi
nc c th thm hoc rt bt s chia giai on cho ph hp.
ng vi mi giai on tui, c tiu chun khu phn thc n ring cho n, gi l tiu
chun khu phn thc n theo giai on (TCKPTA) ni chung c 5 TCKPTA sau:
- TCKPTA g con - giai on 0 - 6 tun tui
- TCKPTA g d - giai on t 7 - 19 tun tui
- TCKPTA g khi ng - giai on t 20 - 22 tun tui
- TCKPTA g pha I - giai on t 23 - 40 tun tui
- TCKPTA g pha II - giai on t 41 - 66 tun tui

a. Thc n cho g con 0 - 6 tun tui (hoc 0-4 tun tui)
G con giai on ny sinh trng, tng trng nhanh. V vy cht lng v s lng
thc n phi m bo theo ng nhu cu sinh l ca chng, thc n tt, g kho mnh, sc
sng cao, chn ln n hu b nhiu (bng 17).
Ch cho g n t do 23 - 34 gi/ngy trong 2 -3 tun tui. C th ko di thi gian
cho g n t do n 5 - 6 tun tui.
Sau rt s lng thc n t t, chnh l phng php cho n hn ch nhm
m bo khng g hu b qu bo, ng tui sc kho tt, g s trng to, nng sut
trng cao v ng quy lut. Nui g hu b vi thc n hn ch tr thnh mt k thut, mt
ngh thut rt kh thc hin, i hi ngi chn nui c trnh cao, nhiu kinh nghim. Mu
cht ca vn l g c khi lng hng thng lun lun t tiu chun (theo bng khi lng
chun hng dn ca hng cung cp) v vo ng tui theo quy nh.
Ring ging g thun v b m c thun dng Vit Nam nh BE88, HV85, k
c g b m nhp ni AA, ISA, ngi ta chia lm 2 KPTA, KPTA khi ng 0 - 2 (hoc 3)
tun tui v 3 (hoc 4) - 6 tun tui.
Nui g trng ging, tch ring g mi ngay t 1 ngy tui c hng dn bng 17
Bng 17. Yu cu dinh dng thc n cho g con mi v trng hu b
0 - 6 (4) tun tui (vit tt TT)
by 0.2 pt
by 0.2 pt
by 0.2 pt
71
Thnh phn dinh dng
trong 1 kg thc n
G nhp ni
BE88, AA, ISA, Lohmann,
Ros-308 0 - 6 TT
G AA
0 - 4 TT
G
Isavedette
0 - 6 TT
Protein th %
NLT Kcal/kg
M th, % ti thiu
X th, %
Canxi, %
Photpho HT, %
Mui n (NaCl), %
Lyzin, %
Metionin, %
Metionin + xystin, %
Tryptophan, %
Khong vi lng:
Mangan (Mn), mg
Km (Zn), mg
St (Fe), mg
Iot (I), mg
ng (Cu), mg
Selen (Se) , mg
Vitamin:
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin K3 (mg)
Thiamin -Broiler (mg)
Riboflavin-B2 (mg)
Axit pantotenic-B3 (mg)
Niaxin-B5 (mg)
Pyridoxin-B6 (mg)
Biotin-H (mg)
Cholin (Mg)
Vitamin-B12 (mg)
Axit folic-B9 (mg)
Cc cht chng xy ho -
Antaoxidan - ethoxyquin
hoc Equivalent (mg)
19 - 20
2820 - 2950
3,00
3,00 - 5,00
0,90 - 1,00
0,45 - 0,50
0,45 - 0,50
0,95 - 1,00
0,35 - 0,37
0,69 - 0,74
0,18 - 0,19

66
44
44
1,1
5,0
0,10

11000
3300
22
2,2
5,5
11,0
33,0
1,1
0,11
0,13
4,40
0,88
+ 0,66

17 - 18
2800 - 2915
3,00
3,00 - 5,00
0,90 - 1,00
0,45 - 0,50
0,45 - 0,50
0,90 - 0,95
0,34 - 0,36
0,68 - 0,72
0,17 - 0,18

66
44
44
1,1
5,0
0,10

11000
3300
22
2,2
5,5
11,0
33,0
1,1
0,11
0,13
4,40
0,88
+ 0,66
120
18
2800
3,00 - 4,00
3,00 - 5,00
1,05 - 1,1
0,50
0,45
0,86
0,44
0,75
0,20

60
50
50
1,0
5,0
0,2

1300
3000
30
2,0
2,0
8,0
10,0
60,0
3,0
0,15
1000
0,02
0,50
-
Bng 18. Lng thc n v khi lng c th (KLCT) ca g con hu b (n v g)

Cc ging g nhp ni (VN)* G AA (M) G ISA dng ln chn (Php)
Trng Mi Trng Mi Trng Mi Tun
tui
KLCT
TA/con
/ ngy
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ngy
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ngy
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ngy
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ngy
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ngy
1
2
3
4
5
6
100
270
410
605
740
860
T do
T do
T do
44
48
54
90
190
320
410
510
600
-
-
-
42
46
50
114
259
450
613
744
864
-
-
36
44
48
52
91
180
318
409
499
590
-
-
28
31
34
37
130
250
380
500
620
750
-
35
39
43
46
48
110
230
320
420
520
620
-
-
36
39
40
42
* G nhp ni vo Vit Nam
Mt s ging thun BE88, mt s ging b m nh AA, Isavedetle (ISA), Lohmann
For mat t ed: Condensed by 1 pt
Del et ed:
72
(Loh), Roos 308, Sacso, g Trung Quc Avian, Coolb,...
b. Thc n cho g d 7 - 19 thng tui (xem bng 19)
- c im g giai on ny l tip tc tng trng nhng tch lu m nhiu. Nhng
i vi g hu b sinh sn (g b m) li phi km hm s tng khi lng v chng bo
khi ln mi cho sc trng, khi lng trng v t l p n cao. V vy phi hn ch
lng thc n v gim nng lng v protein hng ngy mi t c mc ch trn. Mc
nng lng v protein c quy nh trong khong 2600 - 2850 Kcal ME/kg thc n v 15 -
16%. S lng thc n gim cn 50 - 70% so vi g n t do giai on g d ny.

Bng 19. Yu cu dinh dng trong thc n cho g d hu b mi
v trng 7 - 20 tun tui

Thnh phn dinh dng
trong 1 kg thc n
Cho cc ging g
nhp ni (VN) 7 - 19
TT
G AA (M)
5 - 20 TT
G Isavedette
(Php) 7 - 21 TT
NLT Kcal/kg
Protein th %
M th, % ti thiu
X th, %
Metionin, %
Lyzin, %
Tryptophan, %
Canxi, %
Photpho HT, %
Mangan (Mn), mg
Km (Zn), mg
St (Fe), mg
ng (Cu), mg
Selen (Se) , mg
I-ot (I), mg
Vitamin:
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin E (UI)
Vitamin K3 (mg)
B2, mg
Biotin-H (mg)
Cholin (Mg)
Vitamin-B12 (mg)
Axit folic-B9 (mg)
Cc cht chng xy ho
(mg)
Mui n (NaCl), %
2700 - 2850
15,5 - 16,0
3,0
3 - 5
0,34 - 0,36
-
0,8 - 0,85
0,16 - 0,17
0,90 - 1,0
0,40 - 5,0
66
44
44
5
0,1
1,1

11000
3300
22
2,2
11,0
0,13
440
0,88
-
-
0,45 - 0,50
2640 - 2860
15,0 - 15,5
3,0
3 - 5
0,30 - 0,31
0,60 - 0,62
0,72 - 0,74
0,16 - 0,17
0,85 - 0,90
0,38 - 0,45
66
44
44
5
0,1
1,1

11000
3300
22
2,2
11,0
0,13
440
0,88
-
120
0,45 - 0,50
2750
15,5
3,0
3,5 - 4,0
0,34
0,64
0,74
0,17
1,0
0,45
60
50
50
5
0,4
1,0

10000
2000
20
2,0
5,0
0,15
1000
0,02
-
-
0,45 - 0,50
Bng 20. Lng thc n v khi lng c th g d (hu b) 7 - 20 TT
(Theo s liu mt s nc)
(n v: gam)
Cc ging g nhp ni (VN) G AA (M)
G ISA dng ln chn
(Php)*
Tun
tui
Trng Mi Trng Mi Trng Mi
73
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
KLC
T
TA/co
n/ng
y
7
8
988
1113
58
62
710
810
54
57
986
1110
56
59
681
772
40
43
880
1020
52
56
710
800
46
49
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1239
1361
1497
1629
1763
1899
2037
2137
2322
2475
65
68
71
74
77
80
83
86
90
95
910
1010
1110
1210
1310
1410
1520
1620
1720
1820
60
63
66
69
72
76
80
85
90
95
1236
1364
1494
1626
1760
1896
2034
2174
2319
2469
62
65
68
71
74
77
81
85
90
95
863
953
1044
1135
1249
1362
1476
1589
1703
1816
46
49
52
56
61
66
71
76
82
88
1160
1300
1450
1610
1770
1930
2100
2260
2420
2580
60
65
70
76
82
88
95
95
100
100
885
975
1055
1140
1220
1300
1380
1460
1540
1620
51
53
56
59
62
65
68
71
74
77
19
20
2635
2803
100
108
1930
2040
100
105
2624
2785
100
105
1930
2043
94
100
2740
2900
105
105
1700
1780
80
83
TA
c k
7819 7504 7616 6468 8043 6258
u im ca cho n hn ch l:
Chng bo
To ra ngoi hnh thon
Gim chi ph thc n cho giai on g d
Ko di thi gian trng trn di 2 tun
Tng sn lng trng v khi lng trng ging, c bit ko di thi k nh cao,
t tng s g con/mi.
Gim chi ph thc n/10 qu trng
Tng kh nng chng nng v gim t l cht v loi thi.
* G mi ISA dng chn ln c KLCT ln lc 20 TT l thp - 1780g, trong khi
ISA chn cao l 2050 - 2100 g nhng sc trng khng thua km g chn cao. Cn g trng
ISA KLCT bng hoc hn cc ging g sinh sn hng trng khc. y l c im cn lu
.
c. TCKPTA cho g sinh sn thi k trng (sn xut)
G sinh sn thi k trng chia lm 3 giai on (cn gi l pha )
* Giai on khi ng (prelayer) 19 - 22 TT:
C mt s ti liu nc ngoi v mt s x nghip g trong nc a ra khuyn co
giai on khi ng c th t 18 - 22 hoc 21 - 25 TT (do iu kin nui dng v tnh
trng sc kho ca n g m ko di hoc rt ngn s tun nui dng ca giai on). G
trng n tch ring g mi.
c im ca giai on ny l g d chuyn ln . C th cn gy cn phi tng
trng nhanh t KLCT chun khi vo . Bnh qun KLCT l 2500 g - 2900 g/con, v vy
cn tng cht lng thc n nh protein 18 - 19%, NLT 2850 - 2900 g/giai on/Kcal/1kg,
cn s lng thc n tng t trn di 100 ln n 135 g lc 23 tun tui. Mc ch g
mau chng thnh thc v tnh (sinh dc) v v cht (sc kho v tch lu cht dinh dng).
tng sc trng giai on tip theo (bng 21)
* Giai on 23 - 40 TT (pha I)
Tu theo mi nc m khong cch mi pha (s tun khai thc trng mi pha) ngn
hn hoc di hn 20 tun. c im ca giai on ny nng sut trng cao nht, c th hu
nh thnh thc hon ton nhng g mi vn tip tc ln. Cho nn s lng v cht lng
thc n ch yu tp trung cho sn xut trng v cho duy tr c th, ngoi ra cn phn t cho
Del et ed:
74
nng trng (bnh qun tng trng 10- 15 g/ngy). V vy s lng thc n phi tng dn theo
t l t 145 - 165g/ngy (lc cao nht). G trng n tch ring vi s lng thc n v
protein thp hn so vi g mi bng h thng mng n treo cao ch g trng n c cn
mng n ca g mi c chp chn g chui u vo n c cn g trng th khng th.
* Giai on pha II 41 - 66 TT
cc nc, kt thc i vi g hng tht v 66 TT. V n tui ny g di
50% khng cn hiu qu na. Cn Vit Nam, th trng v hiu qu khng n nh, cho
nn g pha II thng kt thc di 60 TT, lc ny g ch cn 35 - 45%.
- c im ca g giai on ny l tch lu m, c bit l m bng rt nhanh, tng
cn l do tng m, hn na g gim dn t trn di 80% xung cn 45 - 50% cho nn
phi gim dn s lng thc n t 165g cn 145 - 149 g nhng TT 56 - 64. Thi gian ny
chng bo cho g trng v g mi l vn c bit ch . V g mi qu bo s gim
nhanh chng, kh nng chng nng km v t l loi thi cao, g trng p mi km lm gim
t l th tinh.
- G trng n tch ring g mi vi s lng v cht lng thc n thp vi s lng
thc n 110 - 130g/ngy/con. Trong nng lng trao i l 2800 - 2850 Kcal/kg, protein
th 12 - 13%, Canxi 0,85 - 0,90%, photpho hp thu 0,35 - 0,37%... (bng 21). Khu phn ny
p dng cho tt c g trng p mi ging tht.
Ch : V g trng lin tc nn khng c t ba v thiu nc ung
Bng 21. Yu cu cht dinh dng trong thc n ca g mi v g trng thi k
trng ging (theo cc nc)

Cc ging nhp vo Vit
Nam (1996)
G AA - M (1996)
G ISA, Php
(1996)
Cht dinh
dng
trong thc n
khi
ng
21-25TT
pha
I
26-40TT
pha
II
41-64TT
khi
ng
20-35TT
chnh
thc
26-65TT
pha
I
22 - 40
TT
pha II
41-66TT
G trng
p mi
(theo mt
s ti
liu)

Protein th, %
NLT. Kcal, kg
18 - 19
2850-
2900
16 - 17
2800-
2900
15 - 15,5
2800-
2850
17 - 18
2850-
2915
15 - 16
2580-2915
16,5
2750
15,5
2750
12 - 13
2800
M khng qu %
X khng qu %
Axit linoleic, %
Canxi, %
Photpho HT, %
Mangan (Mn), mg
3
4 - 5
1,5 - 1,75
2 - 2,5
0,40 - 0,45
100
3
4 - 5
1,5 - 1,75
3,6 - 3,8
0,5 - 0,55
100
3
4 - 5
-
3,8 - 4
0,5 - 0,55
100
3
4 - 5
-
1,5 - 1,75
0 4 - 0,42
100
3
4 - 5
-
3,15 - 3,3
0,4 - 0,42
100
3
4 - 5
1,5
3,2
0,42
100
3
4 - 5
1,25
3 2
0,38
100
3
4 - 5
1,5
0,85 - 0,90
0,35 - 0,37
100
Km (Zn), mg
St (Fe), mg
ng (Cu), mg
Selen (Se), mg
75
100
8,0
0,1
75
100
8,0
0,1
75
100
8,0
0,1
75
100
8,0
0,1
75
100
8,0
0,1
100
65
7,5
0,4
100
65
7,5
0,4
75
100
8,8
0,4
Ide (I), mg 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,1
Cc A.amin, %
Arginine

-

-

-

0,92-1,0

0,85-0,95

-

-

-
For mat t ed: Line spacing: Mult iple
1.25 li
1.25 li
1.25 li
1.25 li
1.25 li
1.25 li
75
Lyzine
Metionine
Metionin +
Xystin
Tryptophan
Trionine
Izolcine
0,95
0,38
0,68-0,72
0,18
0,52
0,68
0,82
0,36
0,65-0,68
0,18
0,50
0,65
0,75
0,35
0,6 - 0,64
0,18
0,48
0,63
0,84-0,87
0,36-0,38
0,67-0,70
0,17-0,19
0,52-0,54
0,68
0,65-0,75
0,3-0,35
0,6 - 0,64
0,17- 0,19
0,5 - 0,52
0,65
0,76
0,36
0,65
0,18-0,19
-
-
0,72-0,60
0,34
0,62
0,17-0,18
-
-
-
0,30
0,45
0,12
-
0,52

Cc ging nhp vo Vit
Nam (1996)
G AA - M
(1996)
G ISA, Php
(1996)
Cht dinh dng
trong thc n
khi
ng
21-
25TT
pha
I
26-
40TT
pha
II
41-
64TT
khi
ng
20-
35TT

chnh
thc
26-65TT
pha
I
22 - 40
TT
pha
II
41-
66TT
G
trng
p mi
(theo
mt s
ti liu)
Cc vitamin/1kg TA
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin E (UI)
Vitamin K3 (mg)
Vitamin B1, mg
Vitamin B2, mg
Vitamin H (Biotin), mg
Vitamin PP (mg)
Vitamin B3 (mg)
Pyridoxine (mg)
Axit folic-B9 (mg)
Cholin (Mg)
Vitamin-B12 (mg)
Equivalent, mg
15400
3300
33
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
-
15400
3300
33
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
-
15400
3300
33
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
-
15400
3300
33
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
120
15000
3300
33
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
120
15000
3300
35
2,0
2,0
5,0
0,15
40,0
10,0
3,0
1,0
1000
0,25
-
15000
3300
35
2,0
2,0
5,0
0,15
40,0
10,0
3,0
1,0
1000
0,25
-
15400
3300
35
2,2
2,2
9,9
0,22
44,0
13,2
5,5
1,65
330
0,013
120

Bng 22. Lng thc n, khi lng c th ca g mi v g trng giai on sn xut trng
(n v: gam)
Cc ging g mi
nhp ni (VN)
G mi AA (M) G mi ISA (Php)
G trng cc ging
bnh qun
Tun
tui
KLCT TA/ngy KLCT TA/ngy KLCT TA/ngy KLCT TA/ngy
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2164
2275
2520
2600
2810
2931
3030
3115
3195
3205
110
120
125
135
145
155
160
160
160
160
2020
2361
2530
2679
2838
2951
3042
3133
3201
3246
105
112
122
132
142
152
160
160
160
160
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
110
115
120
125
130
130
130
130
130
135
3052
3125
3305
3495
3689
3836
3954
4072
4161
4220
110
115
120
125
129
134
136
129
125
125
For mat t ed Tabl e
For mat t ed: I t alian (I t aly)
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
76
31
32
33
34
35
36
46
56
66
3245
3259
3269
3275
3280
3290
3350
3415
3470
160
160
160
160
159
159
154
149
145
3254
3262
3270
3279
3287
3295
3377
3458
3540
160
160
160
160
159
159
154
149
144
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
135
135
135
135
140
140
140
140
140
4233
4246
4258
4271
4284
4297
4424
4552
4380
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
C k 55979 49460
Bng 23. Sc sn xut trng ging v g con/mi qua cc tun khai thc (tnh bnh qun
cho s mi u k)

G nhp ni (VN) G AA G ISA
zTun
tui
T l
(%)
Trng
ging
(qu)
Tng
g n
(con)
T l
(%)
Trng
ging
(qu)
Tng
g n
(con)
T l
(%)
Trng
ging
(qu)
Tng
g n
(con)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
-
5
10
22
30
52
61
70
75
77
77
79
79
77
75
75
74
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
-
-
-
0,77
1,20
2,20
4,27
4,90
5,00
5,11
5,25
5,40
5,40
5,25
5,20
5,20
5,11
5,18
5,18
5,11
5,00
4,97
4,90
4,83
4,76
4,69
-
-
-
0,40
0,65
1,30
3,00
3,92
4,10
4,20
4,37
4,50
4,50
4,40
4,30
4,30
4,24
4,30
4,30
4,24
4,23
4,13
4,10
4,00
3,95
3,75
-
-
5
20
38
55
74
82
85
86
85
85
84
84
83
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
-
-
-
-
1
4
9
14
19
25
31
37
42
48
53
59
64
69
74
80
85
90
95
99
104
109
-
-
-
-
0,78
3,00
7,00
11,0
16,00
21,0
26,0
31,0
36,0
41,0
46,0
50,0
55,0
60,0
64,0
69,0
73,0
77,0
82,0
86,0
90,0
94,0
0
1,0
13,7
37,2
59,3
79,9
80,7
79,5
78,4
77,3
76,2
75,0
73,0
72,0
70,9
69,9
68,8
69,9
65,8
65,2
64,1
63,0
62,0
60,9
59,8
58,8
-
-
0,28
1,58
7,44
9,32
14,18
19,14
24,14
29,17
29,23
39,27
44,23
49,12
53,96
58,75
63,47
68,12
72,64
77,11
81,51
95,83
90,1
94,25
98,36
102,4
-
-
-
1,08
3,48
7,18
11,14
16,30
19,56
23,80
28,29
32,67
36,99
41,24
45,45
49,62
53,77
57,86
61,84
65,77
69,60
73,36
77,06
80,69
84,27
87,78
For mat t ed Tabl e
0.95 li
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
77
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
65
64
63
62
60
59
58
57
56
55
50
47
43
40
-
-
4,62
4,55
4,48
4,41
4,34
4,27
4,13
4,06
3,99
3,92
3,85
3,78
3,40
3,22
2,94
2,73
-
-
3,70
3,64
3,58
3,53
3,47
3,40
3,30
3,25
3,20
3,14
3,10
3,00
3,70
2,58
2,35
2,18
-
-
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
113
118
122
127
131
135
139
143
147
151
155
159
163
166
170
174
177
181
98,0
101,0
105
111
115
119
122
125
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
152
155
57,3
56,3
55,3
54,8
53,2
52,2
51,2
50,6
49,1
48,0
47,0
46,0
45,1
44,1
43,1
42,1
41,1
-
106,3
110,17
113,94
117,68
121,31
121,87
128,36
131,81
135,15
138,41
141,60
144,72
147,49
150,78
153,69
156,52
158,29
-
91,20
94,50
97,74
100,69
104,05
107,08
110,01
112,87
115,61
118,28
120,86
123,36
125,76
128,13
130,36
132,61
134,58
-
BQ 62 170 136 68,4 181 155 60 159 135

2.3.2.Thc n cho g hng trng (Leghorn, Goldlin, Hyline, ISA Brown...)
a. Tiu chun dinh dng khu phn cho g hng trng
Thc n v nui dng cho g hng trng (chuyn trng) thi k sn xut hu nh
ging g hng tht. Ch khc cht t giai on g con, g d do khi lng ca chng nh, ch
bng 50% khi lng g hng tht, nn thc n cung cp v lng l thp hn.
i vi g chuyn trng thng phm, ngi ta chia lm 3 -5 giai on nui (tu theo
ging g, tu theo mi nc) nh sau:
- Thc n giai on g con 0 - 6 (hoc 9) tun tui
- Thc n g d hu b 7 (10) - 19 tun tui
- Thc n giai on g t 20 - 74 tun tui
giai on g mt s hng gia cm trn th gii li chia thnh 2 hoc 3 pha.
khi ng 20 - 22 tun tui - n thc n khi ng
pha I: 23 - 40 tun tui - thc n g pha I
pha II: 41 - 74 tun tui - thc n g pha II
Bng 24. Tiu chun dinh dng trong khu phn ca g cc giai on nui trong
thc n hn hp
G trng mu cc
ging Gol, Hyl, Hub, Loh
G Lehgorn trng trng
Thnh phn trong
thc n hn hp 0-6
TT
7-19
TT
20-74
TT
0-3 TT 4-9TT 10-18TT
pha I
19-40TT
pha
II 41-
72TT
0.95 li
0.95 li
78
ME Kcal/kg
Protein th %
X th, %
M th, % ti thiu
T l protein/ME
Metionin, %
Lyzin, %
Tryptophan, %
Canxi, %
Photpho TS, %
Mui n (NaCl), %
Khong vi
lng/kg
Selen (Se) , mg
St (Fe), mg
Mangan (Mn), mg
ng (Cu), mg
Km (Zn), mg
Iot (I)
Coban, mg
Vitamin/kg
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin E (UI)
Vitamin K (mg)
Vitamin C (mg)
Vitamin - B1 (mg)
Vitamin - B2 (mg)
Vitamin - B6 (mg)
Vitamin - B12 (mg)
Axit nicotenic, mg
Axit Pantotenic, mg
Axit folic (mg)
Cholin (mg)
Biotin, mg
2800
20
5
2,5-3
140
0,4
0,8
1,
0,18
1,0
0,5
0,4

0,1
20
70
10
70
1
3

1200
0
2000
10
3
10
1
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
700
0,1
2800
16
5
2,5
175
0,35
0,65
0,70
0,16
1,0
0,5
0,4

0,1
20
70
10
70
1
3

1200
0
2000
10
2
10
1
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
500
0,1
2800
17
5
3
165
0,34
0,65
0,75
0,16
3,5
0,5
0,35

0,1
20
70
10
70
1
3

12000
2000
10
2
10
1
6
2
0,015
30
7,5
1,0
500
0,1
2800-
2900
21
2-5
2,5-5
132
0,45
0,8
0,9-1,0
0,2
1-1,2
0,55
0,45

0,1
22
70
10
70
1
3.

12000
2000
10
3
10
1,2
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
700
0,1
2850-
2900
19
3-5
2,5-5
150
0,4
0,6-0,7
0,8-0,9
0,2
1-1,2
0,55
0,45

0,1
22
70
10
70
1
3

12000
2000
10
2
10
1,2
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
500
0,1
2750-
2800
15,3
5-6
2,5-5
183
0,35
0,65
0,7
0,18
1-1,2
0,55
0,45

0,1
22
70
10
70
1
3

12000
2000
10
2
10
1,2
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
500
0,1
2800-
2950
18
3-5
2,5-5
156
0,4
0,7
0,8
0,2
3,0
0,55
0,4

0,1
22
70
10
70
1
3

12000
2300
12
2,2
12
1,2
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
600
0,1
2800-
2900
16,5
3-5
2,5-5
172
0,4
0,7
0,75
0,2
3,5-3,8
0,60
0,4

0,1
22
70
10
70
1
3

12000
2300
12
2,2
12
1,2
5
2
0,015
30
7,5
0,5
600
0,1
i vi g hng trng, thc n cho g sinh sn cng tng t nh thc n cho g
thng phm qua cc giai on nui. Ch khc i vi g sinh sn (nui ly trng
ging p to n b m), thi k thu trng p cn b sung thng xuyn vitamin A, D, E
hn so vi g thng phm.
b. Yu cu khi lng c th v tiu th thc n
Trong chn nui g sinh sn hng tht v hng trng, vic khng ch khi lng c th
giai on hu b, k c giai on trng bng vic cung cp hn ch s lng v cht lng thc
n cho g l vn ht sc quan trng (ni kt qu phn k thut chn nui)

Bng 25. Khi lng c th v tiu th thc n hng tun qua cc giai on nui (bnh
qun)

Cc ging g trng mu nc ngoi G Leghorn (trng trng v g khc)
Tun tui KLCT trung
bnh (gam)
TA tiu th/
con/ngy (gam)
KLCT trung
bnh (gam)
TA tiu th/
con/ngy (gam)
1
2
3
-
-
-
12
14
28
70
120
180
12
18
25
For mat t ed: Swedish (Sweden),
Condensed by 0.4 pt
79
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
285
375
465
560
650
740
825
905
985
1055
32
36
40
44
48
51
54
57
60
63
260
350
450
550
640
730
800
860
920
980
30
36
42
46
50
52
54
56
58
60

S cn thit ca cc loi vitamin, c bit vitamin ADE i vi g giai on trng
l ln hn giai on g trng thnh v hu b. Vo ma h ch tng b sung vitamin C
trng stress nhit v tng sc khng vi nng 300 3000 ppm (0,3- 3g vitamin C / kg
thc n). M rt ch n vitamin cho g (bng 26)
G mi trong thi k sn xut trng rt cn Magi v khng th thiu 5 cht khong a
lng: canxi, photpho, natri, clo, kali v 7 cht khong vi lng: st, ng, km, mangan, it,
selen, coban. Thiu v tha nhng cht ny u nh hng xu n nng sut v phm cht
trng.
G vo thi tit nng cn nng t l canxi v photpho trong khu phn t 3,5 ln
3,8 thm ch n 4%. V iu kin nh trn g mi hp thu canxi km. G trng p mi yu
cu protein, canxi, phtpho thp hn g v vy phi cho n tch ring.
Bng 26. B sung cc vitamin vo thc n hn hp cho g

Cc vitanin/1 kg TAHH Scott, 1987 M NRC, 1992 AEC, 1988
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin E (UI)
Vitamin K3 (mg)
Vitamin - B1 (mg)
Vitamin - B2 (mg)
Axit Pantotenic, mg
Vitamin - PP (mg)
Vitamin - B6 (mg)
Vitamin - H (mg)
Axit folic (mg)
Vitamin - B12 (mg)
Cholin (mg)
11000
2200
16,5
2,2
2,2
5,5
16,5
33,0
4,4
0,18
0,88
0,011
1100
15400
3300
27,5
2,2
2,2
9,0
13,2
44,0
5,5
0,22
1,00
0,013
330
10000
2200
25
2,0
0,5
4,0
5,0
10,0
-
-
-
0,005
500

Yu cu vt cht khong trong TAHH ca g cc loi (k c hng tht)

Cc nguyn t khong
(n v % v mg/1kg TAHH)
M, 1992 Hypeco, 1992 AEC, 1997
Canxi, % 3,80 3,50 3,50
80
Photpho HT, %
Natri, %
Clo, %
Km (Zn), mg
0,44
0,18
0,20
75,00
0,50
0,15
0,10
70,00
0,45
0,15
0,12
30,00
St (Fe), mg
Coban, mg
I - t (I), mg
ng (Cu), mg
Selen (Se), mg
Mangan (Mn), mg
100
-
0,45
8,00
0,30
100
20,00
3,00
1,00
10,00
0,10
70,00
18,00
3,00
1,00
6,00
0,30
48,00

2.3.3. Thc n cho g th vn
a. Quan nim ging g th vn
Cc ging g trong nc hoc nhp t nc ngoi vo c th sng v cho sn phm
trong iu kin mi trng chn nui t nhin v chn th vn, i, rung la mu va thu
hoch g kim n l ch yu, gi chung l g th vn (cn gi l chn nui g qung
canh).
Do c im g th vn c sc khng bnh tt (t bnh dch) li c kh nng t kim
n cho nn mc d tng trng km, thi gian nui ko di 3 - 4 thng mi git tht c,
trng t nhng chi ph thc n v thuc th y cho 1 n v sn phm li thp cho nn gi thnh
sn phm h, mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Mt c tnh c gi tr na l cc ging g (th vn) thng c lng mu, da vng,
chn vng, tht chc v thm ngon, trng c lng m nn ngi tiu dng rt a thch, v
vy gi bn sn phm bao gi cng cao hn ging g nui cng nghip 30 - 40% (bnh
thng g cng nghip 30 000 /kg hi th g ta 60 - 70000 /kg hi, chnh lch trn100%).
C mt s kin cho rng tht gia cm th vn do t phi ung thuc phng bnh, li n thc
n trong t nhin l ch yu, nn tht c gi tr dinh dng cao, v sinh thc phm m bo do
t phi n, ung thuc khng sinh v cc ho cht lm kch thch tng trng.
Mc d l g th vn nhng do c ch th trng v sc tiu th ngy cng nhiu, s
hiu bit v khoa hc ging v dinh dng ca nng dn ngy cng cao. Bi vy ngi chn nui
tm mi cch nui g tng trng nhanh, xut bn sm hn bng cch cho n thm 30- 40%
lng TAHH, hoc ht ng cc/ngy. Thm ch trc khi xut bn nui nht trong chung 2 - 3
tun. Cho nn hin nay xut hin nhiu loi g, ngan, vt ging ni (nh trnh by phn I)
rt bo, tht mm hn nhng vn gi c mi v ca gia cm th vn.
b. Thc n cho ging g th vn
* Nhng ging g ni (th vn): c tc tng trng thp, trng t (do ging t
nhin, khng c chn lc nh g cng nghip) nn khng cn cung cp thc n cho hm
lng dinh dng cao v s lng nhiu. Nu cho n TAHH dinh dng cao hn yu cu th
g thi ra ngoi, thm ch gy ri lon tiu ho v gim nng sut chn nui.
Th d: cc ging g Ri, g Ma... ch cn cho n thm 30% TAHH so vi tng lng
thc n m g yu cu, v hm lng NLT: 2800 - 2900 Kcal/kg, hm lng protein14 -
15% giai on g trng thnh v g , nu nui chn th t nhin vn bi rng. Cn
giai on g con: 18 - 19% protein v 2900 Kcal/kg, thc n. Tuy nhin nng thn, vng
ng bng cht, vn hp, gi l "vn" nhng thc cht ch l sn chi, khng kim n c
th phi nui theo phng thc nui bn cng nghip hoc cng nghip v phi cung cp s
lng v cht lng thc n qua cc giai on nui nh nui g ging hng trng.
Th d: lc nui g t 9 - 20 tun tui cho n 50 - 70 g thc n h hp vi mc
81
NLT 2750 Kcal v 12 - 13% protein. Giai on (sau 20 tun tui, tc 5 thng tr ln) cho
n 90 - 95g TAHH/con/ngy vi mc NLT 2750 - 2800 Kcal/kg v 14 - 15% protein, canxi
2,8 - 3,0%, photpho TS 0,65 - 0,70%. Nu g a phng li nui theo phng thc g cng
nghip (nui nht th khng c hiu qu kinh t).
* Mt s ging g th vn nhp t nc ngoi
Trong 2 - 3 nm gn y nc ta nhp mt s ging g th vn Trung Quc, i
Loan, Israel nh mt s ging g Tam hong (lng vng, da vng, chn vng) cc gi ng g
ny tng trng chm, trng t hn g cng nghip siu tht, siu trng nhng d nui, c
th nui nht kt hp chn th, thch hp vi iu kin chn nui nng h nng thn.
Tuy vy, c hiu qu phi p dng phng php chn nui bn cng nghip (va
nui nht va chn th) v cng nghip (nui nht hon ton) c ngha l phi nui bng
TAHH vi s lng, cht lng thc n xp x nh g cng nghip chuyn trng (bng
27).
Bng 27. Tiu chun dinh dng TAHH cho ging g Tam hong nui trng
(ti liu Trung Quc)

Qua cc giai on tun tui (TT)
Ch tiu dinh dng
0-8 TT 9-19 TT G 20 - 72 TT
NLT Kcal/kg
Protein th %
M th, % ti thiu
Axit Lioleic,%
X th, %
Canxi, %
Photpho TS, %
Photpho HT, %
Lyzin, %
Metionin, %
Arginin, %
Vitamin/kg TA
Vitamin A (UI)
Vitamin D3 (UI)
Vitamin E (UI)
Vitamin K3 (mg)
Vitamin - B2 (mg)
Vitamin - B12 (mg)
Axit Pantotenic, mg
Vitamin PP, (mg)
Cholin (mg)
2900
20
3,0
1,5
2,5
1,0
0,73
0,48
0,90
0,36
0,95

8800
2750
11
2,2
5,5
0,011
11
3,3
1320
2750
14,5
3,0
1,0
3,0
1,0
0,65
0,42
0,76
0,30
0,90

8800
2750
11
2,2
5,5
0,011
11
3,3
1320
2750
16
3,0
1,0
3,0
3,2
0,7
0,45
0,9
0,4
0,95

11000
3300
15,4
1,1
9,9
0,011
13,2
4
1320

Tiu chun dinh dng cho g Tam hong xp x vi tiu chun dinh dng ca g
hng trng cao sn (Hyline, Hypeco, Leghorn..) trong iu kin nui nht (thm canh).
Bng 28. Khi lng sng v thc n tiu th ca g Tam hong nui nht
(ti liu Trung Quc)
G mi ging G trng ging
Tun
tui
Th trng
(gam)
Tng trng
(gam)
TA tiu
th/con/g
Th trng
(gam)
Tng trng
(gam)
TA tiu
th/con/g
1-6
7
8
-
950
1050
-
-
100
n t do
50
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
n t do
-
-
Del et ed:
82
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1150
1250
1300
1350
1400
1400
1520
1580
1650
1730
1780
1850
-
100
100
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
80
50
70
-
58
61
64
66
68
71
73
75
78
82
85
90

-
1250
1400
1550
1650
1750
1850
1950
2050
2150
2300
2500

-
-
150
150
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
200

-
n t do
-
-
75
78
82
85
90
95
100
106
110
Ch : Lng thc n t do khng ghi vo bng ny nhng thc t sn xut phi ghi
lng thc n cung cp hng ngy.
- n t do giai on 0 - 6 tun tui c ngy m.
- Sau 6 tun tui ch n t do ban ngy, ban m tt in v khng cho n.
- G trng lc ln ghp vi mi, nn cho n tch ring nh ni phn nui
g sinh sn tht. Nu khng c th cho n ln vi thc n g mi.

Bng 29. Tiu chun thc n, sn lng trng v g con ca g Tam Hong
nui nht (Ti liu Trung Quc 1977)

Tun
tui
Tun

T l
(%)
S trng
/1 g mi
(qu/tun)
S trng
chn ging
cng dn
(qu)
T l p
n (%)
S g con
cng dn
(con)
TA/1
g/ngy
(g)
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
7
18
30
50
65
78
78
77
76
75
74
72
71
70
68
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
0,49
1,26
2,10
3,50
4,55
6,46
6,46
5,19
5,32
5,25
5,18
5,04
4,97
4,90
4,76
4,62
4,55
4,48
4,41
4,34
4,27
4,20
4,13
0,00
0,50
1,97
4,77
8,77
14,11
19,35
24,53
29,63
34,67
39,65
44,49
49,26
53,96
58,53
62,97
67,33
71,63
75,87
80,03
84,13
88,12
92,05
0,00
60
70
75
78
83
83
83
82
82
81
81
81
80
80
80
80
79
79
79
79
78
78
0,00
0,25
1,25
3,38
6,58
10,93
15,28
19,54
23,76
27,89
34,92
35,84
39,70
43,47
47,12
50,67
54,16
57,56
60,91
64,20
67,44
70,55
73,61
120
125
135
145
155
155
155
155
155
155
150
150
150
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
140
83
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
4,06
3,99
3,92
3,85
3,78
3,71
3,64
3,64
3,57
3,57
3,50
3,43
3,36
95,90
99,69
103,42
107,08
112,67
114,90
117,65
121,11
124,50
127,89
131,21
134,42
137,67
78
77
77
77
77
76
76
76
76
75
75
75
75
76,62
79,54
83,40
85,22
87,99
90,66
93,29
95,92
98,50
101,01
103,53
105,98
108,37
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
135
135
135
135
135
Tun
tui
Tun

T l
(%)
S trng
/1 g mi
(qu/tun)
S trng
chn ging
cng dn
(qu)
T l p
n (%)
S g con
cng dn
(con)
TA/1
g/ngy
(g)
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
47
46
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
3,36
3,29
3,22
3,15
3,08
3,08
3,01
2,94
2,87
2,80
140,86
143,98
147,04
150,03
152,96
166,89
168,75
161,54
164,22
166,85
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
110,77
113,11
115,41
117,65
119,81
122,01
124,18
126,28
128,29
130,26
135
135
135
130
130
130
130
130
125
125
Tng
cng
46 179 39,65167 130 45150

Qua theo di cc ch tiu sn xut ca g Tam Hong, ngi ta thy nng sut
trng ca g l thp so vi g hng tht, hng trng cng nghip, l do l do cc
ging g ny to t g a phng vi mc ch th vn.
Nhng nu th vn, i g t kim n thm, th chi ph thc n gim, phm cht
tht kh hn, c c hi thu li ln.
Ch : i vi cc ging g ta th vn hng ly tht (g Ma, ng To, g H...)
nu nui th n thc n c tiu chun dinh dng nh g Tam Hong nhng s lng
thc n th gim i 1/3 - cc giai on g d, g , vi l do l g th vn t kim n
c 1/3 - lng thc n yu cu (y l d tnh, tu thc tin sn xut m iu chnh).
Cn i vi g hng trng (g Ri nui chn th ly trng p v trng n th n c
tiu chun dinh dng nh g Tam Hong nhng s lng thc n ch cung cp 1/3 so vi
tiu chun ra vi l do g Ri nh, t kim c lng thc n yu cu. Cn nu nui
nht th phi cho n lng thc n tng ln 2/3 mc so vi tiu chun g Tam Hong giai
on g d, g . Cn g con cho n t do.
C li khuyn: i vi g ta, k c g th vn nhp ni (Tam Hong) phi p dng
phng php chn th hon ton, bn chn th t nhin vi iu kin vn, i, rung rng
p dng k thut chn nui v phng bnh tt th chn nui s c hiu qu cao.
nhng vng su vng xa khng c bn TAHH (thc n ch sn), mi gia nh c
th t to thc n cho g trn c s c mt s nguyn liu c bn sn c a phng nh:
ng, sn, cm go, lc, u tng, bt c, premix, vitamin, khong v t ch bin ly theo cc
84
cng thc nui trn.
- Kinh nghim nhiu h chn nui g ta t ch bin thc n cho g n thm nh sau:
(bnh qun cho 1 g d, g ).
0,1 kg (1 lng) tinh bt (na ng, na cm hoc sn).
0,02 kg (1/5 lng) bt c hoc giun tp.
0,050 kg (1/2 lng) rau xanh bm nh.
Trn u cho g n vo bui sng v bui chiu (trc khi g vo chung). Nu c
n nh vy, g ln nhanh, nhiu trng to, p n tt.
- T to thc n protein ng vt bng cch nui giun.
+ Nu chn nui nhiu g vt th nui theo phng php thm canh - chn ging giun
nhiu, ln nhanh (giun qu c bn ging ti trung tm chuyn giao k thut ca trng
HNN H Ni, Trung tm Cng ngh Sinh hc H Ni.). Nui giun trong thng g hoc
xy gch kch thc di 50, rng 35, su 30 cm, y thng di mt s l nh thot nc v
thng kh, phn mc v t (nh cch trn) vo thng ri ti nc m. Sau th giun
vo, mi thng 350 - 400 con c th dng nc go ti cho giun rt tt. Sau 30 ngy nui ta
thu hoch giun bng cch giun trong thng ln mt sng di nh nng hoc nh in, giun
s nh sng mnh chui qua mt sng hoc li mt nh ri xung di. t, phn cn ln
trng giun v giun nh trn sng ta li vo thng v trn vi phn b sung, ng thi nht
khong 200 - 250 giun ta th vo thng lm ging. Nui trong thng tit kim c din tch,
thun tin cho vic ti nc.
Nui giun ni ti mt, m nhng phi thong kh th giun mi pht trin tt.
Ch : Cc loi phn g, phn ln, phn tru phi 25 - 30 ngy, sau ti ra cho bay
ht mi hi mi dng nui giun. Khng c ti m, khng c ti nc x phng,
nc bn. Ch chng kin cho giun v loi giun ny rt k kin.
Nui giun t a phng: mt s b con nng dn c kinh nghim nui giun t a
phng rt n gin v hiu qu cao. Xung quanh vn, di cc tn cy, o cc h c kch
thc: di 1,0-1,2 m; rng 0,4 0,5 m; su 0,4- 0,5 m; h n cch h kia 3-4 m, y phn
hoai, tt nht l phn tru b, rm, r, l hay thn cy chui, lp kn, ti m thng xuyn
nhng khng ng nc. Theo bn nng, giun t s tm n, do nhiu thc n, chng s
nh c ti h, sinh sn v pht trin rt nhanh. Khi thy trn b mt h giun n ln nhiu
phn giun tc l c th thu hoch, a vt hay g n, bi h phn ln, g, vt s n ht
giun. Trong phn v t cn li vn c rt nhiu trng giun, b sung thm phn hoai vo cho
y h, lp li, ti m giun tip tc pht trin cho ln sau. C 3 - 4 ngy khai thc mt h,
gia cm rt chng ln v gi rt r.
Mt s vn cn c bit ch khi nui dng g
Nhu cu protein ph thuc vo giai on (Fa) , nhit mi trng:
V d:
Nhu cu protein cho g Brown Nick:
Fa I: (20 - 48 TT) 20-21 g/con/ngy
Fa II: (48 - 58 TT) 19 -20 g/con/ngy
Fa III: (sau 58 TT) 18 - 19 g/con/ngy
Nhu cu protein (%) ca g Isa Brown tng theo nhit nh sau:
Tun tui 20
0
C 25
0
C 30
0
C
19-35 16,6 17,7 19
>35 15,7 16,8 18
Nhu cu ME: Nhu cu ME ca g Isa Brown ph thuc vo tui nh sau:
Trc 35 tun tui: 2800 Kcal/kg
Sau 35 tun tui: 2750 Kcal/kg
Nhu cu ME ca g Isa Brown ph thuc vo t l v nhit mi trng:
VT: Kcal/con/ngy
85
Mc (%) 15
0
C 20
0
C 25
0
C 30
0
C
u G
0-10 295 280 265 250
10-30 312 295 278 260
30-50 330 310 290 270
50-70 340 320 300 280
>70 350 330 310 290
Sau nh cao 340 320 300 280
Trong giai on trc nh cao, bao gm c giai on sp (pre-lay) g c n tng nhanh
khi lng thc n n mc ti a gn nh t do g vo sm, r, nhanh chng t ti
nh cao ca t l v khi lng trng, cch ny gi l cho n n (n tng trc khi
tng).
Trong giai on sau nh cao t l , cn phi nh mc n hp l: khi t t l nh cao, g
duy tr tt nht trong khong 1 tun, cn phi cho g n khu phn ti a. Sau , khi t l
gim xung th mc n cng gim xung tng ng cho n khi ngng khai thc. Vic
gim ny cn tin hnh t t v thng gim sau khi g gim 1-2 tun. Cch gim thc n
chm hn gim t l gi l cho n ui (gim n chm hn gim ).
Nguyn tc cn gi l: khng c gim khu phn trc nh cao v tng khu phn sau
nh cao ca t l . Cng c th khng gim khi lng thc n nhng gim nng
protein v ME trong khu phn sau khi t nh cao.
Cn ch khi tri nng, g s n t i, thiu dinh dng, khi cn phi b sung thm nng
lng bng cch b sung cht bo vo thc n cho g, tt nht l du thc vt, b sung cht
bo c tc dng lm tng khi lng trng, nht l axit linoleic. Trong quy trnh nui g Hy-
line Brown, hng cung cp hng dn b sung cht bo (%) nh sau:
30
0
C 30-35
0
C >35
0
C
Hu b 0 2 3
Trc nh cao 1 2 3
Sau nh cao 0 1 2
Cn ch , khi nhit mi trng cao qu th khng nn tng nng cht dinh dng ln
na v rt nguy him. Theo tc gi Piter D.Lewis, khi nhit mi trng tng cao, g s tng
tn s h hp, cn phi tng nng protein v nng lng b p, nhng khi nhit
tng n trn 27
0
C th khng cn tng na v khi g khng to c nhit nn khng b
mt nng lng, mt khc g b ri lon TC, th nhiu, ung nc nhiu, n t nn khng
nhng khng cn tng m phi gim m bo sc kho cho g.
Ngoi ra, cn cung cp cho g 3,8-4,2 g Ca/con/ ngy, c bit l b sung thm vitamin,
nht l vitamin C vi liu 150 3000 ppm tu thi tit.
Khi chuyn giai on nui, cn chuyn thc n c sang thc n mi, cn chuyn t t
nh sau:
Ngy 1-2: 1 phn thc n c + 3 phn thc n mi
Ngy 7: thc n mi hon ton.
Hng thng, cn Xc nh ng u:
ng u c vai tr rt quan trng trong nui dng g hu b. ng u cng cao
th g s cng tt v ngc li. Cch lm:
1- Bt ngu nhin mt nhm g vi s lng 1-5 % s g trong n (tu quy m n
ln hay nh) v cn c l ny trong 1 ln cn.
2- Chia khi lng trn cho s u g trong mu cn tm khi lng bnh qun.
Tm gi y l khi lng trung bnh (P TB).
For mat t ed Tabl e
cm
86
Khong khi lng [(P TB 5%) n (P TB + 5%)] c gi l khong ng u
(khong ng u cng c th l P TB 10 % )
3- Cn ln lt tng con trong ton n v ghi li khi lng tng con. Nhng g c
khi lng nm trong khong ng u c coi l t khi lng chun.
4- Tnh t l ton n: nu ton n c trn 80 % c th c khi lng nm trong
khong ng u l tt, ch chn nui t yu cu.
5- Da vo khi lng va cn, chia n g lm 3 nhm: to, trung bnh v nh, cho n
nh nhau (khng c khc nhau gia 3 l v lng thc n bnh qun trn mi u g), sau
mt thi gian cc nhm g s c khi lng tr v khi lng trung bnh.
Cng cn so snh khi lng trung bnh ni trn vi khi lng chun ca hng cung
cp cho g n thch hp. Cn ht sc trnh n g c khi lng cao hn khi lng
chun v trong mi trng hp, khng c n g st cn, ngha l, trong mi trng
hp, n g phi c tng trng dng (>0)
C.Tnh nhu cu nc ung cho gia cm
Nhu cu nc ung ph thuc vo tui, chc nng sn xut, lng thc n tiu th ca
gia cm v nhit ca mi trng.
Qua nghin cu xc nh c
i vi g nhit mi trng 18
o
C cn t l nc trn thc n l 3/1, nu nhit
mi trng tng ln 1
o
C, lng nc tiu th tng ln 2%
V d: Mt n g mi 1000 con, g n 150 g thc n/ngy/g. Nhit mi trng 35
o
C.
Tnh lng nc cn cho n g 1 ngy.
Gii: + Lng thc n n g mi tiu th 1 ngy l
0,150 kg 1000 g = 150 kg
+ Lng nc n g cn 1 ngy nhit chun (18
o
C) l
150 kg 3 = 450 lt
+ Nhit mi trng tng ln l : 34 - 18 = 16
o
C
+ T l nc tng ln so vi chun l : 16
o
C 2% = 32%
+ Lng nc yu cu tng ln so vi chun l:
450 lt 32% = 143 kg = 143 lt
+ Tng lng nc cp cho n g/1 ngy l:
450 + 143 = 593 lt
Cc v d trn ch mang tnh tham kho. Trong thc t cn nm vng nguyn tc: cho g ung
nc sch, nc mm ( qua lc v kim nghim), khng lm t chung, mng ung
phi ng k thut, c c ra thng xuyn 2 ln/ ngy.
d.Cch xc nh v pha trn thuc b, thuc phng cha bnh vo thc n, nc ung
cho gia cm.
Pha trn thuc vo nc ung, thc n cho gia cm
- Xc nh tng khi lng n g (th d: c 1 con g nng 800 g n g 500 con
= 400000 g = 400 kg).
- Bit liu thuc dng cho 1 n v khi lng g, cho 1 n v nc cn pha nh:
1 g thuc cho bao nhiu thc n, cho bao nhiu lt nc, cho bao nhiu con... Sau tnh
lng thuc dng cho c n trong 1 ngy hay c 1 k.
- Sau khi xc nh c tng lng thuc, lng nc ung, lng thc n tiu th, ta
tin hnh pha theo 2 bc:
+ Pha dung dch m: (hoc hn hp m) c lng thuc dng vo vi lt nc hoc
vi kg thc n quy hoc trn u trong vng 5 - 10 pht.
+ Pha thnh dung dch hoc hn hp con cho ung hoc cho n: ton b dung dch
hn hp m vo ton b nc ung trong bui sng hoc vo lng thc n c ngy, ri cho
g ung hoc n.
Ch : Cho g ung ht nc hoc n ht thc n mi liu thuc. Trnh nc
Del et ed:
Del et ed: III
Del et ed: 1.
87
hoc thc n trn nc qua ngy.
Cc v d
V d 1: Hy tnh lng A - T 104 trong 3 ngy (hn hp vitamin ADE ca hng
Bayer) b sung vo 100 kg thc n cho 1000 g con/ngy theo t l thuc/ thc
n 0,2%.
Gii: Lng thuc cn dng 1 ngy l : 100 0,2% = 0,2 kg/ngy
Lng thuc cn trong 3 ngy l : 0,2 3 = 0,6 kg
Cch trn vo thc n:
- Trn hn hp m: ly 5 kg thc n ti mng, rc u 0,2 kg thuc ln mt thc n
trn u trong 5 pht ta c hn hp m.
- Trn dung dch con: s thc n cn li 95 kg cng c ti mng vi dy 10 - 15
cm (tu lng thc n nhiu hay t m ti dy hay mng) ri hn hp m ln mt thc n, trn
u t trong ra ngoi, t trn xung di v ngc li trong vng 10 - 15 pht (nu trn 100
kg th trn 15 pht). Sau ng vo bao cho g n trong ngy. Nu trn thc n khng
sinh dng bt cng thc hin nh vy.
V d 2: n g b a chy lc thi tit nng, cn ung nc c cht in gii A-T110
trong 3 ngy. Bit rng g ung bnh qun 0,4 lt nc/ngy. Liu lng pha 1
gam A-T110 cho 2 lt nc, n g gm 250 con. Tnh lng thuc A-T110
cn trong 3 ngy.
Gii: - Tnh lng nc ung trong 3 ngy:
250 0,4 3 ngy = 300 lt
- Tnh lng thuc A - T 110 trong 3 ngy:
2 300 lt 1 g = 600 g hay 0,6 kg
- Tnh lng thuc A - T 110 trong 1 ngy
0,6 kg : 3 = 0,2 kg/ngy.
- Pha dung dch m: ly 10 lt nc ung trong s 100 lt/ngy, b 0,2kg thuc vo v
quy u cho tan (3 - 5 pht) ta c 10 lt dung dch m.
- Pha dung dch con ung: c tnh bui sng (ung hn bui chiu) khong 60 lt... ta
ly 60 lt dung dch m ho vi 60 lt nc ung trong 5 pht, cho g ung ht, sau ho s
nc v s thuc cn li cho ung tip.

2.4. Nhng yu t quan trng nht ca mi trng tiu kh hu chung
nui g

2.4.1.Khng kh
Nhng th nghim trc y vi cch nui thm canh g mi s b chng minh
c tm quan trng ca vic cung cp mt s lng y khng kh sch i vi sc kho
v kh nng sn xut ca g. Khng nghi ng g na, s thng kh chung nui nh hng
n trng thi chung v kh nng sn xut ca g, ngy nay vn ny c mt ngha quan
trng ngang vi cht lng thc n hay cht lng ca n ging sn xut trng.
S thng kh l y khng kh t chung nui ra ngoi, thay th bng khng kh mi.
Nhim v ca s thng kh l m bo cung cp oxi cho g, y kh c to ra trong chung
ra ngoi cng vi hi nc m khng lm gim nhit ca chung nui xung di gii hn
cho php. Tm quan trng hng u l y hi nc ra ngoi v rng cn nhiu khng kh
lm vic ny hn l thay i khng kh th. Do khng nn tch ring hai vn ny ra
vi nhau. Tnh ton cho s thng kh da trn c s cn bng nhit. S cn bng nhit cn
phi tnh ton cho tng chung nui, ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu ca a phng, nguyn
liu xy dng c s dng, mt nui v cc yu t khc. T tnh ra c mt khi
lng khng kh thay th cn thit y hi nc sinh ra trong chung bao gm tt c cc
(U.S.)
Del et ed:
Del et ed: 2.
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
88
yu t ca mi trng khng kh bn ngoi. Nhiu th nghim chng minh rng, trang b
thng kh lm theo s tnh ton y l cha .
Mc d tnh ton thng kh theo s lng hi nc trong chung nui l mt bc
u tin quan trng trong vic gii quyt thnh lp tiu kh hu thun li cho g, nhng
cho n nay vic thnh lp tiu kh hu cha tnh n cc nh hng khc, m nhng nh
hng ny nhiu khi li rt su sc. Nh Junila v nhng ngi cng tc trong cc nghin
cu ca mnh gii quyt vn ny trn mt kha cnh hon ton khc, h chng minh
vai tr quan trng ca cng thay i kh v s chuyn ng ca khng kh chung nui
trong s truyn mt s bnh nht nh. Cc tc gi thy rng khi tc thay i kh thp (0,9
m
3
/gi trn mt u g) thng pht trin mnh m cc bnh ng h hp v bnh New
Castle qua s nhim bnh nhn to. Khi c cng thng kh cao (5,1 m
3
/gi trn mt u
g) nhng bnh ny pht trin rt hn ch. T cc tc gi a ra mt kt lun c tnh cht
gi thit l nu gim s trao i kh s kch thch s pht trin ca qun th vi khun lun
lun c mt trong khng kh chung nui, c bit l cc bnh ng h hp. Do trong cc
chung nui hin i nui g vi mt ln, cng thay i kh ca khng kh c mt tm
quan trng c bit, nh hng mnh n sc kho ca g.
Nn ch ti nhng s liu trong bng 30 v cng trao i kh trong cc chung
nui hin i. S liu ca Esmei thu c trn c s tnh ton s thng kh theo bo ho
ca hi nc c nu ln trong bng tin vic so snh. Tt c cc s liu khc u vt
qu s liu trn v coi nh c th s dng trong thc t c.

Bng 30. S thay i kh trong chung nui g
Theo cc tc gi khc nhau

S thay i kh m
3
/gi
Tc gi
Ti thiu Ti a
Ghi ch
Esmei, 1962
0,9 trn mt u
con
5,1 trn mt u con Khi lng ti thiu l
y hi nc ra ngoi,
khi lng ti a y
hi nng t do ra ngoi;
hi nng do t n.
Braunt - 4,5 trn 1 kg khi lng
Skinner v ctv - 3,8 trn 1 kg khi lng
Wolton
3,4 trn mt u
con
9,2 trn mt u con Thng kh thm trong
nhng ngy nng nh h
thng qut
Pero
2,4 trn 1 kg
khi lng
6 trn 1 kg khi lng
Moreng - 13,6 trn mt u con
Braun
5 trn mt u
con
12 trn mt u con Thng kh thm trong
nhng ngy nng qua ca
s
Kastello
1,8 2,7 trn 1
kg khi lng
4,5 6,7 trn 1 kg khi
lng

Tr s ti thiu thng ma ng, tr s ti a ma h. Mc du nhng con s nu
trn thu c trong nhng vng kh hu khc nhau, nhng cng khng chnh lch nhau nhiu.
Nhng s liu ca Pero, Braunt v Kastello dng tt cho iu kin kh hu ca chu u.
phn ln cc nc Ty u khi xy dng chung nui g ngi ta ch yu ch n
s thay i kh. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi s thng kh trong ma h ca cc
89
chung khng c ca s, v rng y cng sut ca thit b thng kh khng s khng th
gii quyt c bng s thng kh qua ca s trong nhng ngy ma h.
Lin quan cht ch vi cng thay i kh cn c s chuyn ng v tc quay
vng ca khng kh trong chung nui. S chuyn ng ca khng kh cn thit y hi
nng c to ra do s trao i cht v lm kh cht n chung. Ngoi ra s chuyn ng
ca khng kh cn lm gim bt mt ca vi sinh vt trong chung nui. ngha thc tin
ca hin tng ny cho ti nay vn cha c nghin cu y .
Tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong chung nui g mi khng nht thit l
phi qu cao v rng n s lm cho g b lnh t ngt trong khi h thng iu tit ca g
khng th b p ngay li c. Tc vn chuyn ca khng kh v ma ng khng c
qu 0,3 0,4m/s. V ma h c th cao hn nhiu (3m/s).
Khng kh t nhin sch v kh c thnh phn nh sau (tnh theo % th tch): nit
78,03; oxi 21; kh CO
2
0,03 v acgon 0,94. Ngoi ra, khng kh cn cha mt s lng nh
cc kh neon, heli, kripton, xenon v hidro... cng nh v cng t kh ozon, hidroperoxit,
amoniac, axit nito v axit nitric Do nh hng ca cc qu trnh trao i cht trong c th
ng vt v s phn hu ca phn trong cc h phn hay lp m chung m t l ca cc kh
k trn c th thay i nhiu, nui cng cht th s bin ng y cng ln.
Kh ozon v hidroperoxit thng khng gp trong chung do s khng n nh ca
chng. Nit v cc kh tr khng c lin quan g n c th sng. Nhng nh s c mt ca
chng m ngi ta xc nh c nng oxi trong khng kh thun li nht cho s th. Oxi,
kh cacbonic, amoniac, H
2
O l nhng yu t quan trng nht trong chung nui g v chng
cng l nhng thnh phn kh c bn ca khng kh. Ngoi ra trong khng kh cn cha bi.
Oxi cn thit cho c th thc hin cc qu trnh t chy cht dinh dng v h
hp. Khng kh th ra ca ng vt ch cn gn 16,4% oxi. Hn 4,5% oxi c kt hp vi
hemoglobin ca mu. S thiu ht oxi thng thy trong cc chung nui c mt dy v
thng kh km, nh hng xu n s iu tit nhit v cc qu trnh trao i cht ca gia
cm. Trong iu kin nhit thp, s thiu ht oxi hn ch s co ca cc mch mu bn
ngoi, lm gim kh nng phn ng ca da i vi tc ng lnh v lm cho c th mt nhit.
Do khng cung cp y oxi qua khng kh s lm tng nh hng c hi ca nhit
thp. S thit ht oxi trong khi nhit cao gy nguy him cho h tim mch v n lm gim
kh nng iu tit ca c th. Cung cp y oxi qua h thng thng kh c tc dng tt i
vi sc trng, h s s dng thc n v tnh trng chung ca c th.
G mi nng 2,5 3kg trong lc yn tnh tiu th, theo Romein v CTV, 12 l oxi trn mt
kilgam khi lng c th, g mi nng 4 kg tiu th 10 l. Khi vn ng v thc n va phi th
lng oxi tiu th c th tng gp i.
Kh cacbonic sinh ra trong qu trnh th v qu trnh phn hu ca vi sinh vt. Trong
khng kh th ra cha gn 4% kh cacbonic. Trong cc chung nui c mt cao, thng kh
km khng kh b bo ho kh cacbonic, c th vt qu tiu chun. Kh cacbonic, c thi
ra cng vi khng kh nng, do t trng ca kh cacbonic cao hn ca khng kh, kh ny bay
ln trn v t tp nhiu trn nh. Kh ny khng c nhng c nng cao s nh hng
xu n s trao i cht, tnh trng chung ca c th, kh nng sn xut v sc chng i
vi bnh tt. Trong cc kh nghim ca Helbak v cng s, trong 24 gi g mi c nui
trong chung nui c nng c cacbonic l 5%. G ngt th, trng rt r. G khng cn
ng vng c na, nhng sau a v chung nui c thnh phn khng kh bnh thng
th chng li nhanh chng hi phc li nh thng. G thi phn nhiu, km n, nhng ung
nc nhiu, pH ca mu gim xung. nhit mi trng v s i hi v thc n lm tng
mc bi tit ra kh cacbonic ca g. S b c th tnh c l mt g mi thi ra khong
1,4l kh cacbonic trn mt kilgam c th. Hm lng kh cacbonic khng th l tiu chun
xt cht lng khng kh trong chung nui v thiu s tng quan vi cc thnh phn
khc v cc yu t ca tiu kh hu. Theo Blanunt hm lng kh cacbonic trong khng kh
90
chung nui trong iu kin thng kh tt khng c qu 0,07 0,I%; theo kin ca Pero
v Kastello, mt s tc gi khc nhau cng ng vi h, th con s ny l 0,2%.
Khi tnh s thng kh, cn phi ch n s thi kh cacbonic ra ngoi v rng a kh
cacbonic ra ngoi cn t khng kh hn l vic y hi nc to ra do s th ca g ra khi chung
nui. Do trong khng kh kh th hm lng ca kh cacbonic khng ln.
Amoniac c to ra do s phn hu ca vi sinh vt i vi ure cha trong phn v
cc cht cha nit khc. Hm lng amoniac trong khng kh chung nui ph thuc vo s
lng phn tch trong lp n chung, do ph thuc vo mt nui, m, nhit ca
khng kh ca lp n chung, tc bay hi v, mt mc nh hn, l nguyn liu v
xp ca lp n chung. Khi nhit di 0
0
C v m di 20%. Otta v nhng ngi
cng tc khng thy c amoniac. Khi nhit cao hn 0
0
C v m l 70% thy c
amoniac. N c th sinh ra khi nhit l dng v m ca lp n chung cao hn 22%.
Nu dng mn ca lm lp n chung th amoniac bt u c sinh ra m ca
khng kh thp hn. Amoniac tip tc sinh ra n khi m ca lp n chung cha t n
63%. Cc tc gi ny cho rng trong nng ca amoniac l 75% g nga c ln, nhng nu
nng l 40% th khng thy hin tng . Nng thp nht ca amoniac m con ngi
cm gic c l 10 15%, nng l 25 35% gy ra bng mng nhy v chy nc mt.
Nh Longhaus v nhng ngi cng tc cho bit g c th chu ng c nng amoniac
40%, trong thi gian di m khng b c hi. Nng amoniac cao nht cho php trong
chung cn c nhiu kin khc nhau. Longhaus tnh c l 40%. Kastello cho rng gii
hn l 25%. Theo Lanovsky nng amoniac trong chung nui khng c qu 10%.
Amoniac v H
2
S trc ht lm hng mng nhy ca ng h hp, lm gim sc
chng ca g i vi cc tc nhn gy bnh. H2S l mt kh rt c, c mi rt kh ngi,
c sinh ra vi cc kh khc trong cc qu trnh mc ra. nng rt thp n cng gy
c. Cha c s liu chnh xc v nng cho php ca H
2
S trong khng kh chung nui.
Ngoi cc kh trn, khng kh trong chung nui cn lun lun cha bi l nhng
phn t sng (vi sinh vt) v khng sng (c ngun gc hu c hay v c). Do s c mt ca
bi nn rt kh kim tra tiu kh hu mt cch c hiu qu, tt c nhng thc nghim theo
hng ny cho n nay thc t cha t c nhng kt qu mong mun.
Bi khng phi l mt thnh phn ng nht ca khng kh m bao gm nhng phn
t c kch thc khc nhau. Nhng phn t to v nng nhanh chng ri xung, nhng phn t
nh hn bay l lng trong khng kh mt thi gian di. Koon v nhng ngi cng tc
phn bit c hai loi phn t trong bung kh hu c cu to c bit. Mt loi phn t bao
gm nhng cu to phng, hnh vy v hnh khung, l nhng mnh t bo biu b v cc
phn t ca thc n. Loi th hai c dng tr di, l cc mnh lng. C hai loi ny u
tch in v do to thnh nhng m bi ring bit c kch thc khc nhau. Nui trn lp
n chung, bi c to ra ch yu l do cc mnh vn ca lp n chung .
Quy lut to thnh bi trong chung nui rt phc tp v n nay vn cha c gii
thch y . Trong chn nui lng v chn nui trn lp n chung, s to thnh bi khc
nhau v nguyn tc. Trong trng hp u s to thnh bi ch yu l do nhit trong
chung nui. Bi c to thnh nhiu nht khi nhit gia 15 v 2I
0
C. Trong nhit
thp, gii hn I0
0
C hay thp hn, s to thnh bi b hn ch do nhng nguyn nhn cha r
rt. Nui trn lp n chung s to thnh bi gn lin vi m ca khng kh. m ca
khng kh v hm lng hi nc trong lp n chung c lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
m ca khng kh thp s lm cho bi sinh ra nhiu. Trong m l 70% Grub v nhng
ngi cng tc thy bi mc trung bnh. Otta v nhng cng tc xc nh c m
ca lp n chung l 36 40% khi m ca khng kh l 75% v nhit trung bnh,
hn na trong iu kin ny hu nh bi khng c sinh ra. Tri li, khi nhit cao (32
0
C)
v m ca khng kh l 55 70% th trong chung nui rt nhiu bi v m ca lp n
chung ch c 21 25%. S to thnh bi khi nui trn lp n chung cn ph thuc vo
91
nguyn liu c dng lm n chung, vo thi gian s dng lp n chung v vo s hot
ng ca g. Lp n chung cng c cng to ra nhiu bi v g lm gy vn chng cng vi
thi gian. Mt khc trong lp n ny tch lu nhiu mnh vn thc n, phn g v c biu b
ca da. Grub v nhng ngi cng tc xc nh c rng mi g mi nui trong lng mt
ngy to ra 54g bi. Trong iu kin nui trn lp n, con s ny c th cao hn 4 12 ln
tu thuc vo loi v vo thi hn s dng lp n chung. S xc nh v mt s lng
khng thu c nhng kt qu mong mun (do cc phn t ca bi c s lng khng ging
nhau) v vy ch l nhng con s c tnh cht tham kho.
Tc dng gy hi ca bi i vi c th g mt mt c biu hin ch chng l
nhng vt mang nhiu sinh vt gy bnh, mt khc chng chui vo cc ng h hp, ph
hoi c hc v ho hc lp mng nhy. Cui cng chng lm gim sc chng ca c th
g i vi cc bnh hay ly.

2.4.2. Nhit
Trong tt c cc yu t ca tiu kh hu, nhit l yu t quan trng nht. Lm ging
nh vng nhit thch hp ca y t, Schultz v Pekert a vo chn nui mt khi nim v
vng nhit ca kh nng sn xut. Trong vng nhit ny ng vt tiu tn t thc n
nht m kh nng sn xut li cao nht. g trng thnh vng nhit ny nm trong gii
hn t 10 n 20
0
C.
Otta cho rng nhit thch hp nht cho s trng l gia 10 v 18
0
C, Longhaus
v nhng ngi cng tc th cho rng nhit l 13
0
C. Haues v nhng ngi cng tc
cho bit, nhit 13 15
0
C l thun li nht cho h s s dng thc n. Nhit thp hn
na s lm cho s sn xut trng phi tr mt gi t hn v thc n sn xut ra mt qu
trng nhiu hn. Romein v Lokhorst trong nhng th nghim gn y v mi quan h gia
nhit vi trao i kh, yu cu v thc n v nc, nhit c th v mt nhit do s bay
hi cho rng cn phi gi nhit trong chung nui g mi 20
0
C hay cao hn. Nhng
gi c nhit ny trong ma ng cho n nay cn l mt lot vn cha c gii
quyt y . T nhng kt qu ca nhng nghin cu ng tin tng lin quan n ch
trong chung nui c th rt ra nhng kt lun thc tin di y: vng nhit trong gii
hn 22 25
0
C l thun li. Cn 0
0
5
0
C v 25- 30
0
C l nguy him, di 0
0
v cao hn 30
0
C
l rt nguy him.
nh hng ca cc yu t tiu kh hu n c th gia sc ph thuc vo kh nng iu
tit nhit ca chng. Kh nng ny l tt c cc qu trnh lin quan vi s trao i v thot
nhit gi cho c th c mt nhit khng i. Kh nng iu tit nhit pht trin hon
ton ngay t khi g cn nh v c lin quan nhiu vi c ch iu tit nhit bng ho hc v
l hc. Trong c ch u s tng hay gim cng trao i cc cht trung gian s lm tng
hay gim s sn sinh ra nhit. Nhit v m ca khng kh, thnh phn thc n nh
hng rt nhiu n cc qu trnh ny. Khi nhi t thp hn 20
0
C s sn sinh ra nhit ca
ng vt tng ln, 20 30% nhit lng to ra c thi ra ngoi qua s bc hi. S i hi
v thc n cng tng ln, nhu cu v nc cng tng theo.
Khi nhit cao hn 20
0
C, s sn sinh ra nhit ca c th khng thay i, cng vi s
tng nhit ca chung nui s xy ra s iu tit l hc, biu hin s thot nhit bng
cch bc hi. nhit 27
0
C s thot nhit b hn ch mnh, v khi nhit 32
0
C s thot
nhit hon ton ngng li. Trong trng hp ny theo Wilson v nhng ngi cng tc nhit
b mt c th bng nhit mi trng bn ngoi khng kh. Phn ln s thot nhit xy
ra nhng phn khng c lng ca da.
Da ca g khng c tuyn m hi. Do trong mi trng nng, s thot nhit hu
nh gn lin vi s thi hi nc qua ng h hp. S thot nhit sinh l ch yu ph thuc
vo nhit ca mi trng, s chuyn ng ca khng kh, v p lc ca hi nc trong
Del et ed:
92
khng kh. m ca khng kh ht vo cao lm hn ch s bc hi ca chim v do hn
ch s thot nhit ca chng.
Bi vy trong thi tit nng m khng kh khng chuyn ng, nhit c th s
nhanh chng t ti mc nguy him hn l nhng ngy nng nhng kh, v iu ny c th
lm cho g b cht chong do nng.
Kh nng chng li khng kh nng tu thuc vo tng ging. G Leghorn c th
chu ng c d dng hn so vi g nng cn. iu ny c gii thch l do khc nhau v
mt di truyn ca kh nng hot ng ca g, c th l mt nhng dng thun ho v mt
di truyn i vi nhit cao. B mt v khi lng c th l nhng thng s vt l quan
trng v mt ny.
Khi nhit tng ln g bt u xo cnh, m nhng b phn khng c lng ca da
lm tng s thot nhit. Nhp th tng ln v lng dng ln lm tng qu trnh bc hi v
l con ng duy nht thc hin s thot nhit. Trong nhng ngy nng, cung cp nc
mt y l rt quan trng trnh cho g khi b cht v chong nng. Khi b chong nng
g mt hn 20% nc theo khng kh th ra. Wilson v nhng ngi khc chng minh,
nhit 18
0
C g mi yu cu v nc gp hai ln thc n, cn 35
0
C gp 4,7 ln. nhit
trn 20
0
C, yu cu v nc khng cn song song vi thc n na v ch ph thuc vo
nhit ca mi trng. Yu cu v nc tng ln l lm mt c th. Khi nhit mi
trng tng ln, c th bt u iu tit bng cch gim thp cng trao i cht v yu
cu v thc n, nh vy gim s sn sinh ra nhit. Khi nhit ca chung nui ln n 28
32
0
C, s sn sinh ra nhit t ti mc cao. Nhit 32
0
C nn c coi l nhit ti hn:
tng cao hn na s gy ra hin tng qu nhit, cng nguy him nu m ca khng kh
cng cao (Romein v Lokhorst). S khc nhau gia nhit bnh thng v nhit gy cht
ca c th g rt khng r rt. Ph thuc vo cc ging g, thi gian trong nm v ngy m,
nhit gy cht ca g thay i gia 40,3 - 43
0
C. Nhit gy cht ph thuc vo cc ging
g, vo gii tnh, thi gian trong nm v s thun ho trc , c th thay i gia 45 v
47
0
C. Khi nhit khng kh trong chung nui l 24
0
C, yu cu v thc n gim xung,
khi lng c th g gim dn dn. Khi lng ca qu trng gim xung nhiu sau 24 gi
thay i nhit 21
0
ln 27
0
C trong khi khi lng ca c th c th gim xung nhit
trn 18
0
C. Khi lng qu trng gim xung nhiu nhit cao hn 29
0
C. Cng vi s
gim khi lng qu trng do nhit , v trng cng tr nn mng hn. Nguyn nhn ca
hin tng ny cn cha c r. Khng nn gii thch l g n t thc n cng tc l n t
canxi v g trong nhit cao li tng cng hp th canxi. Tng s lng canxi trong thc n
(4%) trong trng hp ny r rng l c li v trong thi gian hnh thnh v trng, hm lng
canxi trong c th tng ln, iu ny c th lm cho s hp th canxi c d dng trong thi
k m c th ang b nguy ngp nht (Meller).
Lng thc n n vo gim xung v s ph hoi mnh m trng thi chung ca c
th lm gim sc sn xut v ph thuc mt cch trc tip vo s tng nhit trong
chung nui. Khi nhit 29
0
C, sc sn xut gim xung nhiu, nhng s gim c s
khc nhau gia cc c th, cc ging v xut x ca g.
Biu hin ca s gim st ny ph thuc vo tc thay i nhit v thi gian ko
di ca tc ng. Nhit tng nhanh nh hng n sc trng, cht lng trng v yu
cu v thc n cn nguy hi hn nhit tng t t. c bit nguy hi l tng nhit ko di
v lp i lp li trong khong vi ngy. Tng nhit t 39
0
C n 32
0
C trong nm gi mi
ngy, iu ny c lm vi th nghim ca Meller v kkt qu l, nhit cao khng nh
hng n sc trng nu thi gian c nhit cao c thay th nh k vi thi gian c
nhit thp hn.
Nhit tng ln t 35 n 45
0
C lm cho g cht nhiu. S lng g cht v chong
nng ph thuc vo mc tng v thi gian ko di ca tc ng nhit cao. Theo ti liu
ca Wilson, g mi Leghorn c th chu ng c nhit 40
0
C hn su gi. Trong
93
nhng ti liu c (Loe v ngi cng tc) cho bit g mi khng chu c nhit
43,3
0
C. Tt nhin con s ny khng th coi l tuyt i. Kh nng g c th chu ng c
nng c bit ph thuc vo nhit m chng sng trc khi c nhit cao. G thch
ng vi nhit cao c th chu ng c s thay i mnh lit ca nhit tt hn g
quen sng nhit thp, v chng cng cht t hn so vi bn sau. C th hun luyn g
quen vi nhit cao hn (tc l lm tng s n nh ca chng i vi nng) nu hng ngy
tng thm bn cho ti khi t ti 37
0
C (Hatchinson v Saiks). l kinh nghim tt cc
trang tri tp chng nng cho g trc khi vo ma h, nng nht trong nm nhm nng cao
sc chng nng ca g. Nhit ca c th g trong ba, bn ngy trong gii hn kh nng
sinh l c th thch ng c vi s thay i nhit ca mi trng. Mun lm thay i
nhp th cn phi t tm n mi ngy. G mi cha chu ng c nng tt hn g mi
, g trng chu ng tt hn g mi. Nhit cao cng lm cho hot ng ca tim b yu i,
gim nht ca mu, gim hm lng mui clo, tng pH, tng kh nng kt hp gia
mu v kh cacbonic. Ngoi ra cn thy s lng hng cu gim xung, gim khi lng
tuyn gip trng, v yu cu v oxi ca c th. Kh nng ng mu cng gim xung.

2.4.3.Chm sc sc kho gia cm trong iu kin kh hu nng m
Stress do nng/ m gy nn. S iu ho thn nhit ca g gii hn trong phm vi
th, bc hi nc, i lu, bc x nhit, dn nhit, trng v bi tit. V g khng c tuyn
m hi nn cch to nhit hiu qu nht l bc hi nc bng cch h m th. G bt u
h m th khi c th khng th lm gim thn nhit bng cch xo cnh, ung thm nc,
vi mnh trong lp n chung m mt v dn mu t c quan ni tng ra mch mu ngoi vi.
Bng cch h m th, tn s th tng t nhit bnh thng trn 20 ln/pht ti vi trm
ln/pht, thi ra mt lng ln kh CO
2
, nh vy gim H
2
CO
3
v dn n kim ho mu.
Nhng bin i ny lm thay i nhu cu cht in phn ca c th, pH ca cht lng
trong c th v p sut thm thu. Tm li, trong iu kin g khng th thc hin cc
chc nng ca c th mt cch bnh thng. G cng ung thm mt lng nc tha i vi
c th v thi thc n n vo khi cha c tiu ho v hp thu ht. G b thiu dinh dng,
st cn, sc khng gim v thng b nhim khun. Bng di y cho thy nh hng
ca nng v m i vi g:

iu kin nng v m gy nn:

Gim
Lng thc n tiu th
Cht lng thc n
Tc tng trng
Hiu qu s dng thc n
Khi lng Trng
Sn lng trng
Cht lng v trng
T l trng c phi
T l p n
Cht lng thn tht
Sc khng bnh
T l nui sng
p ng min dch
Hm lng khng th
Hn s dng vaccin
Tng
M cn
Vi Khun sinh sn
Sn sinh mycoxin
Nhu cu v din tch chung
Nhu cu v khng kh sch
Nhu cu v thng thong
Chi ph lm mt
Bnh tt
Nhu cu cng nhn
Lp n chung m t
Trng bn
Vim ng rut
Thiu ht dinh dng
Qun th ng vt gy hi
Mt nc

Del et ed:
94
Phn ln cc vng c kh hu nng nm trong khu vc cc nc ang pht trin, cc iu
kin ca khu vc cng lm gim hiu qu sn xut gia cm. Cc iu kin l:
- iu kin vn chuyn km
- Thiu phng th nghim v dch v chn on
- Khng c sn thuc th y, vaccin v thit b hoc gi t
- Thiu dy truyn thit b lnh tt vn chuyn v bo qun vaccin
- Cht lng vaccin a phng l vn cn nghi vn
- Khng chung nui, thit b lm lnh v thng thong
- Mt nui cao.
- Cch ly km
- Tiu chun chn nui cha cao
- Nhiu chut, cn trng, chim hoang v cc ng vt khc
- Cng nhn khng c o to, tr lng qu thp
- S. pullroum, S typhoid, MG v MS lu hnh
- Thng xy ra vic vaccin khng c tc dng
- Cht lng v ngun thc n km
- Thiu nng lng
- An ton sinh hc km hoc khng c
- Mt dn s cao v dn chng i li nhiu
Do vy, khng c g ng ngc nhin rng nhiu bnh xy ra v kh khng ch.
Nhng bnh thnh hnh nht cc nc Nam Chu c trnh by bng sau y, mc
ni tri thay i theo tng khu vc.
Cc bnh thnh hnh vng Nam
1. Bnh Newcatsle
2. Bnh Gumboro
3. Bnh Marek
4. Bnh Cu trng
5. Mycoplasma ( MG, MS)
6. CRD
7. Aspergillosis
8. Ng c c t nm
9 Bnh Coryza
10. Bnh u g
11. Leucocytozoonosis
12. Ni k sinh trng
13. Thiu dinh dng
14. Hi chng gim
15. Colibacillosis
16. Tch nc xoang bng (ascites)
17. Phn ng vi vaccin
18. Vim rn
19. Sng bn chn
20. Bnh t cu khun
Cn phi lm g gim stress nng v m?
Cch tt nht trnh stress l phng xy ra stress. lm iu ngi ta phi chn
a im tri v thit k tri vi mc tiu gim nng v m. Trc ht, v tr ca tri, hng
v s thng thong ca chung phi c thit k sao cho cng thun tin cho g cng tt.
Trn cch nhit, phun sng, thng thong kiu ng hm hoc lm mt bng hi nc - cc
phng php ny phi c s dng trit bt c khi no cng c th to cho g mt tiu
mi trng thch hp t nng xut cao.
95
Ngoi vic ci thin tiu mi trng, ngi ta c th gim hn na nh hng bt li
ca kh hu bng cc cch sau y:

1. Cung cp nhiu nc ung sch mt, tt hn l dng mng ung c nm.
2. Cho g n trc bnh minh, khi tri cn ti v tng i mt.
3. Thc n phi ti v giu vitamin, cht khong v thuc dit nm (nh 100% axit
formic hoc 0 - 0,15% axit propionic) v cht chng xy ho (nh Ethoxyquin 125 ppm).
4. B sung 4 - 18 kg natri bicarbonate vo 1 tn thc n
5. Cung cp 150 - 6000 phn triu vitanim C vo nc ung
6. Lp li nhiu ln vic g hu b tip xc vi nng mc nht inh trong thi gian
trc g lm quen vi kh hu nng
7. Trc v trong thi gian d on c th xy ra stress do nng, cn cung cp cho g
cc cht in phn v vitamin qua nc ung, bao gm: KCl, NH
4
Cl, NaHCO
3
, vitamin C v
cc vitamin khc.
8. s lng mng n, mng ung v din tch cho g i li v hot ng.
Vi tt c nhng bin php phng ni trn c th gim c stress do nng v m i vi g,
kt qu l d duy tr sc tt cho n g trong nhng khu vc nng m.

2.4.4. Chm sc g trong iu kin thi tit lnh.
Nhit mi trng gim xung lm tng s thot nhit ca ng vt, s thot nhit ny
cn tng theo s chuyn ng ca khng kh. G iu tit bng cch tng cng hot ng ca
tuyn gip trng v cng trao i cht. Th d gim nhit trong chung nui t 32 xung 5
0
C
lm cho g lng bnh thng (y ) tng cng trao i kh ln 50%. S lng tuyt i ca thc
n tiu th v s lng thc n tiu th trn mt n v sn phm tng ln khi nhit gim xung,
nui g 5
0
C s lng thc n tiu th s tng 13% so vi g nui 13
0
C.
Nhit gim xung nh hng khng c li ti tnh trng chung ca g v kh nng
sn xut ca chng. Trong nhit 7
0
C g tr nn n v thng cm vo nhau thnh tng
nhm. gim s thot nhit qua phn da khng c lng, g xo cnh v rc u vo cnh.
nh hng ca nhit thp n sc trng khng c nghin cu t m nh nh
hng ca nng. Heis cho rng 4
0
C l nhit ti hn, gim thp hn na s lm cho kh
nng sn xut b nh hng nghim trng. Nhit gim xung lun lun lm gim kh nng
sn xut, iu ny cng th hin r khi nhit cng thp. Nhit di -10
0
C gy chong
lnh i vi g.
Mc gim sc sn xut cng ph thuc vo cc c tnh di truyn v rng sc chng
ca g i vi tc ng ca nhit thp rt khc nhau. V vy s gim sc sn xut
phn ng li s thay i mnh lit ca nhit c th ko di t mt n ba tun l. iu ny
cn ph thuc vo thi gian ca tc ng v tn s bin ng. Tc ng ca nhit thp
trong thi gian vi ngy gy ra nhng chong lnh lin tc. Gim nhit mnh lit v ko
di nguy him hn l gim t t v trong thi gian ngn. V c nhiu b phn ca c th
khng c lng nn g Leghorn chu ng nhit thp km hn cc ging g nng cn v
nng cn trung bnh. Nhit thp khng nh hng n khi lng trng. Trong chn nui
chn th trng g c th t c kch thc ln nht trong ma lnh. Nu g khng b mc
bnh khi nhit thp th khi lng ca chng cng khng b gim xung. Tri li nhit
thp li lm tng khi lng ca g. Khi nhit l 9
0
C khi lng ca g bt u tng
ln.
G chu ng kh hu lnh tng i tt. Nhit 1
0
C hay di hn na th mo
trn v mo di b ti. C th chng li hin tng ny bng cch bi vazlin hay cc loi
m bi khc vo ch ny. Trong iu kin thin nhin thng nhit thp li i vi m
ca khng kh thp. Trong iu kin chn nui thm canh nu khng thng kh y th
For mat t ed: Port uguese (Brazil),
Condensed by 0.2 pt
For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt , Port uguese
(Brazil)
For mat t ed: Port uguese (Brazil),
Condensed by 0.3 pt
For mat t ed: Port uguese (Brazil)
Del et ed:
96
khng th no thc hin c iu kin mi trng tt. Lnh i i vi m cao rt nguy
him. V vy trong khi h nhit v m cao g hay b m v t l cht tng cao.
trnh c nh hng ca nhit qu thp hoc qu cao n kh nng sn xut
ca g, trong thi gian mt nm cn phi lm nhiu th nghim nghin cu tc ng ca
nhit c nh i vi g. Trong mi giai on trng g c nui trong iu kin c
khng ch mt nhit v m nht nh, s chiu sng cng c kim tra. y nh
sng ch c vai tr ph.
Sng trong iu kin ny kh nng sn xut ca g mi thng cao hn nhng g nui
trong iu kin bnh thng. C th gii thch iu ny l do khng c nh hng xu ca s
thay i mnh m ca nhit v nhit ny nm trong vng nhit ca kh nng sn
xut ca g mi.
Nhit thng xuyn cao trong gii hn 26,7 37,8
0
C c tc dng xu cng nh
nhit cao trong mt thi gian ngn. Kh nng sn xut tng cao trc ht khng phi do s
n nh ca nhit v m ca khng kh m l do tc ng n nh ca tiu kh hu thun
li. iu ny c biu bin khng nhng kh nng trng tng cao m cn kh nng
s dng thc n tt hn v cht lng ca trng tt hn. T l cht ca g trong thi k ny
cng thp.
Trong mt th nghim di hn ko di hn su nm g c nui trong nhng iu
kin tiu kh hu n nh, Grinvud xc nh c rng sc trng ch gim dn trong ba
nm u. Khc vi nhng g ca nhm i chng c nui trong iu kin thng thng, g
th nghim khng ngng trong ma ng v trong thi gian thay lng do kh nng sn
xut tng ln nhiu. T l n ca nhng trng ca nhm th nghim gim i t nm ny qua
nm khc. Trong thi gian t ba n su nm, tt c g ca nhm ny cht ht trong khi g
ca nhm i chng cht c 11%. Grinvud gii thch iu ny l do tc ng ca hocmon gy
ra bi hot ng sinh dc khng cn theo chu k na trong iu kin tiu kh hu n nh.

Trong nhng th nghim khc c tin hnh vi mc ch thc t hn, thy rng iu
kin tiu kh hu n nh thng khng nng cao r rt kh nng sn xut. C th gii thch
iu ny l do iu kin tiu kh hu trong nhm i chng khng phi l qu xu n mc
nh hng n sc sn xut. R rng l khng nn ch i s tng kh nng sn xut bng
cch to ra tiu kh hu n nh khi iu kin kh hu t nhin hay cu trc chung nui cho
php gi c mt nhit thun li khng sai lch so vi gii hn c cng nhn. Tri li,
nu s sai lch v nhit l qu ln theo ma th cn thit phi to ra tiu kh hu n nh.
Nui g trong nhng iu kin nh vy ch c ngha khi nhit v m tng i
ca khng kh nm trong gii hn vng nhit ca kh nng sn xut. To ra tiu kh hu n
nh i hi chi ph nhiu tin v k thut, do cn phi nghin cu k lng v mt kinh t
trc khi gii quyt vn ny.
Trong cc chung nui c nhit c iu khin v thng kh tt cng thu c
nhiu trng nh trong iu kin c tiu kh hu n nh. Do chi ph t tn km hn nn trong
thc t ngi ta thch nhng chung nui c tiu kh hu c iu tit.
y tiu kh hu n nh c thay th bng cc iu kin c iu tit, iu ny
c thc hin bng cch thay i khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi c nhi t v m
khc nhau. S thay i nhit trong iu kin ny vn nm trong gii hn ca vng nhit
ca kh nng sn xut. Nhng thng s t ra c th c m bo bng cu trc ca chung
nui v nhng trang thit b k thut. Cng c kin cho rng s thay i nhit trong gii
hn cho php li kch thch kh nng sn xut.
Kh nng gi nc ca khng kh ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit cng cao khng
kh cng ht m v tri li. Trong mt nhit c nh, s lng hi nc ti a c hp th
chnh l m ti a ca khng kh, con s ny c biu din bng g/m
3
trong p lc
760mm thu ngn. Lng hi nc c trong khng kh mt thi im nht nh c biu
97
din bng g/m
3
gi l m tuyt i. Thng ngi ta dng m tng i, l phn
trm ca m ti a.
Khng kh trong chung thng xuyn bo ho hi nc do g th nc ra, nc bc
hi t phn, t b mt ca trang b cung cp nc, nc ri vi v hi m t ngoi vo do
thng kh. G mi nng 2 kg, khi t l l 65%, mi ngy th ra khong 100g hi nc. C
nhiu yu t nh hng n s thi hi nc, c bit l nhit ca khng kh, s trng,
thnh phn thc n, cu to ca mng ung v.v Do , mun y lng hi nc tha ra
bn ngoi cn phi c h thng thng kh. Trong iu kin nhit thp, iu ny kh thc
hin v nhit thp g n nhiu hn do cng phi ung nhiu, nc s ra theo phn rt
nhiu.
Cha c nhng nghin cu k v nh hng ca m khc nhau n cc ch tiu sn
xut ca g. R rng l trong iu kin nhit bnh thng, m ca khng kh tt nht
trong chung nui l 56- 70%, v ma ng khng qu 80%. m ca khng kh cao khng
nhng nh hng n s cn bng nhit m cn gin tip nh hng n kh nng sn xut
ca g. Ngi ta chng minh c mt mi lin quan cht ch gia nhit v m ca
khng kh trong s iu tit nhit ca g.
Do m ca khng kh cao, s bc hi ca mng nhy ng h hp b gim st.
Kt hp vi nhit cao s lm cho s thot nhit b hn ch, lm tng mi nguy him ca s
chong nng. Kt hp vi nhit thp iu ny trc ht lm tng s nhy cm ca g i
vi nhn t gy bnh, c bit l nhng bnh ca ng h hp. m cao to iu kin
thun li cho s sng ca tt c cc loi vi khun thng gp trong chung nui v s lng
ca chng c th ln ti gii hn nguy him. Khi m ca khng kh cao hn 75% trong
thi tit lnh, hi nc s tp trung trong lp n chung v chung s tr nn t t, bn
thu. S chm sc g s gp kh khn, mt nhiu cng lao ng ra cc dng c v ra
trng, cc bnh hay ly s cng nguy him.
m thp c hi cho g v bi sinh ra nhiu, lm hng mng nhy. Khng kh kh
lm kh da, gy ra bnh nga, l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m nhau v n lng.
m thp, s bc hi t ng h hp tng ln lm c th d b lnh.

2.4.5. nh sng
Nh bit g rt nhy cm vi nh sng v s chiu sng tia sng c th nhn thy
nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca chng. Trc y ngi ta thy c nh hng
kch thch ca s chiu sng nhn to ln sc trng trong cc thng ma ng. Hin tng
ny mt mt c gii thch l do tc ng ca bn thn nh sng, mt khc l do ko di thi
gian chiu sng s lm tng s i hi v thc n. Sau ny ngi ta chng minh rng sc
trng tng ln khng phi l do ko di thi gian m l do tc ng ca bn thn nh sng.
Mt vn c chng minh l hin tng rng trng ph thuc vo s chiu
sng. Bng cch ko di thi gian chiu sng, Warten v Scotl t kt qu lm cho g mi
th nghim trng vo bt k thi gian no trong ngy m, trong khi y thng thng g
mi ch c nh sng ban ngy. Nu nht g mi sut ngy trong bng ti, cn ban m th
chiu sng th g ch trng v ban m.
nh sng khng nhng ch nh hng n thi gian rng trng, m cn nh hng
n s thnh thc v hot tnh chung ca cc c quan to trng. Theo Rowan (1936) th chiu
sng nhn to ko di ngy c s dng Ty Ban Nha hn 100 nm nay. Nm 1889,
chnh tri g Woldorf ca ng Buffalo bang Niu Ooc ng dng chiu sng u tin
nng cao nng sut trng trong ma ng.
Cc nghin cu khoa hc v vn ny cng mi bt u cch y khng lu. Tuy
nhin, lm sng t ton b trng thi tc ng ca nh sng i vi cc c quan to trng
khng phi l iu n gin. V hnh nh c hai qu trnh cng din bin ng thi trong c
th. Mt mt nh chiu sng nhn to m ngy n c ko di, g mi n c nhiu thc n
For mat t ed: Font : 14 pt , Port uguese
(Brazil)
Del et ed:
98
hn v khi bt u ti mi ngng n. Ngy ngn th s dng thc n t hn, iu y lm cho
vic hp thu cc cht dinh dng to ra t bo trng t hn, kt qu l nng sut trng
gim. Mt khc, nh sng c nh hng n hot ng cc tuyn sinh dc nhng khng qua
con ng hp thu dinh dng, m c th theo con ng hocmon, thng qua tuyn yn.
Rowan nghin cu vn ny khng ch g mi m cn cc loi chim khc. Bin ng
c nhp iu trong s pht trin cc tuyn sinh dc chim rng cao hn gia cm. Trong
mt thi gian di ngi ta cho rng, c s khc nhau ny l do thay i nhit. Rowan
bc b gi thuyt y. nhit - 46,7
0
ma ng, kch thch c kt qu s pht trin cc
tuyn sinh dc loi chim xm (Junco hyemalis). Trong th nghi m ny ng dng in chiu
sng cho chim v lc cui ngy ng ngn ngi ( v 54
0
), mi ln ko di thm 5 ph. Sau
hai thng, c chim trng ln chim mi u t n trng thi sn sng giao phi. Rt ngn nh
sng ban ngy s lm cho cc tuyn sinh dc thoi trin. Cc tuyn sinh dc b teo, bng cch
y khi ko di nh sng nhn t o ban ngy th c quan sinh dc bt u pht trin tr li. nh
hng ca chiu sng nhn to lm xut hin ng dc c chng minh trong nhng th
nghim ng vt c v.
Byerly v Knox dng cc th nghi m chng minh rng, thi gian bt u thnh thc
sinh dc g mi t vo lc qu trng u tin, phn ln tu thuc vo ngy di hay ngn.
Mi t n ra sau ngy 18 thng t bt u trng chm hn nhng mi n vo qung 21
thng ba ba tun, v nhng g mun phn ln thi gian sinh trng nm vo thi gian
ngy ngn trong nm.
Khi qu trng u tin m thi gian ngy di chnh lch nhau 1 gi th s dn n
chnh lch v thi gian bt u thnh thc sinh dc t 5 n 15 ngy.
Da vo cc dn liu trn, Hutt xc nh rng ma xun sn lng trng tng ln trc
ht l do nh hng kch thch ca ngy nh sng ko di. Cn quy mt phn nh hng nht
nh vo trng thi nhit tng cao gn lin vi ngy ko di nhng tt nhin so vi nh
sng th nh hng ny t hn. Wytem pht hin rng, s tng gim theo ma v ca nng
sut trng vng xch o l thp nht. V a l cng tng th s ln xung ny cng tng,
v y mc chnh lch gia ngy di v ngy ngn rt cao. Ti tt c cc v , nng sut
trng ca g mi t mc cao nht vo khong thi gian t hai n ba thng trc lc c ngy
di nht. iu y buc phi gi thit rng, ngy ko di ch c ngha khi m thi gian chiu
sng cha t ti mc cn thit kch thch c cc tuyn sinh dc. C th tha nhn l
dng chiu sng nhn to ko di nh sng ban ngy n mc 13 14 gi l c kt qu
nht. Nhiu ngi nui g p dng bin php ny vo thc tin c hiu qu.
Ngi ta cho rng, nh sng tc ng vo mt qua thn kinh th gic tc ng vo
tuyn yn lm tng cng vic hnh thnh hocmon y v bng cch y kch thch hot
ng cc tuyn sinh dc. Mt vn t ra i vi nh nui gia cm thc hnh l lm cch
no s dng tt nht tc ng y ca nh sng vo mc ch kinh t.
Ngi ta khng tha nhn gi thit ca Rowan cho rng, tc ng kch thch i vi
tuyn sinh dc l do cc tia sng trng thy c ca nh sng.
Platt dng nh sng yu ca bng n 15W lm tng c nng sut trng
ma ng. iu ng ch l nh sng y yu n ni g mi khng bay ra khi so u v
khng m thc n nh vn thng xy ra khi c nh sng chi. iu y mt ln na ni ln
tc ng c lp ca nh sng i vi vic s dng thc n.
Th nghim ca Kennard v Chamberlain, chng minh rng, ko di chiu sng
chung g (sut m) c th nng cao nng sut g mi vo cc thng ma ng. Chiu sng
thng xuyn lm chm s thay lng sm trong thu ng. Cng bng phng php y c th
iu chnh nng sut trng vo cc thng ma ng v ma h mc nht nh. V sau
ngi ta thy l chiu sng thng xuyn c th buc nhng mi n mun hoc g mi
pht trin chm vn c, Bartsch nhn thy rng, chiu sng b sung l phng tin nng
cao tnh phm n v ng thi l phng tin hon ho buc g mi vo ma ng. ng
99
cho rng, chiu sng nhn to sut m c th lm cho nhng mi ngng sm phi tip tc
nhiu. Trn c s nhng th nghim, Bartsch i n kt lun rng chiu sng b sung cho
cc g mi lm ging s khng gy tc hi i vi t l th tinh v t l n ca trng. ng
cng ch r li ch kinh t trong vic nng cao sn lng trng trong ma ng v nh m
c s s c nhiu g con hn. Ebbell cng i n kt lun rng, chiu sng b sung cho g
mi lm ging t bn gi sng cho n lc bnh minh nhm mc ch nng cao s lng
trng ging v s g con vo ma ng cng khng gy tc hi g n cc ch tiu p trng.
Chiu sng nh k mi m ba ln trong 14 m kt hp vi chiu sng b sung t
lc nm gi sng tr i thng rt c hiu qu, trong mt thi gian ngn s nng cao nng
sut b gin on mt mc nht nh hoc b gin st do cc iu kin bt li trong
ma ng gy nn. Tri vi phng php chiu sng sut m trong ma ng, phng php
chiu sng kt hp ny cng khng gy tc hi n vic p trng. Trong mt th nghim khc
i vi cc nhm g mi khc nhau, Ebbell nhn thy nng sut g mi t cao nht nu dng
nh sng kch thch t hai gi sng tr i, ch khng phi chiu sng sut m. Weinmiller v
Mantel trong cc th nghim chiu sng sut m xc nhn rng, trong iu kin y, thi
gian thay lng b rt ngn nhiu, nng sut cc thng ma ng khng nhng khng gim st
m tng s trng t thng mi n thng nm cn tng ln, kt qu p trng th b gim st.
Mi mi trong n ging c chiu sng nhn to sut m cho 12,2 g con, cn khng chiu
sng cho 21,1 con.
Qua mi nm nghin cu nh hng chiu sng nhn to i vi sn lng trng,
Penquite v Thompson i n nhng kt lun: khi chiu sng sut m th sn lng trng
c nm ca mi t ln mi gi u khng tng; s trng trong thng mi v thng chp
tng ln; nhng g mi nui trong iu kin chiu sng nhn to trong thng ba, thng t v
thng nm t trng hn nhng g mi nui trong iu kin bnh thng; mi nm trc
phn ng i vi chiu sng nhn to mnh hn mi t trong thng mi v mi mt; chiu
sng nhn to vo ma h t thng by n thng chn cha hn hp l. Cc tc gi
khng pht hin thy tc ng c hi i vi t l n v sc sng g con.
Sau nm nm nghin cu t m nh hng ca nh sng vi t l th tinh ca g mi,
Hays i n kt lun l chiu sng sut m trong 30 hm c tc dng tt i vi nhng g
mi kh trng thnh. T l th tinh c th gim st do chiu sng ban m ko di hn.
Chiu sng nhn to c nh hng i vi t l th tinh ca g mi thuc mi la tui ni
chung l khng ng tin. Khi cho g trng s dng hn mt nm phi vi g mi c
chiu t 80 n 60 ngy trong nm, tc gi nhn thy c mt trng hp t l th thai b gim,
mt trng hp khc li thy tng ln v c cc ch tiu p trng cao.
V vy, vn tc ng chiu sng ko di i vi t l th tinh ca g mi vn cn l
vn ang tranh lun. Do quy nh ch nh sng cho g ging cn phi thn trng khi
s dng cc g trng ln tui v phi kim tra t m t l th thai.
Jall ngh dng chiu sng nhn to nng ngy hot ng g mi ln 14 gi trong
ma thu v u ma ng, khi gi trng cao hn lc thng. Tc gi khng nh rng, c th
lm cho g mi 12 thng tui t nng sut cao bng cch cho n tt v chiu sng nhn to
b sung vo bui sng trong vng hai tun l vo gia ma h. Skoglund v Thomhave
nghin cu kt qu thc t ca chiu sng nhn to lm cho ngy ca g mi ko di n 13
14 gi xc nhn rng, sn lng trng c nm ca nhng g mi ny trong nm trng
u cao hn nhng g mi khng c chiu sng nhn to 15 qu; ngoi ra trong ma thu,
ma ng v ma h chng cho nhiu trng hn v ma xun th cho t trng hn cc g mi
khng c chiu sng. Khi lng trng ca nhm g mi u cao hn 1,7% v n cui v
khng b gim st nh nhng g mi nui trong iu kin bnh thng. Chi ph chiu
sng c th nh nng sut cao hn v khi lng trng nng hn m hon ton c b li, v
vy bin php ny t ra c hiu qu kinh t.
100
Thomhave thng bo rng, nhng g mi t c chiu sng nhn to trong thi gian
nui dng thnh thc sinh dc mun hn nhng trong 164 ngy u nhiu trng hn
nhng g mi i chng. Platt so snh cc g mi t n vo thng ging, mt nhm nui trong
iu kin nh sng thng thng ban ngy, mt nhm chiu sng nhn to thm mi ngy tm
gi, nhn thy khi t by thng tui th g mi nhm sau t hn g mi nhm trc nhng
nu tng thi gian chiu sng ln n 14 gi th lp tc sn lng trng nhm sau tng cao v
vt hn nhm i chng, ngay c trong trng hp ch chiu sng ko di qu 14 gi.
Erasmus tin hnh th nghim Nam Phi xc nhn rng, khi chiu sng nhn to th
sn lng ton nm khng tng nhng s trng trong ma ng li tng ln, iu y c
ngha kinh t ln. Chiu sng b sung khng nh hng g n th trng, nhu cu thc n v
t l cht.
Staffe chng minh rng, dng nh sng chi pht ra tng thi gian ngn cng c th
nng cao sn lng trng trong ma ng. Tc gi t kt qu nng cao nng sut trng
bng cch dng n 1500W chiu 20 giy trong hai ln.
Naitoll chiu sng chi trong 20gy bng n 40,60 v 100W cng gy c nng sut
cao. Wilson v Abplanalp qua nhng th nghim chiu sng ngt qung trong cc thi gian
ko di khc nhau xc nhn rng, chiu sng theo phng php ny c hiu qu hn chiu
sng lin tc (trong iu kin l thi gian chiu sng ko di c hai trng hp u ging
nhau). Nng sut t c bng chiu sng ngt qung khng t l vi thi gian chiu sng.
Cc qu trnh sinh l pht sinh trong iu kin ny cha c nghin cu ng mc c th
ln thnh quy lut.
Qua nhng iu trch dn trn, r rng yu t nh sng i vi ngi nui gia cm l
mt trong nhng phng tin quan trng nht tc ng ln nng sut trng. Mc ch tc
ng l lm tng nng sut trng vo giai on m do c im sinh hc g mi trng t.
Cho n nay vn cha c kin thng nht v nh hng ca nh sng i vi nng sut c
nm. gii quyt vn phng php v khong thi gian chiu sng nhn to chiu vo
lc no th c li nht cn phi da vo s kim tra kinh t. Bng cch s dng chiu sng
nhn to kho lo, tc ng sm hay mun vo mt nhm g mi ny hay mt nhm khc,
ko di hay rt ngn thi gian chiu sng, ngi nui gia cm c th iu khin nng sut
trng theo mc kh cao. Cng cn ni nn rng, dng chiu sng nhn to c th lm cho
g mi n sm v cng cng khi phc c nng sut trng i vi cc g mi ang thay
lng hay ngng . ng v quan im kinh t m ni, cng vi vic nui dng, iu
chnh thi gian g n, ti sn xut n, vic chiu sng nhn to l mt bin php c gi tr
trong tay ngi nui g c kinh nghim iu khin nng sut trng trong n. Cn ht sc
thn trng trong khi s dng chiu sng nhm nng cao t l th tinh, v vn ny vn cha
c lm sng t hon ton.
Farner gii thch tc ng ca nh sng n c th g bng mt c th sinh l hc.
Theo kin ca ng, vng mc v no b u nhy cm vi nhng kch thch ca nh sng.
T vng mc kch thch ca nh sng c truyn theo dy thn kinh i qua cho th gic nm
ngay di tuyn yn. Ngoi ra s dn truyn cn c thc hin bng mt con ng di
hn, qua trung tm th gic ca no b v tm trng ca con vt.
Trong c hai trng hp, thnh phn da cam - ca quang ph c tc ng mnh
nht mc du v no tip nhn kch thch ca cc phn c th nhn thy c ca quang ph.
Hypothalamus l phn trung gian chuyn cc kch thch ca nh sng v hot ng ca thu
trc tuyn yn c chi phi bi cc t bo thn kinh tit. Ph hoi phn ny ca no b s
gy ra s teo tuyn sinh dc v cc b phn thn kinh tit l phn chuyn cc kch thch vo
thu trn ca tuyn yn.
C hai l thuyt v c ch dn truyn kch thch ca nh sng: mt l c ch th thn
kinh v hai l c th thn kinh th dch. C ch th hai ny ngy nay c coi nh l ng
tin tng hn. iu ny c chng minh nh sau: nu bng thc nghim ct t con ng
101
qua h thng mch mu ca ca thu trc tuyn yn s tm thy trong Hypothalamus nhng
cht m ngi ta gi thit l nhng cht dn truyn kch thch. S pht trin ca bung trng
v dch hon s b km hm v con vt s khng phn ng vi cc kch thch ca nh sng
na. Tuyn yn l trung tm dn truyn, n iu tit s hot ng ca tuyn sinh dc bng
cch tit ra kch dc t.
Morris a ra mt gi thit rt th v v nh hng ca nh sng i vi g. ng
xut pht t ch ng cho rng tc ng ca nh sng n s trng lin quan vi s rng
trng v s chn cc bao non. Theo ng th c im ca tc ng ny gm c hai mt: mt
mt n quyt nh thi gian trng, mt khc n quyt nh mc ca kh nng trng.
Thi gian trng ph thuc vo s tit hocmon kch thch s hnh thnh th vng
(LH), hocmon ny c to ra tuyn yn v gy ra s rng trng. Qu trng c ra sau
s rng trng gn mt ngy m. tit ra hocmon ny cn phi c mt thi gian ngh di,
iu ny c quan st thy trong iu kin t nhin vi s thay th gia nh sng ngy v
m. Hot ng ca g v ban ngy km hm s tit ra hocmon . Cn bn thn nh sng
th khng km hm s rng trng. S khng ng ca g v nh sng hn ch thi gian bt
u rng trng, iu ny ch th hin v ban ngy. Ngi ta gi thit rng nh sng hong
hn, c coi nh m mn ca thi k ngh di, c mt tm quan trng rt ln i vi vic
tit hocmon kch thch s hnh thnh th vng. Do tc ng ca nh sng c nh hng
quyt nh n s tit ca hocmon ny. G thch nghi vi nhp thay i ca nh sng v
bng ti, th hin ch thay i lng tit hocmon kch thch s hnh thnh th vng, mc
du iu ny ch c phn nh ln s trng din ra sau mt thi gian. Theo Lanson v
Starky mun thay i thi gian trng th t nht phi ko di thm 2
1/2
gi trong bng ti.
Theo kin ca cc tc gi ny th na gi chiu sng khng gy ra mt tc dng no. Nu
chiu sng c ngy g s trng vo bt c thi gian no trong ngy, nhng thng thy l
vo bui chiu v sau tra.
Ch chiu sng lm tng sc trng c l thc y s tit ra hocmon kch thch
s pht trin ca bao non (FSH), hocmon ny y nhanh tc pht trin ca bung trng
v to thnh th vng. C hai qu trnh ny (s tit ra hocmon LH lin quan vi s rng trng
v thi gian trng v s tit ra hocmon FSH lin quan ti s chn cc bao non v sc
trng) ph thuc ln nhau. Gi thuyt ca Morris v nh hng ca nh sng n s tit ra
hocmon FSH c din gii nh sau: m n chiu sng khng lm cho s tit hocmon ny
tng ln v tt n cng khng lm cho s tit hocmon gim xung. C l ng hn l
trong hypothalamus ca g mi , thi gian chiu sng c ghi li trong mt my phn
tch v cng chnh xc. Cc thng tin c tch lu c s dng iu chnh s tit
hocmon. Ch c lng nh sng ln trong mt ngy m mi ghi nh: v rng cc thi gian
ti xen k ngn nn khng c ghi nhn y , v do s chiu sng nh k c ghi
li nh mt qu trnh lin tc. Do trong iu kin t nhin ch c hong hn v bnh minh
mi c o v ghi nh, cn nhng thng tin c tch lu trong hypothalamus trong thi
gian mt ngy ch l c s thnh lp v dn truyn cc bn hng dn ti tuyn yn. Hin
nay cha c cc dn liu chnh xc hn v c ch tc ng ca chng trnh chiu sng ny.
Mc du nh sng tc ng mt cch trc tip n tuyn yn nhng sc trng thay
i khng t ngt m phi sau mt vi ngy, i khi hng tun, thm ch hng thng.
a.Cng chiu sng
Yu cu v cng chiu sng ca g mi l khng cao. Nikolas v nhng ngi
cng tc cho bit, trong gii hn chiu sng t 5,4 n 409 lux kh nng trng ca g l
nh nhau. Ostrander v nhng ngi cng tc cho rng vi cng nh sng 10,8 lux l
g mi cao nht. Theo ti liu ca Pigarev, cng chiu sng t 10 n 100 lux hay
cao hn, sc trng ca g trong cc x nghip g quc doanh Lin X c u nh nhau.
Landaw cho rng trong iu kin chiu sng t nhin, nh sng ban ngy cn t 10 n 30
lux. Cng chiu sng ny cng nn gi cho g nui lng, ni l khong khng gian
102
gia cc lng nui. Eits c nhng quan st th v v hnh vi ca g trong iu kin nh
sng t nhin. ng nhn thy rng g bt u bay ln gi u na gi trc lc hong hn
(khi mt tri cn 6
0
so vi ng chn tri) v v bui sng chng bay xung t na gi
trc khi mt tri mc. Cng chiu sng trong chung nui lc ban chiu l 16 lux, lc
bui sng th yu hn 0,03 lux. Do nhng thng s thi gian c xc nh theo di
s hot ng ca g trong chung nui. Cng c th nhiu thng s ny khng trng vi phn
ng ca g i vi nh sng. Nhng thi gian bt u sng v ti c th c g nhn bit
xc nh ngy lm vic ca chng. i vi s chiu sng nhn to, nn dng cng nh
sng l 20 lux (Vin nghin cu gia cm ton Lin bang Nga quy nh, cng nh sng o
c ngang mng n ca g nm trong khong 10 lux < A< 70 lux). Trong iu kin chiu
sng t nhin th din tch ca s c lp knh phi bng 1/15 1/20 din tch nn chung.
Cn ch rng g khng nht thit phi cn nh sng rng trng v trng.
Wilson v nhng ngi cng tc nui g mi trng thnh bng ti hon ton trong thi
gian nm tun l. Mt vi con ngng , nhng con khc bt u trng trong bng ti tuy
rng trc th nghim nhng g ny cha . King nui g con trong bng ti v sau
nui g mi trong bng ti sut thi gian trng. Chng t t l l 70% nhng ni
chung c t trng hn g c nui trong nh sng.

b.Mu sc ca nh sng
Mu sc ca nh sng, gy bi s phn b nng lng khc nhau trong cc gii hn
quang ph, i vi kh nng sn xut ca g ch c mt ngha th yu. Nhng ngi ta
thy rng mu c nh hng mnh m hn. Mu , vng, xanh lc, xanh lam, da cam v
trng, thng c dng chiu sng cho g choai v g mi , lm cho sinh dc chn sm
hn so vi nhm i chng v nh hng tt n kh nng trng. Nhng khi so snh vi
nh sng ca n nng th khng thy c s sai khc no v sc sn xut.

Bng 31. Mu sc nh sng nh hng n mt s tnh trng ca gia cm nh sau
Mu sc nh sng
Tnh trng
cam Vng
Xanh
lc
Xanh
sm
Ci thin sinh trng x x
Gim hiu qu s dng thc n x x
Rt ngn tui thnh thc sinh dc x x
Tng tui thnh thc sinh dc x x x
M to mt x
Gim kch ng thn kinh x
Gim m cn nhau x x
Gim sn lng trng x
Tng kch thc trng x
Ci thin kh nng th tinh ca g trng x x
Gim kh nng th tinh ca g trng x
Karlson v nhng ngi cng tc nghin cu nh hng ca mu sc nh sng n
s sinh tinh ca g trng 20 tun tui v c nhn xt rng tc ng kch thch mnh nht l
nh sng trng lnh, v xanh lam. nh sng mu da cam v mu xanh l c cng nh ca
cc bng n nng ch c tc ng khng ng k so vi nhm i chng c chiu sng.
Nhng tt c mu sc nhn bit c ca nh sng u c nh hng kch thch s sinh tinh.
Hn na, mu sc ca nh sng cn c mt vai tr nht nh i vi hnh vi ca g. nh
sng mu xanh ti tc ng i vi g nh l hon ton en ti. iu ny c dng trong thc t
bt g khi tim phng, ct m, chia n nhm lm gim stress cho n g.
103
Ni chung nh sng nng lm cho g cm thy lo u. nh sng lm hn ch s pht
trin cc tt xu nh m nhau v n lng. u c nguy c ca s m nhau nn sn mu
ln knh hoc dng n mu .
c.Thi gian chiu sng
i vi thc tin chn nui g, thi gian chiu sng v nh hng ca n i vi kh
nng sn xut ca g nhn c s thu ht c bit. Rt nhiu nghin cu lm v vn ny
c tin hnh nhiu nc trn th gii. Kt qu ca nhng nghin cu cho php rt
ra mt lot kt lun c tnh cht thc tin.

Bng 32. nh hng ca vic x l nh sng n tui thnh thc, nng sut trng v t
l cht ca g mi

Qun l nh sng
Giai on ST Giai on
Tui

10%
Tui

50%
T l
cht
(%)
Sn lng
trng khi
47 TT
Gim u t 22 -16g Tng u t 16-22 g 156 172 3.3 225
Gim u t 22 -9g Tng u t 9-22 g 172 186 3.3 220
Gim u t 16 - 9g Tng u t 9-16 g 171 191 3.8 220
Gim u t 16 - 9g Tng t ngt 9-16 163 176 5.0 230
Bt u n nh 16 g,
sau , t ngt gim
cn 9 g mi ngy
Tng t ngt 9-16 165 176 4.6 227
u n 16 g u n 16 g 156 171 5.0 224
Ngun: Schutze, J.V.W.E Matson, and J. McGinnis, 1963. Poultry sci.42,150-156

Ngy nay, khp mi ni u ko di ngy chiu sng ti 13 14 gi. Ngy chiu sng
13 gi khin cho s thu hoch trng ln cao nht nhng n g cao sn. Ngy chiu sng
ngn hn ch kh nng sn xut ca g, ngy chiu sng di hn phn ln l c nh hng
tt i vi kh nng sn xut. Tt c nhng ti liu ny thu c trn g n vo ma xun,
c nui trong s chiu sng t nhin ti khi bt u thnh thc. Ch khi bt u trng
mi chiu sng 13 14 h. S ko di chiu sng ny trng hp vi thi gian chiu sng ko
di vo ma xun, l ma m g t ti kh nng sn xut cao nht.
Cho n thi gian gn y, chiu sng 13 14 h c coi l gii hn m bo cho g mi
c nhiu trng nht. Ngy nay, l thuyt ny ang b ph phn nhiu v n khng ph hp
vi phn ng sinh l ca g i vi nh sng. Theo s nghin cu ca Morris v nhng ngi
cng tc th nh hng ca s chiu sng 13 14 gi ln sc trng ca g ch c hiu qu
trong thi gian chuyn tip t g mi t bt u nui trong iu kin nh sng t nhin
sang iu kin chiu sng nhn to di hn hay ngn hn. Cc tc gi cng quan st nhng g
mi trng c tng ln. Nu chuyn t ngy chiu sng di sang ngy ngn th kt qu
s ngc li.
Cng c th thu c kt qu tt khi chiu sng lin tc trong 14 gi hay hn na
hoc p dng s chiu sng thay i, th d ngy chiu sng 8 gi (t 7,30 n 15,30
0
) vi
nhng ngt qung gia chng, lc 11,30 v 13,30, lc ny g sng hon ton trong bng ti.
Ko di ngy chiu sng n 11 gi mi ngy (t 7,00 18,00) vi thi gian ngt qung trn
hai gi cng vo thi gian nh trn s khng lm tng sc trng. Wilson v nhng ngi
cng tc so snh nhng s khc nhau gia ngy chiu sng 24 h v ngy chiu sng 14 h.
H chia ngy thin vn ra su thi k, mi thi k bn ngy. H li chiu sng cho cc nhm
g khc nhau theo thi gian l 90, 60, 15 v 5 pht cho mi giai on, cn mt nhm ch c
chiu 1 pht, nh vy c ngy nhm ny ch c chiu sng c 6 pht. Trong nhng nhm
c thi gian chiu sng ngt on cng thu c kt qu tng t nh cc nhm c chiu
104
sng 14 h. Cc tc gi kt lun l vi s lng nh sng chiu nh nhau th chiu sng ngt
on hiu qu hn so vi chiu sng lin tc.
Boimen v Jonse khng nh li kt lun ny trong cc th nghim ca h khi so
snh nh hng ca su gi chiu sng ngt on (su ln trong mt ngy m, mi ln chiu
sng mt gi cn ba gi l hon ton ti) v su gi chiu sng lin tc. Lanson v Starky
cng a ra kt lun v khng ngt on ca chiu sng 14 h. Tt c cc trng hp ngt
on theo chu k hay khng theo chu k u t kt qu tt.
Di y xin a ra mt vi s chiu sng ngt on (i vi g). Mc du c thi
gian chiu sng trong mt ngy m khc nhau v s phn chia cc giai on chiu sng v
bng ti cng khng ging nhau nhng theo Morris chng u thu c nhng kt qu tng
t.
H thng chiu sng ngt on khng c p dng rng ri trong sn xut v n i hi
nhiu cng sc, cng nh phi thay i chng trnh chiu sng. Ngoi thi gian chiu sng
ra, s chiu sng mnh lit trong mt thi gian ngn cng thu ht c ch . S chiu sng
ny cn gi l s gy chong
bng nh sng. Vo ban m
ngi ta chiu sng bng nhng
bng n c cng sut ln (300
1500W) trong thi gian 6 n 36
giy. Tc ng gy chong cng
dn n kt qu nh chiu sng
14 gi i vi s trng.
Phng php gy chong
bng nh sng c Staffe tuyn
truyn nhiu.
Chiu sng mnh trong
thi gian ngn khng lm cho g
bay khi dn du v kim thc
n hay nc ung.
iu ny cng l mt bng
chng cho tc ng thn kinh tit
ca tc ng nh sng, v trong
trng hp ny kh nng n hoc
ung thm hon ton b loi b.

Khi p dng chiu sng gy chong c iu quan trng l phi xc nh thi gian
chiu sng. Staffe chiu sng hai ln di 20 giy vi cc bng n c cng sut 1500W
vo lc 4.00 gi v 4.45 gi. Mathew chiu ba ln vo 3.00 gi v 4.00 gi, 5.00 gi vi
bng n c cng sut nh trn t c nng sut sn xut cao nht. Chiu sng thm
mt ln ph na lc su gi khng c kt qu g. Nhng nghin cu khc thay i s ln
chiu sng vo ban m t 3 n 18 ln vi bng c cng sut t 60 n 1500W, mi ln
chiu t 3 n 35 gy. Mener v Zommefeld xc nh rng tng thi gian chiu sng t 3
n 10 gy lm tng sc sc trng ca g. Trong th nghim ca Mener v Vogt xc
nh thm s p dng chiu sng ln th t di t 10 giy n 15 pht nng cao kh nng
sn xut, kt qu ny khng c c khi chiu sng vi khong cch mt gi. Ngoi ra khi
lng trng cng tng ln. Nhng s rt ngn bt thi gian gia cc ln chiu sng khng
lm tng thm kh nng trng.
Cc tc gi k trn gii thch hiu qu chong nh sng theo tinh thn ca gi
thuyt tc ng nh sng nu trn ca Morrin. H cho rng chiu nh sng mnh vi qung
ngt mt gi c g cm th nh l mt ngy. Theo kin ca cc tc gi ny th s rt
105
ngn qung ngt cn phi c iu chnh nh l mt ngy di hay sng hn. Do qung
ngt 15 pht gia cc ln chiu sng c coi l mt ngy hon chnh v l mt ngy ko di
y . Khi lng qu trng tng ln c gii thch bng s tng cng tit hocmon FSH
gy ra do s tng s lng nh sng v rng khi lng qu trng lin quan cht ch vi khi
lng lng .
Cng nh tt c cc phng php chiu sng c p dng trong ma thu ng c
ngy ngn, s gy chang bng nh sng khng phi l lm tng kh nng trng quanh
nm m ch trong ma thu ng m thi. Hiu qu cao nht ca s gy chong bng nh sng
ch c tc dng trong thi gian u, khi mi p dng. u im ca phng php ny l ch
n khng ko di ngy ca g, nhng do nhiu trng hn nn ban ngy g n nhiu thc n
hn. Theo cc ti liu ca nhiu tc gi th chi ph cho tin in trong phng php ny l
khng ng k.
Nu trong thi gian nui g m khng chiu sng th kch thch s rng trng trong
cui ma c th p dng bt c phng php chiu sng no. Nh bit, g sng trong
ngy chiu sng n nh, th d khi chiu sng 13 14 gi, s gim dn kh nng trng
theo thi gian v tr nn t nhy cm vi cc kch thch ca nh sng. Chiu sng thng
xuyn 17 gi mt ngy l iu nn trnh v khng lm cho sn lng trng tng thm m
thng li gy hu qu tai hi. Hiu qu r rt ca s thng xuyn chiu sng lu s gim
xung nu hng tun c tip tc chiu sng di thm. Kh nng sn xut ca g mi cng
c tng cng bng cch chiu sng ton b ban m trong hai n ba tun l hay chiu
sng 14 gi ban m thay cho chiu 14 gi ban ngy. S thay i nh k thi gian chiu sng
ko di bng thi gian chiu sng ngn hn trnh c s gim st kh nng sn xut gy
ra bi s chiu sng ko di lin tc. Cn phi trnh mt s thay i mnh m ngy chiu
sng ca g bt u trng (c bit l s rt ngn thi gian chiu sng). iu ny lun
lun gn lin vi s gim sc sn xut. Mc gim lin quan vi cc c im di truyn ca
g v mc chiu sng. Ko di s chiu sng phn ln cc trng hp lm nng cao sc
trng. Hn 30 nm v trc, ngi ta bit rng s thay i ngy chiu sng c mt
ngha quan trng i vi s kch thch trng g, nhng ngy chiu sng thc t trong mt
thi gian nht nh nh hng rt t n sc sn xut. Nhng trong vng 20 nm nay ngi ta
khng ch mt cht no n s thc , ch mi gn y vn ny mi li c a trc
vo k hoch. Thi gian chiu sng thay i bng cch chiu sng nhn to sao cho g hu b,
nhng g ny s thay th cho n mi vo ma thu c gi trong iu kin chiu sng
nhn to 10 gi mt ngy. Mi tun l tng thi gian chiu sng thm 15 20 pht, cho n
khi gn kt thc thi gian , chiu sng hu nh l c ngy m. Phng php tng dn thi
gian chiu sng trong thi gian g phn ln t kt qu tt. Khc vi nhng phng php
nu trn, phng php ny c th c s dng khng nhng cc thng ma thu v ma
ng m c th trong sut thi k g trng.
Nhng ngi ng h phng php ny khng nh rng khi s dng c th tnh n s
tng kh nng sn xut trng c nm ln 3 5%, nhng s tng ln ny khng phi s din ra
mt cch t ng. C nhng trng hp tng thi gian chiu sng khng c kt qu g.
Nguyn nhn ca iu l do trc chiu sng qu di cho ti thi k nui dng
cui. Khi tng thi gian chiu sng, sc trng tng ln lc u khng tho mn nh khi
chiu sng ngt on. Nhng sau khi t ti nh cao, sc trng li gim xung t t. D
sao th chng cng cho s lng trng c nm cao hn. Do trong thc t, iu quan trng
l lm sao ko di thm thi gian chiu sng trong mt tun l l 15 20 pht cho ti khi kt
thc thi k trng, nu khng trong iu kin chiu sng sut ngy m s lm cho g
khng cm th vi nh sng na, chng tr vi cc kch thch ca nh sng v bt u gim
sc trng. Mt khc, ko di thi gian c iu chnh thi gian u s c nh hng xu
n sc trng na thi gian sau trng. iu ny c chng minh: g mi c
chuyn t thi gian chiu sng 17 gi mt ngy trong mt thi gian di sang ngy chiu sng
106
di hn 42 tun tui. S thay i thi gian chiu sng khng c nh hng tt g n nhng
g ny. Do , thc hin c tt c nhng u im ca phng php ny phi nui g
hu b c chuyn ln g mi trong iu kin ngy chiu sng ngn (khng qu 10
gi), sau mi tun tng thm 15 20 pht cho ti khi kt thc trng. Trong cc sch
chuyn mn, phng php ny mang tn ma xun nhn t o, nhng theo kin chng ti
gi th khng nn, v n khng phn nh bn cht sinh l ca tc ng ca nh sng.
Theo nh trn th khng phi thi gian tuyt i ca s chiu sng m bin ng ca
s chiu sng kch thch s trng v hnh nh hu qu ca s hot ng nhiu hn ca
g khi nh sng c chiu di hn khng lm cho g phi chu ng qu mc v ngng
trng. Kruger v nhng ngi cng tc th p dng phng php chiu sng ln xung.
Trong thi gian hai tun l, thi gian chiu sng tng t 10 gi ln 14 gi sau hai tun l
sau li gim xung 10 gi. Nhp iu ny c gi trong cc tun l tip sau . Thi gian
chiu sng trung bnh l 12 gi mt ngy m m bo cho g c ngh yn. Nhp iu
ny cng c p dng vi thi gian chiu sng trung bnh di hn. Phng php chiu sng
ln xung ny c p dng trong sut thi k trng.
C th c kh nng s thay i ngy chiu sng c thc hin theo hng ngc li, tc l
gim bt thi gian chiu sng. Nhng trong cc thc nghim gim bt ngy chiu sng, thy sc
trng b gim xung v cng l mt nguyn nhn loi tr kh nng p dng phng php ny.
d.Chng trnh chiu sng
Trong my nm gn y chng trnh chiu sng c a ra vi mc ch tng sc
sn xut trng ca gia cm trong cc iu kin chiu sng c iu chnh. Khc vi cc phng
php chiu sng nu trn, s p dng cc chng trnh chiu sng khng ch hn ch trong
ma thu ng m l ton b thi gian trng. Nhng chng trnh ny xc nh ch chiu
sng t ngy tui th nht cho ti khi g mi ngng .
Chng trnh chiu sng trong giai on pht trin ca g mi choai c quy nh
bi nh hng ca nh sng n s thnh thc sinh dc v kh nng trng tip sau .
Ngi ta cho rng nh hng ny rt mnh lit sau khi g c mi tun tui.
Theo King th thi gian bt u thnh thc ca g c xc nh bi, ngoi cc nhn
t di truyn ra, trc ht l ch chiu sng (s lng nh sng) trong thi gian nui dng.
S chiu sng cng di th cng sm bt u thnh thc v ngc li. Cc nh nghin cu
ngi Anh Morris v Fox tri li cho rng khng phi s lng nh sng m l s bin ng
ca chiu sng trong thi gian nui l mt yu t quyt nh ca thi im bt u thnh thc,
tc l s thay i thi gian ca ngy chiu sng. Bng con ng thc nghim chng minh
c rng gim ngy chiu sng s km hm s thnh thc, nu tng ngy chiu sng th
ngc li s thc y s thnh thc. Theo ti liu ca nhng tc gi khc, di tuyt i ca
ngy chiu sng ch c ngha khi trong thi gian nui g hu b ngy chiu sng di ri,
s thnh thc ca chng bt u sm hn so vi g c nui trong ngy chiu sng ngn
mc du giai on g mi chng c ngy chiu sng ngn. Th d g mi c nui trong
ngy chiu sng gim t 22 gi xung 16 thnh thc sm hn g mi c nui trong ngy
chiu sng gim dn t 16 gi xung 9 gi. Nu khng bi nguyn nhn di truyn th s thnh
thc sm ph thuc vo mi trng, do iu kin khng thun li s nh hng xu n
thi gian bt u thnh thc.
Hin nay chng ta vn cha c th xc nh c tui bt u thnh thc thch hp
nht, m ch bit rng tui g khi t c 30 40% s lng trng c lin quan r rt vi
ton b sc trng ca chng. Mi tng quan ny c thc hin gia c im chiu
sng trong thi gian nui trc v sc trng. Ngi ta nhn thy rng ch chiu sng
trong thi k hu b nh hng mnh m hn ch chiu sng trong thi k trng. Hin
nay c nhiu chng trnh chiu sng c khi khc nhau kh xa nhng li c mt hiu qu tt
ging nhau. Trong s cng c nhng chng trnh cha t c yu cu ra. Hin nay
107
vn cha bit nn chn chng trnh no l tt nht v tt c u cn trong giai on nghin
cu.
Di y chng ti xem xt hai chng trnh chiu sng chnh khc nhau theo cch nui.
a) Chng trnh chiu sng cho nh nui khng c ca s;
b) Chng trnh chiu sng cho nh nui c ca s
Cch nui th nht c nhiu kh nng thay i chng trnh hn v rng y khng
c mt s hn ch do thin nhin no.
Chng trnh chiu sng cho nh nui khng c ca s (nh sng hon ton nhn to,
khng dng nh sng t nhin).
C th phn bit chng trnh ngy ngn v chng trnh c thi gian chiu sng rt
ngn dn. Chng trnh trn c mt thi gian chiu sng tng i ngn v n nh trong thi
gian nui hu b. Sp ti thi gian bt u thnh thc (hay hi sm hn na) thi gian chiu
sng tng ln dn dn. c bit nhiu nht l chng trnh chiu sng ca King. Chng
trnh ny chiu sng cho g 18 tun tui su gi mt ngy m. Sau 18 tun tui mi tun
tng thm thi gian chiu sng 15 20 pht, cho n khi thi gian chiu sng t ti 17
gi. Ngoi chng trnh ny cn c cc chng trnh khc c bn cng da trn s ci bin
chng trnh King. Ngoi chng trnh chiu sng ca King cn c mt vi chng trnh
khc ca cc tc gi khc. Theo chng trnh ca Boumen v nhng ngi cng tc, thi gian
chiu sng cho g choai 18 tun tui cng l 6 gi, sau thi gian chiu sng tng ln 45
pht mi tun. Trong 21 tun tui t n 9 gi chiu sng mt ngy. Sau mi tun tng
ln 20 pht. V kt qu th chng trnh ny cng nh chng trnh m King ngh. Nhng
khi t thi gian chiu sng 6 gi nhy vt ln 14 gi cng c gi thi gian chiu sng di
ny trong sut thi k trng s lm cho sc trng gim i nhiu. Cc tc gi kim tra
nhng kin v vn ny v nhn thy rng thi gian chiu sng 6 h cho ti lc bt u
thnh thc l khng . iu ny s lm cho g kit sc v thay lng tng phn, hn ch sc
trng cao.
Nhng, nh cc kt qu ca cc nghin cu cho bit, nhng g mi nhn c
nhiu nh sng trong thi gian bt u thnh thc l nhng g mi km so vi chng trnh
chiu sng ca King. T y c th rt ra kt lun l khi s dng chng trnh ny ngn trong
thi k hu b g mi kh chu ng c s tng thi gian chiu sng nhy vt trc lc
thnh thc.
Boumen, Morris v nhng ngi cng tc th mt chng trnh ngy ngn khc
vi mi gi chiu sng trong thi k hu b tng dn 20 pht mt tun cho ti khi t c
17 h chiu sng. So vi chng trnh ca King, chng trnh ny cng khng t c sc
trng tt hn. Kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi khc cng cho php rt ra kt lun l
thi gian chiu sng su gi tng dn ln mi tun 15 20 pht cho ti khi t c 17 h
vo thi gian bt u trng m bo cho sc trng cao. Sigel v nhng ngi cng
tc p dng s chiu sng 14 h mt ngy cho ti 50 tun tui sau ch tng ln rt t t.
S chiu sng cho nh nui khng c ca s vi thi gian chiu sng n nh trong
giai on hu b

108

Hnh 7: S chiu sng t 1-72 tun tui ca Sigel
1. Theo Boumen v nhng ngi cng tc; 2. Theo Sigel; 3. Theo Morris; 4 theo King;
5. theo Boumen v nhng ngi cng tc.
Anh, ngi ta c bit tuyn truyn s chiu sng n nh trong giai on hu b
nui trong chung khng c ca s. Ngy nay chng ta vn cha c th ni thi gian chiu
sng no trong giai on hu b l tt nht v rng ngy chiu sng 6, 10 v 14 gi u c kt
qu nh nhau. Thi gian chiu sng 6 gi lin tc s lm cho g thay lng khi mi bt u ,
nhiu g trng ngoi . y l mt nhc im ca chng trnh chiu sng. Bi vy
ngi ta chn thi gian chiu sng n nh l 8 10 h.
Mt loi chng trnh chiu sng khc i vi nh nui khng c ca s l chng
trnh gim thi gian chiu sng.

Hnh 8: S chiu sng gim i trong giai on hu b
1. Theo Kingber; 2. Theo Morris v nhng ngi cng tc; 3. Theo Sten Daun; 4. Theo
Macclar; 5. Theo Schutz v nhng ngi cng tc.
Tt c nhng chng trnh u c thi gian chiu sng di lc bt u nui g con, sau
gim ngay trong nhng tun l u tin, 18 -20 tun tui gim xung thp nht, sau
thi gian chiu sng li tng ln dn dn (15 20 pht) hay mnh m (hai gi). G mi kh
chu ng mt s thay i nhy vt la tui ny. Thi gian chiu sng thp nht (su gi)
gy tc hi xu nh nu trn. V vy thng thng ngi ta khng h thp thi gian
chiu sng n mc . Cc nh khoa hc Anh khng thch chng trnh chiu sng ny i
vi chung nui khng c ca s v h cho rng chng trnh chiu sng ngy ngn lun lun
cho kt qu tt hn.
Chng trnh chiu sng cho chung nui c ca s
Chng trnh chiu sng cho chung nui c ca s li dng thi gian chiu sng
thin nhin v c im ca nh sng ny.
Thi gian chiu sng khi g mi mt ngy tui rt di, sau gim xung trong cc tun l
u, ti gn thi k bt u trng th gim xung thp nht. T lc bt u trng thi
gian chiu sng thng thng tng ln dn dn vi nhng bc nhy khng ln lm theo
tng tun l nhng vn lin h vi iu kin chiu sng t nhin. Nh vy y s bin ng
ca thi gian chiu sng theo hng gim i trong thi gian nui g con v hu b. Nu tng
thi gian chiu sng trong giai on nui ny v trong giai on trng s dn n s
sm v gim sc trng trong giai on trng sau.
Trong hnh v di y a ra chng trnh chiu sng do c quan chn ging ca
Thu in ngh p dng cho giai on t lc mi n cho ti thi k trng. Trong s
Del et ed:
109
ngy n ca g choai c chia tng qung 15 pht mt ngy, cn ca g mi l mt
thng. Theo s ny c th iu chnh ch chiu sng nhn to cho g c ngy n khc
nhau. Nn ch l i vi nhng g n mun phng php chiu sng rt ngn dn ch p dng
c i vi nhng ngy di nht trong nm (n 21 thng 6). Bt u t ngy ny nh sng gi m
xung c thc hin qua nh sng t nhin. Trong thi gian hai thng trng u khng p
dng chiu sng nhn to v rng sc trng ca g c th tng ln nhanh chng m khng cn
s chiu sng . Ch sau mi p dng chiu sng nhn to theo s .
Sau y chng ti s a ra mt s s na v s chiu sng cho cc chung nui c
ca s c ngh bi mt trong cc c s ging nc ngoi. Thi gian ngy chiu sng, bao
gm c chiu sng nhn to, c biu din bng gi, khi mang s dng cn phi tnh ton tng
ng vi thi gian ca mt ngy m.
Pigarev thnh cng trong vic nng cao r rt sc trng v khi lng trng c p
dng chng trnh chiu sng theo thi gian chiu sng t nhin.

Hnh 9: S chiu sng chung nui c ca s trong thi gian nui g con (c quan ging
ca Thu S). Gii thch trong sch

Hnh 10: S chiu sng chung nui c ca s trong thi gian g trng
(c quan ging ca Thu S). Gii thch trong sch

Del et ed:
Del et ed:
110

Ch ti sng: Cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Cornell xc nh rng, i vi g ,
trong vng 24 g, chiu sng 8 g, tt 10 g, chiu 2 g, ri tt 4 g, s cho sn lng trng tng
t nh chiu lin tc 24 g nhng tit kim 40 % tin in.
Khi nui g con, c 2 loi l nui ng v v tri v
Nui ng v: g con n cui ma xun, h, giai on nui g hu b vo ma thu ng, ngy
ngn, ph hp vi nguyn tc hn ch nh sng trong giai on hu b khng cn tc ng
g c.
Nui tri v, g con n vo cui ng, u xun, giai on hu b din ra vo ma h, nh
sng rt mnh v ngy di. Khi , ly thi gian chiu sng ban ngy di nht lm chun v
vo nhng ngy khc, chiu thm ban m cho nh gi chun , nh vy, sut thi gian
hu b, chiu sng 12-13 g, min l thi gian chiu sng phi tht n nh, n cui giai on
hu b mi tng thi gian chiu sng kch thch g trng.
Nguyn tc cn ch l: khi g vo , tng gi chiu sng t t, mi ngy 30, lin tc,
n cho n khi 16-17 h/ngy. Khi g , khng c gim thi gian chiu sng di 16-
17 h vi cng chiu sng thch hp
Khi tng gi chiu sng, tng vo sng sm c tc dng hn l tng vo bui chiu ti.
Cng chiu sng: i vi chung kn, dng nh sng nhn to hon ton, 3 tun u chiu
sng 24/24, sau 3 tun tui, gim xung ch cn 8 h/ ngy, cng nh sng l 5-10 lux
hoc 1 watt/m2; khi g vo , tng ln 20 - 40 lux hoc 3-4 watt/m2, duy tr cng ny
n khi kt thc nui g .

2.4.6. Lp n chung
Nui trn lp n chung dy, lp n chung c rt nhiu tc dng quan trng:
1. Ht m t phn g, bng cch ny t 115g phn/ g s gim xung cn 28,75g
(115g-75% nc)
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
111
2. Trn v lm gim mc m c ca phn. iu ny khng nhng gim bt s
tip xc trc tip gia g v phn m cn lm gim s tp trung ca vi khun v lm gim bt
thc n ca chng (thc n cha tiu ho trong phn g) Nh vy, nhiu vi sinh vt khng
sinh sn c, mt s con khng sng st c, s lng vi sinh vt gim i.
3. S kt hp gia lp n chung dy v phn g dn n ln men mc thp to
ra mt lng nh amoniac dit khun. Qu trnh phn hu ho hc ny bin lp n chung
thnh nguyn liu tng i v hi vi g.
4. Chc nng khc ca lp n chung l iu ho m v nhit ca mi trng.
Lp n chung ht m t khng kh khi khng kh qu m v gii phng hi nc khi khng
kh qu kh. Vo nhng ngy lnh g thch th vi s m p ca lp n chung v vo
nhng ngy nng chng thi bt nhit c th bng cch chng vi mnh trong lp n
chung.
Ni tm li, nu chm sc tt lp n chung vi nguyn liu ng yu cu th nui
g trn nn hon ton hay 2/3 l sn th vn phn g c gii quyt gn nh l tuyt vi.
Mt khc, nu qun l lp n chung khng tt, n c th tr thnh ngun gy bnh
nguy him cho g. V d: khi lp n chung qu qu m hoc ng bnh li, vi sinh vt s
pht trin vi tc rt nhanh. Do vy, khng ch chn g b ty ln, nt ra v b nhim khun
(do phn lun dnh vo phn g lm sng chn, d dng ngn chn v vim khp do t cu
khun), m vi sinh vt do g nut vo c th gy bnh a chy, cu trng, ni k sinh trng v
bnh samonellosis, iu ny lm nhim lp chung s dn ti cc bnh khc. Nu lp
n chung qu kh, khng kh trong chung bi gy vim ng h hp v nhim khun
lm cho ng h hp gim sc khng. Nhng bnh l bnh Newcastle, vim kh qun
truyn nhim, AIV, vim thanh kh qun truyn nhim, Reo virut, Adeno virut, bnh Marek,
TRT, P. multccida, H. paragallinarum, chlamydia, E. coli, nm phi, Mycoplasma,
(MG/MS)Hn na, khi ng h hp b vim nhim kt hp p ng ca c th vi vaccin
lm nh hng xu ti sc kho n g.
i khi do khng c nguyn liu n chung tt phi dng nguyn liu ng hng th
hai, cn bit r c im ca loi nguyn liu c th s dng cho ng.
Loi nguyn liu n chung ht m ch tt khi m c th c gii phng khi lp
n trong iu kin chung c thng thong tt v khng kh trong chung b kh. m
bo gii phng m rt tt, nhng than bn v v lc li rt km. Nhng loi gi m v
to iu kin cho nm mc pht trin.
Tnh cht khng ng bnh l mt yu cu quan trng ca lp n chung. Dm bo,
tru, mn ca kh, thong tt; rm ct ngn v giy ct nh rt d ng bnh.
Nhiu khi, kt hp cc loi nguyn liu cho php b sung nhng im yu ca chnh
cc nguyn liu . V d: tru khng ht m nhiu nhng li nh v chng ng bnh trong
iu kin bnh thng. Nu dng tru kt hp vi rm ct nh th s tt hn khi s dng ring
tng loi.
Khi lp n chung qu kh mi trng trong chung g s bi. Bi gy kch thch
ng h hp, do vy g d b bnh. m ph hp cn m bo trong lp n chung l 25
- 30%. m ny cn thit trnh khng kh trong chung qu kh, duy tr qu trnh ln
men chm trong lp n chung v gim ti mc ph hp qu trnh pht trin ca non nang
cu trng.
S lng ln vi sinh vt trong lp n chung c th l cc loi c kh nng gy bnh
hoc loi khng. Khi cn ngoi c th vt ch, chng c th sinh sn c hoc khng sinh
sn c. Nhng loi khng sinh sn c bn ngoi c th vt ch l ng vt nguyn
sinh, trng giun, virut, mycoplasam v chlam mydia. Nhng loi vn sinh sn bn ngoi c
th vt ch l vi khun v nm. Nhng vi sinh vt ny c th do g ang nui trong n thi ra
hoc mang n chung g t ngoi qua con ngi, chut, chim hoang, qun o, dng c chn
nui, thit b, khng kh nhim, nc hoc thc nThi gian sng st ca vi sinh vt c
112
ko di thm nh m, PH trung tnh, protein, v nhit thp nhng b rt ngn li do kh,
PH qu cao hoc qu thp, b mt sch s, nhit cao, lm ng lnh, lm tan v tia cc tm.
Trong iu kin thng thng thi gian sng st trung bnh ca mt s mm bnh nh sau:
Sng st nhiu ngy: Mycoplasma, Hemophilus, Sprochaete, virut bnh vim thanh
kh qun truyn nhim, virut bnh vim ph qun truyn nhim.
Sng st hng tun: Pasteurella, Campylobacter, Erysipelothrix, AIV, virut bnh
Newcatsle, virut bnh vim no tu truyn nhim.
Sng st hng thng: T cu khn, Salmonellae, E. coli, virut bnh Gumboro, virut
bnh Marek, virut bnh u, Reo virut, Adeno virut, bo t nm, cu trng, Crypto sporidia.
Sng st hng nm: M. avium, trng giun, nha bo vi khun, bo t nm.
Nh chng ta thy nhiu loi trong s vi sinh vt ni trn sng kh lu. Do vy, c
ra sch s, st trng v thi gian trng chung di l cn thit ct t vng i ca
chng. Lp chung tt, v sinh, dit tr cn trng v bnh hi, an ton sinh hc, dng clo st
trng nc, v sinh thc n l cc k quan trng trong vic to ra mt mi trng sch hn
cho g.
Trong iu kin tri qun l km, vi sinh vt lun e do sc kho n g. Tuy nhin,
nu chm sc tt lp n chung, vi sinh vt s b c ch v mi trng chn nui g s c
ci tin, kt qu l n g s c sc kho, t l nui sng v sc sn xut cao hn.
Lp n chung nh hng n trng thi chung v sc kho ca g v l mt trong
nhng nhn t quan trng ca mi trng. Nh cc qu trnh phn hu ca men xy ra trong
lp n chung, g nhn c mt ngun b sung cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc, ch yu l
vitamin B
2
, B
12
v cc cht khng sinh. Nu ch tt n lp n chung c th y mnh
sc trng. Nu gi lp n chung c tt th chng khng dnh bt vo nhau, ngi i
vo chung khng b lp n chung dnh vo giy v khi ly tay nm li th khng b nt
vn.
Rm r cht nh, tru, l kh nguyn hay cht nh, v bo, than bn c th dng
lm lp n chung. Rm r cha cht nh khng dng lm lp n chung v chng ht m
v ng bnh rt nhanh. Rm r i mch cng khng dng lm cht n chung v c nhiu
gai cng lm hng mng nhy ca g. Than bn hp th hi nc trong khng kh gp ba ln
so vi mn ca v v bo, hai ln nhiu hn rm r, nhng thot nc li km hn. Kh
nng cha nc ca than bn tng ln nu gi chng trn trn nh trong ma ng, n
c gi lnh.
Cn phi xem mn ca c b nm mc khng trc khi a vo s dng trnh cho
g khi b mc cc bnh v ng h hp.
Rm r ct nh qua my ct s tr thnh cc si mnh v c kh nng hp th rt tt.
Tt hn c l dng lp n chung hn hp. C th hn hp cc nguyn liu n chung k
trn. Lp n chung gm c 1/3 l than bn v 1/3 l v bo, 1/3 l rm r ct nh. Cng c
th hn hp cc nguyn liu sn c lm lp n chung. Nhiu thnh phn v bo qu
trong hn hp n chung s lm gim cc qu trnh phn hu ca lp n chung v cc qu
trnh sinh tng hp.
Trong tt c cc chung nui c thng kh t nhin, ngi ta ri lp n chung mi
vo ma h v rng trong nhng ngy ma thu lnh rt kh gi lp n chung c kh.
dy ca lp n chung ph thuc vo nguyn liu c dng v mt nui. Lp n
chung phi c th hp thu v bin i c cc cht do g thi ra m khng b h hng v
cu trc. Vi mt nui bnh thng, lp n chung dy vo khong 20 -25cm. gi
c kh sut nm, nn chung phi c cch ly tt vi hi m ca t. Nn chung phi c
lp trn cng, lm bng b tng, bng g v cc nguyn liu khc. Nn chung lm bng g
khng cn phi trng g thm trn b mt v lp n chung khng lm hng c g. Nhng
nm gn y nc ngoi xut hin nhng chung nui ngi ta ri lp n chung
trn lp rm dy 30 cm ngn cch vi t bng mt tm nha nhn to.
113
Vi kh khng phi l cht cch m tt, nhng cng c th cn vi trong trng hp
khng gi c lp n chung kh.
Thng g cng lm xp lp n chung khi bi tm mi. Nu khng th phi xi
lp n chung u n. C th dng mt co c bit chy bng in. S ln xi lp n
chung ph thuc vo nguyn liu dng lm cht n chung v iu kin tiu kh hu. V
ma ng lp n chung hp th m nhiu phi xi thng xuyn hn, c khi lm hng
ngy cho s bc hi nc c nhanh chng. Nu lp n chung qu m, kt bnh li vi
nhau th phi thay th. Thm vi vo (0,6 1kg/m
2
) c th ht m nhiu nhng khng lm
cho cu to ca lp n chung c tt hn. Dng supephosphat c hiu qu tt hn
(0,5kg/m
2
) v n lm cho cu to ca lp n chung c tt hn.
iu quan trng l phi lm xp lp n chung tt c cc su lm cho s
hot ng sinh hc c thc hin tt c cc lp. Nu lu khng xi lp n chung th
nhng vi sinh vt ym kh s pht trin cnh tranh vi s pht trin ca qun th cc vi sinh
vt ho kh. Ngoi ra lp n chung s tr nn rt m v mc nt. Nu thng xuyn xi lp
n di s lm cho chng lun lun kh.
Mt ln na, chng ti mun nhc li rng cu to ca lp n chung chu nh hng
quyt nh ca tiu kh hu trong chung nui. Ch c th gi cho lp n chung c kh
trong ma ng nu c h thng thng kh tt m bo y hi m ra ngoi chung nui.
nc ta, tnh trng s dng lp n chung khng m bo din ra rt ph bin.
Hu ht cc nng h s dng lp n chung mng t 3-5 cm, sau 2-4 tun li thay mt
ln, lm nh vy s thng xuyn gy stress, nhiu bi v nh hng rt xu n nng sut
ca n g.
2.5. Mt nui v ln ca n
Kh nng sn xut ca g ph thuc vo mt nui (s lng g mi trn 1m
2
din
tch chung nui). Nui cng dy sc trng ca tng g mi cng gim xung mc d s
trng tnh trn mt n v din tch sn xut ca chung nui c th tng ln.
Tng mt nui cng gim vn u t cho mt c s nui, v vy ngi ta ang c
gng tng mt nui g mi hn na. Tng mt nui cng to iu kin cho tng nng
sut lao ng.
Mt nui do nhiu yu t quyt nh, nhng ch yu l cch nui, trang b k thut
ca chung nui v ging g. Ngy nay c nhng loi chung nui g mi trong g
c nui trn lp n chung v trn sn g vi mt 12 14 con trn 1m
2
nn chung m
sc trng vn cao. Mun c kt qu tt nh vy chung nui phi c tiu kh hu iu
chnh c v thc n phi c nhiu cht c hot tnh sinh hc.
Tiu chun mt nui ph thuc vo cch nui v k thut c p dng.
Khi nui hn bn con trn 1m
2
vi lp n chung cn phi c h thng thng kh tt. Mun
nui dy hn na phi c h phn ln (mt hay vi h phn cho 50% din tch nn chung).
Nui mt dy th khng gian g vn ng b hn ch, c bit l khng c trang b
hay trang b khng tt s lm cho g d xut hin trng thi b kch ng, nh hng rt ln
n sc trng. C th gim nh kch ng ny bng cch cho g n thm cc cht c hot
tnh sinh hc (vitamin v khng sinh).
Nui nhiu s sinh ra m nhau, hn ch iu ny ngi ta thnh lp n t nhng
g mi choai c m b ct i mt phn.
Tiu chun mt theo cc phng php nui (u con/1m
2
)
Nui chn th (thng kh t nhin): 3 4.
Nui trn lp n chung (thng kh nhn to): 3 4
Nui trn lp n chung (thng kh tt): 5 7
Nui trn sn g: 5 7
Nui dy hn tiu chun ny cn phi c iu kin thng kh v cc trang b
k thut trong chung nui.
114
Trong chung nui c mt dy cng thng kh v trang thit b cho mt u
con phi tng t nh trong chung nui vi mt tha nh sng C th mi trnh c cc
hin tng kch ng.
Tiu chun trang b v dng trong chung nui g mi .
Ch ng n.
Khi nui bng thc n hn hp y : 12 15 cm cho mt con vi
mng n, mng nc
Khi nui bng thc n hn hp v ht vi mng n, mng nc: 9 12cm / con
Khi nui bng thc n hn hp trong mng t ng v thc n ht: 2 3cm / con
Khi c mng n xch y: 9 15cm/ con
Khi c mng n ng t ng: 25con / mng
Mng n ung t ng, si v ct: 0,15cm/ con
Mng n ung t ng ng vi: 0,30cm/ con
Mng ung t ng: 2,5 cm/ con
m cho tng con 5 con/
c kh ho vi trang b chn trng: 5 con/
theo nhm: 100 125 con/ 1m
2
nn chung
Nhng con s trn y l mc ti thiu. Gim xung hn na s nh hng xu n kh
nng sn xut. Xp t cc dng c trong chung nui cng quan trng i vi trng thi chung ca
g v sc trng. Th d mng ung lun lun c t cch mng n 4cm. G mi khng
thch qu cao. Trong trng hp ny g hay ln lp n chung.
ln ca n l s lng u con c nui trong mt chung hay mt ngn.
ln ny thay i theo cc ging g trng. ln ca n nh l mt yu t kch thch kh
nng sn xut nhng trong nui thm canh iu ny khng th chp nhn c. Xt v mt
tm l ca g v cng chm sc, ln ca g trong nui thm canh nn l 500 con. Vi iu
kin ny nh hng v tm l c th c g s b loi tr. ln ti a khng nn vt qu
1500 2000 con tin vic theo di v chm sc n g. Trong iu kin ring ca c s
nui ln ca n c th ln hn na. Trong nui chn th, ln ca n g mi do
iu kin c th ca ni chn quyt nh. Theo kinh nghim ca cc x nghip nui g ln
nc ngoi c th nui thm canh 5000 g mi trong mt chung nui, chung ny c ngn
ra hai hay bn ngn bng li thp. iu kin ny m bo cho g nhiu v c sc kho
tt.
ln ca n g tht nh hng n kh nng sn xut nhiu hn. cc ging g hng
tht cm gic theo n ca g biu hin yu hn v kh nng sn xut gim i khi n g mi c
200 250 con. Phi lun lun tnh n c im ny khi thnh lp n g tht.

2.6.Cc phng thc nui g mi
Trong nhng nm gn y cc phng thc nui g mi thay i nhiu nh
nhng khm ph mi ca khoa hc. Nui g mi ly trng n theo li thm canh c
thay i theo nhiu hng. Ngay trong vic nui g ging ngi ta cng p dng li nui
thm canh. Bt c mt s thay i no v phng thc chn nui cng phi nhm nng cao
hiu qu kinh t. gii quyt nhim v ny ngh chn nui gia cm ca th gii nhn
mnh nhng phng hng sau y:
1) Nng cao mt nui trn 1m
2
din tch sn xut ca nn chung bng cch trang
b k thut tng ng cho chung nui.
2) Nng cao sc trng ca g mi bng cch to ra tiu kh hu ph hp nht v
iu kin mi trng c iu chnh.
3) Gim chi ph v xy dng tnh trn mt u g bng cch tm ra phng thc nui
r hn v hiu qu hn trong nhng a phng c iu kin kh hu tt v khng phi chi ph
nhiu v xy dng.
115
Th d v phng hng u tin l nui g trn lp n chung dy, trn nn sn v
trong lng. Khuynh hng th hai l xy dng nhng chung nui khng c ca s vi cc
phng thc nui khc nhau.
Hng th ba l nui chn th g mi theo kiu ca nc Anh v nui g trong bi
chn c li quy nh mt vi ni min nam nc Nga. Mi quan h cht ch gia mt
nui v s thng kh dn n khuynh hng tng mt nui v tng sc trng bng
vic xy nhng chung nui c kh hu nhn to. Ngoi ra cn mt loi chung nui kt hp
do s ngh ca cc tc gi ngi Anh, cng l bng chng ca khuynh hng ny.
Cc nc ng nam thng khng lm chung kn, vch c nh m thng dng
loi chung n gin nhng c h thng phun sng m, kt hp vi h thng qut thi
a hi nc ra khi chung.
Loi th hai l chung n gin c trn, rm che kn 2 bn, u chung lp mng xp
m, cui chung lp h thng qut y gi ra (chung hang mt).
Loi th ba nh chung hang mt nhng b mng xp m, h thng qut ht cc
mnh, tc gi 2,5 m/s (hang gi). y l loi chung tng i thch hp vi iu kin ca
nc ta v khng to m cao cho chung nui, chi ph thp, hiu qu cao.
nc ta, chn nui g i hay th vn rt pht trin nhng ch yu l nui g tht
thng phm v g ni. Vic nui g trng ging theo phng thc chn th cng c
tim hnh ti mt s trang tri. Cn lu l chn th vi iu kin thng thong t nhin l
mt xu th ca th gii. Hng Sasso ca Php hin nay ch yu nui theo phng thc ny.
Tuy nhin, chn nui g trng thng phm vn c tin hnh ch yu theo phng thc
nui nht vi 2 loi chung chnh: thng thong t nhin v chung kn, theo kiu chung
hang mt vi h thng to hi nc v qut y. Con ng gii quyt tt c nhng vn
trong tng trng hp c th rt khc nhau v b hn ch bi cc iu kin thin nhin v
iu kin kinh t. V vy khng nn sao chp mt cch my mc nhng phng thc nui ca
nc ngoi, bi v khng phi bao gi s ni ting cng ph hp vi tt c cc nc v khu
vc. Kinh nghim au st ca nhiu cng trnh xy dng trong nc v nc ngoi l
nhng dn chng cho iu .

2.7. Hng dn nui g ging c th
Qui trnh p dng trong tt c cc c s chn nui g ging, dng theo phng php
cng nghip.

2.7.1. Chun b cc iu kin chn nui
1. Phi chun b y chung nui, rm che, kho ng thc n, b cha nc, thuc
th y, cc phng tin si m, lm mt, thc n nc ung cho s lng g ging nh nui.
2. Cc chung nui, nh kho c ghi s th t ring.
3. Chung nui, h thng cng rnh, khu vc kho cha thc n, dng c chn nui,
dm bo phi c v sinh st trng trit theo quy nh th y.
4. Cng ra vo tri chn nui, ca s cc chung , nh kho thc n phi c h st
trng.
5. Cy xanh, c di cch chung 10-15 mt phi c pht quang. Cc ng vt c tr
chuyn dch bnh cho g nh chut, co, chn, cn trng, chim t nhin phi tiu dit.
6. Chung nui, nh kho sau khi st trng phi kh mi cho dm bo v thc n
vo, dm bo phi phi kh khng b nm mc, thc n ti (c mi thm ca cc nguyn
liu ch bin).
7. Quy g, n si, thc n, nc ung phi c sn trong chung trc khi a g
v. Mi dy chung c s ghi chp tnh hnh chn nui, th y ca g theo biu qui nh.
8. Phi c , so u cho g theo qui cch nh.
9. C phng m khm, chun on bnh v nh thiu xc hoc h t hoi.
116
10. Cc loi thuc c, tit trng khng gn kho cha thc n, kho ng dng c
chn nui, b nc ung ca g v chung nui.
11. Chung nui, nh kho sau khi c v sinh, st trng phi c nim phong cho
n khi a g vo nui.

2.7.2. K thut chn ging
2.7.2.1. Chn g con mt ngy tui
1. G con ging phi c chn k lc 1 ngy tui, g dng thun phi eo s cnh v
ghi vo l lch theo b m, dng, ging.
2. G con 1 ngy tui c chn lc theo nhng quy nh sau:
- Khi lng s sinh dng thun khng di 36g (cn 10% s g n ra xc nh
khi lng c th bnh qun 1 ngy tui).
- Ngoi hnh phi t nhng yu cu sau: g con kho mnh, tinh nhanh, thn hnh cn
i, mt trn sng, chn to, mp, m, hng ho, ng vng, ngn chn khng vo, lng kh
u, bng v sch, mu sc lng v chn ng vi mu sc chun ca lng v chn tng dng,
ging; cnh p st v thn, bng thon v mm, rn kh v kn; phn x nhanh nhn.

2.7.2.2. Chn lc g con giai on 42 hoc 49 ngy tui (tu theo tng dng, ging)
1. Phi chun b y cc iu kin chn lc c nhanh v tt nh quy g, cn
k thut, thc o, s sch, biu mu cn thit v nhn lc.
2. Phng php tin hnh chn lc
- Thi im chn lc: chn vo lc thi im mt, ma h sng t 5-10 gii, chiu t
16-21 gi.
- Cn 10 - 15% s g ca tng xc nh khong chn lc, sau cn khi lng
tng c th trong , loi cc c th c khi lng ngoi khong chn lc (c xc nh c
th theo tng dng, ging).
- Loi nhng c th c khuyt tt (kho chn, vo m, x cnh, vo ln, vo ui)
- Mi c th c chn i vi ging gc phi eo s chn trng vi s eo cnh lc 1
ngy tui.
- Nhng g c chn lc phi c ghi s vo s theo di.

2.7.2.3. Chn g 140 ngy tui
1. Cc bc tin hnh cng tng t nh giai on 42 hoc 49 ngy tui. Chn cc c
th c khi lng ph hp vi yu cu cht lng ca tng dng, tng ging, n g c
chn lc phi c a ngay ln khu g .
2. Cc tiu chun chn lc:
- Khi lng sng, chn cc c th c khi lng sng trong khong chn lc c
xc nh theo tng dng ging.
- Ngoi hnh:
+ u cn i
+ Mo v tch ti, pht trin tt, lng bng
+ Mt trn, sng, tinh nhanh
+ M bnh thng, m trn v di khp nhau
+ Lng rng, di v thng
+ Thn thng, cn i, chc kho
+ Lng u, bng mt, mu sc c trng tng dng, ging, xng chu g mi
pht trin rng.
Nhng g khng t tiu chun ngoi hnh trn th phi loi thi.

2.7.2.4. Chn ghp gia nh sau 258 ngy tui
117
1. Chn ghp gia nh ch p dng sau khi g c theo di sc trng v khi
lng trng c th t tun tui 23-24 n 37-38 tun tui. G c chn phi c y cc s
liu theo cc ch tiu sau:
- Khi lng c th sng 42 hoc 49 ngy tui, 140 ngy tui.
- Sng lng trng t 23-37 tun tui
- Khi lng trng cc tun 36-37 ( mi g mi c t nht 7 qu trng).
- Tnh trng sc kho ca tng c th.
Cc ch tiu trn c a vo xc nh gi tr ging theo yu cu chn lc, mi n
g ging c phng php ring.
2. Sau khi g mi v g trng c chn ghp vo gia nh, ly cc c th c xp t
cao n thp, g trng ch gi li 4-5% so vi 1 ngy tui, tng t g mi chn khong 25-
30%. Mi gia nh c ghp vi t l 1 trng vi 10-12 v c 1 -2 trng d tr cng huyt
thng ( k thut ghp gia nh c hng ring).
3. Mi dng phi m bo ti thiu c t 25 gia nh tr ln.
2.7.3. K thut chn nui g ging
2.7.3.1. K thut chn nui g con t 0 21 ngy tui

1. Trc khi a g con vo chung nui, phi thc hin nhng vc sau y:
- Rm che c ng kn
- Quy g, thc n, nc ung c sn trong chung theo qui cch, tiu chun quy nh
chp si c bt sn.
- Dm bo c st trng v ri dy 10-15cm lm m chung.
2. G con c a v phi chuyn ngay vo chung v phn u chng di chp
si.
3. Phi c giy chng nhn sc kho ca g con ni giao nhn (trm p).
4. Trong mi chung ch nui g cng mt la tui v cng mt loi g.
5. Khi th g con vo quy phi thc hin tun t nhng vic sau:
- Kim tra li nhng s lng con sng v nhng con cht.
Loi ngay nhng con cht v nhng con yu khng tiu chun ra khi chung.
Bo co ngay cht lng n g ging nhn cho ni giao ging.
6. Mt nui phi theo quy nh sau:
Tun tui
H thu
(bnh qun con/m
2
)
Thu ng
(Bnh qun con/m
2
)
0 - 3 7 Khng qu 10 con Khng qu 10 con

7. Sau khi g th vo quy, ch quan st luyn tp, tp n v ung cho nhng g
cha bit n khay v ung mng.
8. Thng xuyn theo di nhit trong quy v trong chung nui iu chnh
cao ca chp si cho ph hp, chp si treo gia quy.
- Nu n g tp trung li thnh m di chp si l hin tng thiu nhit, phi h
thp hoc b xung thm chp si.
n g tn mn xa chp si, th hin nhit trong quy, trong chung cao qu, cn
phi nng ln hoc tt bt chp si.
n g phn b u trong quy, trong chung l g nht , gi nguyn cao v
lng chp si.
- Yu cu nhit di chp si nh sau:

Tun tui Nhit
0 1 Khong 33 35
0
C
1 2 Khong 30
0
C
2 3 Khong 28
0
C
118

9. Quy g cao 45 cm, ng knh ca quy 3 cm c th nui 300 g con mt ngy
tui/quy. Quy c st trng trc khi th g vo. Ma ng, sang tun th hai m rng
quy, n tun th 3 b quy. Ma h tun th 2 b quy.Thi gian b quy sm hay mun
tun th hai ph thuc vo sc kho ca n g v nhit trong chung nui.
10. Trc khi tho quy, phi dn dm bo bn gc tng trnh g tp trung
cc gc tng gy cht do nhau.
11. T tun u n gia tun th hai dng khay n c kch thc 70 x 60 (cm), t
cui tun th hai tr i thay dn khay n bng my n P50. Mt mng n qui nh nh sau:
Loi mng S g /1mng
Khay n (70x60cm) 75
Mng n trn P50 50
12. Thc n c vo mng n 3-4 ln trong mt ngy, d dy 0,5 1cm, sng
thc n trong khay 3 4 ln trong ngy loi b cht n chung v phn ln.
13. Thc n phi m bo ng tiu chun v s lng, cht lng cho tng la tui g.
14. G tun tui u dng mng ung nh 1lt/mng, tun th hai dng mng ung
di, 1, 56mt. Mng ung galon t xen k vi mng n. Nc ung phi trong, sch. Hng
ngy thay nc trong mng n. Mi ngy thay nc trong mng bng nc mi 6 ln Mng
ung c ra hng ngy theo quy trnh th y. Mt mng ung c s dng nh sau.
Loi mng ung Cm/con Con/mng
Mng trn (3, 8 lt) 1.7 50
Mng di (1,56m) 2,3 140
15. Chiu sng nhn to vo ban m v nhng ngy ti tri vi cng 5 10
Lux hoc 2-4 W/m
2
nn chung.
16. m trong chung tt nht l 65 70% v thng kh vi tc gi 0,2
0,3m/giy.
17. Trong hai tun u gim che phi ng kn c ngy, m trnh gi la, t tun
th ba tr i ch ng rm pha c gi v m rm pha khng c go, vic ng m rm cn
ph thuc vo thi tit v sc kho ca n g.
18. Loi b dm bo b t, rc vi bt v thay dn dm bo mi, thng xuyn theo
di n g, loi thi ngay nhng khi g cht, m yu v b khuyt tt nh x cnh, m mt,
vo m, kho chn.
Ct m g l ng tc k thut khng th thiu khi nui g trng nhm ngn chn hin
tng m cn nhau khi tri nng, chung cht ngoi ra, cn c tc dng gim ri vi thc
n 5 %..
K thut ct:
Ct m 2 ln, vo lc 1 tun v 2 thng tui l tt nht.
Trc v sau khi ct m 2-3 ngy, nn cho ung vitamin K, C vi liu 3-5 g/l nc. Sau khi
ct xong, b sung thm khng sinh: tetracyclin 1g/l nc trong 4-6 ngy.
Ct m g bng dng c chuyn dng, vi g 1 tun tui, a c m trn v di qua l ct
ng thi, bng nhau, cch l mi g khng di 2 mm. G 2 thng, ct m trn v tr cch
l mi khng di 6 mm, m di di hn m trn 3 mm. C 2 vt ct u vung gc vi
trc m. Cng c th xc nh v tr ct m trn nm gia l mi v chp m. Sau khi ct m,
cho g n t do trong 1 tun, mng y thc n hn m khng chm vo thnh mng.

2.7.3.2. K thut chn nui g con giai on 4 8 tun tui
1. K t tun th t tr i, rm che m hon ton, tr thi tit xu nh tri ging,
bo, ma to, qu lnh v n g b bnh ng h hp.
2. Mt mng ung theo tiu chun sau .
Loi mng ung Cm/g Con/mng
119
Mng di t ng Khng qu 1,27 Khng qu 200
Mng di th cng Khng qu 2,75 Khng qu 112
Mng ung di phi c thanh trt (thanh quay cnh kh) hoc dng chp bng song
st 6 t trn rnh thot nc ngn g u trn mng.
3. Mt mng n cho g theo tiu chun sau.
Loi mng n cho g theo tiu chun sau:
Loi mng n Cm/g Con/mng.
Mng trn P50 2,7 30
Lng thc n c vo bng 2/3 chiu cao ca a mng, v lc thc n 3 4
ln trong ngy. V sinh mng n theo quy trnh th y.
4. Phi m vo s lng v cht lng theo ng tiu chun
5. Sang tun th 5 tr i b sung thm si c st trng (si c kch thc 2 3
mm) vi lng 4g/1g/ngy)
6. Thi gian chiu sng nhn to tng hoc gim theo ma v nui.

2.7.3.3. K thut nui dng g hu b t 43 hoc 50 ngy n 140 ngy tui.
1. Rm che c s dng nh giai on g con 4 6 tun tui.
2. Mt mng ung cho g trong giai on ny m bo nh sau:
Loi mng ung cm/g Con/mng.
Mng di t ng 1,27 245
Mng ung c v sinh hng ngy theo quy trnh th y.
4. Mt mng n ca g c m bo theo tiu chun nh sau.
Loi mng n Cm/g con/mng.
Mng trn P50 Khng qu 3,4 Khng qu 25
Thng xuyn b xung mng n lc no g cng c ch n cng lc. t
mng n cao bng lng g, lng thc n trong mng khng qu 2/3 chiu cao mng, cho g
n 1 2 ln /ngy. S dng thc n hu b, khu phn p dng theo tiu chun.
5. Giai on g hu b cho n hn ch theo trng trnh cho tng dng, ging c th.
6. Hng tun b xung si mt ln vi liu lng 7gam/g, kch thc ca ht 4 5
mm, si c st trng trc khi b xung.
7. p dng hon ton nh sng t nhin, nu dng nh sng nhn to th chiu sng
vi mc 2 4 W /m
2
, khng dng loi bng n 100W tr ln.
8. Hng ngy nht lng trong chung v bi chn th.
9. Khng g ny ln sang khc, phi theo di hng ngy s chn v s cnh,
nu ri phi nht ngay v ghi vo biu theo di.
Xc nh ng u:
ng u c vai tr rt quan trng trong nui dng g hu b. ng u cng cao th
g s cng tt v ngc li. Hng thng phi xc nh ng u. Cch lm:
1- Bt ngu nhin mt nhm g vi s lng 1-5 % s g trong n (tu quy m n
ln hay nh) v cn c l ny trong 1 ln cn.
2-Chia khi lng trn cho s u g trong mu cn tm khi lng bnh qun.
Tm gi y l khi lng trung bnh (PTB).
Khong khi lng [(PTB 5%) n (PTB + 5%)] c gi l khong ng u
(khong ng u cng c th l PTB 10 % )
3-Cn ln lt tng con trong ton n v ghi li khi lng tng con. Nhng g c
khi lng nm trong khong ng u c coi l t khi lng chun.
4-Tnh t l ton n: nu ton n c trn 80 % c th c khi lng nm trong
khong ng u l tt, ch chn nui t yu cu.
120
5-Chia n g lm 3 nhm: to, trung bnh v nh , cho n nh nhau, sau mt thi gian
cc nhm g s c khi lng tr v khi lng trung bnh.
Cng cn so snh khi lng trung bnh ni trn vi khi lng chun ca hnh cung
cp cho g n thch hp. Cn ht sc trnh n g c khi lng cao hn khi lng
chun v trong mi trng hp, khng c n g st cn, ngha l, trong mi trng
hp, n g phi c tng trng dng (>0)

2.7.3.4. G hu b c chuyn ln tri g lc 126 140 ngy tui
1. G hu b c chuyn ln tri g l 126 140 ngy tui (18 20 tun tui1) g
mi c chuyn ln trc, g trng chuyn ln sau.
2. Chuyn g vo lc thi tit mt m, trc khi chuyn khng cho g n, khng
chuyn g khi b bnh.
3. Khi bt chuyn, thao tc phi nh nhng, dng quy bt g, s g trong quy
khng nhiu trnh ln nhau gy cht.
4. Lng nht phi c np y.
S lng g trong lng theo quy nh sau
Loi g Din tch lng (m
2
/con)
G trng 0,096
G mi 0,076
G sau khi cho vo lng, phi chuyn ngay n khu g .
5. Cc xe, lng vn chuyn phi st trng, lng c t trn xe phi buc chc
chn, khng xp qu s lng. Quy trnh vn chuyn: i tc trung bnh v xung cnh
chung g .
6. Thc n g c p dng lc g 149 ngy tui. Thc n g c cho n
theo t l ca n g hng dn t l cho n t nh cao.
7. Thc n lun c trong mng v t 2/3 chiu cao ca mng, v lc o 2 - 3 ln
trong ngy, mng n hng ngy c lau chi sch. Mt mng n P50: 7,9cm/g;
17g/mng. C 100 g cho mt mng b sung si.
8. Mng ung t trn thot nc, mt trn ph li tha, hoc khung tre hay st hoc
dng chp bng song st 6 trnh g li vo mng. Khong cch gia hai mng l 3 mt.
Tiu chun mt mng nh sau:
Loi mng ung cm/g Con/mng
Mng di Khng qu 4,6 Khng qu 70
Mng trn t ng Khng qu 3.7 Khng qu 50
9. G sinh sn c chia thnh tng , mi 350 con, mt nui t 2,5 3,0con/m
2

10. So u c dt cao hn nn chung 40cm, dn so c t gc chung c
xy thnh ngn, tiu chun so u 20cm/g, dn so u c v sinh st trng theo quy
trnh th y.
11. c t cnh tng chung vi cao thch hp ( 30-35cm) c di dm
bo v st trng. Mt khng qu 5 g /1 ngn , c ca sp t ng kim tra sc
trng c th.
12. Khi g phi kim ta ti thiu 4 ln /ngy, trng c ghi r tn dng, s mi, s
chung v ngy ri ghi vo biu Theo di kim tra trng. Loi thi kp thi nhng g c
tnh p bng, g trng qu bo, li p mi.
13. Phi m bo thi gian chiu sng t 14 16 gi. Cng chiu sng t 5 10
lux, khong cch bng n 3m/1 bng i vi cng sut 25 60W tu theo ma v iu
chnh hp l.
14. Chung nui thng thong, ch ng kn khi thi tit xu, ma, gi bo, m
tt nht l 65 70%; tc gi 0,6 0,8m/giy.
15. Cht n chung phi gi kh, sch thng xuyn
121
16. Mi chung nui phi c s sch ghi chp theo di n g hng ngy theo biu
mu quy nh.
17. Phi thc hin y nhng cng vic hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng v hng
qu nh sau:
- Cng vic hng ngy.
+ Thay cht st trng cc h hoc khay st trng trc ca chung nui.
+ Quan st n g, nht trng trn nn, trong so u, nht xc cht cho vo thng c
np kn v giao cho cn b th y x l.
+ Lau mng n v thc n vo mng theo quy nh.
+ Ra, st trng mng ung v nc sch vo mng, ht dm bo b t nn
chung, rc vi bt, sau rm bo mi, qut dn ng i xung quanh chung.
+ Bo co tnh hnh din bin n g cho cc cn b k thut, th y bit khi c bbt
thng sy ra.
+ Qut dn sch kho ng thc n mi chung.
+ Ra sch, phi dng c chn nui va dng, sau cho vo kho.
+ Ghi chp y nhng s liu chn nui theo yu cu ca biu mu.
+ Trc khi ra v hoc giao ca, phi kim tra li lng thc n, nc ung, trang thit
b chn nui, tnh trng n g bn giao cho ca sau.
- Cng vic hng tun.
+ Qut mng nhn lt thp.
+ Lau chi .
+ Co phn, phun thuc st trng vo so u.
+ Ra v st trng mng n.
+ Qut bi v phun thuc st trng hoc qut nc vi trong nh kho ca tng kho,
tng dy chung v hin ca chung g.
+ Qut dn, dy c khu vc cch chung 3 mt
+ Thay dm bo vo 1 2 ln
+ C ra b nc ca tng chung.
- Cng vic hng thng.
+ Pht quang c di xung quanh chung.
+ C ra b nc ph.
- Cng vic hng qu.
+ C ra, st trng i nc hoc b cha ca tri.
18. C hai tun cn khi lng g mt ln, cn 10% s lng g ca tng l, cn
khi lng trng vo tun tui 36 37 theo qui trnh chn lc ging.

2.7.4. V sinh phng bnh
1. Mi c s phi c vnh ai cch ly bao gm.
- Vnh ai trng c bn knh 500 1000 mt. Trong khu vc ny khng chn nui gia
cm khc ngoi s gia cm nui trong tri.
- Vnh ai an ton c bn knh 3 5km. Gia cm trong khu vc ny c tim phng
chng Newcastle theo nh k.
2. Hng ro vy quanh phi kn, ngi v gia sc khng c vo trong vc ro.
3. Cng ra vo phi c ng kn, c h st trng bng dung dch crzin 3%
+ H st trng cho xe vn chuyn
+ H st trng cho ngi qua li.
4. Trc lc vo lm vic phi tm v thay qun o, dy dp nhng vo khay st trng
v ra tay bng dung dch desinfectol 0,2% hoc foormol 1%.
+ Trc cc nh g v cc chung g phi c h st trng bng dung dch crzin 3%.
122
+ St trng vo so u, , cht dn chung mt tun 1 ln, lun phin bng thuc
Dipterex v foormol 2%/
5. Qut nc vi nng 20% ln trng lng v b h thot nc mng ung 1 tun
1 ln.
6. Qun o bo h lao ng c git sch vo xng trc khi s dng bng foormol
35 cm v thuc tm 17,5g cho 1m
3
khng kh ca bung xng st trng.
7. t mi dit chut hng qu theo hng dn ca th y.
8. Nc ung phi sch trong, c st trng bng clo vi nng 0,1- 0,15 mg/lt, s
vi khun khng qu 100.000 con /1ml, ch s E.coli khng qu 30 cm /ml.
9. Mng ung phi c st trng hng ngy bng foormol 1%.
10. Hng thng c ra v st trng b nc ph bng foormol 1%, ly mu nc
kim tra vi khun.
11. Hng qu c ra v st trng b nc chnh bng desinfectol 0,2% hay foormol
1%, ly mu nc kim tra vi khun.
12. Thc n ca g phi sch, ti khng b vn cc.
13. Hai tun mt ln, dit ngoi k sinh trng bng Dipterex 0,6% phun vo tng,
nn v cc li i vo ca cho kho thc n.
14. St trng mng n mt tun mt ln bng foorml 1%.
15. Khi nghi ng g b ng c thc n th phi nh ch ngay vic s dng l thc n
v bo co cho cn b th y bit c bin php x l kp thi.
16. Loi thi ngay nhng g m yu v g nghi b bnh.
17. G ging xut khi chung phi c giy chng nhn sc kho v lch dng thuc.
18. G cht v b bnh hng ngy phi c m khm ngay xc nh bnh kp thi

2.8. Cng tc th y

Bng 33. Lch tim phng cho n g trng
Ngy tui Thuc v vacxin Cch dng
Trm p Marec-HVT-FC chng 126 Tim c
1 - 3
Phng bnh h hp:Farmasin 1g/1l H
2
0+vitamin b
xung
Ung
7
vacxin u C
lasota ln 1
Chng cnh
Nh mt, mi, ming
7 - 10
Phng bnh t.ho: Nitrofurazolidon 125 g/1tn hay
cloramfenicol 0,5 g/1lt nc
Trn vo T, nc ung
10 vacxin gumboro CT hoc D78 vo lc 14 ngy Theo ch dn
21 Lasota ln 2 nt
25 Vacxin Gumboro - CT nt
27 - 28 Parmasin 1g/ 1lt nc Ung
35 Vacxin cm g Tim
35 39
Thc n tng sc khng
Tetracilin 200g
Nitrofurazonlidon 150g/1 tn thc n
Vitamin b sung
Kim tra HI
Kim tra bch l - CRD

Trn vo thc n
50
Tim Newcastle h I
Kim tra hm lng khng th HI
Tim di da
70 Vacxin cm g Tim
80 - 81 Farmasin 1g/1lt nc Pha trong nc
123
112
Farmasin 1g/1lt nc
Chng u ln II
Kim tra k sinh trng
- Nu c KST th dng:
Piperazin 4500 gam
Bromosalibamid 900g/tn
- Nhc li phng thc ty ny
Nu kim tra thy KST - c sau 25 ngy.
- Kim tra bch l - CRD

112 - 140
Tim vacxin v hot
Gumboro
Tim di da
138 - 142
- Thc n tng sc khng
Tetracicline 250
Nitrofurazolidon 200g/1tn
Vitamin b sung
- Tim Newcastle h I

Trn vo thc n

Mt s cng tc m bo an ton sinh hc (bio-security)
T chc Th y th gii quy nh, m bo an ton sinh hc, cn phi lm tt mt
s cng vic sau:
Phng chm:
Nghi ng tt c
Nn phi phng tt c
Thit k chung tri: xa dn c t nht 300m, nht l cc tri khc. Tri phi c 1
cng, c barie, tng hoc ro xung quanh. C h st trng cng trong thng xuyn c
thuc st trng hay vi bt.
Tuyt i khng nui ln g vi cc ng vt khc: g ri th vn, ch, mo, chim b
cu
Thng xuyn, nh k 3 thng mt ln nh b chut, phun thuc dit dn, cn trng,
mui...
Khi mua n gia cm mi
Ch mua t c s ging c danh ting v c trch nhim.
C hp ng mua bn c xc nhn nhn l n ging sch bnh, c tim phng
y
n gia cm mua c tim phng y cc loi vc-xin phng cc bnh ph
bin nht.
Cch ly tt
Dng c chuyn ch con ging v sn phm: xe ch c i 1 chiu, sau phi
phun thuc kh trng trit , cho c xe v dng c trn xe.
Khng c a cc dng c, vt dng v thit b t bn ngoi vo tri
Nhn lc: cng nhn khng c i ch, thm ngi nh trong qu trnh lm vic,
nht l khng c tip xc vi cc trang tri chn nui khc...
Khng tip xc vi bn ngoi
Khng tip khch v cng nhn ca tri khc.
Ch cho khch vo tri khi cn thit, khch khng c c mt ti tri khc trong vng
24h. Trc khi vo tri phi c tm v trng cng bc ton thn.
Ngun nc, thc n chn nui, khng kh phi sch v m bo v trng.
Cng loi hnh chn nui: Ch nui 1 loi gia cm; p dng cng la, cng vo
cng ra cho tng dy chung c thi gian v trng, dit mm bnh ly lan. Sau mi la,
cn c thi gian trng chung t nht 7 ngy ty u, v sinh ton h thng v khu vc
Qun l v cht n chung: trc khi bn hay bn rung.
124
Sau mi ln xut chung, v sinh v ty trng ton b chung nui.
Gim st v th y
Kim tra ti chung: 2 ln/ngy, nht l vo ban m (khi khng gian yn tnh, d
pht hin cc triu chng ho, hen ca n g...)
Cn ch : khi thy t l cht >1% mi ngy hoc gim t ngt lng thc n >20% l
g c biu hin bt thng, cn khm ngay i ph kp thi.
Ni c nguy c cao phi c mi che vo ban m
Cho n v cho ung trong chung, trnh chim hoang, chut.. n thc n tha,
truyn bnh.
nh gi Chi ph/Li ch: Nghin cu cho bit, cc tri g gi ging hng tht c t l
chi ph/li ch: 1/49
Kt lun: phng bnh l bin php t tn km hn iu tr v hiu qu cao nht

125
Chng III

P TRNG NHN TO

3.1. Sinh l c quan sinh dc gia cm trng

Trong phn trc, chng ta m t k cu trc bung trng, trng gia cm cng nh
hot ng sinh l ca g mi. Sau y, chng ta s ni tip phn c quan sinh dc c v hot
ng sinh sn ca chng.
C quan sinh dc ca g trng cu to t tinh hon, mo tinh hon, ng dn tinh v c
quan giao cu, b phn ny kh pht trin mt s loi gia cm (ngng, vt).
Tinh hon l c quan i, hnh van hoc hnh ht u, mu trng ng, nm trong
khoang bng, v tr trc cui thn. g trng trng thnh trong thi k hot ng sinh
dc, tinh hon di ti 4,7, chiu rng 2,7 v dy 2,5cm, trng lng 17 - 19g. Thi k thay
lng, khi lng gim ti 3 - 5g. ngng trng v vt trng s thay i theo ma ca khi
lng tinh hon khc nhau. Vo khong thng 12, tinh hon ca vt trng c khi lng 2,6g,
cn trong thng 6: 3,9g.

Hnh 12: S cu to c quan sinh dc c gia cm

3.1.1. C quan sinh dc ca gia cm trng

Tinh hon c bc mt lp mng trng, t lp mng ny n su vo l nhng si lin
kt yu. Nhng ng sinh tinh gp khc ni vi nhau, to thnh mng li dy. Nhng phn
Del et ed: c quan
Del et ed: hoc c gn vng
Del et ed: tnh
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: trng
126
ring bit ca ng sinh tinh hi phnh to. y din ra s to thnh t bo sinh dc. Trn b
mt ct ngang ca ng gp khc, ta thy lp ngoi cng l m lin kt hnh si, m ny to ra
mng y. Bn trong n c 5 - 6 lp t bo to thnh dy thnh ng. Gia cc lp c
nhng t bo hnh chp lp Sertoly, chn nhng t bo ny nm mng y, cn nh ca
chng hng vo gia ng. Nhng t bo ny m nhim chc nng dinh dng, gia chng
c t bo tinh trng cc giai on pht trin khc nhau. Gn mng y, ng sinh tinh l t
bo sinh dc bc nht (nguyn bo tinh - permatogonium), trn n l tinh bo th nht v th
2, sau l tin tinh trng v tinh trng. Tinh trng trng thnh thm nhp vo ng dn tinh,
t vo mo tinh hon v vo ng dn tinh.
Mo tinh hon ca gia cm pht trin yu, mt s lng ln ng dn t mng li tinh
hon n su vo . Nhng ng dn nh ny to thnh ng dn, l ni bt u ca ng dn
tinh. Trong mo tinh hon, tinh trng tip tc thnh thc v tng thm kh nng th tinh ca
chng. Dch tinh trng c hnh thnh nhng ng gp khc trong tinh hon. N to ra mi
trng cn thit m bo hot ng sng ca t bo sinh dc.
ng dn tinh c dng hnh ng, nh, gp khc, thnh ng cu to bi lp nim mc, c v
thanh mc. ng dn tinh ni vi ng dn ca mo tinh hon v vo tn phn gia ca nhp.
Phn cui cng ng dn tinh l ch phnh hnh bong bng. y l ni tch t tinh trng. Trong
huyt ng dn tinh c kt thc bng nhng g nh nm pha ngoi ng dn nc tiu. Cu
to ca ng dn tinh thay i ph thuc vo trng thi chc nng ca b my sinh dc. Trong thi
gian hot ng sinh dc, ng dn tinh to ra, thnh ng dy ln, tng s lng gp khc (hnh 12).
C quan giao cu ca g trng v g ty khng pht trin. N ch l ch phnh hnh
bong bng ca ng dn tinh, n n to khi c kch thch sinh dc. Ngoi ra, khi tinh hon hot
ng cn c s tham gia ca nhng np nhn limpho v nhng th ng, nm tn cng ca
ng dn tinh. Khi giao cu, nhp con trng p st vi l huyt con mi. Lc ny m o
c hin ra v tinh trng c phng vo l huyt ca con mi.
ngng c, c quan sinh dc ngoi cu to t hai th x, n phng ln khi b cng cng
bi dng limpho. Gia cc th ny c cc lp nim mc to thnh rnh dc, tinh dch c dn theo
rnh ny. Lc bnh thng, b phn sinh dc nm trong nhp trn rut gi, khi giao cu n li ra
t nhp do s co bp ca c 2 c c bit.

3.1.2. S to tinh trng.
Qu trnh pht trin t bo sinh dc c c chia lm 4 giai on: sinh sn, sinh
trng, trng thnh v chn. Cng nh qu trnh hnh thnh trng, trong tt c cc giai on
ny u c s cu trc li th nhim sc ca nhn t bo sinh dc v gim s lng nhim sc
th. Do trong tinh trng cng nh trong t bo trng u c b nhim sc th n bi.
Cc giai on to tinh trng ca g pht trin tin hnh ng thi vi s trng thnh
v bit ho b my sinh dc, di tc ng ca h thng thn kinh v hocmon. g trng
thnh, tnh cht chu k ca s to tinh trng c thay i theo ma ca hot ng sinh dc.
Trong giai on sinh sn, nguyn bo mng y thnh ng, c phn chia nhiu ln
bng cch gin phn. Mt phn trong s ngng sinh sn v bt u vo giai on th hai -
giai on sinh trng. Nhng t bo ny nm trong vng sinh trng, ng dn cht dinh
dng to ra, v t bo tng v kch thc. Nhng t bo nh vy gi l tinh bo th nht.
Trong nhn nhng nhn t bo ny, t nhim sc ca nhn hnh thnh tng cp, sau xy ra
qu trnh tip hp nhim sc. Trong thi im ny, cht dinh dng vo nguyn bo chm
dn v giai on sinh trng cng khng c tin hnh na. Trong nhn t bo xut hin
nhng nhim sc t lin, trong lc s lng nhim sc t lin trng vi s i nhim sc
trong nguyn bo tinh. Tip theo l giai on trng thnh. Giai on ny gm hai ln phn
chia lin tip. Sau ln chia th nht, mi tinh bo th nht to thnh 2 tinh bo th hai. Sau
bt u phn chia ln th hai v mi tinh bo th hai to thnh hai t bo mi - tin tinh trng,
trong nhn ca n c b nhim sc th n bi (1n). Tin tinh trng c hnh cu v nhn trn.
Del et ed: tinh
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: n
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: ng
Del et ed:
Del et ed: tnh
Del et ed: nhng
Del et ed: th
Del et ed: ng sinh dc
Del et ed: v vo huyt
Del et ed:
Del et ed: hnh thnh
Del et ed: hnh thnh
Del et ed: na
Del et ed: u
Del et ed: cng mt lc
Del et ed: s phn bit
Del et ed: tnh
Del et ed: ra
Del et ed: nhim sc th
Del et ed: i
Del et ed: nhng nhim sc ny
Del et ed: li
Del et ed: lin kt vi nhau theo t ng i,
ngha l xy ra
Del et ed: tc t bo
Del et ed: T
Del et ed: na
127
Trong giai on th 4 - giai on tin tinh trng dn dn bin thnh tinh trng. Nhn lch v
mt pha. Tng bo di ra. Tm t bo nm vung gc vi b mt ca nhn. Nhn c bao
ph ch mt lp mng tng bo. Phn ny ca t bo to thnh phn u tinh trng. Trong
phn ko di ca t bo hnh thnh ui, quanh n c tng bo co bp c. Tinh trng hnh
thnh hon chnh c bao bc u (chm) trong tng bo t bo Sertoli, ni m sau mt
thi gian ngn, tinh trng hon thin, sau t ng sinh tinh gp khc, tinh trng i vo mo
tinh hon v vo ng dn tinh.

Kh nng chuyn ng v th tinh ca tinh trng cc phn khc nhau ca b my
sinh dc con trng khng ging nhau. Tinh trng t ng sinh tinh ca tinh hon, khng
chuyn ng v khng c kh nng th tinh. Tinh trng t ng ca mo th tinh c 13% t
bo trng (g trng), cn t ng dn tinh - 74%. Tinh trng t mo ca tinh hon t chuyn
ng. Tinh trng ng dn tinh c kh nng chuyn ng mnh nht. Thi gian to tinh trng
g trng l 14 - 15 ngy, tc l bng mt na thi gian to tinh trng ca gia sc khc.
con trng ang pht trin, hocmon tuyn yn kch thch s pht trin t bo sinh
dc. Do nh hng ca hocmon kch thch nang trng, s pht trin ng tinh trng v s to
thnh t bo sinh dc tng ln. Thi gian sinh trng sinh dc ca con trng ph thuc vo
Del et ed: t bo
Del et ed:
Del et ed: ci
Del et ed: nguyn vn
Del et ed: u
Del et ed: hnh thnh hn
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: nh
Del et ed: tinh
Del et ed: trng
128
ging, iu kin thc n, chn nui v nhiu nhn t khc. Yu t tc ng mnh nht l nh
sng, n tc dng ti tuyn yn, v thng qua n nh sng tc dng ti tuyn sinh dc. Thi
gian ko di v mc chiu sng c nh hng ln ti sinh trng v pht trin ca tinh
hon ng vt non v qu trnh hnh thnh tinh trng cacn trng trng thnh. Thnh
phn quang ph ca nh sng cng c ngha. Tu theo mc tc ng ln tuyn yn v
tuyn sinh dc, khong quang ph khc nhau sp xp theo th t sau: , da cam, vng, xanh
v xanh da tri.
Thi gian tri qua cc giai on khc nhau ca s to tinh tinh trng g con, g d
ph thuc vo kh nng pht dc ca ging. Nh l trng Plymouth rok, nguyn bo th nht
xut hin vo tun th 6, nguyn bo th 2 vo tun tui th 10, tin tinh trng vo tun tui
th 12, cn tinh trng vo tun tui th 16 - 20. Trng Lgo, tinh trng xut hin vo tun
tui th 12, cn vo tun tui 24 26, tinh trng hon ton c kh nng th tinh c.

3.1.3.c im hnh thi v sinh l ca tinh trng gia cm
Tinh trng gia cm, cng nh ca ng vt c v u c ngoi hnh nh nhau: u, c,
thn v ui. Cc loi gia cm khc nhau th tinh trng ca chng cng khc nhau v chiu
di v hnh dng ca u
di ca tinh trng trung bnh l 40 - 60 micron. u tinh trng ca ngng di, trn
phn chm th nhn hoc c hnh xon. u tt c cc loi tinh trng, tr phn trc ca n -
hnh m chp v cha nhn ng nht . Pha trc nhn c tiu th nh, tiu th ny l sn
phm ca b Golgi. C - phn khng ln lm hi b tht li, ni vi u v thn. Pha trn c,
di nhn c trung th. Gn n l ni bt u si trc, si ny cu to bi nhng si fibrin
nh ko di xung ti ui. Quanh trc ny c 2 si fibrin qun quanh nh hnh l xo. Hai si
ny d tch ra thn v ui. Phn trn ca ui ch c si trc, bao quanh n l mt lp
mng bo tng. Phn to ra c ng chnh ca tinh trng l si trc. Cng gn ti phn cui
ca ui, cong v tc chuyn ng sng ca si trc cng t. Tinh trng gia cm cng
nh ca nhng ng vt th tinh trong, u chuyn ng thng do nhng chuyn ng quay
quanh trc dc ca ui. Tc chuyn ng ca tinh trng gia cm trung bnh l 1 - 1,5
mm/pht. chuyn ng c, tinh trng cn phi c lng nng lng ln, c to ra
phn gia ca ui khi xy ra qu trnh oxi ho photpholipit v hi drat cacbon. Tnh chuyn
ng ca tinh trng ch tn ti khi trong nhng iu kin thch hp nht, quan trng nht l
nhit v pH mi trng. nhit trn 48
o
C v gim nhanh xung 0
o
C gy nh hng
khng tt. Mi trng thch hp nht l trung tnh, kim yu hoc axit yu.
Khi lng tinh phng ra ca con trng khi giao cu khng ging nhau cc loi gia
cm khc nhau. G trng trong 1 ln giao cu phng ra 0,6 - 2ml tinh dch, trong 1 ml tinh c
3,2 t tinh trng; ngng trng khi lng tinh phng ra l 0,1 - 2ml vi nng 340 - 350
triu tinh trng/ml; vt c 0,1 - 1ml v 0,7 - 3,5 triu/ml. Tinh trng g trng mu trng, pH
= 7,04 - 7,27; ca vt c pH = 6,6 - 7,8.
Khi lng tinh phng ra v nng tinh trng l nhng ch s nh gi chc nng
dch hon, ph thuc vo c im c th ca con trng, s ln giao cu, ma trong nm v
nhng yu t khc. Kt qu cho thy rng trong sut mt ngy m, lng tinh trng sn xut
ra khng bng nhau, tng ln vo ban m v sng sm, ban ngy s to tinh trng gim. S
lng v cht lng tinh trng trong tinh phng ra ca con trng ph thuc vo t l trng
mi trong n.

3.1.4. Phn x sinh dc v ng tc giao cu
G trng thnh sinh dc khi c quan sinh sn pht trin, hon chnh v bt u c
phn x sinh dc. Phn x sinh dc khng iu kin phc tp ca gia cm cng nh ca ng
vt c v bao gm: a) Phn x li gn; b) Chun b c quan giao hp; c) Phn x giao hp; d)
Phng tinh.
For mat t ed: Font : (Default ) Times
New Roman
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
Del et ed: th hin
Del et ed: -
Del et ed: cu to
Del et ed: khng c cu to
Del et ed: co dui (bp)
Del et ed: S cong hnh sng t u chy
sut ti ui.
Del et ed: bao nhiu cng nhi u
Del et ed: bn t
Del et ed: ring
Del et ed: tn ti s
Del et ed: ca
Del et ed: nng lng ny
Del et ed:
Del et ed: c n
Del et ed: trong nhng iu kin
Del et ed: phn ng
Del et ed: trong
Del et ed: cng
Del et ed: . Nhng m chng c thay i
ln
Del et ed: lng
Del et ed: s sinh dc gia cm
Del et ed: p
129
Nhng phn x sinh dc c lin quan vi nhau, phn x giao hp khng xut hin khi
khng c phn x li gn. c c hin tng phng tinh, cn c s chun b ca c quan
giao hp. Nu nh mt phn x no mt i th cc tng hp phn x khng th c c.
Phn x tin li gn ca con trng dng sn sc sinh dc. G trng c iu nhy
sinh dc rt iu ngh, khi n xo mt cnh xung v v v, i nhng bc rt ngn v uyn
chuyn quanh g mi, ng thi ct ting ku c bit nhm m hoc con mi. Dng khc ca
phn x li gn l sn sc n ung. G trng kim ht thc n hoc mt vt g , cng
nng ln h xung lin hi v ku nhng ting c trng nhm quyn r g mi. Nhng dng
khc ca phn x tin li gn cng c th c. G trng c th giao cu 25 41 ln/ngy. Nu
g trng b nht ring, khi gp g mi, c th giao phi ti 13 -29 ln/gi.
Nu hin tng giao cu sy ra nhiu th s gim lng tinh phng ra v nng tinh
trng, ngha l gim t l th tinh. Trong mt n nhiu trng mi, thng c hin tng chn
lc trong giao phi gia mt s c th vi nhau. Hin tng ny ph bin n ngng v t l
th tinh ca ngng thp.
Phn x giao hp g l s dnh st vo nhau ca 2 nhp. Ca thu cm, iu
l s xm nhp c quan giao cu ca con trng vo nhp ca con mi. sch ca nhp
c ngha rt quan trng trong phn x giao cu v nh hng rt r n t l th tinh. Trong
chn nui, cn ht sc ch n vn ny. Theo kinh nghim ca nng dn, trng c t
l th tinh cao, mi tun cn ra sch phn khu vc xung quanh l huyt ca c g trng v
mi, thm ch, nh bt lng xung quanh l huyt ca g trng nhm lm cho l huyt ca c
hai p st vo nhau khi p mi. G trng s phng ht tinh vo l huyt g mi d dng v
trn vn.
Khi phng tinh, con trng thng phng t mt nh c ca c quan sinh dc co bp.
Trung tm thn kinh ca s phng tinh nm phn hng tu sng. Thn kinh ph giao cm i
ti tn c quan sinh dc, kch thch nhng thn kinh ny lm gim s phng tinh, cn kch
thch thn kinh giao cm lm tng s phng tinh.
gia cm, ngoi phn x khng iu kin, c th to phn x c iu kin trong
trng hp, nu mt vt kch thch no t mi trng xung quanh trng vi phn x khng
iu kin trong cng mt thi gian. Nhng phn x ny c th tt v khng tt. Phn x
khng tt l do khi n sy ra th c ch hot ng ca c quan sinh dc, chng ta nn kim
ch v loi b cc yu t ny.
3.2. S th tinh
Sau khi phng tinh, tinh trng vo ng dn trng, vo loa kn, kh nng chuyn ng
ca tinh trng c vai tr quan trng, s chuyn ng qua li ca lng nhung trong lp mng
nhy ng sinh dc, s co bp c thnh ng dn trng. Tc di chuyn tinh trng trong
ng sinh dc con mi ph thuc vo cht lng tinh trng, nng ion hiro ca mi
trng xung quanh, lc co bp c ca ng dn trng.
g mi, 1 - 2 gi sau khi giao cu, tinh trng c trong m o, sau 5 gi trong d
con, sau 72 - 75 gi di chuyn ti loa kn. n ngy th 4 - 5 sau khi giao cu, on gia
phu loa kn v t cung ng li mt s lng ln tinh trng. Mt s t c trong loa kn mc
d 30 ngy sau khi th tinh. Nhng ti liu ny cho thy rng, trong s khc nhau vi ng
vt c v, tinh trng ca gia cm c kh nng sng tt hn trong ng sinh dc con mi.
Nhiu trng hp cho thy rng sau ln giao cu cui cng 3 - 4 tun, g mi vn ra trng
th tinh.
Trong vng 10 - 12 ngy sau khi th tinh th t l th tinh cao nht. Sau dn dn
gim xung v khng nn p nhng qu trng ny. Vt Bc Kinh c kh nng th tinh cao,
tinh trng tn ti c trong vng 4 - 5 ngy sau khi giao cu, n ngy th 10 - 13 kh nng
th tinh trng gim xung ti khng.
S th tinh c thc hin trong vng 15 - 20 pht sau khi trng rng xung loa kn. Nu t bo
trng gp tinh trng trong thi gian m khng th tinh, th n mt kh nng th tinh, v trong bo
Del et ed: th
Del et ed: rt
Del et ed: chuyn
Del et ed: ti
Del et ed: H
Del et ed: ht
Del et ed: phu
Del et ed: mao m rung
Del et ed:
Del et ed: phu
Del et ed: ng dn trng
Del et ed: d con
Del et ed: phu
Del et ed:
Del et ed: trng cao
Del et ed: nh th
Del et ed: T
Del et ed: t bo trng
Del et ed: phu loa kn rt nhanh sau khi
rng trng. Thc t cho thy rng t bo
trng gia cm c kh nng th tinh ch
trong
Del et ed: trng
Del et ed: ,
130
tng xy ra s thay i khng hon li. Trong mt s t trng hp t bo trng khng th tinh vn c
th pht trin, nhng phi b cht rt nhanh.
C ch tinh trng xm nhp vo t bo trng rt phc tp. Khi tinh trng tip xc vi
t bo trng th si trc ring c gii phng khi tinh trng vo g trn b mt ca t bo
trng. Lc ny mng lng tan ra nh c cht tiu t. ng vt c v, chc nng ny do
men hialuronidaza, men ny khng c trong tinh trng gia cm. Sau khi tan mng lng th
u, c v thn tinh trng di chuyn dn vo tng bo, cn ui th nm ngoi trng. Khi th
tinh, ng thi nhiu tinh trng xm nhp vo t bo trng gia cm- hin tng a tinh. G
mi trung bnh l 20 - 60 tinh trng vo mt t bo trng, nhng ch c mt tinh trng c th
kt hp c vi nhn ca t bo trng , cn s tinh trng cn li b bo tng lm tan v
chng c s dng lm ngun cht dinh dng v nng lng pht trin phi bo. Khi s
lng tinh trng qu nhiu (300 - 400) th s th tinh khng c kt qu do ri lon.
Trng nhn tinh trng tr thnh trng th tinh. Cng vi tinh trng, trng th tinh
nhn c trung th, trung th ny khng c trong t bo trng. ng thi nhn t bo trng
lin kt vi tinh trng v to thnh nhn mi ca hp t vi b nhim sc th lng bi (2n).
Sau bt u s phn chia u tin ca nhn mi to thnh v bo tng trng th tinh.
S th tinh gy s thay i sinh ho v l ho trong trng th tinh, tng thm dnh
ca bo tng, tng qu trnh b oxi ho, tng s sinh nhit. Tt c hin tng ny chuyn
ngun d tr nng lng cn thit cho s pht trin tip theo ca phi bo. S pht trin bnh
thng ca phi bo trong trng din ra ch nhit - m v trao i kh thch hp
trong my p. Thi gian pht trin phi g ko di 20 - 21 ngy, vt 27 - 28, ngng 28 - 31
ngy, g ty 28 - 29, b cu 16 - 18 ngy.
Kh nng th tinh
Kh nng th tinh ca gia cm mi ch yu ph thuc vo cc yu t sy ra trong
chung nui. iu kin tt yu c t l th tinh cao l l phi c con trng v mi tt, do
, t l th tinh l kt qu ca cng tc qun l ni chung nui hn l qun l ni my p.
Thc t rt kh xc nh t l th tinh mt cch chnh xc. T l p n/ tng s trng c phi
v t l p n/ s trng em p thay i khi t l th tinh thay i
Bng 33. T l p n/ tng s trng c phi v t l p n/ s trng em p thay i
T l p n/ trng c phi (%)
95 90 85 80 75 70
T l th
tinh (%)
T l p n/trng em p (%)
95 90,2 85,5 80,0 76,0 71,3 66,5
90 85,5 81,0 76,5 72,0 67,5 63,0
85 80,8 76,5 72,3 68,0 63,8 59,5
80 76,0 72,0 68,0 64,0 60,0 56,0
75 71,3 67,5 63,8 60,0 56,3 52,5
70 66,5 63,0 59,5 56,0 52,5 49,0
V d: khi t l th tinh l 95% vi t l n/ trng c phi l 75% th t l n/ trng
em p l 71,3%. Nhng khi t l th tinh l 75% v t l n/ trng c phi l 95% th t l
n/trng em p l 71,3%.
Bng trn a ra mt lot cc con s v t l p n/ trng em p khi bit t l th
tinh v t l p n/ trng th tinh.

Khng th xc nh trc c t l th tinh
Hin nay, khi xp trng vo my p, ngi ta vn cha xc nh c qu no l trng
th tinh, qu no khng th tinh. Cho n nay, da vo tt c cc ch tiu nh t trng, hnh
dng trng, bung kh, b mt trng u khng ch dn c u l trng th tinh. Ch
c cch l p trng sau mt s ngy, gi ri soi trng mi xc nh c trng c th tinh hay
khng.

For mat t ed: Font : Bold, I t alic
For mat t ed: Font : Bold
Del et ed: thai
Del et ed: lin kt
Del et ed: v
Del et ed: (u)
Del et ed: t bo trng
Del et ed:
Del et ed: u
Del et ed: ,
Del et ed: phm vi
Del et ed: . y gi l hin tng
Del et ed: nhiu tinh trng
Del et ed: c
Del et ed: g mi c
Del et ed: vo t bo trng
Del et ed: s c hin tng d pht
Del et ed: T
Del et ed: sau khi vo t bo trng th
trng
Del et ed: Cng mt thi gian
Del et ed: trng th tinh
Del et ed: i
Del et ed: t
Del et ed: thai khi p trong iu kin
nhn t o
Del et ed: t
Del et ed:
Del et ed: u
Del et ed: T
131
Ch c th p trng quan st trng c phi tht s
Soi trng l phng php xc nh trng c phi th s, gin tip. Cch chnh xc xc nh
trng c phi l p ra quan st. Trong thc t c rt nhiu phi b cht sm ngay trong nhng gi
u ca s pht trin, rt nhiu phi b cht trc khi trng c rann khi soi ngi ta xem
l trng khng c phi, thc ra chng l trng cht phi qu sm.
Kh nng th tinh khng di truyn
Mc d gia cc dng v ging g c s khc nhau v t l th tinh, nhng nhiu nh chn
nui gia cm cho rng t l th tinh l mt tnh trng khng di truyn

Gii tnh ca g con
Vic xc nh sm gii tnh ca gia cm con khi cn trong trng c ngha rt to ln.
Tuy nhin, ngi ta vn cha th xc nh trc c gii tnh ca trng. Mc d dy
cng nghin cu nhng cho n nay, cha c phng php no c th xc nh c gii tnh
ca g con khi trng c ra thm ch l trc khi n. Hnh dng ca trng,v tr ca
bung kh, t trng trng hay cc yu t khc u khng th dng xc nh c gii
tnh ca g con
T l trng mi ca g con khi n ra
Khi trng c th tinh, t l trng mi tng ng nhau, trong qu trnh pht trin
phi, con trng c t l cht cao hn nn khi g n ra, con mi thng nhiu hn. Nguyn
nhn ca t l trng mi khc nhau khi g con n ra l:
- Cc ging v dng khc nhau
- C m s gen gy cht lm thay i t l trng mi
- Cc yu t vt l: c gii tnh chu ng c iu kin mi trng trong my
p tt hn gii tnh kia
- Thi gian trng c ra: t l gii tnh thay i tu theo giai on trng
c ra trong ngy, thng v c nm na khi thi tit nng th t l g trng cao hn.
- Khng xc nh c t l trng mi chnh xc bi v c rt nhiu yu t nh
hng n t l ny nh kch c ca trng, tui ca g b m

3.3. Tng quan v p trng nhn to
3.3.1.Lch s pht trin ca p nhn to
Chn nui gia cm thi hin i, nu nh ch da vo p t nhin th khng th p
ng c s lng con ging cn thit. V vy con ngi nghin cu, th nghim to ra
mi trng tng t nh ca gia cm khi p thay th chng lm n ra t trng nhng c
th mi m khng cn s tham gia ca gia cm b m.
T trc Cng nguyn, cch y trn 2400 nm Ai Cp xut hin nhng trm p u
tin. Cc trm p ny c th p mi ln ti hng chc nghn trng. H xy nhng phng bng t v
t mt ngn n du rt nh gia cp nhit. Tc gi cun sch ny vinh d c n thm
quan mt trong nhng l p trng lu i nht ti Ai Cp v chng kin nhng ngi th th cng,
cho n nay vn ch dng cm gic ca bn tay, m mt iu khin nhit m t l p vn c
th t 75-85 %. Chu , p trng nhn to cng xut hin t rt sm; Trung Quc t 250
nm trc Cng nguyn. Trng c cho vo cc ti nh v b vo l. cp nhit, ngi ta t
than ci hoc ng phn ln.
Trong mt thi gian di, cc nguyn l p nhn to l mt b mt c gi kn, ch
truyn t i ny qua i khc trong ni tc. Ngi th p xc nh nhit thch hp bng
cch t qu trng ln mi mt. Mun thay i nhit trong l p ngi ta c th ly trng ra
o, thm trng mi hoc tng thng thong vo khu vc l p.
Ngy nay nc ta cc l p trng th cng vn cn rt nhiu p trng thu cm nh vt,
ngan. Ti cc vng chn nui nhiu thu cm, cc l p ny vn ang hot ng mt cch tch cc
cung cp con ging. So vi trc y cc l p ny vn cha c nhiu thay i. Ngun nhit
Del et ed: khng pht hin ra v coi
Del et ed: tuy nhin khi phn loi phi
xc inh y l nhng trng c phi.
Del et ed: Khng
Del et ed: g con
Del et ed: C
Del et ed: g c
132
c cung cp t thc rang, n du. Cch kim tra vn da vo trc quan l chnh, cha c cc
dng c kim tra chnh xc. V vy, trong nhiu trng hp t l n t kh cao nhng cht lng
gia cm n ra cha phi tht tt. Thng thong v m vn l mt tr ngi cho p th cng, nht l
khi iu kin thi tit khng ph hp.
S ra i ca my p cng nghip cng vi cc tin b v khoa hc k thut ln
lt gii quyt cc nhc im ca p th cng, lm cho p nhn to ngy cng hon chnh.
Cc my hin i c trang b cc h thng thit b hon ton t ng, c tin cy cao,
vic theo di v iu chnh nhit , m, o trng v thng thong c thc hin theo
mt chng trnh lp sn. Ngoi ra, v sn xut trn quy m cng nghip, cc my c cng
sut rt ln ti hng chc nghn trng, m bo vic cung cp con ging vi s lng ln v
cht lng tt.
Vit Nam, my p cng nghip kh quen thuc cc tnh pha Nam. pha Bc t
nm 1972, cc my p cng nghip c a vo hot ng v ngy cng pht trin nh
nhng u th ca n. Tuy nhin, tu nhu cu pht trin chn nui tng a phng m
ngi ta s dng loi my c cng sut ln hay nh, mc t ng cao hay thp.

3.3.2. nh ngha v p nhn to
p nhn to l phng php m con ngi to ra mi trng tng t nh ca gia
cm khi p, tc ng ln trng th tinh, lm n ra cc gia cm con m khng cn n s
tham gia ca gia cm b m.

3.3.3. Mc ch ca p nhn to
1- Thay th gia cm p nhm tng kh nng sn xut ca gia cm.
2- To ra mt s lng ln con ging trong mt thi gian tng i ngn.
3- Lm tng t l p n
4- Nng cao cht lng con ging n ra
5- m bo v sinh cho n gia cm mi n.

3.3.4. Cu trc ca trm p nhn to
Trm p c th lm nhiu kiu v quy m khc nhau ch yu ph thuc vo kh nng
u t xy dng. Tuy nhin, nu nhn t gc k thut thy ht tm quan trng v nhu
cu ca mt trm p th ni ny phi tho mn rt nhiu iu kin. V l ni cp ging i cc
ni khc nn trm p phi t ni cao ro, thong mt, sch s, tng i xa khu dn c
trnh nhim, dch bnh. Mt trm p ln v hin i cn phi c in, nc v c cc
phn sau:
1- Hng ro v ca ra vo
2- Phng thng trc
3- Phng thay qun o v v sinh c nhn
4- Phng nhn v xp trng
5- Kho lnh bo qun trng
6- Phng my p
7- Phng my n.
8- Phng t my bm nc p sut cao
9- Phng chn trng mi v tim chng g con
10- Phng t my pht in d phng
11- Phng kim tra sinh hc.
12- Phng ng i ti ca trc.
13- Kho ph tng v dng c sa cha my
14- Kho ng hp g con
133
15- Kho v bo
16- Kho ng dng c v sinh
17- Khu c ra, v sinh (cc dng c ca trm).
18- Vn phng
19- Sn phi
20- B cha nc hoc thp nc.
Tu theo chc nng v quy m ca trm p khng nht thit phi c tt c cc phn
trn. Nu trm p nh c th gp mt vi phn vi nhau hoc b nhng phn khng dng n.

3.4. My p trng
C nhiu loi my p khc nhau c a vo nc ta. V cng sut, c my ch
mt trm qu cho ti my p c hng chc vn trng. Cc my p c cng sut nh (di
1000 qu) ch yu phc v cho chn nui gia nh v p trng chim. Cc my p cng sut
ln hn phc v cho vic nghin cu, th nghim. Trong sn xut cng nghip ngi ta
thng dng cc my p c cng sut t mt vn trng tr ln.
V mt cng ngh, my p nh thng c ch to n gin. Mt s b phn ca
my phi iu chnh bng tay, thm ch khng c phn iu chnh. Cc my p cng sut ln
th khng nh vy bi v mi sai lch, hng hc, thiu an ton u gy ra nhng thit hi kinh
t rt ln. V vy nhng my p cng ln, cng hin i th mc t ng ho, chnh xc
v an ton cng cao, mc tiu hao nng lng trn mt n v sn phm cng thp. Hu
ht cc b phn ca my u hot ng, khi c sai s vi yu cu th my t ng iu chnh.
Nu xy ra s c b phn no my s t dng b phn v bo ng. mt vi loi my
cn c trang b c b phn ghi li din bin ca ch p bn trong my (hp en).
Tuy c khc nhau v hnh thc, v cng sut cng nh v thit k k thut, tt c cc
loi my p u phi tun theo mt nguyn l chung, v vy phi c cc phn sau: V my,
bng iu khin, gi khay v khay ng trng, h thng o, h thng nhit, h thng m,
h thng thng thong v h thng bo v.

3.4.1. V my
V my bao gm cc thnh phn xung quanh my, trn my v sn my. mt s my
ln ngi ta tn dng nn nh lm sn my lun. V my c nhim v ngn cch mi trng
gia bn trong v bn ngoi my. V my cn phi chu lc v nhiu b phn ca my c
gn vo thnh v nc my. V cc chc nng trn, v my p phi c lm bng vt liu
cch nhit tt v c cng nht nh.
cch nhit tt, trc y v my thng c lm bng hai lp g dn gia c
khung g chu lc v bng thu tinh cch nhit. Mt s loi my n gin, gia hai lp g
dn cn b khng hoc cho mn ca, tru cch nhit. Lp v ny cch nhit tt, cng
nhng li khng chu c m cao. Khi my p lu khng hot ng hoc b c ra nhiu
cc lp g dn d b phng rp, bong. V mt v sinh, b mt g d thm cc cht bn lm
mi trng tt cho nm mc, vi khun pht trin. Cha k v g cn l mc tiu tn cng ca
mi, mt. trnh cc nhc im ny, cc my p th h mi khng dng v g dn na.
V ca cc my p th h mi thng c lm bng cc vt liu c th tho mn cc
yu cu k thut: cng, nh, chu m, cch nhit, d v sinh. V vy v my c lm bng
hp kim nhm hoc nha b mt cc tm lp ghp. gia hai mt l lp xp cch nhit
(styropo) c km theo khung kim loi chu lc vi cc l khoan sn tin li cho vic lp rp
cc mnh vi nhau.

3.4.2. Bng iu khin, tn hiu
L bng tp trung cc nt iu khin cc hot ng ca my. Bng ny thng c
lp pha mt trc my. Bng iu khin c cng tc tng bt tt my, c cc nt tng
134
thm nhit (khi c hai dy cp nhit), o trng v cc n hiu km theo bo
chc nng no ang lm vic.
V l ni tp trung cc u mi dy v ngun in nn bng ny thng c gn trn
np kim loi ca hp in. Do khi thao tc phi nh nhng, trnh va p mnh v trnh
nc chy vo hp in c th dn n chp in gy tai nn v hng my.

3.4.3. Gi khay v khay ng trng
Gi khay
Gi khay l mt gin cc khung cc khay ng trng. Cc gi khay c kch thc
sao cho cc khay ng trng nm va kht bn trong lng ca n. Tuy c chung mt mc ch
nhng gi khay cc my khc nhau cng c th khc nhau, ch yu ph thuc vo thit k o
trng ca my. C th chia ra hai loi:
a- Gi c nh (khp cng): l gin gi khay c hnh dng c nh, khng b
thay i khi my o trng. V vy ton b gin gi khay c lp trn mt trc chay qua
tm ca gin Khi o trng trc s quay lm c gin nghing theo. Do c im ny nn
mt s loi my kch thc ca gi khay (v c khay ng trng) thay i theo v tr
m bo cn bng hai bn trc khi my o trng. khi ln, cc loi my ny gin
gi v khay ng trng c nh s th t theo tng. Kiu cu to ny thng ch c
cc my cng sut va v nh.
b- Gi c khp mm: kiu gi ny thng gp cc my p c cng sut ln.
Do s thun tin ca n nhiu my cng sut nh cng s dng loi ny.
Gi c khp mm l gin gi t n chuyn ng v thay i hnh dng khi my
o trng. Trong my thng c chia ra thnh nhiu ct gi . Mt ct gi c t 12
n 15 tng, mi tng l gi ca mt khay ng trng. Bn gc ca gi c gn inh
tn vo np kim loi ca quang treo. Khi my o trng, mt bn quang treo b ko ln v bn
kia b y xung lm cho tt c cc tng gi u nghing ng lot mt gc nh nhau. Do
vy ct gi khay t hnh ch nht chuyn sang hnh bnh hnh, khong cch gia cc
tng cng b thu hp li.
Khay ng trng
Khay ng trng my p gi l khay p cn my n gi l khay n.
Khay p ng cc trng a vo p v phi gi cho tt c trng trong khay nm theo
mt t th nht nh: u nhn xung di, u c bung kh ln trn. Cc khay ng trng
cng rt a dng.
Khay p c th lm bng g, bng kim loi hoc bng nha. Khay bng g hoc c
khung g khi ngm nc d b cong vnh hoc mau mc, d xc xch, khay kim loi c u
im chc, bn nhng nng kh thao tc. cc my th h mi khay p c lm bng nha
va d gia cng, nh, bn li d v sinh st trng.
Cng sut v kch thc cc khay p cng thay i tu theo cng sut v loi my.
Mt khay p c th cha t 90 ti 180 qu trng g. Ph thuc vo sc cha, kch
thc ca khay p s thay i theo.
V cu to lng khay c th chia thnh ba loi: khay c rnh, khay y trn v khay c
l. Khay c rnh l loi khay trong lng c chia thnh nhiu rnh chy dc theo chiu di
ca khay. Trng p s c xp vo cc rnh ny thnh hng. Nu u rnh cn h ngi ta
s chn giy vo trnh cho trng khi b x dch, va p vo nhau khi o. Thng thng
nu rnh khay c lm bng g hoc kim loi th khay s khng cn y v trng b mc
rnh. Nu rnh khay c lm bng loi vt liu c n hi th khay phi c y (bng li
hoc kim loi c l m bo thng thong).
mt vi loi my khay khng c rnh, y khay l mt mt phng c c l m
bo thng thong. Loi ny c u im l tn dng ti mc ti a cng sut ca khay. Trng
nh th khay cha c nhiu, trng to khay cha c t. Tuy nhin v khng c rnh nn
135
xp trng p vo loi khay ny kh hn. Khi cn loi b mt vi qu trng trong khay nu
khng cn thn s lm x ton b trng c trong khay p.
Khay c l hin nay c coi l tin tin nht. Khay thng c lm bng nha, c
l cho tng qu trng, gia cc qu trng c cc mp nha ngn cch khng cho chng v
p vo nhau hoc ln ra ngoi. Cc khay ca my th h mi trong lng cn c chia ra
lm ba loi l c th xp va c ba loi trng: to, va v nh. Cc khay c l c u im
nh, thao tc nhanh, thun tin v c th ly bt c qu trng no trong khay ra m khng nh
hng g ti cc trng xung quanh.

3.4.4. H thng o trng
cc phi khi b dnh vo v v pht trin tt hn trong qu trnh p ngi ta phi
o trng. cc my p cng nghip vic o trng c thc hin bng hai cch: dng
mt y cn o hoc dng hi nn.
cc my o dng mt, h thng o c hot ng nh sau: mt ng h thi
gian chy in s ng chu k t 1 n 2 gi mt ln bt mt o. Khi mt o hot ng
s truyn lc vo mt bnh rng hoc cn o. Lc s lm xoay trc hoc ko cc quang
treo v mt pha lm cc gi khay nghing i. Khi gc o t yu cu 45
0
th cng tc
gii hn s t ng lm ngng mt o ti chu k sau o ngc li.
Cc my dng kh nn o cng hot ng tng t. ng h thi gian s m van
kh nn i vo cc gin khay. cc gin ny c gn pt tng c hai van kh y hai
chiu ngc nhau. Kh nn vo s y pt tng truyn lc vo quang treo lm cc ct gi
khay b nghing i v trng c o.
phng mt b hng trong khi p, mt s loi my cng sut nh cn c
trang b thm cn o tay. Khi mt hng ngi ta c th lp cn o tay v o trng khng
cn n mt.

3.4.5. H thng thng thong
Thng thong lun lun l mt vn ht sc quan trng my p cng nghip.
Thng thong nh hng trc tip ti cn bng nhit, ti m v nng O
2
, CO
2
trong
my. H thng thng thong c chia thnh ba phn: l ht kh, l thot kh v qut gi.
Cc my p thng ch c mt l ht kh. L ny c th t cc v tr khc nhau ca
my nh mt trc my, mt sau my hoc trn nc my nhng khng bao gi nm gn ca
thot kh. D nm v tr no, khng kh cng qua l ny theo ng ng vo pha sau qut
gi. Qut quay to nn lc ht trong ng v y khng kh mi vo i khp trong my.
Khc hn vi l ht kh, l thot kh c th l mt hoc nhiu l v thng nm nc
my hoc gn nc my. S d nh vy v kh nng (khng kh c) bc ln trn s c y ra
ngoi d dng khng b ng gy nhit cao cc b.
Tu theo thit k ca tng loi my m ngi ta lp ca iu chnh lng kh ra vo
my l ht hoc thot kh c hai. Cc my p c, cng sut nh th ca iu chnh ny
ng m bng tay. mt s my p hin i, ca ny c gn mt mt nh t ng
iu chnh m p ng yu cu ca ch p t ra.
Qut gi trong my p c nhim v o u khng kh trong my, m bo cho nhit
v m cc vng khc nhau u xp x nh nhau.
Lu lng gi ph thuc vo tc v si cnh ca qut. Qut c si cnh ln, thng ch
c lp mt ci trong my c tc t 800 ti 1000 vng/pht. Qut c si cnh nh nhng tc
ln thng c dng cc my p a k c cng sut ln. Trong mt my ngi ta c th lp t 4
ti 6 qut thnh mt dy. Cc qut ny c tc xp x 1750 vng/pht. Tu loi my qut gi
c lp cc v tr rt khc nhau. Qut c th gn trn nc my qut xung, t tng sau my qut
ra pha trc hoc t hai thnh bn my thi vo nhau. i vi my p a k vo mt u, ra mt
u th cc qut gi li c t pha ca vo thi v pha ca ra.
136

3.4.6. H thng cp nhit
cp nhit v n nh cho my p ngi ta dng cc thit b sau: cm nhit hoc
nhit k cng tc hoc mng te v dy may so cp nhit.
Cm nhit l mt thit b hin i c mc tin cy cao, chnh xc ln cho php o
ti 0,01
0
C. Cm nhit hot ng s truyn tn hiu v lm ng, ngt dy may so nhit
nht nh. Cm nhit ch dng cc my c h thng iu khin bng thit b bn dn.
Nhit k cng tc l nhit k va lm nhim v o nhit va lm cng tc ng
ngt mch in. Dy ny nm trong ng thu tinh c thu tinh ln xung theo nhit . Khi
nhit tng, thu ngn n ra v dng ln trong ng. Hai u dy in c mt u c u
vo si dy kim loi v mt u c u vo ch thu ngn. Khi ct thu ngn dng ln
chm vo si dy kim loi gii hn nhit th s c dng in chy qua. Dng in ny s
iu khin cng tc t ngt in ca dy may so, ngng cp nhit cho my. Khi nhit h
xung, ct thu ngn h theo lm ngt mch in iu khin i qua nhit k. Nh cng tc
t li ni mch cho dy may so cp nhit cho my.
C ch hot ng ca mng te cng tng t ch khc l te gin n hoc co li lm
thay i chiu dy ca l ng v lm ni hoc ngt mch in iu khin.
Dy may so l dy in tr m khi c dng in chy qua s nng ln v to nhiu
nhit. Ngy nay cc dy may so thng dng l loi c bc mt lp cch in. Loi dy
ny c u th l bn v khng b oxy ho v va chm hn na li an ton. mt s my p
hin i cng sut ln thng s dng hai dy may so: mt dy chnh v mt dy ph. Khi
trng mi a vo p nhit ca my thp hn nhiu so vi yu cu, khi c hai dy u
hot ng, cp nhit ti mc ti a cho my. Khi cn cch nhi t yu cu khong 2
0
C th
dy ph s tt mt mnh dy chnh cp nhit.
trnh trng hp nhit mi trng cao, trng p lu to nhit lm tng nhit
trong my ln qu mc cho php mc d dy may so khng hot ng, mt s loi my p
cn c lp qut ht kh nng hoc gin ng nc lnh. Khi vt qu nhit yu cu qut
ht s c t ng bt ln ht nhanh kh nng ra ngoi hoc van nc lnh s m ra. Dng
nc lnh khi chy qua gin ng trong my s thu nhit lm h nhit trong my.

3.4.7. H thng to m
C rt nhiu cch to ra m bn trong my p. Hu nh mi loi my li c mt
kiu to m ring. Tuy nhin v nguyn l chung ch c hai dng: dng din tch b mt cho
nc bay hi v phun nc di dng sng m.
Mun o m ca khng kh trong my phi dng m k hoc nhit k bc m.
Nhng mun iu khin c h thng to m th c m k hoc nhit k bc m phi l loi
c bit ch to ring cho my p, lm c chc nng ng ngt mch in iu khin.
Khi mch iu khin c dng in chy qua th cun dy ca van in t s ht li st
ln v m cho nc i qua vo b phn to m trong my. Khi m cn thit, mch
in s b ngt v van in t s t ng ng li khng cho nc i qua na.
Nu l loi my dng din tch b mt cho nc bay hi th nc vo my khng cn
c p sut cao. Mun iu chnh m trong my ch cn thay i din tch c nc l .
Trong cng mt iu kin nh nhau, din tch mt nc cng ln th nc bay hi cng nhiu.
Din tch mt nc gim th nc bay hi t hn do m trong my thp hn.
i vi cc loi my to m bng cch a nc vo khng kh dng sng m th
nc vo my c th l nc c p sut cao hoc khng. Nu l loi thit k nc khng cn
p sut cao th khi vo my nc phi b va p tht mnh vi mt li chn. Lc va p ny
s lm cc git nc ln v vn ra thnh cc ht nh li ti v b gi ca qut thi i to m
trong my. Nu l nc c qua bm nn c p lc cao, khi vo my nc s i ti vi
137
phun. Do cu to ca vi phun, nc vo s xoy v phun qua mt l nh to thnh mt lung
bi nc hnh phu v c qut gi thi i khp trong my.
Ni chung cc my p cng nghip u c kh nng cung cp m cn thit cho
my d b phn to m c thit k theo kiu no. im khc so vi h thng nhit l khi
m trong my vt qu mc gii hn (do m mi trng qu cao) th vn cha c thit b
lm gim tng t nh my ht bi.

3.4.8. H thng bo v
my p h thng bo v bao gm cc thit b c lp nhm ngn chn hoc thng
bo trc cc s c c th xy ra lm hng my p hoc trng p. Tn hiu d nhn thy nht
ca h thng ny khi hot ng l chung bo ng ku vang v n bt sng.
i vi my p quan trng nht l ch nhit. V vy k c cc my c bao gi h
thng nhit cng c gn chung v n bo ng. Mt nhit k cng tc hoc mt mng te
s lm nhim v gii hn mc dao ng nhit cho php. Khi nhit vt ra ngoi gii
hn (qu cao, qu thp) th dng in iu khin i qua s lm cho chung reo v n sng.
mt s my p hin i ngoi chung v n th khi xy ra nhit cao trong my ca thot
kh ca my s c t ng m to ht c v qut ht lm vic. Ngc li khi trong my cha
t nhit cn thit th ca my s khp kn li, dy may so ph s cng hot ng.
Phn th hai c a s cc loi my p cng nghip lp h thng bo v l thng
thong. Tu theo loi my cc s c sau s lm chung ku v n bo ng bt sng.
- Qut gi ang chy v l do no b dng li hoc quay khng tc .
- Cng tc tng ca my bt, ca my ng m khng bt qut gi.
mt vi loi my th h mi h thng o v to m cng c lp b phn bo v
phng cc trng hp sau:
- M t o khng khi ng c.
- M t o chy nhng khng o ni ti gii hn.
- ang o b kp khay (qu ti).
- m trong my vt qu gii hn cho php qu nhiu.
Ngoi ra bo v cc m t v phn in cc my p hin i u c cc cu ch t ng
cho tng thit b mt. Khi in yu, cng dng in tng qu mc s lm cc cu ch ny t
ng ngt in trnh cho cc thit b in b nng v chy.

3.5. Thu nht, chn v bo qun trng p
3.5.1. Thu nht trng v bo qun tm thi
Trng ra c thu nht ngay s m bo mt t l p n cao hn v:
- t c kh nng b nhim khun do thi gian tip xc vi m lt (c phn) ngn,
hn na trong vng 2 ting u sau khi , trng c kh nng ngn s xm nhp ca vi khun
vo bn trong trng.
- Trong ma h trng khng b nng ln do g khc vo nm . Nu c nhiu g vo
, trng s nng ln lm phi pht trin v s b cht trong thi gian bo qun.
Sau khi thu nht trng cn chuyn v kho ca chung nui v phn loi s b. Tch
ring cc trng bn, trng dp, v, trng d hnh, trng qu to qu nh mt ni. Cc trng
tiu chun a vo p cn c xp vo khay sch v vo ni trnh bi, trnh nng.
Cn ch khng xp qu nhiu trng ln nhau hoc xp khay qu nhiu tng d lm cc
trng pha di b dp.

3.5.2. Chuyn trng ti trm p
Tt nht l sau khi thu nht trng c chuyn ngay ti trm p trnh b nhim
bi khu vc chn nui. V vy nn chuyn trng v trm p ti thiu 4 ln mt ngy. Nh
vy trng va sch hn v iu kin bo qun trng trm p cng tt hn.
138
C th dng cc phng tin khc nhau vn chuyn trng v trm p nhng cn
m bo cc iu kin sau:
- Dng c ng trng phi chc chn khng b bin dng khi nhc ln.
- Dng c ng trng v phng tin vn chuyn phi sch s, c v sinh thng
xuyn v st trng bng formol 2% hoc Desmfectol 4cc/l.
- Nu cng mt lc vn chuyn trng ca nhiu n g khc nhau cn m bo iu
kin ngn cch, trnh ln ln.
Khi bc d trng phi lm cn thn, nh nhng khng nn nhc mnh t ngt d gy
va chm lm dp trng. Nu trng c xp vo khay nha th khng xp qu 6 khay chng
ln nhau.
Nu dng xe c gii vn chuyn th khi chy nn trnh phanh t ngt, trnh g,
trnh dng xe lu ch c nng. Trong ma h khi nhit mi trng cao, nu phi vn
chuyn trng mt qung ng di th nn trnh i vo nhng gi nng trng khi b
nng, gy cht phi sm.
3.5.3. Nhn trng v xng st trng
Nhn trng
Khi trng ti trm p, ti khu vc giao nhn cn kim tra li ton b cc khay trng,
tch ring cc trng bn cn st, cc trng b dp, v trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Kim tra k
s lng trng ca tng loi. Nu c trng ca nhiu ging, nhiu dng hoc nhiu n cn
nh du v xp ring ra tng khu vc trnh nhm ln.
Sau khi nhn cn ghi vo s nhp trng cc s liu sau: ngy, thng, gi nhp trng,
ngun gc (xut x) ging dng g, s lng, thi gian thu nht. Nu c th nn cn mu mt vi
phn trm v ghi vo s khi lng bnh qun ca trng.
Xng st trng trng
Sau khi giao nhn v loi s b trng khng m bo yu cu v sinh xong, trng
ging s c a vo t xng st trng. T xng trng l mt t kn hon ton, c gi
xp trng ln m khng chng ln nhau qu nhiu tng. Kch thc ca t tu thuc vo s
lng trng m trm p thng nhn mi ln. Trng ging xp vo cc khay v t vo cc
gi bn trong t.
Ngn (thp nht) di cng ca t t chu men hoc chu snh ng ho cht
xng. Tu theo th tch ca t xng m tnh s lng ho cht cn thit theo t l 9g thuc tm
v 18cc formol cho 1 m
3
th tch. xng st trng, trc tin lng formol tnh vo
chu, sau lng thuc tm vo formol v ng ca t. Sau 30 pht th m ca t cho hi
xng thot ht ra. Ch khi thuc tm vo formol phi lm nhanh nhng nh nhng trnh
bn ln tay hoc ln mt v c hai cht ny u c th gy chy da.
C ch: andehytformic, cng thc ho hc l H
2
CO, l mt cht kh khng mu c
mi xc, kh chu, tan tt trong nc. Andehytformic c tnh c, st khun rt mnh nn
thng c dng st trng kho, chung tri v nht l trng p. Kh andehytformic rt
kh bo qun, vn chuyn nn thng c bn trn th trng di dng dung dch. nhit
25
o
C, andehytformic bo ho trong nc vi nng 37%, gi l Formalin hay formon, d
vn chuyn. Khi cn gii phng andehytformic ra khi dung dch, ngi ta cho formon phn
ng vi tinh th KMnO
4
. Phn ng to ra CO
2
bay ra, cun theo kh

H
2
CO bay vo khng kh
v st trng tt c mi ni m n tip xc. Phn ng sy ra nh sau:
KMnO
4
+

H
2
CO MnO
2
+ KOH + CO
2
(bay vo khng kh)
Hng tun v sinh kho bo qun. Hng ngy b tr h st trng ca ra vo. V sinh, kh
trng gi trng bng dung dch Desinfectol 2,5cc/lt nc.
Trng ging a vo trm p phi c xng ngay sau khi nhp trc khi a vo kho
bo qun.
For mat t ed: Font : Times New Roman
cm
Del et ed: :
Del et ed: 3
Del et ed: =
Del et ed: 4
Del et ed: b
Del et ed: : CO2
Del et ed:
139
Nu khu chn nui xa khng c iu kin chuyn trng v trm p nhiu ln trong
ngy th phi c kho trng khu chn nui. kho ny cn c t xng st trng trng ngay
sau mi ln nhp trng.

3.5.4. Chn trng p
Trc khi xp vo khay p, trng ging phi c chn li ln cui, loi b nhng
qu khng tiu chun. Nn tng hp s liu v s lng trng b thi loi theo tng nguyn
nhn. V d t l hoc s lng trng b loi do: d hnh, mng v, qu nh, trng bn Khi
chn trng cn da vo cc tiu chun sau.
Da vo cc ch tiu bn ngoi
a/ Khi lng trng: tiu chun khi lng ca trng ging thay i tu theo
ging dng, mc ch s dng cng nh tui ca n g. Tuy nhin, nm trong khong sau:
- p thay th g trng thng phm: 50 68g
- p g tht thng phm: 50 70g
- p thay th g b m trng: 52 68g
tht: 52 70g
- p thay th g ng b: trng: 55 68g
tht 55 -70g.
V khi lng trng thay i theo tui ca n g nn tuy khong chn lc cho
php kh rng, ch nn ly cc trng c dao ng xp x t 5g so vi khi lng trng bnh
quan ca n vo thi im . Cn loi b cc trng c khi lng nh hn mc ti thiu.
b/ Hnh dng: trng chn a vo p phi c hnh trng in hnh v u mu.
Loi b cc trng d hnh, qu di, qu ngn, mo lch, tht lng
c/ Cht lng v: ch chn nhng trng c cht lng v tt, dy, cng, nhn v u
mu. Loi b cc trng v qu mng, v rn nt hoc sn si v cc loi v ny s dn n
bay hi nc nhiu trong khi p lm cht phi hoc cho kt qu km.
d/ V sinh v trng: ch nn chn a vo p nhng trng sch, loi b cc
trng bn, c dnh phn, dnh mu hoc dnh trng v trn mt din tch rng. Cn loi b cc
loi trng ny v y l mi trng tt cho vi khun mm bnh pht trin. Hn na do mt
phn ln b mt ca v trng b cc cht bn bao ph nn qu trnh trao i cht ca phi s
b nh hng v cho kt qu xu.
Soi trng kim tra cht lng bn trong
Nu c iu kin trc khi a vo p nn soi ton b s trng loi cc
trng c cht lng km. Khi soi da vo cc c im sau loi:
- Trng c bung kh ln (trng c).
- Trng c bung kh di ng hoc qu lch.
- Trng c lng mu qu m (trng c hoc c phi pht trin sm)
hoc lng di ng qu xa tm trng (lng trng long) hoc ri xung u nhn ca
trng (t dy chng).
- Trng c lng mo i (trng c phi pht trin sm).
- Trng bn trong c mu khng ng u, vn c (trng b v lng nn
lng trng v lng trn ln vi nhau).
- Trng bn trong c mu en (bt u thi) hoc du vt ca h thng mch
mu (phi pht trin sm).

3.5.5. K thut xp trng vo khay p
Phng tin cn thit
tin hnh xp trng vo khay p cn c cc phng tin sau:
- Bn chn v xp trng; phi rng c ch t trng cha chn, khay p v
trng loi.
Del et ed: v
Del et ed:
140
- Gi khay xp trng.
- Xe ch khay v cc khay p.
- Nc c thuc st trng ra tay v khn lau.
- Giy chn.
- X ng trng v.
- Dng c v sinh (gi lau, x nc ) khi c trng v ri ra bn hoc sn nh.
- Biu mu theo di s dng trng ti trm p.
- Th ci vo u cc khay trng p.
K thut xp trng
- Nu l loi khay y trn th hng ng u tin nn dng mnh g nh v. Sau khi
xp c ba bn hng mi rt ra.
- D l loi khay no khi xp trng cng nn t nghing v phi m bo sao cho
trng ng thng vung gc vi mt y khay, u c bung kh hng ln trn v u nhn
xung di.
- Trng xp vo trong khay phi nm cht, khng b lc lc. Mun vy th tr khay c
l cn i vi cc loi khay cn li trng phi c chn bng giy mm, sch u cc rnh
hoc xung quanh.
- Sau khi xp xong mi khay phi ghi vo th v ci u khay cc s liu:
+ S trng trong khay
+ Dng, ging g
+ t p s (hoc l p s my a k)
+ Ngy vo p
+ S my p
+ V tr khay
+ Ngy n.
- t cc khay trng xp xong vo xe ch khay p. Ch xp cc khay ln lt
theo ng s th t v tr ca khay v khi a trng vo my cc khay s c rt ra ln lt
theo th t ny vo cc v tr lin tc.
Ghi biu mu.
Sau mi ngy lm vic phi tng hp v ghi vo s trng chn, s trng b loi
(trong chia ra cc loi tng nguyn nhn) v s trng c chn a vo p. Tt c cc
s liu ny phi c tnh ra phn trm qua nh gi mt phn cht lng trng.
Ngoi ra, trong biu theo di chi tit kt qu p trng phi ghi c th trong tng khay
sau ny c th tnh t l n ca tng khay mt. Qua mi c th pht hin chnh xc cc
vng cho kt qu p n thp trong my khc phc.
Hng ngy, sau khi kt thc cng vic phi c ra sch s cc dng c, bn gh v lau
li bng dung dch formol 2% hoc desinfectol 4cc/l. Khu vc chn v xp trng phi c ra,
lau sch cc vt bn do trng v gy ra, qut ht rc v lau st trng li bng crzin 3% hoc
formol 2% hoc desinfectol 4cc/l.

3.5.6. Bo qun trng trc khi p
Trng ging c xng st trng nu cha a vo p ngay, phi a vo phng
lnh bo qun.
Phng lnh bo qun trng cn m bo cc iu kin sau:
- C my iu ho hoc my lnh hot ng tt, duy tr c nhit xp x 15
0
C 18
0
C.
- C b phn to m duy tr m tng i 75 -80% nhit v m trong phng.
- C nhit kt bc kh v bc m theo di.
- c v sinh sch s hng ngy v lau st trng bng crezin 3% v formol 2%.
- C trang b cc gi xp cc khay trng ln trn, khng t trc tip xung sn.
141
Trng c xp vo khay p nhng cha a vo p th xp vo xe ch khay p v
y c xe vo phng bo qun.
Trn, tng ca phng lnh nn lm bng vt liu cch nhit tt hoc xy hai lp c
cch nhit gia. Ca phng nn lm hai lp v c giong cao su m kn. Cc gc phng
nn lm trn d qut, dn.
Nhng d cc iu kin bo qun c tt n u chng na cng khng nn bo qun
trng p qu mt tun (tr iu kin bt buc) v t 10 ngy tr i t l p n s gim i rt
nhiu sau mi ngy bo qun.
3.6. Qu trnh p v vn chuyn g con
3.6.1. a trng vo my p
y l mt qu trnh bao gm cc bc: chun b my p, chun b trng p v a
vo my p. Nhiu ni quen gi l vo trng.
Chun b my p
Trc khi cho trng vo p, my p cn c kim tra cn thn tng b phn trnh
b hng hc khi ang chy. Nu my lu khng chy (t 6 thng tr ln) th phi v sinh c
ra trc mt tun. Sau xng st trng my c cch hai ngy mt ln vi liu lng 17,5g
thuc tm v 35cc formol cho 1m
3
th tch my. Khi xng ng kn ton b cc ca thng kh
ca my v cng lu cng tt. Nu my vn dng thng xuyn th sau khi c ra v sinh
my xong, cho my chy ti khi t nhit v m cn thit mi tin hnh xng nh
trn. Ni chung d my ang dng thng xuyn hay my lu khng chy trc khi vo
trng u nn cho chy trc, ti thiu l na ngy cho nng cc phn ca my ng thi
c th kim tra ln cui mi ngi hot ng ca my trc khi vo trng.
Chun b trng p
Trng a vo p phi c ly ra khi phng lnh bo qun trc 8 ting trng
nng dn ln bng nhit mi trng v kh dn. V vy phi ko cc xe ch khay trng p
ra v t trc ca cc my s vo trng.
Trc khi vo trng phi kim tra li cc khay trng p. Khay no c trng dp, v
phi ly ra ngay v thay qu khc vo. ng thi phi xem li cc th gi u khay c cn
khng, cc khay c theo ng th t hay khng. i khi do mt s xut nh trong khu
chun b m g con b n trong my p v mt khay trng no khng c chuyn qua my
n.
K thut a trng vo my p
- Cho b phn to m ca my ngng hot ng.
- Bt cng tc o tt c cc gi khay tr v v tr nm ngang.
- Nu l my a k, cn ko cc rm bt che hai bn li i v mt pha c th xc
nh v cc khay d dng.
- Ln lt rt cc khay theo th t ghi xe ch khay v chuyn vo trong my. t
cc khay trng p vo gi theo th t tng ct t trn xung di v cc ct t ngoi vo
trong.
- Sau khi chuyn tt c cc khay trng vo my xong phi kim tra li xem cc
khay vo ht bn trong gi cha. Bt k khay no khng vo ht khi my o s b kp
lm hng khay v v trng.
- Trong khi vo trng, nu nh c trng v mt khay no th phi rt ra i ngay.
Nu trng ri v sn cn c lau dn ngay, khng kh dnh vo sn my.
- Chuyn xong ht trng vo my phi ly gi lau thm crezin 3% hoc formol 2% lau
li ton b sn my.
- Bt cng tc o c 2 chiu cc khay trng quay v v tr nm nghing. Cn ch
trong khi b phn o ang hot ng nu c ting ng no khng bnh thng phi dng
o ngay lp tc kim tra.
142
- Cng li cc rm bt hai bn li i nh c m bo ng u v ch p
trong my.
- ng ca my v l thot kh nhit my tng nhanh. Theo di khi nhit
trong my t mc yu cu th bt cng tc cho b phn to m hot ng tr li.
- Khi my t nhit v m th tin hnh xng st trng theo t l 9g thuc tm
v 18cc formol/1m
3
th tch my trong 30 pht. Ht thi gian xng phi m ca v cc l
thng kh ca my cho thot ht hi xng sau ng ca my li.

3.6.2. Chuyn trng t my p sang my n
Sau khi trng p c 18 n 18 ngy ri th s chuyn sang my n. Cng vic chuyn
trng phi c gng lm nhanh gn trong thi gian ngn nht c th.
Khi lm cn cn thn, nh nhng v v trng giai on ny rt gin, d b v.
Chun b my n
- Nu my c c ra v sinh nn cho my chy 12 ting trc khi chuyn trng
sy my v kim tra cc hot ng ca my. ng thi khi my nhit v m
cn thit th tin hnh xng st trng my khng c trng, theo t l 17,5g thuc tm v 35cc
formol/1m
3
th tch my trong thi gian ti thiu l mt ting (cng lu cng tt). Khi xng
cn ng kn cc ca thng gi ca my. Nu my lu khng dng th phi c ra v sinh
trc mt tun v xng st trng c cch hai ngy mt ln cho ti khi thi gian xng cng lu
cng tt.
Trong thi gian my chy th cn chnh nhit ca my cho tht chnh xc. Khi bt
u chuyn trng th tt cng tc khng cho b phn to m lm vic.
Chun b dng c v cc iu kin cn thit
a - Dng c:
- Xe ch khay p
- n soi trng i tr
- Bn chuyn trng
- X ng nc c thuc st trng
- Gi lau
- Thng rc ng giy v trng v
- Khay ng trng loi
- Biu mu
b - Cc iu kin cn thit:
- Trc ca my n t: n soi i tr, bn chuyn trng, dng c v sinh, thng rc,
biu mu
- t xe ch khay p (khng c khay) trc ca my p s tin hnh chuyn trng.
- Tt cc qut gi, ng cc ca ln v ca s phng my p cng nh phng my
n trnh gi lm mt nhit ca trng.
- Phng my n ni t n soi i tr phi ng kn cc ca v tt n tng
chnh xc khi soi loi trng.
- b phn cp nhit ca my n vn hot ng bnh v m mt bn cnh my n.
Ly trng ra khi my p
- Tm thi tt b phn to m ca my.
- Bt cng tc cho b phn o hot ng cc khay tr v v tr nm ngang.
- Nu l my a k c rm bt th phi ko rm v mt pha xc nh v tr d dng
v c th rt khay khng b vng.
- Theo s th t, ln lt rt cc khay trng ra khi gi v xp ln xe ch khay p
cng theo th t .
- Sau khi ly trng ra xong phi lau li sn my bng formol 2% hoc erezin 3% v
cng li cc rm bt.
Del et ed: c
143
- ng ca my p v bt cng tc cho b phn o hot ng tr cc khay v v tr
nm nghing.
- Bt cng tc cho b phn to m hot ng tr li.
- y xe ch cc khay trng p ti trc ca my n.
Soi loi trng hng v chuyn trng p sang khay n
Trc khi a trng vo my n ngi ta soi loi cc trng khng phi, cc trng cht
phi, trng gip
C hai cch soi loi: dng n cm tay soi chp t trn xung tng qu mt v dng
n soi i tr soi c khay. Tuy mc chnh xc khng bng n cm tay nhng n soi i
tr cho php lm nhanh, ph hp vi cc l trng ln. Cc trm p cng sut ln u dng
loi ny.
- Rt khay trng p c trng theo th t xe ch khay v t ln n soi i tr.
- Quan st v nht ra khi khay cc trng c mu sng hn khi trn n (trng
khng phi, trng cht phi sm), cc trng v b rn nt, cc trng v si bt nu hoc c
mu en (trng thi) v giy chn trng.
- a khay trng c soi v loi cc trng hng ln bn chuyn trng. Bn ny
nn c chiu ngang hp hn chiu di ca khay cho d thao tc v phi di c ch t
khay n.
- Rt khay n (khng c trng) my n theo th t v p ngc trm ln trn khay
p (khay n di v rng hn khay p). Hai ngi ng i din hai bn cnh bn hai u
khay nhc ln. Khi nhc gi cht p khay n st vo khay p v o ngc li cho khay p
nm ln trn. Thao tc ny cn nhanh v nh nhng, trnh lm t ngt c th gy v trng.
Lc ny khay p nm p sp trn bn trong khay n.
- Nh nhnh nhc khay p ra khi khay n v cho trng ln t do bn trong khay
n. my n trng c th nm ngang t do khng cn theo mt v tr nht nh na.
- Rt th nh du khay t khay p v ci sang khay n.
- Ghi vo biu mu s trng c chuyn sang my n.
- a khay p khng cn trng vo v tr c xe ch khay p v t p ngc phn
bit vi cc khay c trng.
a trng vo my n
- Theo th t, a cc khay n c trng vo v tr ca n trong my. Khi cm khay n
c trng a vo my phi ht sc cn thn v lc ny v trng rt gin v mng i nhiu,
hn na khay n rng hn nn trng c th ln qua ln li bn trong va vo nhau lm rn
v. V vy tt c mi thao tc phi lm t t, nh nhng. Trc khi cm khay ln tt nht nn
dn ht trng v mt u khay v cm hi nghing v pha trng khi ln va vo nhau.
Nu khng dn trng v mt pha th phi cm khay tht cn bng.
- Khi chuyn cc khay trng vo y mt bn my n th ng ca bn v m
ca bn cn li ri tip tc chuyn trng vo. My n vn chy lin tc trong khi tin hnh
chuyn trng (nhng tt m).
- Chuyn xong phi ly np li y ln cc khay trn cng g con khi n khi
nhy ra v y cc mp khay cho bng nhau. Khi chuyn trng t my p sang my n phi
i v tr cc khay di ln trn, trong ra ngoi v.v
- Sau khi chuyn ht trng vo my n, ng ca my v l thot kh cho nhit
tng ln.
- a xe ch khay p v cc dng c khc ra khu vc, c ra v sinh.
- Thu dn, c ra khu vc chuyn trng. Sau lau li bng formol 2% hoc erezin 3%.
- Theo di nhit ca my n. Khi my t nhit yu cu th cho b phn to m
hot ng tr li.
- Khi my t c nhit v m theo yu cu, phi tin hnh xng st trng cho my n
c trng. Liu lng xng l 9g thuc tm, 18cc formol/1m
3
v xng trong 20 pht.
144
Ht thi gian xng phi m ca my v l thot kh hi xng thot ra ht ri mi
ng ca li.
Ch trong trng hp khi chuyn trng sang my n m c khong 10% s trng
(hoc hn m v) th khng nn xng st trng na.
3.6.3. Ly g con ra khi my n
Cng vic ny trong ngnh gi l ra g. ra g phi chun b trc mt s dng c
v iu kin cn thit.
Chun b dng c v iu kin
a- Dng c cn thit:
- Bn chn g con
- Hp ng g con c m lt v c xng st trng
- Xe ch hp ng g con.
- Khay ng trng khng n.
- Thng rc (ng trng thi, xc g, v trng).
- Chu ng desinfectol 4cc/l v khn lau.
- Phn, bt.
- Biu mu.
b- iu kin cn thit
- Nu c nhiu my n cng ra g mt ngy phi kim tra tt c quyt nh my
no ra trc, my no ra sau.
- t bn chn g con trc ca my n s ra g trc tin. Chiu ngang ca bn nn
ngn hn chiu di ca khay n d nhc khay ln xung. Chiu di ca bn phi t
mt khay n gia v hai hp ng g con hai bn (trn thc t mt bn khay ng cc
trng khng n).
- Di gm bn chn t sn mt hp ng g con loi II. Mt pha u bn t thng
rc ng v trng.
- t trc ca my n s hp cn thit ng g con ca my .
- Tt cc qut gi v ng cc ca ln phng my n trnh gi la nu tri lnh.
- Cng nhn tham gia chn g con phi ra tay bng dung dch desinfectol 44cc/l v
phi eo khu trang.
Ly g ra khi my
- Tt cng tc cho b phn to m ngng hot ng. Nu ma ng th c th tt my
cn ma h th nn cho my chy v ct nhit m bo thng thong.
- Ln lt rt tng khay n t di ln trn ra khi my v t ln bn chn
- Ly g ra khi khay tng 5 con mt (mt tay bt hai con, tay kia bt ba con). Khi bt
chn nhng con kho mnh bt trc v b vo mi ngn hp 25 con.
- Trc khi th g vo hp, phi quan st k cc b phn ca g nh lng, m, mt,
chn v lt g ln xem rn c khp kn khng. Loi b nhng con c khuyt tt nh khoo
chn, h rn, m vo, m mt xung gm bn.
- Nn theo di kt qu chi tit ca tng khay v ghi vo biu: s khay, s trng khng
n, s g loi I, loi II.
- Khi hp g 100 con th y np li v ghi cc s liu cn thit vo nhn hp g
con (dn np hp). Cc s liu ny gm: tn trm p, s lng g, g con thuc ging, dng,
ngy n, ngi chn g, ngi chn trng mi (nu c) v tim chng g cha.
- Nht cc trng khng n trong khay n b vo khay nha t bn cnh. V trng
cn li trong khay n trt vo thng rc.
- Khay n khng trng xp tr li v tr c xe ch khay n trong my (nu c xe)
hoc chuyn thng ra khu v sinh (nu khng c xe).
- Sau khi ly ht g ra khi my th tt my thu dn v lm v sinh. Nu my n
c xe ch khay th y c xe ra khu vc c ra v sinh.
145
- y xe ch cc hp g con sang khu vc bo qun trc khi xut i.
Phn loi g con
Khi chn g a vo hp xut i phi da vo cc tiu chun sau phn loi g loi I
v g loi II.
Tiu chun g loi I:
+ Chn ng vng, thng, nhanh nhn, cc ngn chn thng khng cong vo.
+ Mt trn, sng
+ Lng u, bng, kh, sch. Mu lng ng mu chun ca ging dng.
+ M lnh ln, u, khng b lch, vo, d hnh
+ Rn kh v khp kn, khng b vim
+ Bng thon, mm
+ Khi lng phi t:
- G thng phm: khng di 32 g
- G thay th n b m: khng di 34 g
- G thay th n ng b v n thun chng: khng di 36g.
Tt c g con khng t mt trong cc tiu chun trn l g loi II.
Ti cc Trung tm ging thun chng khi p thay th, g con i hi phi c chn
lc ht sc cn thn v th cch chn c khc vi g thng phm:
- Trc khi chn g phi ra tay bng dung dch Desinfectol 4cc/l v lau kh.
Trn bn chn g gia tri mt tm khn, xung quanh c khung g g con khi
chy ra ngoi khi chn. Mt bn khung t hp g con cha chn, bn kia t hp ng g
con loi I. Di gm bn chn t hp ng g con loi II.
- Chn g phi lm cn thn, nhe nhng. Mi tay ch bt mt con chn. Bt g con sao
cho u g hng v c tay, lng p vo lng bn tay, bng nga ln.
- Dng ngn tay ci v ngn gia bp nh vo bng g con xem cng hay mm. Mt quan st
chn, m ca g con c b d tt khng, rn c khp kn khng Nu rn b lng che kn khng nhn
r th c th dng ngn tay tr s vo rn kim tra.
- Th g con vo trong khung g kim tra xem g con c ng vng khng, i li c
bnh thng khng ng thi xem li g con c b d tt na khng.
- G tiu chun ging th b vo hp ng g con loi I, mi ngn hp cha 25 con.
Khi hp 100 con th y np v in mi s liu vo mc hp g. Sau xp hp ln xe
ch hp g con.

3.6.4. Tim chng v bo qun g con mi n
Thng thng sau khi phn loi, g con loi I c chuyn sang phng trng mi ni c th
lm cc cng vic nh chn ging mi, tim chng v bo qun g con trc khi xut i.
Nu c thuc th g con mi n cn c tim:
- Tylosin: phng chng bnh CRD
- Vacxin Marek: phng chng bnh Marek.
Hp ng g con
G con loi I chuyn t trm p i ni khc phi c gi trong hp ng g con quy
cch nh sau:
- Hp ng 100 g con phi c din tch y ti thiu l 3000 cm
2
(bnh qun
30cm
2
/con) v c chiu cao ti thiu l 12cm.
- Hp phi c chia thnh 4 c vch ngn cho g con khi dn vo nhau v b
cht. Cc vch ngn cn lm cho hp ng g cng hn.
- Cc thnh hp vch ngn v np hp phi c nhiu l trn ng knh 2cm m
bo thng thong cho g con trong.
- Np hp ng g con phi c g chu lc nhm ngn cch y hp trn v np hp
di mt khong ti thiu l 3cm gi thng thong v thot hi nng.
146
- y hp ng g con phi c ri mt lp m lt bng v bo ngn, kh, sch,
dy 3cm gi cho g con khi b choi chn v ht m.
Bo qun g con mi n
G con loi I sau khi ng hp phi c xp ln xe ch hp g con. Khi xp hp ln
xe phi t mt tay gia y hp khng b trng, trnh cho g con khi b kp chn, kp u
vo cch ngn v b cht.
Cc hp g xp trn xe phi gi mt khong cch 5 cm gia hp n vi hp kia
m bo thng thong.
Khng xp qu ba tng hp cc tng ln nhau cc hp di khi b kp. Cc
tng hp phi c xp so le vi nhau.
Cc xe ch hp ng g con khng c xp st vo khay m phi cch nhau mt
khong 30 40 cm.
G con cha xut i ngay cn c ni thong mt v ma h v m p v ma
ng. Ni chung phi m bo sao cho nhit bn trong hp g khng vt qu 37
0
C v
khng di 30
0
C.
Sau khi kt thc ton b cng vic ra g, chn g phi qut dn v sinh khu vc .
Cc dng c bn gh phi a ra khu v sinh c ra sch s v st trng bng Desinfectol
4cc/l ri phi kh.
Tng nh v nn nh ni ra g v chn g phi c c ra bng nc x phng v trng
li bng nc sch ri lau kh. Sau lau li nn nh bng crezin 3%.
Cc khay n, xe ch khay v my n cng phi c v sinh st trng (xem mc 7.3
v sinh my mc v dng c).

3.6.5. Vn chuyn g con
Nu khu vc chn nui gn tri p th c th vn chuyn g con bng bt c phng
tin no v vo bt c lc no min l cc hp g con khng b nghing v mt pha, khng b
ma t hoc b nng nng chiu vo trc tip c thng thong.
Nhng yu cu ti thiu ca xe ch g con
Trn thc t phn ln cc trng hp khu chn nui u xa trm p nn vic vn
chuyn g con phi dng n xe c gii. Nu khng c xe chuyn dng th xe ch g con phi
m bo cc iu kin ti thiu sau:
- Xe phi c c ra, v sinh sch s v phun formol 2% trc khi dng ch g con.
- Xe phi c b phn gim sc tt.
- Thng xe phi c mui v thnh bao quanh. Mt trc ca thng xe cn c ca thng
gi c th iu chnh m c, nu khng ti thiu phi c bt.
- Sn xe phi c nhit tt v kn trnh khi, hi nng, bi, nc t gm xe bc ln.
- C gi xp cc hp g con.
K thut vn chuyn g con.
- y xe ch cc hp g con ti khu vc giao nhn v rt cc hp g xp ln xe. Khi
a cc hp g con t di ln xe phi lm nh nhng cn thn, mt tay vo gia y hp
v mt tay gi cnh sao cho hp lun nm ngang.
- Khi t hp xung gi trn xe nu c ting g con ku to phi m np hp ra kim
tra phng g b kp chn, kp c.
- Xp cc hp g ln gi phi mt khong cch gia cc hp cng tng t nht l
5cm. Cc hp g hai cnh phi cch thnh xe ti thiu 10cm.
- Cc hp g tng trn phi xp so le vi tng di. Tu theo cng ca hp v
chiu cao ca mi tng gi m xp cc hp chng ln nhay. Tuy nhin khng nn xp qu
4 tng v kh thng thong v d lm bp cc hp tng di. Cc hng hp trn xe phi
cch nhau 20cm.
147
- Phi m bo tng hp cao nht trn xe cch nc xe t nht 50cm g con khi b
nng khi tri nng.
Trong khi vn chuyn g con cn ch :
- Kim tra xe k cng v mt k thut trc khi xp g ln trnh hng hc dc ng.
- Nn vn chuyn g con vo nhng gi mt m, khng c nng. Nu phi vn chuyn
ng di th tt nht nn ch vo ban m.
- Trnh xut pht t ngt hoc phanh ng xe v s lm cc hp g x vo nhau, g
trong b dn c th cht.
- Trnh dng xe lu mt ch, nht l ch nng hoc c nng.
- Trnh ma t gi lnh thi trc tip vo cc hp g con.
- Khi chy nn chn cc ng rng, tt, t g v vng ngi.

3.6. Kim tra s pht trin ca phi trong qu trnh p

3.6.1. Soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau su ngy p (trn 144 gi p)
Sau khi a trng vo p, thng thng y l ln kim tra u tin. Sau su ngy p
trong trng xy ra nhng qu trnh quan trng nht ca s pht trin phi, hnh thnh v
pht trin mt cch ng k cc mng c quan nh ti lng , ti nc i v mng niu
nang. Nhng c quan ny ch tn ti tm thi v bin i khi g n. Cc mng c quan ny bo
m vic cung cp cho phi cc cht dinh dng ly t lng trng, lng v v trng cng
nh duy tr mi tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi trng. V vy chng gi mt vai tr rt tch
cc trong sut qu trnh trao i cht ca phi.
nhng ngy p u tin, cng trao i cht ca phi rt mnh, phi tiu th mt
lng ln thc n so vi khi lng ca n v ln rt nhanh. Lng ni phi pht trin c
khi lng ring nh hn lng trng, do ni ln gn v (do trng nm nghing mt gc
45
0
). Vi v tr ny phi nm gn ngay st v v c ngn cch vi mng v bng mt lp
lng trng mng v nc i. Chnh v vy ngay t khi bt u p ta c th quan st thy phi
ngay di v khi a trng ln n soi.
Khi soi trng sau 6 ngy p, lc ny phi nng hn nm v tr khc. Do phi pht
trin, lng pha di phi long dn ra, phi mi ngy mt nng thm nn chm su dn
vo trong lng . Mi lc phi nm xa v hn nn d mng v dch nc i trong cng vn
khng quan st thy phi. Ch khi no xoay trng tht mnh vo do cc co bp ca ti nc i
lm phi tri ln, tin li gn v mi c th quan st thy.
Nu phi pht trin bnh thng ti nc i c kch thc tng i ln, khi a trng
ln n soi s thy mt vng sng mu trng hng bao quanh phi. V cng nm vi phi
trn lng nn ti nc i che kn h thng mch mu ca lng . Khi soi ch c th thy
cc mch mu bao quanh ti nc i.
Trong tun p u, ti lng pht trin v ln rt nhanh. H thng mch mu ca n
cng vy nn nu a ln soi c th thy cc mch mu bao bc mt na lng . Nh h
thng mch mu ny phi c th ly c xy v cc cht dinh dng t lng . V th h
thng ny phi pht trin tt v c nhiu mu th mi m bo cung cp cht dinh dng
v xy m phi cn thit.
For mat t ed: I ndent : Hanging: 0.02
cm
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
148

Hnh 14: Phi g 6 ngy p
1 V can xi, 2 Mng v ngoi, 3 Mng v trong
4 Mng niu nang, 5 Mng mch mu ca mng niu nang
6 Ti nc i, 7 Ti lng , 8 Mng mch mu ca ti lng , 9 - phi
Khi soi trng sau 6 ngy p, mng niu nang bt u ln v bm vo mt trong ca trng (gn
bung kh). Tuy nhin trng g kh quan st hn v ch thy mt mng mch mu nh nm
pha trn ti nc i. V vy khi soi trng g sau 6 ngy p khng th ly s pht trin ca
mng niu nang lm thc o s pht trin ca phi.
C th sng no cng cn phi c nc. Nc tham gia vo mi hot ng sng v
qu trnh trao i cht. V vy gi nc khi bay hi t trng l vn rt quan trng. Cn
kim sot c lng nc bay hi qua v trng ngay t y v nc mt i s khng b li
c.
Khi a trng vo my p nhit cao v tc gi ln hn s lm nc bay hi
nhanh hn nhng ng thi cng li l lc cn phi gi cho trng b bay hi mt t nc nht.
Mun bit trng b bay hi mt t hay nhiu nc c th xc nh bng cch o kch thc
ca bung kh hoc cn trng xem gim bao nhiu khi lng.
c im ca phi pht trin tt sau 6 ngy p
- Bnh thng khng nhn thy phi, ch khi xoay trng mnh hoc ti nc i co bp
mi c th quan st thy.
- Phi ln nm chm su trong lng .
- Ti nc i ln nn ch phi nm c mu trng c m (i khi thy ph mt mng
li mch mu rt nh, kh thy ca mng niu nang). Ti nc i bo v phi ngn cch
phi vi lng trng (c kim kh cao), lm phi khi dnh vo v v trnh b cc nh
hng c hc bn ngoi tc ng.
- Bn ngoi ti nc i h thng mch mu ca lng pht trin mnh, cc mch
mu to v cng y. V vy trng c mu hng.
- Trng c bung kh nh
- Khi b soi nng phi di ng nhanh, mnh v chm su vo trong trng. Do phi
xoay mch mi thy c phi.
c im ca phi pht trin yu sau 6 ngy p
- V lng tan t, khng thc n cung cp cho phi nn phi c khi lng nh.
- Phi nh khng chm su c vo trong lng m nm gn v nn nhn thy mt
phi rt r.
-Ti nc i nh
For mat t ed: Font : 10 pt , I t alic
149
- H thng mch mu lng pht trin yu.
- Phi yu nn thiu mu, cc mch mu nh, t mu nn khi soi thy trng c mu
hng nht.
- i khi bung kh kh ln.
- Khi soi ln n mc d nng nh do phi yu v nh nn khng th di ng mnh
hoc chm su vo trong trng.
Nguyn nhn gy cht phi nhiu trong thi k
- p trng bo qun qu nhiu ngy.
- Trng p khng c bo qun tt trc khi p (nhit bo qun cao, m thp).
- n g sinh sn b thiu vitamin trong mt thi gian di, nht l vitamin thuc nhm
B, biotin, vitamin A v E.
- Ch p khng thch hp ch yu do nhit qu cao.
Phn bit phi cht v cc k hiu
S dng lm kim tra sinh hc t u.
- Phi cht trc ngy p th hai: nhng trng ny kh phn bit v rt d nhm vi
trng sng. Thng nhng trng kh soi xoay nh m lng di ng mnh tin gn st vo
v, lng mo v hi ln hn bnh thng l nhng trng cht phi. i khi cn c th
quan st thy cc vt mu nh trn lng (khi nh sng mnh v tp trung, trng soi c mu
v trng).
- Phi cht 3 4 ngy p: nhng trng ny khi soi s thy c vng mu hoc vt mu
chy ngang. t khi quan st thy phi v phi cn rt nh.
- Phi cht 5 6 ngy p: phi ln hn nn quan st thy d dng. Phi cht thng
nm gn bung kh v dnh vo v thnh mt vt en. Cc trng ny khi soi c th thy vng
mu hoc khng.
Soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau 6 ngy p phi soi u trn (u c
bung kh). Ni chung cc trng c phi b cht c th phn bit d dng do s tan v ca h
thng mch mu, do phi nm im khng chuyn ng khi b nng.
Cc k hiu c s dng trong t kim tra ny l:
S: trng sng (trng khng c th tinh)
C: trng c phi cht trc ngy p th hai
M: trng c phi cht lc 3-4 ngy p
C
1
: trng c phi cht lc 5-6 ngy p.
V
1
: trng b dp v t lc vo p cho ti 6 ngy
Y
1
: trng c phi pht trin yu lc 6 ngy
BK: trng c bung kh di ng hoc bung kh qu lch
Trng c phi pht trin bnh thng khng nh du g
Ch : khi nh du dng bt ch vit vo chnh gia u trn ca trng pha trn
bung kh.
3.6.2. Soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau 11 ngy p (sau 264 gi p)
y l ln kim tra th hai t khi trng vo p.
Sau thi k phi hnh thnh, cc c quan c cng pht trin ln nht tip sang
thi k phi, i hi mt lng thc n v xy ln hn nhiu ln mc d cng pht trin
gim dn. Ti lng v mng niu nang ln nhanh v hot ng tch cc. Trong thi k ny
phi c mi lin quan c bit vi mi trng thng qua mng niu nang v h thng mch
mu ca n. V vy s pht trin ca mng niu nang l mt du hiu ng k nh gi s
pht trin ca phi trong thi gian ny.
Cc chc nng ca mng niu nang
Mng niu nang c nhng chc nng sau:
1- Mng niu nang l c quan h hp ca phi.
Del et ed:
150
Do mng niu nang nm ngay di v nn h thng mch mu ca n hp th c
xy t khng kh trong my p mt cch d dng, ng thi thi kh cc-b-nic (CO
2
). Khi
ln ln, mng niu nang bao bc tt c mt trong ca v trng (tr khong bn trn bung
kh) v t lc ny ton b b mt ca trng tham gia vo qu trnh h hp ca phi.
2- Mng niu nang nhn cc cht thi t thn ca phi v thi ra phi khi b nhim
c.
Phi cng ln v pht trin tt bao nhiu th cng tiu th nhiu thc n v cng thi
nhiu cht cn b by nhiu. V vy khoang ca mng niu nang cng ln v gip cho mp
ca n c th lch vo gia lng trng v mng v. Mng niu nang ln dn v cui cng s
bao bc ton b lng trng vo bn trong.
Nu qu trnh trao i cht yu, phi khng nhn thc n s thi t cht cn b,
mng niu nang s ln chm, bao bc ht c lng trng mun hn hoc h khng bao
bc ht hoc khp kn nhng li mt t lng trng ngoi.
3- Mng niu nang ly can xi t v trng cung cp cho phi s dng.
Sau khi mng niu nang khp kn, bao bc ton b pha trong trng th n tr thnh
ngun cung ng canxi duy nht (ly t trng) cho phi. Di tc ng ca cc phn ng ho
hc, mt phn canxi ca v s b tan ra v c cc mch mu ca mng niu nang vn
chuyn v cho phi s dng. Canxi l mt nguyn t rt cn thit cho phi v vo gia qu
trnh p, xng ca g con hnh thnh v ang cng dn nn i hi mt lng ln canxi.
4- Mng niu nang gi mt vai tr quan trng gip phi tiu th lng trng.
Ch sau khi cc mp ca mng niu nang ni vi nhau u nhn ca trng lng
trng mi bt u i qua ng dn huyt thanh v vo ti i. T lc ny phi tiu th lng
trng qua ming. Bng hnh thc ny phi c th tn dng phn ln cc cht c trong lng
trng . Nu nh mng niu nang khp kn chm, phi s tiu th lng trng qua ming mun
hn, s dng lng trng chm hn. Do cho ti tn khi n phi vn khng tiu ho c ht
lng trng, dn n thiu thc n cho qu trnh pht trin ca phi.
5- Mng niu nang ngn nc bc hi t lng trng.
Nc lng trng l nc d tr, cha tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht v rt cn
thit cho phi. Phi c mt lng nc nht nh trong lng v lng trng th phi mi c
th thc hin c qu tnh trao i cht mt cch bnh thng. Nc s ho tan cc cht dinh
dng v a vo cho phi, ng thi nc tham gia vo cc bin i sinh ho xy dng cc
c quan v mng ca phi. Nc cng ho tan cc tht thi ca qu trnh trao i cht ca cc
c quan v mng ca phi. Nc cng ho tan cc cht thi ca qu trnh trao i cht v a
ra ngoi. Do nc t lng trng bay hi i nhiu s lm xu i cc iu kin sng ca phi.
Mng niu nang pht trin ti u s ngn cch lng trng tip xc vi v ti v khi mng
niu nang khp kn th ton b lng trng b bao bc khng tip xc trc tip c vi v
na nn khng b bay hi mt nc. Lc ny mng niu nang tip xc trc tip vi mng
trong ca v v nc t mng niu nang s bay hi. Mng niu nang cng ln nc s bay hi
cng nhiu. y l nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht, b phi thi vo khoang ca
mng niu nang. m bo cho nc thi bay hi nhanh l iu kin cn thit trao i cht
c th xy ra mt cch bnh thng.
V mng niu nang c nhng chc nng quan trng nh vy nn sc ln v trng thi
ca mng niu nang cng gp phn xc nh kh nng pht trin ca phi. Sau 11 ngy p,
phi to nn kh thy mt cch y nh gi trng thi ca n. Chnh v vy cc du
hiu pht trin ca mng niu nang quan st thy khi soi trng c th dng nh gi s
pht trin chung ca phi.
Du hiu c trng ca phi pht trin tt sau 11 ngy p l mng niu nang khp
kn pha u nhn ca trng bao bc ton b bn trong tr bung kh v cc mch mu ca
n phi nhiu, to v cng.
151
Bnh thng cc mp ca mng niu nang khp kn li vi nhau u nhn ca trng
sau thi gian: g 11 ngy, vt 13 ngy, ngng v g ty 15 ngy.
T l v cht lng g n ra t nhng trng c mng niu nang khp kn li ng thi
gian cao hn nhiu so vi nhng trng mng niu nang khp kn chm, khng khp kn hoc
khp kn nhng cn lng trng ngoi ( u nhn ca trng).
Cch tin hnh kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau 11 ngy p
- Xc nh v tr ca khay mu trong my ri ly ra a vo phng kim tra sinh hc.
- t khay trng p bn phi n soi. Bn tri n soi t cc khay khng c trng
(khay nha thng) xp trng c phi pht trin bnh thng khi soi thy.
- Cc phi yu, phi cht, trng gip v c nh k hiu u trn ca trng v
xp ra mt khay nha ring.
- Sau khi soi xong ht trng trong khay, m s trng ca tng loi phi pht trin
bnh thng, phi pht trin yu, phi cht, trng dp v v ghi vo biu kim tra sinh hc.
Khi ghi cn kim tra li xem tng s cc loi trng c bng tng s trng ca ln kim tra
trc li trong khay hay khng. Nu c trng v phi loi b th phi ghi r vo biu tr
vo tng s.
- Xp ton b trng vo khay p tr nhng trng thi hoc dp v. Sau a khay
vo v tr c trong my tip tc p.
Khi soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi sau 11 ngy p phi soi u nhn ca
trng. Cn ch xem mng niu nang khp kn hay cha, ch yu phi da vo mng
mch mu xc nh v mu ca mng niu nang trong, nhng trng v nu rt kh nhn.
Tuy nhin nu mng niu nang cn h ta s thy ch h sng hn mt cht v c gii hn
tng i r.
Cc k hiu c s dng trong t kim tra ny l:
Y
2
: cc trng c mu niu nang cn cha khp kn, phi pht trin chm, yu lc 11
ngy.
C
2
: cc trng c phi b cht trong thi gian t 6 ti 11 ngy p.
V
2
: Cc trng b dp v trong thi gian t 6 ti 11 ngy p.
Cc trng phi pht trin tt c mng niu nang khp kn th nguyn khng nh
du.
Cc c im nhn bit phi b cht trong thi k ny l:
- Phi khng chuyn ng khi soi nng
- Trng c mu nu sm do cc mch mu b ph v.
- Khng cn nhn thy hnh mch mu hoc hnh mch mu b nho i do b v.
Cc trng c phi pht trin yu, ngoi c im mng niu nang h, cn gp nhiu
mng mch mu ca n m do cc mch mu nh v t mu. Phi nh v chuyn ng yu.
Cn ch khi tin hnh kim tra s pht trin ca phi ln mt v ln hai phi lm
nhanh, sao cho thi gian trng ngoi my p t nht. Cho ti lc ny phi cha to nhiu
nhit, lu ngoi my trng b mt nhit qu nhiu s lm cho phi b pht trin chm.
3.6.3. Soi trng nh gi s pht trin ca phi sau 19 ngy p
y l ln kim tra th ba, c lm vo lc trc khi g bt u n.
Mc d khi bt u n l kt thc tt c cc qu trnh chun b g m v, kt thc
qu trnh pht trin phi, vic theo di vn rt quan trng i vi kim tra sinh hc. Khi soi
trng c quan st cc din bin v kt thc ca qu trnh pht trin phi trong giai on 11
19 ngy p v bit c mc chun b ca thai m v ra ngoi. Cc quan st ny gip ta
nh gi c ch p s dng v tng lai ca cc l trng tip theo cn ang trong
my p. i vi l trng ang my n cng quan trng v n gip cho vic lp ra mt ch
p thch hp my n p ng vi yu cu ca thai sao cho qu trnh n c th din ra
d dng, ng lot.
Del et ed:
152
Nu lc ny g con trong trng s dng ht lng trng v phn ln lng th
qu trnh n s xy ra ng lc v g n d dng. G con n ra lnh ln v kho mnh. V vy
lc ny phi phi ln v nm ng ngi v tr. Thng thng nhng iu kin ny km theo
qu trnh teo kh ca mng niu nang, ct t mi lin quan gia h thng mch mu ca n
v h tun hon ca thai cng nh kch thc ca ti lng nh li trc khi c a vo
khoang bng.
Du hiu c trng ca trng chun b tt n l khi soi u nhn ca trng thy
ti sm hon ton. iu ny ch ra rng phi dng ht lng trng, khng cn cht no
u nhn. Nh vy lng cng c s dng nhiu v sau khi ht lng trng th cc cht
dinh dng trong ti lng l ngun cung cp thc n duy nht cho thai. ng thi n cng
cho bit thai ln nm chim ht ton b khoang ca trng (tr bung kh) lp kn pha u
nhn ca trng.
Mt du hiu khc nhn bit mc pht trin ca phi trong giai on gia ca
qu trnh p l s bay hi nc ca trng. Phi cng c nui dng tt, qu trnh trao i
cht cng mnh th nc t trng bay hi cng nhiu.Do trao i cht mnh phi thi rt
nhiu nc mang theo cc cht cn b vo khoang ca mng niu nang. Khi phi xy ho
mt lng ln cht dinh dng (qu trnh ng ho), trong trng to ra rt nhiu nhit. Mt
phn ca nhit lng ny c s dng lm bay hi nc t mng niu nang. nhn bit
c nc bay hi nhiu hay t phi da vo kch thc ca bung kh. Nu trong giai
on gia ca qu trnh p (11 19 ngy p) phi pht trin tt th bung kh s chim
khong 1/3 th tch trng.
Hn na nu nc t mng niu nang bay hi i nhiu th sau 19 ngy p, mng
niu nang phi bt u teo kh. V vy khi soi u t ca trng (u c bung kh) s thy
mng niu nang ch tip gip vi bung kh c mu ti sm, khng cn sng m hoc c hnh
mch mu.
Phi pht trin chm hoc yu th trng bay hi t nc, gim khi lng t, bung kh
nh hn nhiu so vi cc trng phi pht trin tt. Mng niu nang ca cc trng ny ch st
vi bung kh cn sng nhiu, rt r cc mch mu cn ang cng. y l biu hin ca mng
niu nang cn cha nhiu nc, cha teo kh v mng mch mu ca mng niu nang vn
cn ang hot ng quan h cht ch vi h tun hon ca thai.
Trc khi n, thai nm ng ngi l nm theo trc dc ca trng. ui hng v pha
u nhn, u hng v bung kh ca trng. Chn gp li co st vo mnh, gia hai chn l
ti lng . u ca thn gp di cnh phi m ngng ln pha lng. Lc ny thai lun lun
c ng v hng duy nht c th c ng c l v pha bung kh, th hin thai nm ng
ngi v chun b tt m v. i khi soi trng cn gp bng ca m g cn nh ln bung
kh th.
V tr ca thai cn c th nhn bit khi g con bt u m v. Nu nm ng ngi, vt
m v s gn bung kh hoc gn gia thn trng. Nu nm sai ngi g con s m v na
di qu trng v pha u nhn ca trng.
Khi soi trng sau 19 ngy p c th chia lm 4 loi theo mc pht trin khc nhau.
- Loi th nht: gm nhng trng khi soi thy mng niu nang gn bung kh ti sm,
u nhn ca trng ti sm, bung kh tng i ln v thy r c ca g con ng nguy bn
trong. y l loi tt nht v thai pht trin hon chnh. Thng nhng trng ny khng
c trng khng n hay ni cch khc l s n ton b. Mt l trng tt, ch p ph hp th
trng loi ny phi chim t l cao.
- Loi th hai: gm nhng trng soi thy mng niu nang tip gip vi bung kh v
u nhn ca trng u ti sm nhng c ca g con cha nh ln bung kh. Nhn chung
y c l do no khin s pht trin ca phi b chm li vo nhng ngy cui. Thng
thng bung kh ca cc trng ny nh sn so vi trng loi th nht. T l n ca nhng
trng ny ni chung l tt nhng s n chm hn bnh thng.
153
- Loi th ba: gm nhng trng c ca g con nh ln bung kh nhng khi soi cn
thy sng u nhn ca trng. C hai kh nng.
a- Do g con trong trng dng chn p nh u v c ln bung kh qu mnh lm
nhc c mnh ln v cch khi u nhn ca trng mt t. V th khi soi thy u nhn trng.
Thc ra y l nhng trng thuc loi th nht nhng bt u hi sm cc hot ng m
v ra ngoi. Tuy nhin mng ni u nang ch gn bung kh ln ca cc trng ny ti sm
chng t teo kh. T l n ca cc trng ny cng rt tt nh nhng trng thuc loi th
nht.
b- u nhn ca trng khi soi cn thy sng do cn lng trng nhng v mt s
l do nht nh (v d nh nhit cao ko di) nhng trng ny bt u n sm. Thng
thng, mng niu nang ch tip gip vi bung kh hy cn sng v cn thy mch mu
ang hot ng. Cc trng ny c t l cht phi kh cao. Phn ln trng m v ri nm y
hoc g con n ra cn ti lng nm ngoi khoang bng hoc h rn.
- Loi th t: gm nhng trng thai chun b iu kin n rt km. u nhn ca
trng khi soi cn sng, c ca phi cng cha nh ln bung kh. Mp bung kh c mt
ng ranh gii thng v rt r. Thng pha di mp ny vn cn quan st thy cc mch
mu ca mng niu nang cha b teo i. Bung kh nh. Nhng trng ny n rt km, g n
ra xu v yu. Nhiu trng khng n. V vy khi p phi iu chnh ch p sao cho khng
c loi trng ny trong my.
Qu trnh pht trin ca phi trong my p khng nhng nh hng ti kt qu v s
lng ca l p m cn nh hng c ti cht lng g con n ra. G n t nhng trng phi
pht trin tt s ln nhanh hn v bt u trc.
Khi soi kim tra trng sau 19 ngy p ngi ta dng cc k hiu sau nh du
Y
3
: cc trng phi pht trin chm, yu, c cha nh ln bung kh.
C
3
: cc trng c phi b cht trong giai on t 12 ti 19 ngy p.
V
3
: Cc trng b dp, v trong giai on t 12 ti 19 ngy p.
Cc trng pht trin tt khng nh du.
* Sau khi p ht ngy th 20 (sau 480 gi) bt u vo ngy p th 21 phi m s g con
n ra trong khay mu kim tra sinh hc bit t l g n ng thi gian l bao nhiu. Trn c
s iu chnh ch p my n gip cho g n ng lot v d dng hn hoc d tnh c
thi im g s n r iu chnh my.

3.6.4. Kim tra khi g n v nh gi cht lng g n
Kt qu cui cng ca mt t p l g con n ra. V vy khi ra g cn c th nh gi
mt cch tng i ton din cht lng trng p, iu kin bo qun, ch p
Khi ly g ra khi my trc tin cn quan st mu ca v trng cn trong khay. V
trng sch khng c vt bn mu xanh hoc nu chng t g n tt, rn khp kn. Ngc li
v trng trng nhem nhuc, mang nhiu vit bn mu xanh, nu, , vng v dnh th chc
chn c nhiu trng khng n. G con n ra lng dnh bt, yu, rn h nhiu.
Qua vt m v v kch thc ca mnh v trng cng c th nh gi mt phn ch
p c s dng v n ch v tr phi nm v bay hi nc ca trng.
Vic nh gi cht lng g n ra ch nn lm khi g kh lng v cng cp. Nu
lm ngay khi g mi n, g con cn yu, t hot ng v lm con t. Do s c nhiu g
loi I b nh gi sai lm thnh loi II.
Khi ra g con phi cn g con bit chnh xc bay hi nc ca trng v s s
dng lng trng v lng ca phi trong qu trnh p. Trng p tt t tiu chun v khi
lng, ch p ph hp th khi n ra g con phi nng trung bnh t 36 n 40g.
Ngoi cc tnh cht ca g loi I, g phc v tt cho chn nui phi l nhng con n
ng thi gian: g dng nh (hng trng) t cui ngy p th 20 ti gia ngy p th 21; g
dng nng (hng tht) t cui ngy p th 20 ti cui ngy p th 21.
Del et ed:
154
G tt, khi lng ca d dy tuyn, l lch v gan cng tng i ln. Tuy nhin tim
va phi khng to.
Ngoi cc vic phi quan st v theo di k trn khi ra g con phi m s g n
trong khay mu, phn ra loi I v loi II, n s trng khng n cn li trong khay, nhn xt
v ghi tt c cc s liu ny vo biu kim tra sinh hc.
Cui cng phi gii phu cc trng c phi cht khng n trong khay xc nh
nguyn nhn tm cc khc phc trong cc t p tip theo v ghi kt qu vo biu.

3.6.5. Kim tra gim khi lng ca trng trong qu trnh p
Nc khng ch bay hi t trng do nh hng ca cc iu kin bn ngoi. Trong
qu trnh phi pht trin cng trao i cht cng c mt nh hng ln ti bay hi
nc t trng, nht l na sau ca qu trnh p.
Mt qu trng khng c th tinh th lng nc bay hi t trng xy ra tng i
u t u ti cui t p. Trng c phi t l bay hi nc v cui qu trnh p tng ln. Khi
bt u p, nc bay hi t trng ch n thun theo tnh cht l hc tc l ph thuc vo
nhit , m v tc gi trong my p. Khi phi ln hn v cc mng ca phi bt
u hot ng th cng ngy s bay hi nc cng mang tnh cht sinh l ngha l ph thuc
vo th trng v cng trao i cht ca phi.
Khi mng niu nang khp kn, bao bc ton b mt trong trng th phi cng pht
trin tt v trao i cht mnh bao nhiu th nc t trng s bay hi nhanh by nhiu. Trong
tng giai on p th hin mc trao i cht v sc pht trin ca phi.
Nu trng b mt nhiu nc v bay hi trc khi vo p th t l n s km v phi
kh pht trin. Cc trng mt t nc trc khi p s cho t l n cao hn nhiu.
c bit trong khi p cn theo di v kim sot c bay hi nc t trng. Trong
sut qu trnh p cho ti lc 18 19 ngy trng gim t 11 n 13% khi lng so vi khi
lng ban u. Tuy nhin khng th ch ch trng ti gim khi lng chung ca c qu
trnh p bi v gim khi lng trng trong tng giai on mang ngha rt khc nhau.
Khi mi bt u p nc bay hi i t lng trng ni tp trung d tr nc cho phi
s dng. V vy phi gi ti mc ti a trng khi b bay hi mt nhiu nc, tng lng
nc mang cc cht dinh dng t lng trng v lng a vo cho phi. Lm gim bay
hi nc t trng trong nhng ngy p u tin cng l lm gim lng nhit m trng b mt
(do nc bay hi ly i).
Do t l gim khi lng bnh qun khng nn vt qu:
- Trng g t 1 n 6 ngy p: 0,5 0,6%/ngy
- Trng vt t 1 n 7 ngy p: 0,4 0,5%/ngy
- Trng ngng t 1 n 8 ngy p: 0,3 - 0,4%/ngy.
Mng niu nang pht trin ti lc bt u bm vo mt trong ca v trng (khong 6
ngy p) th bt u bay hi nc t trong khoang ca n. Mng niu nang cng ln, cng ph
kn t mng niu nang s tng dn ln. Khi mng niu nang khp kn u nhn ca trng
th nc bay hi i hon ton l nc t mng niu nang. y l nc tham gia vo qu
trnh trao i cht, a cc cht inh dng vo cho phi v sau phi thi vo khoang ca
nng niu nang mang theo cc cht cn b ca qu trnh trao i cht c hi cho phi.
Do nc t mng niu nang mt i khng nh hng xu ti dinh dng ca phi
m ngc li. Nc t mng niu nang bay hi i to ch phi tip tc thi cn b vo
khoang. Phi cng ln, pht trin cng tt s tiu th cng nhiu thc n lm gim nhanh
chng khi lng ca lng trng v mt phn lng . ng thi phi cng s thi cng nhiu
cht cn b.
Nu s bay hi nc t mng niu nang b gim i th khng ch lm cn tr vic thi
cc cht c hi t c th phi m cn lm gim lu lng nc a thc n t lng trng v
lng vo cho phi. V vy, phi dng pht trin v nu ko di th phi s b cht.
Del et ed:
155
Lm ngng s bay hi nc t mng niu nang vo gia qu trnh p s gy cht phi
trong nhng ngy p cui cng v trong khi n. V mng niu nang cn nhiu cht lng nn
khng teo kh i c, g n chm v nng bng. Rt nhiu phi b sc trong cht lng ny
v cht. Mt s khc b cht sau khi n. Do trong nhng ngy p u cn phi gi nc
cho trng ti mc ti a nhng khi mng niu nang khp kn th lm sao cho nc t trng
bay hi i ti mc ti a li l mt nhu cu cn thit.
T l gim khi lng ca trng g sau 11 ngy p cn t t 0,6% mt ngy tr ln
(c th 0,7 n 0,8%) i khi c th ti 1% hoc hn na.
C th xc nh c lng nc bay hi t trng khi g n da vo vt m v v
kch thc ca hai mnh v. Nu nc bay hi t th g s m v gn u trn ca trng.
Trng hp ny s thy mnh v pha bung kh nh hn hn mnh kia.
Nu nc t trng bay hi va phi vt m v s xp x 3/4 chiu di ca trng v pha
bung kh v hi lch xung pha gia trng. V vy khi g n ra c th thy hai mnh v c kch
thc chnh lch khng nhiu lm, mnh v di to gn gp ri mnh trn.

3.6.6.Theo di di ca qu trnh p
Khi p trng ca cng mt n g, khng phi tt c trng u n cng mt lc mc
d cc iu kin khc u ging nhau. T lc n nhng con g u tin cho ti khi n nhng
con g cui cng thng c mt s khc nhau v thi gian, trng ngng c th ti hn 2
ngy. C s khc nhau v thi gian l do nh hng ca cc tnh trng c th ca n g sinh
sn (kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng, di truyn)
Trng ng u v kch thc v cht lng sinh hc tt th g n s rt ng lot.
di ca qu trnh p khi s ph thuc vo cng trao i cht ca phi.
Nu c mt nguyn nhn no nh hng xu ti qu trnh trao i cht ca phi th
phn ln s lm ko di thi gian p. V vy di qu trnh p cng l mt ch s v cht
lng trng v cht lng p. Cn iu khin sao cho g ca mt l p bt u n ng lot;
ng thi gian v n trong mt thi gian ngn nht. Trn thc t c th kim tra di ca
qu trnh p khi so snh vi thi gian m ngi ta lp cho iu kin p cng nghip:
Bng 35 : Thi im g n

Bt u n N r Kt thc
G Cui ngy p th 20 Na u ngy 21 Cui ngy 21
Vt v g ty Ngy 26 Ngy 27
Cui ngy 27 v u
ngy 28
Ngng Ngy 29 Ngy 30 u ngy 31
Qu trnh n bt u khi trong khay n xut hin nhng g con u tin. N r l
khong thi gian m xp x 70 80% s trng cng n. Kt thc qu trnh n l khi c th ly
ra khi my n nhng con g con kho mnh, lnh ln cui cng m khng cn phi lm g
gip chng tch v ra ngoi.
Mun theo di v s dng ch s ny nn a cc l trng vo p cng mt gi nht
nh. V d tt c cc l p u vo trng lc 3 gi sng.
Khi kim tra di ca qu trnh p, cn xt n mt s iu kin bn ngoi x
dch khong thi gian chun:
- di qu trnh p ca tt c cc loi trong ma ng di hn mt cht so vi ma
xun v ma h.
- Trng g dng nng (g hng tht) do cng trao i cht ca phi nh hn so
vi phi ca trng g dng nh (g hng trng) nn n ra mun hn.
- Trng ca g qu mt nm cn mt qu trnh p di hn l trng ca g di
mt nm .
- Trong cng mt nhm trng th trng to n chm hn trng nh.
For mat t ed: Font : 9 pt , Bold
Del et ed:
156
- Trng bo qun cng lu th p n cng mun.
Nu trng c cht lng tt th khi vo p phi s pht trin tt v ng u. Cc c
quan hnh thnh ng thi gian v hot ng tch cc s gip cho g n ng thi gian v c
cht lng tt. V th g con tt nht l nhng con n ra trong na u ca ngy p th 21.
- Tuy nhin, cn nh rng nhng trng n ra g mi thi gian p ngn hn cht t so
vi nhng trng n ra g trng. V vy trong s g n ra na u ca ngy p th 21 c
nhiu g mi hn cn na sau ca ngy 21 li s c nhiu g trng.
- Trng ca nhng g mi sinh sn nhiu trng (nng sut cao) c xu hng rt
ngn thi gian p hn mt cht so vi trng ca cc con khc.

3.7. Mt s hin tng bnh l thng gp khi p trng cng nghip
Nhng triu chng xu biu hin ra trong qu trnh p cng nh kt qu p n c th
do nhiu nguyn nhn rt khc nhau gy ra. Tuy nhin bao gi cng c nhng nguyn nhn
ch yu gy ra mt bnh no m nu bit da vo cc triu trng c trng c th xc nh
d dng v tm cch khc phc cho trng ca cc l sau.

3.7.1. p trng bo qun di ngy
Trng c c th nhn bit khi thy bn ngoi b mt v trng nhn bng i khi c
mt vi mng xanh nht. a trng ln n soi thy lng mu sm, nm gn v trng v
i khi ri xung pha u nhn ca trng. Ch cn xoay nh l lng di ng rt mnh v
nhanh. Bung kh ln. p trng ra thy lng trng chy long nh nc, i khi c mu hi
c. Gii hn gia cc lp lng trng hu nh khng cn. Lng ca trng dt v mng
lng rt d b v.
Trong khi p, phi bt u pht trin mun, a phi nm trn lng ln ln mt
cch hn lon. Cc mm c quan thn kinh v tun hon ca phi khng c hnh thnh theo
ng tun t. V vy nhiu phi cht ngay trong ngy p u tin thm ch trong nhng gi p
u tin.
Phi yu, pht trin chm, mng niu nang khp kn chm. i khi cho ti tn cui
t p mng niu nang vn khng khp kn c.
Do lng trng b long, trong tun p u tin trng b bay hi mt nhiu nc. Tuy
vy sau khi mng niu nang khp kn th nc li bay hi t v chm do cht lng sinh
hc ca trng gim nhiu nn phi yu trao i cht km, to t nhit.
G bt u n chm. Phn ln g con m mt hoc vi vt v ri nm y khng
tch ri v ra ngoi c. Qu trnh n ko di v yu.
G con n ra dnh bt v bn do cn nhiu lng trng trong trng cha tiu th ht
dinh vo lng v kh cng thnh tng mng. Nhn chung, g con yu, nng bng, t l nui
sng thp.

3.7.2. Bnh chn, cnh ngn (Micromelia)
y l hin tng phi b bin d trm trng gn lin vi cc ri lon rt c trng ca
qu trnh hnh thnh sn v xng ca t chi.
Biu hin ca bnh ny l chn v i khi c cnh ca phi rt ngn. Xng bn ngn
cong v to ln. Xng chy cng ngn v cong. cnh, cc xng cnh tay, xng tr,
xng quay u b ngn li. Bnh chn, cnh ngn do thiu dinh dng cn km theo nhiu d
hnh khc.
Ngoi chn, cnh ngn i khi cn gp c bin d hp s: u rng, xng hm di
hu nh khng pht trin v rt ngn. Ngc li m phn trn li ln ln v qup xung di
nn trng ging nh m ca con vt. V th hin tng ny con gi l m vt. Xng sng
ca phi phn c i khi b vn xon.
157
S pht trin ca lng cng b bin i. Cc bp lng mng ln ln nhng khng m
ra khi ra khi da, v th ton thn nh bao ph bi nhng chic inh ghim. Mt vi bp
lng sau ny c th m ra nhng do m chm nn s c hnh xon c.
Phi b cht sm i khi mnh sng mng. Cc ngn chn dui hn lon hoc gp
ngc v pha sau. Gia ngn chn th ba v th t c th c mt mng mng. Phn ln cc
phi b bnh Micromelia u ngng pht trin v cht.
Nhiu phi c kch thc ci, nh. Thn nguyn thu (ng Wolff) ln hn bnh
thng v cha nhiu nc. Trong thn ng nhiu mui urt mu trng hoc vng nht.
Nguyn nhn gy bnh Micromelia l do thc n ca n g sinh sn thiu, Vit B
2

(Riboilavin), Biotin (Vitamin H) v mangan (Mn)

Hnh 15: Bnh Micromelia
A. Xng chy b cong v vn phi b Micromelia
B. Xng chi di bnh thng

3.7.3. Bnh atexia
Biu hin c trng ca bnh ny g mi n l nhng c ng hn lon.
Dng thng gp nhiu nht ca bnh Atexia l g con ng u v pha lng, mt
ngng ln tri g xoay quanh thnh vng trn, c th xoay lin tc hoc thnh tng t. G
con b bnh ny khng ng ln c. Cc c ng ca n ko di lm g kit sc v cht.
Dng th hai ca bnh Atexia t gp hn. Dng ny g con gp u xung bng v
hng v pha sau.
Nguyn nhn gy bnh Atexia l do thc n ca n g sinh sn b thiu Biotin v
Man-gan (Mn). i khi thiu Vitamin B
1
(thiamine) cng gy nn Atexia.

3.7.4. Bnh khoo chn hay perosis
Bnh ny nh hng ti s pht trin ca cc xng.
Triu chng c trng nht ca bnh ny l khp ni gia xng chy v xng bn
b sng ln. u di ca xng chy v u trn ca xng bn (hay gi l ng chn g) b
xon gy trt khp. V th gn cng trt ra theo.
Khi b PEROSIS, khp xng trng to hn ln, chn g b lch sang mt bn hoc
qut ngang lm g i li rt kh khn hoc khng ng ln c.
Nguyn nhn gy bnh FEROSIS l do thiu Mangan (Mn), axt folic, biotin, axt
nicotinic (niacin) v c th c vitamin B
12
(Cobalamine) trong thc n ca n g sinh sn.

3.7.5. Bnh g con b dnh bt khi n
Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi g bt u m v. L v trng m g va m trn
ra mt cht lng dnh v kh rt nhanh. Cht lng ny c mu vng hoc nu.
158
Khi chy ra, cht lng ny ph kn m ca g con v kh i, bt kn mi v ming lm
g con cht ngt. Mt s trng hp khc g con m v c mt l tng i ln nn
khng b ngt nhng u v cnh li b cht lng dnh vo v lm cho khng c ng c.
V th g ch c th nm yn khng th tip tc m v.
Mt s t g con n ra c th mnh dnh y lng trng cha tiu ht v cht lng
dnh. Khi kh i lng g s dnh bt li thnh tng mng cng, i khi dnh c v trng trng
rt bn. C rt nhiu g con b cht ngay trn khay n.
Nu kim tra qu trnh pht trin c th thy trng vo p c cht lng km, lng
trng long, lng di ng d dng. Phi pht trin yu, rt nhiu phi cht trong thi k
u ca qu trnh p. Mng niu nang khp kn chm hoc khng khp kn c. Trong na
sau ca qu trnh p trng bay hi t nc. Trc khi n soi u nhn ca trng cn sng
nhiu, c phi cha nh ln bung kh lc 19,5 ngy p, bung kh nh, mng niu nang cn
nc Ni chung l tt c cc biu hin ca phi pht trin chm v yu.
Nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra bnh ny l do thiu cc vitamin thuc nhm B, c bit
l Ribofiavine (B
2
) v Biotin (vitamin H). Bnh s trm trng hn nu nh thiu vitamin
nhm B li km theo tha m ng vt trong khu phn ca n g sinh sn.
Ngoi cc triu chng k trn vic chn on s cng chnh xc khi ta gp mt vi phi
b bnh Micromelia trong s phi cht.

3.7.6. Phn tch t l phi cht
Trao i cht ca phi g
Trong thc t, TC ca phi g l kt qu ca nhit trong my p. Nhit cao
lm phi pht trin nhanh v ngc li. Khi phi pht trin nhanh, cc t bo s s dng nhiu
oxy oxy ho cc cht dinh dng trong trng thi thi ra nc, CO2 Khi phi pht trin
chm th qu trnh ny chm li. qu trnh TC ca phi din ra bnh thng v mc
cn bng th nhit p phi c t chnh xc. cc my p hin i, nhit ny l
37,5
0
C hay l 99,5
o
F. Tuy nhin, trong my p, nhit hay b thay i do , ngi ta
phi thng xuyn kim tra.
Phn loi phi cht
Giai on 1 (cht trc khi c ra)
S hnh thnh phi d l mt giai on quyt nh trong qu trnh pht trin phi. Khi trng
trong c th g qu lu, s pht trin phi vt qu giai on hnh thnh phi d, v s cht phi trong qu
trnh lu gi trng sau khi trng c ra tng ln ng k. Cng c s tng t l cht phi trong qa
trnh lu gi trng nu giai on hnh thnh phi d cha hon chnh trc khi trng c ra.
Mt s yu t c lin quan n thi gian trng i qua vi trng. Nhng qu trng ln
cn nhiu thi gian hn nhng qu nh. Trng c v dy cng i qua vi trng lu hn trng
v mng. G m c trng tng t nht v khi lng trong sut giai on s nhng qu
trng tt hn cho vic p sau ny.
Trng c th c non, yu t ny rt ngn qu trnh p trng trc khi . Nhng
qu trng ny c c trng bi lp v mng hoc trong trng hp ca nhng qu trng c
v nu, l trng c mu v sng hn. Nhng bnh ng h hp trong nhng n g gy
nn hin tng non.
Trng nhng con g km cn nhiu thi gian hn trong vi trng, nhiu khi ln
n 27h v phi pht trin qu lu trc khi trng c ra. l mt l do gii thch ti
sao trng ca g tt li c t l p n cao hn.
Giai on 2 (phi cht sm)
l nhng phi cht trong giai on 3 ngy u tin ca qa trnh p n. Mt s
trng khng khi ng li c qu trnh pht trin khi c t vo my p. Phn nhiu l
do nhng iu kin bo qun trng km, lm gim sc sng ca phi. Phi cht sm c
phn loi da vo s xut hin ca mu ng, v khng th nhn ra c cho n sau khi h
159
tun hon bt u pht trin. Nu h thng mch mu pht trin kh hon chnh khi phi
non cht, mu s tun hon ra ngoi ca h thng mch mu v b ng , li mt
vng huyt. Xng qu nhiu formaldehit trong qu trnh bo qun trng lm tng t l cht
trong giai on 2.
Giai on 3 (cht trong giai on ngy 8-18)
S cht phi trong giai on 3 thng l thp, nhng i khi li rt cao. Trong sut
giai on ny s thiu dinh dng trong khu phn g l tc ng ln nht n phi, mc
d vic qu t vitamin A gy nn s cht phi hng lot trong giai on 3 t khi vitamin A
tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin ca h tun hon.
Khng ch s gii hn dinh dng trong khu phn g gy nn qu trnh tng t l
cht trong giai on 3 m c s bt bnh thng ca phi.
Giai on 4 (cht trong nhng ngy th 19, 20 v 21)
Nhng ngy ny l mt giai on then cht. Rt nhiu thay i xy ra trong qu trnh
pht trin ca g con giai on 4. Hu ht s cht phi trong giai on 4 gy ra bi nhng
yu t do thi gian tn ti qu lu. i vi nhng g con khng th n ra, 50% c nhng v
tr khng bnh thng v gy hu qu nghim trng nht l khi trng khng c t vi
bung kh quay ln trn.
Nhng kiu phi cht thng gp
Vi nhng tri p thng mi tt nhng hnh mu sau y l yu t xc nh t l
trng s khng th p c. Nhng con s sau y s gip xc nh vn cht phi.
Khng th tinh 5%
Cht trong giai on 1 0,6%
Giai on 2 2,0%
Giai on 3 0,6%
Giai on 4 3,0%
Bnh m 0,8%
Tng 12,0%
T l cht phi bnh thng ca giai on 4 nn nhiu hn 50% so vi giai on 2. Nhng
thay i trong 2 giai on then cht ny l yu t xc nh tnh trng cht phi ti t.
Phm vi th nghim ca s cht phi
Mt nhm nh khoa hc iu tra nhng khay p 9 tri p Bc Carolina - M, bao
gm 70 n g ln, v nhng quan st c ghi nhn trong bng 8-12.
8-K. Thi gian p v thi gian lu gi nh hng n trng lng g con
Trng lng ca g con ngy 20 ln hn nhiu ngy 21
1
/
2
. Trng lng ban
u c th gim t ngt khi g con b gi trong l p 18h hoc lu hn sau khi p.
G con b gi trong my p 18h hoc lu hn sau khi n c khi lng thp hn ng
k trong 3 tun tui u tin. Nhng g con b gi trong l p 36h c trng lng nh hn
trong 4 tun tui u tin.
8-L. nh hng ca dinh dng n p n
Thiu dinh dng hay cht c c th nh hng n c kh nng sn xut trng v p
n, nhng kh khn tng ln dn dn khi s tham gia ca dinh dng bt u nhiu hn. S
gim t ngt sn xut trng hay kh nng p n thng do bnh trong n g hay nhng
sai st ca my p.
Vi s thiu dinh dng, s cht phi thng sy ra nhng giai on u tin. V d
nhng nguyn nhn cht phi ca giai on 18-21 ngy th nu thiu dinh dng s din ra
sm hn, vo ngy 15-19. Nhng tng hp nhng tc ng ca s thiu dinh dng c
trnh by trong bng 36.
Bng 36. nh hng ca vic thiu dinh dng ca g ln t l p n
Nhng cht b thiu Nhng nh hng n phi
Vitamin A Khng hnh thnh c h tun hon hon chnh, v tr phi b sai lch.
For mat t ed Tabl e
160
Vitamin D3
Ci cc. Thiu phospho. G con b c ch sinh trng v mm xng do qu
trnh tng hp canxi khng bnh thng v trng.
Vitamin E
Gim kh nng th tinh. Li mt. H thng mch mu khng hon chnh.
xut huyt ni tng. Tng t l cht phi giai on 1-3 ngy u.
Vitamin K
Ko di thi gian ng mu. Xut huyt v mu ng trong phi v xut huyt h
thng mch mu. Triu trng xut huyt phi v g mi n.
Riboflavin
Tng t l t vong. Ph v teo c chn, lng t th, ngn chn qun, l nhng
triu chng thiu riboflavin. Gim kh nng p n sau 2 tun.
Acid pantothenic
Lng v khng bnh thng. Xut huyt di ra phi. G con p trong
iu kin km rt kh sng.
Biotin
Xng chn, cnh v s b ngn v xon. Xut hin mng da gia ngn chn th
3 v th 4. M cong nh m vt. Tng kh nng cht phi giai on 1-7 ngy.
Vitamin B12
V tr phi khng bnh thng vi u gia 2 chn. Chng ph. M ngn.
Pht trin c chm. Tng t l cht phi ngy 8-14.
Folacin Tng t vi thiu biotin. G con cht sm sau khi ra khi v.
Vitamin B6 Gim kh nng p n.
Canxi
Ci xng. Gim kh nng p n. Chn cnh ngn v mng, m di ngn
hn. M, chn v c mm. Ph.
Pht pho Ci xng. M v chn mm. Tng t l cht phi giai on 14-16 ngy.
Ma gi
B xng khng bnh thng. Sn ho (cnh v chn ngn, u khng bnh
thng v m vt). Tai trong pht trin khng hon chnh. Gim sinh
trng. Ph n. Lng t khng bnh thng.
Km
B xng d hnh (thiu phao cu, cnh, chn v ngn chn). Mt khng
pht trin. G mi n khng th ng v n ung. G con cht rt sm sau
khi n ra.
Selen Cht lu di da. Ph n. L lch b phn hu. Gim kh nng p n.

Bnh gia cm v kh nng p n
Mt s bnh gia cm tc ng n n g b m v c nhng nh hng nht nh n
kh nng p n, pht trin phi v cht lng g con. Mt s mm bnh khc c tr trong tri
ging v my p v c nhng nh hng n trng p trong tng lai. Nhiu bnh gy nn
nhng tc hi tng t nhau: t l cht phi cao, g con yu v a phn trng. V th m c th
nhn ra nhng ngun gc bnh khc nhau bng cch quan st nhng phi cht hoc g con
mi n. Ch c phn tch trong phng th nghim mi c th xc nh chnh xc tc nhn gy
bnh.
Nhiu bnh c lit k trong chng 37. Sau y l mt s bnh quan trng nh
hng n p n v cht lng g con:
Bnh Pullorum
Bnh Arizonna
8-N
Bng 37: Phn tch kh nng p n km
Triu chng Nguyn nhn c th
Trng v (n) Trng nhim vi khun
Trng bn
Trng khng c ra ng cch
L p b nhim khun
Trng sng Khng dinh dng
Khng c bo qun ng cch
Trng cht phi t sm
Trng b xng qu nhiu
161
Xut huyt (cht phi,
ngy 2-4)
Di truyn
Bnh ca n g b m
Trng c
Qu trnh p khng tt
Nhit p qu cao hoc qu thp
Cht phi 2 tun u
trong qu trnh p
Khu phn g khng dinh dng
Bnh n g
Trng khng c l mt trc khi a vo p
Nhit p qu cao hoc qu thp
Ngun in p c vn
Trng khng c o
Qu nhiu CO2 trong khng kh (khng thng thong)
Bung kh qu nh Khu phn g khng
Trng qu to
Giai on ngy 1-19, m qu cao
G n sm Trng nh
Trng g hng trng p chung vi trng g tht
Nhit k c vn
Giai on ngy 1-19 nhit qu cao
Giai on ngy 1-19 m qu thp
G n mun Nhit phng p khng ng nht
Trng ln
Trng c
Nhit k hng
Giai on ngy 1-19 nhit qu thp
Giai on ngy 1-19 m qu cao
Nhit thp trong my p
Phi pht trin hon
ton vi m khng
nm ti kh
Khu phn n g khng
Nhit qu cao trong ngy 1-10
m qu cao vo ngy th 19
Phi pht trin hon
ton vi m trong ti
kh
Khu phn n g khng
Kh khng thng thong trong l p
Nhit qu cao trong ngy 20-21
m qu cao trong ngy 20-21
G m v sm Nhit qu cao ngy 1-19
m thp ngy 1-19
G cht sau khi m v Khu phn n g khng
Gen gy cht
Bnh n g
u nh ca trng quay ln trong qu trnh p
Trng v mng
Trng khng c o trong 2 tun u tin
Trng c chuyn qu mun
Khng kh lu thng ngy 20-21
Qu nhiu kh CO2 ngy 20-21
Nhit khng chun ngy 1-19
Nhit qu cao ngy 20-21
m qu thp ngy 20-21
V tr phi khng bnh
thng
Khu phn n g khng
u nh ca trng quay ln
162
Trng c hnh dng khng bnh thng vn c p
o trng cha
G con b dnh (lng
vn dnh vo g
con)
Trng c chuyn qu mun
Nhit qu cao ngy 20-21
m qu thp ngy 20-21

G con qu nh Trng trong thi tit qu nng
Trng nh
V mng v d v
m qu thp ngy 1-19
G con qu ln Trng ln
m qu cao ngy 1-19
Cht lng v khi
lng g khng u
Trng t nhiu g
Trng khng ng c
Trng c tui khc nhau trong mt m
Bnh tt hay stress n g
Khng kh lu thng trong my p
G con yu iu kin p khng sch s
Nhit qu thp ngy 1-19
m cao ngy 20-21
G con mt nc Trng c p qu sm
m qu thp ngy 20-21
G con c a khi l p qu lu sau khi n
G con mm yu iu kin v sinh p khng m bo
G con kh, l rn
khng lin
Khu phn g m khng
Nhit qu thp ngy 20-21
Nhit bin thin qu ln trong l p
m qu cao ngy 20-21
m khng c lm gim sau khi p xong
G con t, l rn
khng lin v c mi
Thot v rn
L p v tri p khng v sinh
G con khng ng
c
Khu phn g m khng
Nhit khng thch hp ngy 1-21
m qu cao ngy 1-19
Khng kh lu thng ngy 1-21
G b qu chn Khu phn g khng
Nhit bin thin qu ln ngy 1-21
V tr phi khng bnh thng
Ngn chn cong Khu phn g khng
Nhit khng ph hp ngy 1-19
Mt nhm Nhit qu cao ngy 20-21
m qu thp ngy 20-21

Khi trng p c cht lng sinh hc km hoc ch p khng thch hp s gy ra ri
lon ca qu trnh trao i cht, nh hng ti s pht trin ca phi. Nu ri lon mc
trm trng th phi s cht.
Thi im phi b cht ph thuc vo nguyn nhn gy ra. V d: nu thiu nhiu
Biotin, rt nhiu phi s cht ngay trong nhng ngy p u tin. Thiu Riboflavine (vitamin
B
2
) phi s cht nhiu vo gia qu trnh p. Ri lon vic bay hi nc s gy cht phi
Del et ed:
163
nhiu trong nhng ngy p cui cng hoc khi n. Do c th thy t l cht phi ca tng
giai on trong qu trnh p lin quan trc tip vi nguyn nhn gy cht phi.
Mun xc nh chnh xc phi cht khi no cn a trng soi k n c nh sng
mnh. Nu dng n cm tay hoc n soi i tr th nhiu trng cht phi khi mi a vo
p s c coi nh trng sng v cc trng cht phi gia qu trnh p s c coi nh s
cht khng n.
theo di s phn b t phi cht trong tng thi k khc nhau ca qu trnh p
khng nht thit phi kim tra tt c s trng p m ch cn kim tra trn s trng mu (xp x
5 10%).
Khi gp cc iu kin bt li cho sc ln v s pht trin, phi thng c gng thch
nghi chng li cc nh hng c hi. Tuy vy c nhng khong thi gian m sc chng
chu ca phi b gim, chnh l lc m t l phi cht tng cao. Trong qu trnh p, nhng
khong thi gian nh th c gi l thi k khng hong ca phi.
Trong i phi c hai thi k khng hong: Trong nhng ngy p u tin vi t l
cht phi cao nht vo lc 3 4 ngy p v trong nhng ngy cui cng vi t l cht phi
tng vt lc 19 20 ngy p. Trong nhng iu kin c bit, t l cht phi cng c th tng
cao vo gia qu trnh p.

3.7.7. Nguyn nhn gy cht phi trong qu trnh p
* Trong nhng ngy p u tin, cc nguyn nhn cht phi nh ni phn 9.2.3.
tr nhit cao cn cc nguyn nhn khc nh bo qun v dinh dng u dn n lm suy
gim cht lng sinh hc ca trng p. Nu khng k cc trng m phi b cht t trc
khi vo p th khi vo p phi c th b cht v cc nguyn nhn trc tip sau:
- S tch t trong trng cc cht thi c hi sn phm ca qu trnh trao i cht nh
amonic v axt lactic.
- S ri lon v h hp v dinh dng ca phi do h thng mch mu lng pht
trin yu hoc chm.
- Phi b tip xc trc tip vi lng trng (c kim cao xp x 3) hoc vi v trng
(bay hi nc nhanh) v mng i khng bao bc kn phi ng lc.
- C cc bin d khc c bit l ca h thn kinh v ca khung xng.
* Trong giai on gia qu trnh p, phi thng cht do b ri lon cc hot ng ca
h bi tit nh:
- Do bnh ca thn s khai (ng Wolff)
- Do thn chnh thc khng bt u hot ng ng lc thay th thn s khai.
- Do ri lon qu trnh trao i cht c lin quan ti sc ln v s pht trin ca mng
niu nang.
* Trong nhng ngy p cui cng, cc nguyn nhn gy cht phi thng gp nht l:
- Do mng niu nang teo kh chm, lm chm vic chuyn s h hp bng mng niu
nang sang th bng phi.
- Do b kit sc khi c gng m v v tch v trng ra ngoi.
- Do phi nm sai ngi trong qu trnh pht trin nn khng gp c bung kh hoc
c ch di ng m v ra ngoi.

3.7.8. Biu hin ca phi cht cc thi k khc nhau trong qu trnh p
Cc trng c phi cht trc khi hnh thnh h thng mch mu khi soi thy lng
d di ng v khng cn hnh trn. Lng b mo i v phn lng pha di a phi
b tan long ra, nhn trong hn.
Cc trng cht phi t 3 n 4 ngy p c mt vt hoc mt vng mu rt r vi kch
thc khc nhau. Vng mu ny c hnh thnh khi tim ca phi ngng co bp. Kch thc
ca vng mu ch cho ta bit kch thc ca mng mch mu ca ti lng v ng thi
Del et ed: Page Break
164
cng ch thi im phi b cht. Vng mu cn nh hoc nm gn bung kh chng t phi
cht sm. Sau ngy p th t c th cn hoc khng cn vng mu nhng khi soi s thy phi
cht thnh mt vt en sm. Phi cht c th ni t do gn bung kh nhng thng b dnh
vo v.
Kh nht v cng rt quan trng l lm sao c th xc nh c cc trng c phi b
cht trong nhng gi p u tin hoc cht trc khi vo p. Nhng trng ny khi soi khng
thy bt k mt du hiu pht trin no, mc d c khi s lng phi cht dng ny rt ln.
Cch xc nh chnh xc nht l p trng ra xem.
Phi cht khong gia qu trnh p trng nh mt vt en sn nm im v ch chuyn
ng khi trng b xoay. Kch thc ca phi c th cho bit phi cht khi no. Du hiu chc
chn nht xc nh phi cht l cc mch mu ca mng niu nang b ph v, bn trong
trng c mu nu.
Cc trng c phi cht vo cui qu trnh p (18-21 ngy p) cng biu hin tng t
nh vy ch khc l khi phi ln hn. i khi phi nm kn ht khoang trng nn khi
soi thy ti sm. Tuy nhin pha u nhn ca trng v khong gn bung kh khi soi vn
thy sng. Thng nhng ch ny khng cn thy hnh mch mu na. Tuy vy trong trng
hp phi mi cht th vn thy r cc mch mu. Lc ny cch chc chn nht xc nh
phi cht l trng b nng mt lc trn n soi, nu phi khng cn c ng l phi cht.
Trong mt t p tt t l cht phi ba giai on: 1 n 6, 7 n 18 v 19 n 21
ngy p s xp x bng nhau. Tuy nhin bao gi s trng cht khng n (19 21 ngy p)
cng cao hn mt t so vi s phi cht c vng mu (3 4 ngy p) hoc s phi cht t 7
n 18 ngy. i khi s cht khng n cao hn c hai loi kia cng li.
i vi cc trng bo qun di ngy, c bit trong iu kin nhit cao v m
thp, trong trng xy ra rt nhiu thay i a phi cng nh lng trng, lng , nhng
thay i ny lm phi gp nhng iu kin bt li ngay t khi bt u p. Nhiu trng phi
khng pht trin, mt s khc bt u pht trin chm hn so vi cc trng mi v mt s na
cht sau mt thi gian p. V vy m khi soi, s trng sng hay khng c phi tng ln mt
cch gi to do khng nhn c du hiu no ca s pht trin phi.
Nhiu trng bo qun lu trc khi p trong iu kin nhit cao (thng trong ma
h) nn a phi bt u pht trin t ngoi my p, khi p cc t bo phn chia to nn cc
m mt cch hn lon trn lng nhng khng c di nguyn thu (h thn kinh s khai) v
sau khng c s to phi v (phn chia chc nng ca cc c quan). V vy phi s cht v
lm tng s phi cht c vng mu. Trng bo qun cng lu v iu kin bo qun cng
km th phi cht cng sm. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, hu nh phi b cht ht trong
nhng gi p u tin hoc ngy p u tin. V vy s phi cht 7 18 ngy v cht khng
n li t.
Khi mt l p c mt t l ln trng c coi nh trng sng v vng mu th c
th tin chc rng trng p b bo qun di ngy v iu kin bo qun ti.
Thiu cc vitamin thuc nhm B (c bit l vitamin B
2
(Ribofavine), biotin, axt folic
v vitamin B
12
(Cobalamine) trong khu phn ca n g sinh sn s lm gim gi tr sinh hc
ca trng p, gy ri loi qu trnh trao i nc khong v protein ca phi. Cc bin i
ny thng i km vi cc bnh ca thn s khai (ng Wolff). V vy t l cht phi tng ln
mt cch ng k vo gia qu trnh p. Sau khi mng niu nang khp kn, vic lng trng
i vo ti i v c phi hp thu bng ming c ngha quan trng. Gi tr sinh hc hay cht
lng ca lng trng lc ny nh hng trc tip ti s trao i cht v pht trin ca phi.
Trc phi ch s dng mt phn lng trng c la chn a vo lng v hp th
qua mng mch mu ca ti lng . Trong trng hp ny t l cht phi thi k gia qu
trnh p c th tng ln rt cao v vt c hai thi k khng hong. Do s phi cht ny
ln hn s cht vng mu v cht khng n. Ch p khng thch hp cng lm tng t
165
l cht phi nhng khng phi on gia qu trnh p, tr trng hp nhit t ngt tng
qu cao v ko di.
T l cht phi tng trong thi k ny l du hiu trng c cht lng km do thiu
cc vitamin thuc nhm B, vitamin D trong khu phn ca n g sinh sn. Nu ch p
khng thch hp th du hiu c trng nht y l t l phi cht s tng t ngt trong
nhng ngy my n.
Nhng sai lch ngoi gii hn cho php ca ch p thng nh v nh hng ti
phi mt cch t t. Phi cht nhiu v t ngt do ch p ch xy ra trong trng hp
my hng.
V d: qut b dng hoc nhit k cng tc iu kin nhit b t ct thu ngn lm
nhit trong my tng ln t ngt. Do phi cht ng lot vo bt k lc no. Cn cc
trng hp khc th phn ln s phi tip tc sng ti cui t p v cht vo lc n. Trong
s g n nhiu con yu.
Nu trng c cht lng tt v ch p khng thch hp s lm tng s phi cht
khng n (18 21 ngy). S lng ny c th vt xa s cht vng mu v s phi cht 7
18 ngy cng li.
Phn tch s phn b t l phi cht trong cc thi k khc nhau ca qu trnh p s
cung cp cho ta nhng s liu quan trng hon chnh cng tc kim tra sinh hc. Tuy nhin
cc kt lun rt ra t cc s liu ny ch nn coi nh nhng kt lun s b cn phi kim tra
li v da thm vo kt qu gii phu cc phi cht v cc cch theo di khc c th khng
nh chnh xc cc nguyn nhn gy cht phi.
1- Khi p trng bo qun di ngy
2- Ch p tt nhng cht lng trng km.
3- Ch p khng ph hp cht lng trng tt
4- Ch p khng ph hp, cht lng trng km.
5- Ch p ti, cht lng trng tt

3.7.9. Gii phu phi cht
Mc ch ch yu ca vic gii phu phi cht l nhm xc nh nguyn nhn gy cht
phi v ra cc bin php thch hp nhm loi tr hoc gim bt nh hng ca cc nguyn
nhn ny trong cc t p ti.
Cht lng trng km hoc ch p khng ph hp s lm ri lon qu trnh trao i
cht, lm chm li hoc ngng hn s pht trin ca phi. Mi nguyn nhn nh hng ti s
pht trin ca phi mt cch khc nhau v thi im lm phi cht cng khc nhau. V vy
gii phu phi cht cng vi cc s liu khc nhau ca kim tra sinh hc nh kim tra cht
lng trng trc khi p, kim tra s pht trin ca phi trong khi p, theo di t l n, cht
lng g n, phn b t l cht phi s cho mt ci nhn tng qut gip ta xc nh
chnh xc nguyn nhn gy cht phi v thi im phi cht.
K thut gii phu phi cht.
a) Quan st trng cht phi:
- Nu c vt m v cn xem vt ny nm u, c ng v tr hay khng, nm cao hay
thp.
- Quan st vt m v xem kch thc to hay nh, mu xung quang v cc vt bn t
chy ra.
b) Dng ko nh ct v trng pha bung kh:
- Kim tra xem mng niu nang teo kh cha, dai v dy nh th no, mch
mu cn hot ng khng.
- Xem ti nc i c mu hay khng?
- Xem phi s dng ht lng trng trong trng hay cha, s lng cn li,
qunh.
166
c) Ly phi ra khi v trng v kim tra bn ngoi.
- u phi: c b d hnh khng? (C mt khng? M c d hnh khng?)
- Lng: cc bt lng m cha, c ch bo b tri lng khng?
- Da: xem c b sng hoc xut huyt hay khng?
- Chn: c b d tt, ngn khng?
- Quan st xem ti lng c thu vo khoang bng cha? Nu cha phi xem:
kch thc, mu sc v c trong.
d) Gii phu phi:
- Cch ct: a mi ko lch nh t hu mn hoc rn v ct theo cnh sn ln hai
bn cnh. Cn cn thn trnh a mi ko vo su lm rch c c quan bn trong. Sau lt
ngc mnh bng v ngc ln quan st;
- Nu ti lng c thu vo khoang bng phi xem kch thc, mu sc, c
bn trong.
- Rut gi: to hay b, cng hay khng v mu ca cc cht cha bn trong.
- Rut non: c cng hay khng, kch thc, mu sc v cha g bn trong.
- D dy: ct theo mp ca m v kim tra lp biu b bn trong.
- Thn: kim tra xem c b sng, c ng mui trong hay khng? Nu c nhiu s s
thy hi gn tay.
- Gan: xem mu sc, kch thc
- Mt: mu sc, kch thc
- Ct b mnh bng v ngc v lun ko xung di da ct bn cnh c ly diu ra
kim tra.
- Tim: xem kch thc v mu sc. Nu tim hi to hn bnh thng v mu nht l b
thiu nhit. Nu tim hi nh v b xut huyt l tha nhit.
- Phi: nu cha kh th s xp, cn xem c mu trong hay khng.
Sau khi gii phu tt c cc phi cht ca khay kim tra sinh hc phi ghi li cc biu
hin khng bnh thng xut hin nhiu nht cng nh thi im c nhiu phi nht da
vo rt ra cc kt lun cn thit.

3.9. nh hng do thiu vitamin C, Ca, P ti s pht trin ca phi

3.9.1. Thiu vitamin C
Mt s tc gi (Balkar S. Bains, 1992; Tagverker) chng minh rng g con t 0 -
3 tun tui v g mi gi c th khng tng hp vitamin C v 1,25 (OH)
2
.
D3
cho cc
hot ng sng, v vy, vic b sung vitamin C s lm tng qu trnh khong ho
(mineralisation) ca c th v tng hiu qu s dng khong.
Cng ngy ngi ta cng tm thy vai tr quan trng ca vitamin C trong cc hot
ng sinh l ca gia cm. Hng Roche (1989) thng k tc dng ca vitamin C i vi gia
cm nh sau:
- y nhanh tc tng trng;
- Tng sn lng trng;
- Lm tng cht lng v trng v xng;
- Tng t l nui sng;
- Tng t l th tinh v t l p n;
- Tng kh nng p ng min dch v trung ho c t;
- Gim stress.
Trong iu kin ma nng Philippin, Bunan A.G (1963) lm th nghim b sung
vitamin C cho g tht lm tng hm lng vitamin C huyt thanh. Carrick v Hauge (1925)
dng khu phn gy bnh scorbut (scorbutic diet) cho g my thng lin m khng thy bnh
xut hin.
167
Ngoi nhng chc nng trn, gn y nhiu tc cho rng vitamin C cn c chc nng
hot ho enzim 25 hydroxy vitamin D
3
-1 hydroxylaza, enzim ny xc tc cho phn ng
chuyn 25 (OH)D
3
( gan) thnh 1,25 (OH
2
)D
3
( thn), qu trnh trn c biu din trn s
(theo Balkar S.Bains, 1992:

Vitamin C Vitamin D
3

25 (OH)D
3
( gan)

25 hydroxy vitamin D
3
-1
Hydroxylaza

1,25 (OH)
2
D
3
( thn)

Hp thu Ca

Trong nhiu tnh hung, vic b sung vitamin C vo khu phn n ca g con lm
tng s pht trin (so vi i chng), g mi lm ci thin ng k cc ch tiu cht
lng cng nh sn lng trng. Nhiu tc gi nh Singh K., Panda B. (1988) cho rng
vitamin C b sung ch c hiu qu khi g ang tri qua trng thi stress. Trong bi tng v cc
bin php chn nui g iu kin c stress nhit cao vng Chu , Swick (1993) cng
nhn mnh rng vic b sung vitamin C vi liu lng trn 200 ppm l c li trong iu kin
nng m.
Trong c th ng vt, vitamin C c tm thy nhiu tuyn thng thn vi hm
lng dao ng trong khong 400 - 500 mg% ( ngi). Tuyn thng thn gia cm cng
cha mt lng ng k axit ascorbic, dao ng trong khong 65 - 350 mg% (trung bnh 178
mg%). iu ny gi cho cc nghin cu v mi quan h c th c gia vitamin C vi qu
trnh sinh tng hp cc hocmon steroit min v thng thn. Cc kt qu nghin cu ca
Giroud et al. (1940) v Long (1947); Koba, Jones, Doulas khng nh kin trn. Mt s
nh nghin cu cho rng c th dng mc bin ng hm lng vitamin C tuyn thng
thn lm thc o kh nng p ng stress ca c th g. Khng ch tuyn thng thn m
s lin i ca axit ascorbic vi hot tnh ca chui enzim xc tc qu trnh tng hp cc
hocmon steroit cn c xc nh bung trng chut th nghim, tinh hon ca ch.
Pardue (1985, Kitabchi (1967) quan nim: c ch km hm do vitamin C cc tuyn ny nh
mt loi "phanh" sinh hc i vi qu trnh sinh tng hp steroit. Cc thc nghim trn g ca
Pardue cho thy b sung vitamin C lm c ch sinh tng hp steroit, lm gim kch thc
tuyn thng thn khi c stress v gim t l g cht (7,3% so vi 22%). V mt c ch tc
ng, Pardue cng nh Doulas u thin v kin cho rng bng cch no vitamin C
c tc dng bo v i vi cu trc mng t bo. Mc Kee v Harrison Trng i hc
Illinois (M) (1995) tin hnh th nghim v cho thy vic b sung vitamin C c tc dng
lm gim nh nh hng cng hng c hi ca cc nhn t gy stress khi chng cn tc
ng ln g, c bit trong th nghim ny, liu 150 ppm t ra hu hiu nht.
J.Iorban (1993) xem xt nh hng ca axit ascorbic liu cao ln tng trng, canxi
huyt thanh, c tnh ca xng v cht lng v trng. Kt qu cho thy canxi huyt c
chiu hng tng l c n vitamin C t 500 ppm do c th hp thu canxi tt hn. Cc tc
gi dn ti liu ca cc tc gi ngi c Weiser, Schlachter (1988) chng minh rng
vitamin C kch thch qu trnh hydroxyl ho thn ca vitamin D, do lm tng cao hm
lng 1,25 (OH)
2
.D
3
mu, l hp cht kch thch s chuyn vn hp thu canxi ti ng tiu
168
ho. Thornton (1970) li cho rng vitamin C c nh hng n qu trnh lun hi khong
xng (ti to, ti cu trc xng) do cng c th lm canxi huyt bin ng tng ln.
Leach v Burdette (1985) kt lun rng, vic b sung vitamin C khng c tc dng i vi s
pht sinh bnh suy sn xng ng (tibial dyschondroplasia) g d. Ngc li, Edwards
(1989) li thu c hiu qu phng bnh trn g, tuy nhin ch c mt t tt, cn cc th
nghim sau li khng kt qu .
Nh vy, vai tr chnh ca vitamin C l gip chuyn ho prolin thnh hydroxyprolin
ca colagen v cht nn xng trong qu trnh xng ang pht trin. Bi vy trong iu
kin nui dng bnh thng, vic dng vitamin C rt c tc dng n trng thi b xng,
m ch tt i vi bn ca v trng.
Nhm theo di nh hng ca vitamin C ln s pht trin xng, Franchini et al.
(1993) cho thy g c b sung vitamin C c canxi huyt cao hn i chng. Tc gi cho
rng vitamin C gip cho qu trnh khong ho nn lm tng bn ca xng. Nhn xt
tng t v tc dng ca vitamin C (250 ppm) i vi qu trnh khong ho ca xng cng
c Roberson, Edwards (1994) ghi nhn.
Cc tc gi Zapata v Gernat 1995 cho thy vic dng 250 - 500 ppm c tc dng
lm tng sn lng trng 5% v khi lng v cng tng hn. Tuy nhin, cc tc gi khc cho
rng hiu qu ny ch r rt g la u.
Brake v cng s (1983) cho bit, b sung vitamin C liu 50 v 100 ppm cho g mi tng
r rt sn lng trng, t l v t l th tinh.
Cc tc gi Peebles v Brake (1985) cho bit, b sung vitamin C vi liu ni trn cn lm
tng s u g con c sn xut ra, tng t trng v cht lng trng p. Field Trial, 1989
cng lm th nghim v cho kt qu tng t.
Trong lnh vc th y, vic b sung vitamin C vi liu 100 300 ppm lm tng ng k kh
nng khng bnh ca n g vi nhiu loi bnh: vius IB, bnh vim kh qun(Davelaar
F.G; J.Van Den B, 1992 Avian Pathology)
Cc nghin cu ca GS. V Duy Ging v TS. Bi Hu on HNNI H Ni
(1998) ch ra rng, khi cha c b sung thm, hm lng vitamin C trong thc n hn
hp ca g l rt thp, ch c t 8 16 ppm. Sau khi b sung, hm lng vitamin ny suy
gim rt nhanh theo thi gian trong iu kin bo qun bnh thng, sau 1 tun ch cn
50%.
B sung vitamin C cho g mi vi liu 250 v 500 ppm khng lm nh hng
ng k n khi lng c th v khi lng trng (P > 0,05); nhng lm tng 6,50 -
10,80% sn lng trng; tng 4,60 - 8,80% trng ging; tng 0,02 - 0,04mm dy v
trng; tng 0,50 - 0,90kg/cm
2
chu lc ca v; tng 0,40 - 0,80g khi lng v trng;
gim 0,42 - 0,92% trng dp v; tng 5,10 - 11,20% trng c phi; tng 5,10 - 9,30% g
n; tng 5,80 - 9,40% g con loi I; tng 2,70 - 3,00% khong tng s trong xng i;
tng 2,80 - 5,50mg% canxi huyt thanh; tng 2,90 - 5,70ppm vitamin C huyt thanh (P <
0,05), nhng lm gim 0,30 - 0,60mg% photpho v c huyt thanh (P > 0,05).
Mc b sung 500 ppm vitamin C c hiu qu cao hn so vi mc 250ppm, nhng
chnh lch thp (P > 0,05). Cc kt qu trn c Hi ng khoa hc B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn l Tin b k thut, p dng trong ton quc.
3.9.2. Canxi v pht pho v cht lng v trng
Canxi v pht pho l cc nguyn t v c ht sc cn thit i vi s pht trin ca phi. Cc
nguyn t ny tham gia vo s hnh thnh cc m, tng sc chu ng v l cc thnh phn
ch yu ca xng v v trng. Trong chn nui g cng nghip, cht lng v trng c
ngha v cng quan trng v thu ht s ch ca nhiu nh khoa hc.
Nguyn nhn ca trng c v mng
C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n t l p n, cht lng v trng l mt yu t quan
trng. G cng gi th cht lng v trng cng nh t l p n cng gim. Cng cui chu k
169
trng, kh nng hp thu Ca to v trng ca g cng gim. Khu phn thiu Ca cng lm
cho tnh hnh tr nn trm trng thm.
Trong mt s trng hp, nhng trng vo bui sng sm thng c v mng hn
nhng trng mun hn v chng di chuyn qua cc tuyn to v vo gia m khi g
khng c n, do Ca dng cho to v trng thp hn bnh thng. Trong trng hp ny,
ngi ta b sung v s vo thc n ca g vi 2/3 l nhng ht c kch thc ln nhm lm
cho qu trnh tiu ho Ca tr nn chm hn v lng Ca trong mu lc na m cao hn.
V mng v t trng ca trng c mi lin quan cht ch, ranh gii t trng trng gia
t l p n tt v km l 1,080 bt k n tui ca g ging. Trng g non v gi u c
chung t l n nu nh chng c cng t trng.
Hoa K, cc nghin cu cho thy c khong 2 % trng b v trc khi a vo p.
Trung bnh c 1,1 % v khi xp vo khay v 0,9 % v khi vn chuyn, nhng nhiu my p,
con s c th gp i. Trong khi mt s my khc, con s trng v ch bng 1/3. Trng v
l s tn tht kinh t ln v c th gim t l trng v.
Theo tc gi L Hng Mn (1977), cht lng v trng km l nguyn nhn trc tip gy t
l dp v cao. Thit hi do nguyn nhn ny M ln n 8 -10% tng s trng sn xut,
Cng ho Lin bang c l 8 - 12%, Australia l 10 - 15%, cn Lin X c l 7%, ch
ring nc ny c 2 t trng b dp v hng nm. Theo Roland (1970) th mi nm trn
th gii c khong 7,7% (tc l hng chc t) trng b dp v, con s ny l khng nh. Cng
theo tc gi trn, tn tht ny t cho cc nh chn nui chn nui mt nhim v to ln l:
bn cnh vic nghin cu cc bin php nng cao sn lng trng, cn phi tm cch gim s
lng trng b dp v hng nm.
Wolford v Tanaka (1970) tp hp cc yu t dinh dng nh hng n t l
trng dp v nh sau:
- Canxi v photpho;
- Vitamin;
- Cc nguyn t vi lng;
- Protein v nng lng;
- Thuc an thn v gim au;
- Cc hocmon tuyn gip trng v tuyn sinh dc.
Trong , cc tc gi c bit ch n nh hng ln ca canxi, photpho v vitamin
D, nht l vai tr ca canxi (bi v v trng ch yu l CaCO
3
). to mt v trng g mi
cn khong 2 g canxi, v vy cn phi cho g n khong 3,75 - 4,0 g canxi/ngy. Cn ch l
khi tng khu phn canxi th li lm gim t l canxi tch lu (calcium retention) trong c
th.G mi cn khong 2 g canxi cho vic to nn 1 v trng vi thnh phn chnh l canxi
cacbonat (CaCO
3
), do hm lng canxi huyt phi bo m mc cao (18 - 25 mg% hoc
cao hn na). Vo thi k chun b , s hp thu v tch lu canxi c y mnh, trong
xng xut hin nhng bt xng hoc gai xng m ngi ta gi chung l xng phn tu
(medullary bones). y l dng canxi d tr rt linh hot nhm p ng nhu cu sinh sn g
mi . So vi g d hoc g mi t th mc hp thu canxi g mi cao gp 2 - 3 ln.
Mt mu thun l g thng n ban ngy, nhng vic to v trng li c tin hnh
ch yu vo ban m, v vy cung cp khong cho qu trnh to v trng phi c s tham
gia tch cc ca b xng c th, l mt c im ca loi chim. Vic p ng nhu cu
canxi t khu phn v t b xng c th c Roland v Farmer (1984), Clunies et al.
(1992) tng kt. Cc tc gi cho rng cn phi cung cp cho g khong 4 g canxi/g mi/ngy.
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp c 4 g canxi trong ngy th khu phn phi c 5% canxi
(nu lng thc n thu nhn thp, khong 8g/g/ngy), tc l phi b sung bt qu 10%
trong khu phn (v trong ch c khong 30 - 32% canxi). Nh vy khu phn s mt tnh
ngon ming, dn n gim lng thc n thu nhn v gim sn lng lng trng.
170
Trong qu trnh to trng, lng to ra dn t bung trng, trong khi lng trng
li c tit ra vo bui sng, khong 5 - 8 gi sau khi c nh sng, cn v trng c tit ra
vo cui bui chiu v ban m, trong khi nng canxi mu ang gim i v xung n
mc thp nht (lc 14 gi sau khi g qu trng trc). T thc t ny, nhiu tc gi
ngh: ngoi vic phi p ng canxi trong khu phn th vic cho g n m cung cp
khong cho g vo thi im cn thit cng l mt k thut quan trng. Ngi ta cho rng
trong qu trnh trng, nht l pha 1, khi lng c th v s tch lu m vn gia tng,
chn p b my sinh sn ca g mi, iu l khng c li cho gia cm trng. Nguyn
nhn chnh ca hin tng ny l do vo cc bui chiu, g mi phi c n nhiu p ng
nhu cu canxi cho vic to v trng trong m, nh vy v tnh thu nhn qu nhiu protein
v nng lng. S d tha dinh dng ny s dn n s tng trng qu mc trong khi ,
gy gim sn lng trng ca g.
Nh vy, vic nghin cu b sung canxi, photpho cho g mi cn phi c t ra
trong mi quan h cht ch v ton din vi cc yu t dinh dng khc nh vitamin, protein,
nng lng,...
Cc nghin cu ca GS. V Duy Ging v TS. Bi Hu on, HNNI H Ni
(1998) ch ra rng, vi g mi trng ging b m B.E t 30 - 37 tun tui, khi khu
phn c hm lng photpho d tiu (available phosphorus) bng 0,50%, vic tng mc
canxi t 3,60 ln 3,90% khng lm thay i ng k khi lng c th g mi cng nh
khi lng trng, nhng lm tng 3,50% sn lng trng, tng 5,10 - 6,10% trng
ging; tng r rt cht lng v trng (tng0,10 - 0,30 kg/cm
2
chu lc; tng 0,03mm
dy v; tng 0,60 - 0,80g khi lng v trng); lm gim 0,80 - 0,90% trng dp v;
lm tng 2,80 - 2,90% trng c phi; tng 6,00 - 9,20% g n; tng 5,60 - 9,70% g con
loi I; tng 3,0 - 4,1% khong trong xng i v tng 3,00-3,80 mg% canxi huyt thanh
(P < 0,05).
ng vi mi mc canxi (3,30; 3,60; 3,90 %) mc photpho d tiu trong khu
phn bng 0,50% lun cho hiu qu cao hn so vi mc 0,60% v cc ch tiu theo di ni
trn, nhng u vi tin cy thp.
Mc canxi bng 3,90% v photpho d tiu bng 0,50% trong khu phn cho
hiu qu kinh t cao nht so vi cc mc canxi bng 3,30; 3,60 v photpho d tiu bng
0,60%.
Cng trnh nghin cu ca cc tc gi V Duy Ging, Phm Cng Thiu v CTV,
1999 cng kt lun rng, vi g mi siu trng Goldline 54, trong pha I, ma Ca l
3,75; trong pha II l 3,5%; A.P l 0,5% s cho cht lng v trng tt nht.

3.10. Cc nh hng ca ch p i vi s pht trin ca phi.

3.10.1. Ch p v vic kim tra theo di
Nh ta bit thnh phn ca ch p bao gm cc yu t sau: nhit , m ,
thng thong v o trng. Cc yu t ny tuy v tnh cht l c lp nhng li c mt quan
h kh cht ch vi nhau v nh hng ln nhau. V th theo di v kim tra ch p l mt
trong cc bin php quan trng nht phi c s dng trong sut qu trnh p. Vic kim tra
theo di phi lin tc v cn thn, da vo cc ch s dng dng c o lng v cc du
hiu sinh hc ca phi.
Thng thng trong mt my p cng nghip th tc gi l c nh nhng thng
thong s thay i khi thay i m ca ca ht hoc x kh. ng thi m ny cng
lm thay i gi tr ca nhit v m . Theo thng bo ca cc nhit k v m k ngi ta
c th theo di s hot ng ca cc b phn t ng duy tr nhit v m cn thit trong
my. Tu theo loi my v tnh cht ring ca tng t trng ngi ta lp ra ch p.
Del et ed:
Del et ed:
171
Nhng ch p c thch hp hay khng th phi da vo cc c im sinh hc khi phi
pht trin mi c th nh gi c
Nhit v m l nhng yu t rt quan trng ca ch p nhng vn khng phi
l tt c.
Nhit si nng trng v s bay hi nc t trng cn ph thuc vo tc gi. Cng
mt nhit trong my p, tc dng si nng trng s thay i khi tc gi thay i. Nu
nhit ca trng thp hn nhit ca khng kh trong my p (nhng ngy u khi mi
vo p) th tc gi ln s lm cho trng nhn c nhiu nhit hn cn ni km thng
thong s nhn c t nhit hn, trng s ngui hn.
Nu nhit ca trng cao hn nhit ca khng kh trong my p (nhng ngy p
cui) th tc gi ln s lm cho trng nhn c nhiu nhit hn cn ni km thng
thong s nhn c t hn, trng s ngui hn.
Nu nhit ca trng cao hn nhit ca khng kh trong my p (nhng ngy p
cui th tc gi ln s lm tng to nhit ca trng hay ni cch khc l s lm cho
trng mt nhiu nhit hn.
V vy mun c trng trong mt my p c c cng mt nhit th phi iu
chnh sao cho trng vng no trong my cng phi c thng thong nh nhau hoc khi
trong my c tc gi khc nhau cc vng khc nhau th phi iu chnh nhit khc
nhau. S iu chnh ny ch c th chnh xc khi da vo cc du hiu sinh hc khi phi pht
trin.
m trong my ch yu iu chnh bay hi nc t trng. bay hi ny thc
ra khng ch ph thuc vo m tng i trong my m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
khc nh nhit v tc gi ca my, s l trn v trng, dy ca v trng, cht lng
ca lng trng v cc lp mng, tnh trng pht trin ca phi khi mt trong cc yu t trn
thay i th bay hi nc t trng cng s thay i theo. Ngay gia chng vi nhau cng
c nhng nh hng qua li. V th khi s dng nhit k v m k chng ta mi ch bit c
nhit v m mt vng trong my cn tc dng ca chng i vi s pht trin ca
phi ni chung v tng khu vc trong my ni ring th khng th c dng c no c.
Tuy vy khi ta thay i ch p ngha l thay i nhit v m (v tc gi trong
my lun c nh) th phi da vo cc thit b o lng mi c th bit c s khc nhau.
Cn tc ng ca cc yu t ni trn i vi phi nh th no th phi kim tra phi v xem
cc du hiu trong qu trnh pht trin mi nh gi ng c.
Chnh v th mun p t kt qu cao phi theo di ch p theo thng bo ca cc
dng c o lng v phi b sung thm bng kt qu cc ln kim tra sinh hc th s iu
chnh ch p mi c th t ti s hon ho.

3.10.2. nh hng ca nhit i vi s pht trin ca phi
Trong cc my p ln nhit lm vic thng nm trong gii hn t 37 n 38
0
C v
rt t khi vt ra ngoi gii hn ny. Tuy gii hn nhit ny ch rt nh, c 1
0
C nhng phi
cc la tui khc nhau cng phn ng vi tng mc nhit (trong gii hn) mt cch khc
nhau.
Trong na u ca qu trnh p (10 ngy u) khi mng niu nang cn cha khp kn
pha bn trong trng, c bit l 5 6 ngy p u phi tng dn sc ln v pht trin khi
nhit t tng dn (trong gii hn). Nc t lng trng mang theo cc cht dinh dng ho
tan trong chuyn vo lng nhanh hn, lm lng long ra hn. Pha di phi, huyt
tng hnh thnh sm hn, mng mch mu lng sm hnh thnh v pht trin nhanh.
Qu trnh to thnh mu xy ra mnh nn cc mch mu to, cng v m bo tt cho s h
hp v dinh dng ca phi. Do phi ln nhanh v nng. Mng niu nang v cc mng c
quan khc hnh thnh ng lc v hon thnh tt cc chc nng ca mnh. Phi pht trin tt
trong thi gian u s to thun li cho s pht trin trong cc giai on tip theo.
Del et ed:
172
Tuy cng trong gii hn nhit hot ng nhng phi s phn ng hon ton ngc
li khi nhit mc thp, nht l trong 5 6 ngy p u. Lng trng gim khi lng
chm, lng long ra t lm phi kh hp thu cc cht dinh dng hn. Mng mch mu ca
lng hnh thnh chm, c t mu. Mng niu nang pht trin chm v khp kn bn trong
trng mun. V vy phi ln chm, pht trin yu v s chm tr ny khng th b li c
hon ton trong thi gian cn li. Do g con s n chm v yu hn.
Trong na sau ca qu trnh p (11 21 ngy) nh hng ca nhit ti phi ph
thuc vo s pht trin ca phi trong na thi gian u. Nu phi pht trin tt, mng
niu nang khp kn ng thi gian th nhit mc cao trong na sau ca qu trnh p, nht
l 5 6 ngy cui cng s lm gim kh nng tiu th lng trng, lng ca phi. V vy
phi vn tip tc pht trin nhng tc chm hn trc. Phi nh, gy, nhit cao lm qu
trnh n din ra sm hn trong khi mi bc chun b cha hon tt. Do g n sm trc
thi gian, i khi khng co c ht ti lng vo khoang bng nn gy h rn. Ngc li
nhit mc thp s kch thch kh nng tiu ho thc n ca phi, lng trng c phi s
dng ht sm v lng cng gim khi lng mt cch ng k. V vy phi ln nhanh, thu
c ti lng vo khoang bng d dng. G n ra ng thi hn, rn khp kn v kho
mnh.
Nu trong na u ca qu trnh p phi pht trin chm, mng niu nang khp kn
chm th trong na cn li ca qu trnh p nhit cao (trong gii hn) s nh hng c li
cho phi. Nhit mc thp s lm cho phi tip tc pht trin chm. Phi tiu th lng
trng, lng chm, ln chm, ko di qu trnh p.
S d nh vy l v gia cm cng nh cc ng vt mu nng khc c th duy tr nhit
c th mc tng i n nh, khng ph thuc vo s thay i nhit ca mi trng.
Khi nhit bn ngoi tng, gia cm gim cng trao i cht, gim kh nng hp
thu cc cht dinh dng v tiu ho thc n. Do gim phn ng to nhit v kh nng t
nng c th. Khi nhit mi trng h, cng trao i cht v kh nng hp thu cc cht
dinh dng tng. V vy lm tng phn ng to nhit trong c th, n b li nhit lng ca
c th b mt i. Bng cch ny, thn nhit ca gia cm c gi n nh ngy cng nh m,
ma ng cng nh ma h. Tuy nhin gia cm ch c thn nhit tng i n nh sau khi
n. Trong khi p, nu pht trin tt th phi ti 5 6 ngy p cui cng phi mi c nhng
du hiu ca ng vt mu nng ngha l kh nng iu ho thn nhit.
Trong na u ca qu trnh p, phi ca gia cm phn ng vi cc thay i nhit
nh ca mt ng vt mu lnh, khng c kh nng t iu chnh thn nhit. Do cng
trao i cht trong thi gian ny hon ton ph thuc vo nhit mi trng. Khi nhit
trong my tng, s pht trin ca phi tng theo, phi ln nhanh v qu trnh trao i cht
din ra mnh. Khi nhit trong my mc thp, cng trao i cht gim, sc ln v s
pht trin ca phi cng b chm li.
Nu ngay t u phi pht trin tt th ti cui qu trnh p phi s c kh nng
t iu chnh thn nhit trong mt mc nht nh. Khi nhit mi trng gim i, phi s
tng cng trao i cht, tiu th nhiu thc n lm lng trng ht sm v gim ng k
th tch lng . V vy phi ln nhanh, pht trin tt v g n ng hn. V nhit tng hay
mc cao s lm gim cng trao i cht ca phi, gim kh nng to nhit ca trng.
V vy phi tiu ho thc n chm, i khi khng dng ht lng trng, ti lng cn rt ln.
Phi pht trin yu, khng a ht c ti lng vo khoang bng. G m v n rt kh
khn.
Nu nh phi pht trin chm trong na u ca qu trnh p th ti cui t p
phi cng cha xut hin kh nng t iu ho thn nhit m vn phn ng vi cc thay i
nhit mi trng nh ng vt mu lnh. Trong trng hp ny nhit cao trong na sau
ca qu trnh p nh hng c li cho sc ln v s pht trin ca phi nh trong nhng ngy
p u. Nhit thp s lm chm s pht trin ca phi, ko di cc hu qu khc.
173
Do khi iu chnh nhit phi lun lun nh nh hng ca yu t ny i vi
tng trng hp c th v i vi tng giai on khc nhau. Nhit trong gii hn khng
gy nhiu bin d phi nhng nu khng ph hp th mc sai lch trong tc pht trin
s th hin r rng khi tin hnh kim tra sinh hc. Cn nh rng nhit ca trng khng ch
thuc vo nhit ca my m cn ph thuc vo tc gi v bc x nhit ca cc trng
xung quanh. Do trng c th b nng (tha) hoc lnh (thiu nhit) mc d nhit vn
mc cho php. Trong trng hp ny phi s th hin cc du hiu ri loi s pht trin do
tha hoc thiu nhit nh khi nhit trong my qu cao hoc qu thp so vi yu cu.
nh hng ca nhit cao v cc du hiu nhn bit
Khi nhit trong my p vt qu 41
0
C s lm cho tt c phi cht ng lot vo bt
k lc no.
Di 41
0
C phi khng cht ngay nhng tu vo mc s th hin cc du hiu c
trng sau:
1- Phi pht trin qu nhanh, nht l trong nhng ngy u. V vy phn ln s trng
s bt u n sm.
2- Nhit cao khi mi bt u p lm tng kh nng tiu ho thc n, tng sc ln
ca phi nhng nhit cao na sau qu trnh p li lm gim kh nng tiu ho lng trng,
lng ca phi, lm phi ln chm li.
3- Do sc ln v s pht trin ca phi tng qu nhanh tin ti bin d cc phn khc
nhau ca c th. V vy xut hin nhiu qui thai. Cc qui thai do nhit cao lc mi vo
p ch yu c lin quan ch yu vi cc ri lon trong s pht trin ca ti i. Ti i ln qu
nhanh nn bc kn phi sm. Do ti b nh, cht nn gy bin d u v s hnh thnh
khoang bng ca phi.
4- Nhit cao lm mng niu nang ln rt nhanh v khp kn sm. Tuy nhin na
sau ca qu trnh p trong khoang ca n c t cht lng do qu trnh trao i cht ca phi b
nhit cao lm nh tr. Nh vy mng niu nang s teo kh sm. G n sm.
5- Qu trnh to thnh mu xy ra rt mnh. Do cc mch mu u cng v to. Soi
trng trong qu trnh p lun thy mu hng m, i khi gp mt vi mch mu nh b v.
6- Cc m v cc c quan u xung huyt (cha y mu) v hay b xut huyt.
7- Nhit cao vo thi gian u lm phi d b dnh vo v v cht nhng nhit
v sau c th lm phi nm sai v tr v chn b cong.
8- Rn khp sm nhng khng kn do ri lon s phi hp gia vic thu ti lng
vo khoang bng v khp rn. V vy ti lng khng c a ht vo khoang bng.
Trn y l cc du hiu c trng nht. i vo chi tit cc du hiu do nhit cao
gy ra phi trong tng giai on c khc nhau.
* Thi gian t u ti 8 ngy p:
- Nu ngay trong ngy p u tin phi b nhit qu cao th c ch to phi v
(s phn chia chc nng cho cc nm ca cc c quan) s b ri lon. trung tm phi s
hnh thnh mt khi cc m d dng.
- Trng b nhit cao trong hai ngy u s b cc bin d phn u: xng x
khng ph trin nn no b h ra ngoi, no sng ln li ra ngoi hp s; cc bin d mt:
mt mt (ciclopia), khng c mt (anizoftalmia) mt nh, km pht trin (microphtalmia), mt
chuyn dch sang v tr khcv cc bin d khc nhau xng mt.
Nhit qu cao t ngy p th 3 n th 5 gy ri lon qu trnh hnh thnh ti nc
i v khoang bng.Mp ti i khp nhanh pha trn phi nhng cc mp pht trin pha di
phi khng khp li, v vy khoang bng b h (ectopia).
Nhng bin d do nhit cao gy ra lm phi b cht trong nhng ngy u. i khi
phi vn tip tc sng thm c t ngy ri mi cht. Mt vi c th c th sng ti khi n
ri sau mi cht.
174
Nu trng phi chu mt nhit qu cao trong nhng ngy p u th s thy cc
triu chng: phi cha y mu v xut huyt mnh phi cng nh mch mu ca ti lng
. Chnh v c nhiu mu nn khi xut hin vng mu c th thy vng mu lan rng, to v
m mc d phi cht t sm.
Phi v mch mu ca a phi khi b nhit cao rt d b dnh vo v v lm phi b
cht. Nhit cao gy cht phi mt cch ng k v lm tng s lng vng mu trong
nhng ngy p u tin. T l phi cht ti a l vo lc 3 4 ngy p.
Nu a ln n soi cc trng chu nhit cao sau khi p c 6 8 ngy s
thy trng pht trin khng ng u. Nhng trng phi thch ghi c vi nhit cao
th ln v pht trin bnh thng. Phi to nm chm su trn lng . H thng mch mu ca
ti lng pht trin yu, c t mu nn trng c mu hng nht. Tuy vy mng niu nang li
khp kn sm v cc mch mu ca mng niu c nhiu mu.
Nhit cao vo thi gian gia qu trnh p khng gy cc d hnh c bit phi
nhng thnh ti i v mng niu nang s c nhiu bc trong sut to gn bng ht en.
Nhit tng t ngt vo gia qu trnh p gy cht rt nhiu phi, cc mch mu
ca mng niu nang cha y mu. Da ca phi xut hin nhng chm mu nh, i khi cc
chm ny xut hin c tim v no ca phi. No, gan, thn cng b xung huyt. Nhit cao
cn lm gim kh nng tiu th lng trng, lng ca phi nn phi ln chm, khi lng
nh.
Nu a ln n soi khi chuyn trng sang my n c th thy phi pht trin rt khc
nhau hu nh tt c cc trng u c mu m. Phn ln s trng c phi nh ln
bung kh. Mt s trng khi soi thy u nhn ti sm nhng s ng u nhn cn thy
lng trng cha tiu ht v mng niu nang vi mch mu bc pha ngoi. C c nhng trng
phi pht trin chm v qu chm.
G con m v sm, c khi bt u m v ngay t khi chuyn trng. V th khi chuyn
khay c th nghe thy ting ku ca g con. Vt m v nh, cc mnh v vt ny v ra
thnh nhiu mnh nh. C mt s trng vt m v nm v pha u nhn ca trng.
G con n ra nh nhng rt hiu ng. Lng g x xc, tha, ngn v bn. Thng
thng g con bng to v x do ti lng cn ln. Rt nhiu g con rn b h mt mu
nh hoc mt phn ca ti lng ngoi, i khi ton b ti nm ngoi khoang bng.
Ch rn b h mu ng kh li thnh vy mu nu hoc , mu rn l mt du
hiu rt c trng ca nhit cao.
V trng trong khay trng rt bn. V trng sau khi n ra bn trong c mu
sm hoc nu v cc mch mu ca mng niu nang lc n vn cha kh m cn cha y
mu. Pha u nhn ca trng thng thy mt cc lng trng c qunh cha tiu ht. Mt
ngoi v trng cng dnh mu do g con b h rn i li dy ra nn c khay c mu nu hoc
.
Gii phu cc trng khng n thy hu nh tt c phi u cht ht. Nhiu phi
cht nm ngc u quay xung di u nhn v cc ngn chn ca chng hay b cong.
Phn ln cc phi cha thu c ti lng vo khoang bng hoc ch mi thu c mt
phn. Ti lng cn ln v thng c mu do xung huyt. Nhiu trng cn lng trng
cha s dng ht. Gii phu phi cht thy khoang c th, rut v tim u xung huyt. Bng
mt thng c th nhn thy tim b nh hn bnh thng.
nh hng ca nhit thp v cc du hiu nhn bit
Nu nhit trong my p ti u th phi s pht trin tt nht, tuy nhin iu
khng c ngha l ngi ta xc nh c nhit p ti u
khng sinh l
L nhit m ti , phi ngng pht trin. Rt kh xc nh nhit ny v c qu
nhiu nhn t nh hng, tuy nhin nhng nghin cu gn y xc nh rng nhit khng
sinh l l 75
o
F (23,9
o
C)
For mat t ed: I ndent : First line: 0 cm
Del et ed: Nhit p
175
Nhit ti u trong my p
Trong my p a k, trng c cp nhit t 95 - 105
o
F ( 35 40,5
o
C), tuy nhin
ch c mt nhit ti u, ti phi g pht trin tt nht. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng
nhit p ti u ca 19 ngy u cao hn 2 ngy cui cng ca qu trnh p. Mi my p
u c ch dn v nhit p ti u. Khi p trng, nhit my p thng trch khi nhit
ti u, kh nng p n s b suy gim v t l phi d hnh tng ln.
Nhit cao hn nhit ti u s rt ngn thi gian p v ngc li, iu khng
c ngha l c th nng ln hoc h thp nhit ti u, lm nh vy s gy hu qu l phi
yu v gim t l p n.
Nhit ti u trong my p ph thuc v nhiu yu t:
Khi lng trng
Cht lng v trng
Yu t di truyn (ging , dng g)
Tui ca trng p
m khng kh trong my p
Khi trong my p c qu nhiu loi trng, nhit ti u l nhit ca trng trung
bnh.
Ba nhit ti u
Qu trnh pht trin phi c chia lm 3 giai on, mi giai on c mt nhit
thch hp ring
1-Giai on trong c th g mi
Nhit c th g mi t 40,6 41,7
o
C, trong 22g u trong c th g mi, phi phn
chia nhanh ngay sau khi c th tinh. Nhit ti u trong giai on ny chnh l nhit
c th.
2-19 ngy p u: trong my p a k, nhit ti u l 99,5
o
F hay l 36,7
o
C.
3-ngy 20 21: nhit ti u thp hn, t 98-99
o
F hay l 36,7 37,2
o
C.
Phi pht trin rt mn cm vi nhit mi trng v cc my p nhn to u c
ch dn chi tit, theo s dao ng v nhit l rt nh.
iu chnh nhit
V nhit trong my p a k ta t cho loi trng trung bnh, do nu chng ta
bit c chi tit v khi lng trng, loi trng cc iu kin nh m, khng kh trong
my p th s t c nhit thch hp v t l p n s tt hn. Mc d c ch dn ca
cc nh cung cp my, chng ta vn cn c cc th nghim vi cc loi trng, khi lng
trng khc nhau, thm ch nhng iu chnh nh cng s mang li hiu qu tt v t l n v
cht lng g con.
nh hng ca nhit cao
Phi b nng nhit 40,5
o
C trong khong 16 24 g khng b nh hng ng k,
nhng nu b nng 43,3
o
C trong 6 g t l p n s b gim v s gim trm trng sau 9 g.
Nng 46,1
o
C trong 3 g hoc hoc 48,6
o
C trong 1g s git cht ht phi. Khi stress gay gt,
g con c n ra c cng xut hin qu nhiu d tt.
nh hng ca nhit thp
Trong t nhin, g mi p thng ri t nhiu ln trong ngy, s vng mt trong
nhng thi gian ngn khng nh hng ng k n t l p n ca g. Trong my p nhn
to, thng sy ra s mt in trong mt s pht thm ch l hng gi. Trong 3 ngy p u,
phi c th chu ng c nhit thp, sau , n 19 ngy kh nng chu lnh ca phi
gim i. G con chu lnh tt hn l chu nng trong my p.
Khi mt n
Khi mt in, my khng hot ng, hi nng bc ln nh my lm cho trng khu
vc ny nng ln, cn khu vc pha di b lnh, khu vc pha trn phi thng b cht nhiu
hn.
176
Khng c cch no khc l phi c my pht in d phng trong khu vc p,
Phi kim tra nhit k thng xuyn mi c c nhit chnh xc (nhng nhit k
vo nc 100
o
F (38
o
C)
Khi ct thu ngn b t, cn cho vo ngn ca t lnh 30 ph, sau lc cho ct
thu ngn tr v bu hoc cho nhit k vo nc nng (cn thn ko v) sau lc cho ct
thu ngn lin li.
T 27
0
C phi c th bt u pht trin. nhit ny a phi ln ln nhng
khng hnh thnh phi, cng khng hnh thnh c h thng mch mu. Do s pht trin
ca phi khng cn kh nng bt u li d c kh nng nhit ln ti mc bnh thng
my p.
Di y l cc du hiu c trng ca trng b p vi nhit thp (thiu nhit):
1- S pht trin ca phi nhn chung chm nht l khi mi bt u p. Do g s b
n chm v c th ko di ti vi ngy v cc trng phi pht trin chm c th sng kh lu
trong trng v m v ra ngoi rt chm chp.
2- H thng mch mu ca lng hnh thnh mun.
Qu trnh to thnh mu cng din ra chm v yu, do gy thiu mu.
3- Vic tiu ho lng trng v lng chm nht l na u ca qu trnh p. V vy phi
pht trin yu, nh, nh v ln chm trong mi thi k ca qu trnh p.
4- Cc mng c quan hnh thnh mun v ln chm
Ti i cha y cht lng trong nhng ngy p u tin. Mng niu nang pht trin
chm gy ra nhiu kh khn cho cuc sng ca phi cng v th dn n vic mng mch mu
ca mng niu nang khng c kh nng thay i chc nng h hp ca mng mch mu ca
ti lng . Mng niu nang khp kn mun v c t cht lng trong khoang do cng
trao i cht yu c t cht thi.
Thiu nhit trong nhng ngy p u tin lm gim hn sc ln v s pht trin ca phi.
Soi trng sau 6 ngy p thy phi tt c cc trng u nh, nm gn v v di ng yu.
Mng mch mu lng pht trin km. Cc mch mu tha, nh, c t mu v vy
trng c mu hi pht hng. Tuy vy t l cht phi khng tng nhiu. Phi cht ch yu t
4 6 ngy p. Cc trng cht phi cn vng mu nh, nht.
Gii phu cc trng cht phi c th thy cc mng c quan v phi u ti nht do
thiu mu. Phi nh, mu trong sut i khi rt kh pht hin.
Nhit p thp (trong gii hn 37 n 35
0
C) trong nhng ngy u khng gy qui
thai.
Nu trng b thiu nhit (nhit p mc thp) ngay t u th gia qu trnh p (11
ngy i vi trng g) mng niu nang s khp kn chm t 1 n 3 ngy so vi cc trng c
phi pht trin bnh thng.
Ngoi s pht trin chm ca phi trong sut qu trnh p, phi nh, thiu mu cc
mng mch mu ca lng v mng niu nang th nhit thp khng gy ra du hiu c
bit no khc cho ti khi g bt u n.
Soi trng sau 19 ngy p thy hu nh cha c trng no c phi nh ln bung kh.
Nu thiu t nhit th khi soi thy u nhn ca trng tt. Thng thng cc trng ny vn
n tt nhng n chm. Nu thiu nhiu nhit th bung kh ca trng s nh, u nhn ca
trng khi soi cn thy sng do cn lng trng cha tiu th ht. Cc mch mu ca mng niu
nang cn r mu ngha l cn cha nhiu mu v ang hot ng. Thng th nhng trng
ny do mt t l n thp, cht lng g n ra xu.
G m v chm v khng ng lot. V m v gn u ln ca trng chng t phi
nm ng ngi nhng bung kh nh. V trng vt m v v ra tng mnh ln nhng kch
thc cc mnh khng u nhau.
G bt u n chm v ko di, i khi ti vi ngy mi xong (k t lc n nhng con
u tin). G con m v ngt qung v ngh rt lu. Nhiu con ph v v chui ra ngoi mt
177
cch rt kh khn. Mt s con ch c c mt ch ri nm y do thiu nng lng. G con
khng cn sc tip tc m v, ph v thnh hai mnh v chui ra ngoi.
Khi gip g tch v thng lm rch cc mch mu ca mng niu nang (cha teo
kh) gy xut huyt lm g con c th b cht.
Nu thiu khng qu nhiu nhit th g n ra lng bng, di. Rn ca g con khp kn
v khng nhn thy vt so. Ti lng thng c kch thc nh. Bng g mm. Tuy vy g
con n ra yu, hay nm, ng khng vng.
Nu nhit thp ko di th g n ra c ti lng ln cha y lng long. G
nng bng v thng b a chy. Sau khi g n pha trong v trng c mu hng rt nht hoc
mu ng do thiu mu mng niu nang.
Gii phu trng khng n thy ngay c nhng trng cha c vt m v g con cng
vn cn sng nhng khng th ph c v ra ngoi. u v c ca g con c nhng vt sng
mng do c m vo v trng. Nhng vt ny lun b xung huyt v i khi b xut huyt. Cc
trng khc phn ln g con hon chnh ra ngoi. Lng trng c tiu th ht, ti
lng thu vo trong khoang bng.
Ch khi trng p phi chu nhit qu thp v ko di trong nhiu thi gian (thiu
qu nhiu nhit) th ti lng mi khng co c vo trong khoang bng. Trong trng hp
ny rn s h. Ti lng c mu ti xanh. Thng thng ton b ti lng hoc mt
phn c mu mu xanh l cy.
Gii phu cc phi cht thy tt c cc c quan u thiu mu. Rut cha y lng
long v phn non. c bit rut gi cng ti mc ni tng cc. Tim b thiu mu v phnh to
hn bnh thng.

3.10.3. nh hng ca m i vi s pht trin ca phi
phi pht trin bnh thng, mt phn nc trong trng cn bay hi vi t l thch
hp. Khi trng b bc hi nhiu qu, g con tr nn qu nho vi bnh thng. Ngc li,
trng khng bc hi , g con s to hn, trong c 2 trng hp , g con u b yu, gim
t l p n v cht lng g con. Cn iu chnh s bc hi nc ca trng thng qua qun l
m trong my p khi lng trng gim i ng theo yu cu. m cao lm gim s
bc hi v ngc li.
o m tng i
Ngi ta xc nh m khng kh thng qua nhit k kh t.
Bng 38: m phn trm ca khng kh v nhit ca nhit k kh - t
Nhit bn kh
36,7 37,0 37,2 37,5 T
o
bn t
m tng i (%)
26,7 46 45 44 43
27,8 51 50 49 48
28,9 56 55 54 53
30,0 61,5 60,5 59 58
31,1 67 66 65 63,5
32,2 73 72 71 69,5
33,3 79 78 77 75,5
Tm quan trng ca m thch hp
trng bc hi nc c tt, m trong my p nm trong khong 50 60%,
nhng ngi vn hnh my cn c nhng th nghim nhm xc nh t l ph hp.
m trong my p cao t 1-19 ngy p ko di thi gian p, lm cho g n mun, to,
bng mm v ngc li.
Din tch b mt trng v s gim khi lng trng
Del et ed:
178
Din tch b mt trng lin quan gin tip vi khi lng trng. C th l trng to th
bnh qun din tch v/1 n v khi lng thp hn l trng nh. S bc hi nc t trng
qua cc l kh ph thuc vo din tch b mt v trng. Trng nh s mt nhiu nc hn
trng to trong cng iu kin v m.

Bng 39: Mi lin h gia m v khi lng trng n s gim khi lng trng p
Khi lng trng (g/qu)
52,0 56,7 61,4 66,2 70,9
m my
p %
% khi lng b gam t 1-19 ngy p
70-79 10,6 10,3 10,0 9,8 9,6
60-69 11,5 11,1 10,7 10,4 10,2
50-59 12,5 12,0 11,6 11,3 11,1
40-49 13,7 13,1 12,6 12,2 11,9
30-39 15,0 14,3 13,8 13,4 13,1
Trong khi p, cho trng c khi lng khc nhau bc hi 12%, t ngy 1-19 cn
khng ch m nh sau:
Bng 40: Khi lng trng v m cn thit bc hi 12% khi lng trng
Khi lng trng (g) m my p (%)
52,0 58-62
54,3 56-60
56,7 53-57
59,1 51-55
61,4 49-43
63,8 47-51
66,1 45-49
nh hng ca cht lng v trng n yu cu v m trong my p
Hi nc bc hi qua v trng mng d hn l v dy. L kh ca v trng mng lm
cho nc bc hi nhiu hn, g con n ra s nh hn bnh thng.
Bng
Bng 41: nh hng ca cht lng v trng ln s hao ht khi lng trng p
(57% m)
Khi lng trng (g/qu) V trng
Khi lng hao ht 1-19
ngy p
56,7 Trung bnh 12,0
56,7 mng 14,0
56,7 dy 10,5

S bc hi nc ca trng lin quan cht ch vi m trong my p t 50 - 60%.
Khi m qu cao, qu trnh bc hi nc qua v trng b chm l v ko di thi gian p.
Phi s c th b cht oxy vo trng qua cc l kh lun t l vi lng nc c
bc hi i, do khi nc bc hi chm lng oxy cung cp cho trng s b gim i, phi s
b cht ngt, t l cht phi sm s cao, g con n mun, to nhng yu.
Khi m trong my thp, nc bc hi nhanh, phi pht trin nhanh hn, nc s b
rt i t lng trng v lng qu nhiu, t l cht phi sm tng ln, g con n sm nhng
b hn v yu.
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, vi khi lng trng trung bnh, m trong my p
trung bnh l 50 60% th trng bc hi i 12% khi p c19 ngy, trung bnh mi ngy l
0,632%
Xc nh khi lng hao ht ca trng
179
Trong qu trnh p trng, khi lng trng gim i theo mt chng trnh nht nh.
Chng trnh l mt phn quan trng ca ch p. Nu s hao ht khi lng ca trng
din ra nhanh tc l m trong my p qu thp v nc bc hi qu nhiu.
Cch xc nh s hao khi lng trng:
u tin cn khi lng khay trng, cn khi lng khay y trng, tnh khi
lng trung bnh ca mi trng
Sau mt s ngy p, cn li khay trng, tnh khi lng nc bc hi v chia trung
bnh cho s trng tnh % khi lng b hao ht /ngy p, so snh vi bng sau xem qu
trnh mt nc cao hay thp.
Bng 42: Khi lng trng p hao ht hng ngy vi m 50-60%
Khi lng trng khi bt
u p g/qu
Khi lng hao ht sau 19
ngy p (%)
Hao ht trung bnh mi ngy
(%)
54,3 12,25 0,645
56,7 12,00 0,632
59,1 11,80 0,621
61,4 11,60 0,611
63,8 11,45 0,603
66,2 11,30 0,595

m c hai nh hng quan trng nht:
* Th nht: iu ho bay hi nc t trng.
Trong phn ln thi gian p, bay hi nc t trng ph thuc trc tip vo m
tng i ca my p. Nu tng m tng i trong my th lng nc bay hi t trng
s gim v ngc li. Nhng khi mng niu nang bao bc kn dn pha mt trong ca v
trng th bay hi nc t trng gim dn s ph thuc vo m ca my p. V cui qu
trnh p khi trong trng ch cn t nc, bay hi s ph thuc ch yu vo cng trao
i cht ca phi. Phi cng tiu th nhiu lng trng, lng bao nhiu th nc t trng s
bay hi i cng nhiu by nhiu.
Trao i cht ca phi cng mnh th phn ng to nhit cng nhiu. Do nhit
ca trng tng ln lm cho nc bay hi nhanh hn (t mng niu nang). Cho nn trong na
sau ca qu trnh p (t 11 ngy tr i i vi trng g) sau khi mng niu nang khp kn
th bay hi nc t trng ph thuc vo cc yu t lm tng s pht trin v qu trnh trao
i cht ca phi (nhit , m, thng thong v o trng)
Khi mi bt u p, nc t trng bay hi i l nc ly t lng trng. V vy lng
trng b c li dn lm phi kh tiu ho. Lc ny nc b bay hi cng nhiu th lng trng
cng chuyn c t nc v cht dinh dng ho tan trong vo lng . Do phi b
thiu dinh dng, t l phi cht tng ln mc d khng thy mt du hiu bnh l no.
Cho nn trong nhng ngy p u tin lm gim bay hi nc t trng khng gy
nh hng c hi no. Tri li cn lm tng lng nc ca phi v lm gim t l phi cht.
Khi mng niu nang hnh thnh v ln dn th cng ngy nc bay hi i t trng
ly t mng niu nng cng nhiu. Nc trong mng niu nang l nc tham gia vo qu
trnh trao i cht mang theo cc cht thi. Sau khi mng niu nang khp kn bn trong
trng th nc t trng bay hi i hon ton l nc thi t khoang ca mng niu nang.
Nc ny c bay hi i lin tc s to ch cho cc lng nc thi mi i vo. Do kch
thch phi tiu ho nhiu lng trng, lng hn v thi nhiu cht cn b hn.
Vo cui qu trnh p, trong khoang ca mng niu nang ch cn t cht lng gip cho
mng niu nang kh v teo i d dng, ng lc cn thit. Khi mng niu nang bt u kh s
ct t s lin quan gia mng mch mu ca n vi h tun hon ca phi. ng thi n c
kch thch vic thay th th bng mng niu nang sang th bng phi. Lc ny tt c nhng g
lm gim bay hi nc t mng niu nang u nh hng xu ti phi. Sc ln ca phi
Del et ed:
180
b chng li nhng t l cht phi cha tng ngay. Hu qu tch t dn li v th hin ch yu
vo lc n.
Thng thng khi n g con lm rch mng niu nang v cc mch mu vn cn
ang hot ng gy xut huyt mng niu nang cha kh cn nhiu nc trong khoang khi
b rch tro ra lm g con phi ung y diu, d dy v rut. Rut non, rut gi u cng
phng. Nhiu khi cht lng t mng niu nang chy ra bt kn ng h hp lm g con cht
ngt. Do g con nh v mng niu nang cha y cht lng cn tr cc c ng cn thit
trc khi n. G con nh bi trong khng c ch bm nn khng th m v ra ngoi c.
i khi m c mt l th ch cht lng chy ra, gp khng kh s kh ngay v c th
lm dnh m hoc u con g con vo v trng. Khi g con bt ng, s khng n ra c
v cht.
Bnh thng lc g chun b n bn trong trng cn rt t nc. Nu m trong my
n thp, trong lc n trng s b bay hi mt nhiu nc lm mng niu nang kh sm dnh
cht vo mng v v tr nn rt dai. G con s khng th x rch mng ny chui ra c v
cht bn trong. mt s trng hp khc, lng ca g con th ra l v ca v v b kh
trc khi g n xong hoc b dnh vo v lm g con khng c ng tip c n.
* Th hai: iu chnh to nhit ca trng.
Trong na u ca qu trnh p, nhit ca trng ch bng hoc thp hn nhit
ca khng kh trong my p v trng ch thu nhit cha to nhit. Lc ny trng b mt nhit
ch yu do b bay hi nc (nc bay hi thu mt nhit ca trng). V vy m cao trong
nhng ngy p u s lm gim bay hi nc gp phn gi nhit cho trng. Nhit ny
trng nhn t mi trng xung quanh si nng.
Trong na sau ca qu trnh p, trong trng sn ra kh nhiu nhit. Mt phn nh ca
nhit lng ny dng lm bay hi nc. Nhit ca trng trong thi gian ny (nht l nhng
ngy cui cng) cao hn nhiu so vi nhit ca khng kh trong my p. Do nhit t
trng to ra khng kh trong my p lm nng khng kh. Khng kh kh nhn nhit km
nhng khng kh m li nhn nhit rt d dng v ly rt nhiu nhit. V vy trong nhng
ngy p cui cng (thi gian my n) phi tng m ca my trng to c nhiu
nhit hn, h bt nhit ca trng.
m thp hay gim m ca my l lm gim kh nng nhn nhit ca khng kh,
ni cch khc l lm cho trng to c t nhit hn, tng nhit ca trng nh hng xu
ti s pht trin ca phi.
Chnh v th cc du hiu ri lon s pht trin ca phi do m thp c nhiu nt
tng t nh khi phi b p nhit cao v nh hng ca m cao cng s c nhng nt
ging nh khi trng p b nhit thp tuy mc nh hng c khc nhau.
nh hng ca m cao v cc du hiu nhn bit
Trc ht cn ni rng nu trng bn th m cao s l mi trng tt cho nm mc,
vi trng v pht trin, xm nhp vo trong v to thnh cc trng thi.
Trong 5-6 ngy p u tin m cao khng gy nh hng xu ti s pht trin ca
phi. Sau 6 ngy p m cao s lm chm s pht trin ca mng niu nang v lm mng
niu nang khp kn chm. Trng gim khi lng t, bung kh nh.
Soi trng trc khi n thy s pht trin ca phi b chm rt nhiu. Phi nh, bung
kh nh. Trong trng cn nhiu cht lng v lng trng cha s dng ht. Do khi soi thy
u nhn ca trng v vng gip vi bung kh cn sng. C th nhn r cc mch mu ca
mng niu nang ang hot ng. C ca phi cha nh ln bung kh.
Nu m khng ko di th khi n s th hin cc du hiu rt c trng. Trc ht
g n chm t mt n vi ngy.Qu trnh n khng bt u ng u v ko di nhiu thi
gian. Mng v quanh l m v sm mu li rt nhanh v chuyn thnh mu nu. Ngay sau khi
g va m v th t ch nc cn khoang mng niu nang chy ra mu nu v dnh trng
rt bn. Cht lng ny qunh,v kh nhanh, bt ngay l m v lm phi cht. Nu nh l m
181
v ln khng b bt kn th cht lng ny s dnh m hoc u v i khi c cnh ca g con
vo v trng. G con s khng cn c ng c, nm im ch cht.
V phi yu, ln chm nn ti tn lc n mng niu nang v mng mch mu ca n
vn cn hot ng cha kh i. Nu ta tch v trng cho g con ra ngoi s lm t cc mch
mu gy xut huyt mng niu nang v chy mu rn ca g con v g con cng s cht.
Ni chung nu c sng c th g con n ra bng cch ny u l g loi II, yu v thng b
cht ngay trn khay n hoc trong nhng ngy tui u tin.
Khi b m cao, g n ra phn ln b yu, t hot ng. Lng g b dnh bt c bit
rn v hu mn. cc dng g lng trng, mu lng, m v da chn u rt nht. G con
bng to, nng v c th mm do ti lng trong bng cn rt ln v cha lng long.
Nu trng p b thiu cc vitamin thuc nhm B v loi b m cao trong na sau
ca qu trnh p th hu qu cn xu hn nhiu. Ngoi cht lng ca mng niu nang, cht
lng ca ti i v lng trng long cha tiu th ht cng nh hng rt nhiu, ngay khi va
c vt m v, cht lng c bt ca ti i chy ra v kh i rt nhanh. Ni chnh xc hn y l
lng trng c a vo trong ti i. Do rt dnh nn cht lng ny c th bt kn l m v,
mm v mi ca g con lm g con cht ngt. Mt s trng hp g con n ra c cng b
dnh b bt vo lng v khi kh i to thnh mt lp v cng bn ngoi. Ni chung g con
loi ny thng b cht ngay.
Sau khi g n, kho st cc v trng khng n s thy mng niu nang cn rt nhiu
cht lng v cc trng c cht lng sinh hc km s gp cht lng nhiu bt v dnh ca
ti nc i. Trong trng hp ny thng gp c lng trng c cha tiu th ht.
i khi do lc cn sng phi p hn lon lm rch ti lng nn b cht chm
trong lng long.
Gii phu phi thy c ng tiu ho sut t diu cho ti hu mn u cng phng,
cha y cht lng. y l du hiu c trng ca m qu cao ko di v cc nh hng
khc ti cc c quan bn trong u tng t nh khi b p nhit thp (thiu nhit). Phi
ca cc phi cht thng b xung huyt v khng c khng kh.
nh hng ca m thp v cc du hiu nhn bit
m thp trong nhng ngy p u tin l trng b bay hi mt nhiu nc gy t l
phi cht cao. Cch nhn bit chnh xc nht l cn trng theo di gim khi lng hoc
do kch thc ca bung kh.
m thp gip cho mng niu nang ln nhanh v khp kn sm. Sau khi mng niu
nang bao bc ht b mt bn trong ca trng th hu nh khng c m t nhin no bn
trong my p b coi l qu thp.
Khi chuyn trng qua my n, nhiu phi pht trin hi nhanh. Soi kim tra thy t
trng b cht phi. Qu trnh m v v n din ra sm hn bnh thng. Du hiu c trng
ca m qu thp l mng v lc ny b kh v rt di. Khi g m v ra ngoi, cc mnh
v v v ri ra mng v khng dt. Mc d g con xoay quanh m v v thnh vng trn
nhng khng sc x rch mng v, tch v trng ra thnh hai mnh chui ra ngoi do
mng v qu dai gi cht li. V vy g con phi chu nm li bn trong.
Qu trnh n b kh v mng niu nang cn qu t cht lng. Mt t cht lng cn li
bn trong trng sau khi g con m v bay hi i rt nhanh. V th phi c ng rt kh khn.
Hn na lng ca g con bt u b kh khi cha ra ngoi. Ch cn mt t lng b kh bong ra
dnh vo v l g con cng khng th di ng c bn trong trng tip tc m v ch
khc.
Ni chung g n kh khn v hay b dnh lng. Do trong trng hp ny nn kim
tra thng xuyn v gip g tch v ra ngoi. V nc mng niu nang bay hi i ht,
mng ny teo kh nn khi tch v khng gy xut huyt.
182
G con n ra nh mt cht nhng hiu ng, lng bng, p. Mu lng, mu m v da
chn cc dng g lng trng s c mu vng m hn. u lng i khi ng c sang nu
nht.
Gii phu cc trng khng n v cc phi cht s gp cc du hiu ging nh khi b
nhit cao nhng mc nh hn nhiu.
i khi g n qu sm xut huyt mng niu nang v mng ny vn ang hot ng,
cc mch mu vn cn nhiu mu. Khi quanh m ca g con c th c vt mu do khi m
v lm t cc mch mu ca mng niu nang.

3.10.4. nh hng ca thng thong ti s pht trin ca phi
Nhu cu khng kh
Trong khng kh thng thng c nit, oxi, CO
2
, hi nc. S vn chuyn t do cc
kh trn thng qua l kh v mng trng rt quan trng.
Trong khng kh ngang mc nc bin, nng oxy l 21 % v khng th t c
mc trong my p.
Trong qu trnh p, nhu cu O
2
tng ln hng trm ln v CO
2
thi ra cng tng ln
tng ng
Bng 43: S trao i kh ca 1000 trng p
Ngy p Oxy tiu th (ft
3
) CO
2
thi ra (ft
3
)
1 0.5 O,29
5 1,17 0,58
10 3,79 1,92
15 22,70 11,50
18 30,00 15,40
21 45,40 23,00
Vo 18 ngy p, 1000 trng cn 143 ft
3
(4,1 m
3
) khng kh sch (21% O
2
), iu c
ngha l khi p trng, mi ngy phi thay khng kh sch 8 ln hay c 3 gi mt ln. Trong
thc t, con s trn l ti thiu v cn phi thay kh sch nhiu hon p ng nhu cu ca
phi. Nng CO
2
khng c qu 0,3%, qu mc trn t l p n gim. Gim r rt khi
CO2 l 1% v g cht ht khi CO2 l 5%.

Ni ti thng thong cn phi hiu y c hai v thay i khng kh v tc gi.
Phi rt mn cm khi t l CO
2
vt qu mc cho php. V vy thng thong khng
m bo do ca thng kh qu hp gy mt nh hng c hi cho s pht trin ca phi
cn hn c khi b thiu mt t xy. Chnh v th khng kh bn trong my p cn c thay
i sao cho nng kh ccbnc (CO
2
) khng vt qu 0,2 0,3% v xy khng di 21%
khng kh.
Phi bt u h hp ngay sau khi trng c si nng. Trong qu trnh p ngun xy
v c ch h hp ca phi thay i vi ln. Cn nh iu ny th iu chnh h ca ca
thng thong mi ph hp v cho ti nay ngi ta vn cha pht hin ra cc du hiu c
trng do thng thong km gy ra khi soi tr ng kim tra pht trin ca phi.
Khi mi bt u p, phi h hp bng xy to ra lng nh tc dng ca cc loi
men. xy i vo cc t bo ca phi bng hin tng khuch tn. Nhng sang n ngy p
th hai, phi tng i ln nn ngun xy khng cn tho mn cc nhu cu ca
phi. Chnh lc ny h thng mch mu lng cn phi c hnh thnh ly xy t
nhng vng b mt khc ca lng a qua cc mch mu v cho phi s dng.
V vy s hnh thnh h thng mch mu lng mt cch kp thi, cc mch mu
pht trin mnh v qu trnh to thnh mu xy ra tt l s m bo chc chn cho h hp v
dinh dng ca phi c y . Lp lng trng bao ph pha trn phi b tan i kh nhanh
do cc loi men khc nhau tc dng vo v b chy xung pha di. Nh vy mng mch
Del et ed:
183
mu ca lng tip xc c vi mng trong ca v trng pha di bung kh. T lc
ny phi dng xy ly t bung kh. Ti ngy p th 5 th mng niu nang v h thng mch
mu ca cc mch mu ca n v thi gian cn thit mng niu nang bao bc xong ton b
pha bn trong trng l nhng iu kin quyt nh qu trnh h hp bnh thng ca phi.
Trc khi g chun b n, c ch h hp ca phi li thay i mt ln na. Mng niu
nang kh i nhanh chng, khng cn nc trong khoang; h thng mch mu ca n cng
ct t mi lin quan vi h tun hon ca phi. Chnh iu ny khi ng vic phi chuyn
qua th bng phi. Lc u khng kh c th ly t bung kh bn trong trng do lng trng
v lng tiu i cng nh nc trong khoang mng niu nang bay hi nn gim th tch
to ra. Phi nm ng ngi (ng v tr) s nng c ln bung kh lm cng cc mng: ti i,
mng niu nang v mng v trong ca trng. Cc hot ng lin tc ca c g con lm cho
mu sng nhn nm u m bn trn c st v ct t cc mng ny. G con nh m ln
bung kh v h hp bng khng kh c thm thu vo qua v. Cui cng qu trnh nhanh
v mnh nht l g con dng m c v v trng v th trc tip bng khng kh trong my.
Thi gian m phi phi chuyn c ch h hp bng cch ny sang cch khc l nhng
thi im khng hong ht sc kh khn ca phi. Nu nh phi v cc mng c quan cha
c s chun b hon chnh cho iu xy ra th h hp s b ri lon v phi s b cht. iu
ny cp chung cho nhng ngy p u tin khi mng mch mu ca lng phi bt u
hot ng cng nh cho nhng ngy p cui cng khi phi phi chuyn h hp t bng mng
niu nang sang th bng phi.
Tuy nhin kh nng CO
2
trong my vt ln qu cao hoc nng xy tt xung
qu thp u c th lm phi cht hng lot. Phi nm sai ngi v m v pha u nhn ca
trng chng t thng thong khng m bo: hnh thc thch nghi vi iu kin thng
thong km phi phi thay i v tr nm. V vy ti cui qu trnh p u phi khng hng
v pha bung kh m hng v pha u nhn ca trng. Nhng ch nn coi l thng thong
km hay khng kh sch vo my qu t khi c mt lng ln s trng m v pha u
nhn.
Du hiu b ngt th hai cc phi cht vo khong gia qu trnh p (9 - 12 ngy p)
c th thy cc mch mu ca mng niu nang b nghn li, phi xung huyt v b xut huyt
di da lm nc i c mu . Cc du hiu ny nu xut hin l t cng khng c s
kt lun thng thong ca my km v mt s nguyn nhn khc lin quan trc tip ti tng
qu trng cng c th gy ra. V d v trng b cc cht bn bt kn cc l hoc mng v c
kh nng thm thu kh km Ngoi ra nhit cao trong my cng c th gy ra cc triu
chng ni trn.
Do , khi xc nh nguyn nhn kt qu p xu cn cn thn trnh nhm ln, chp
m. i vi cc my p cng nghip, ch c nhng sai st rt trm trng khi s dng my mi
c th gy ra thiu thng thong. V d ng ca my m qut khng chy hoc qut chy
nhng ng kn cc ca ht v x kh trong khi trng nhiu ngy tui. Trong iu kin
bnh thng cc my p cng nghip u m bo thng thong cn thit. Tuy nhin nhiu
khi thng thong m bo sch ca khng kh nhng khng m bo c vic
trao i n nh nhit, nht l thi hi nng ra ngoi khi nhit trong my ln cao. Trong
trng hp ny cn c thm qut ht kh nng hoc b phn lm lnh khng kh trc khi vo
my.
Thc ra khi lp thm qut ht kh nng lm thay i lu lng cng nh tc
trao i khng kh gia bn trong v bn ngoi my cn tc gi trong my hu nh
khng thay i v ph thuc trc tip vo qut gi trong .
Trong my p, tc gi gi mt vai tr rt quan trng v trc tin n quyt nh
ng u ca ch p mi vng trong my. Mc d khng trc tip nh hng ti phi,
tc gi lm tng gim hoc nh hng ca nhit v m i vi s pht trin ca
phi.
184
Nu tc gi khng m bo, biu hin c trng l s khng ng u ca ch
p cc vng khc nhau trong my. Ta c th nhn bit khi thy trng p t cc v tr khc
nhau trong my p c mc pht trin khc nhau tuy cng ngy tui hoc g con n vo
thi gian khc nhau, cht lng khc nhau
V th khi soi trng kim tra s pht trin ca phi nn ly nhiu khay t cc v tr
khc nhau trong my nm c s chnh lch v mc pht trin. Cc kt qu thu c
nn ghi chp cn thn v lu tr, tng kt. C nh vy mi nm c mt cch chnh xc s
chnh lch v ch p tng vng trong my (nu c) v c bin php khc phc nh i
ch cho nhau trong qu trnh p hoc thm ngun nhit, m ph khu vc

3.10.5. nh hng ca o trng i vi s pht trin ca phi v v tr ca phi
o trng
Gc o nh hng n t l n
Bng 44: nh hng ca gc o nh hng n t l n
Gc o mi bn T l n/ trng c phi
20 69.3
30 78,9
40 84,6
nh hng ca o trng n t l n
S ln o/ ngy T l n/trng th tinh
2 78,1
4 85,3
6 92,0
8 92,2
10 92,1
nh hng ca o trng theo giai on n t l n
Giai on o trng T l n/trng th tinh (%)
Khng o 28
1-7 78
1-14 95
1-18 92
Chuyn trng sang my n
Cc my p hin i c ch dn chuyn trng t ngy p th 19, song trong thc t
c nhiu yu t nh hng n thi gian p: ging, gii tnh tui trng khi lng trng, cht
lng v trngTrng n sm th xp mun hn, nu lm ng th trng s n ng thi.
Ni chung, ngi ta chuyn trng khi c 1% g con m v.
Trc khi n, phi phi nm ng ngi tc l phi nm theo mt v tr nht nh th
mi c th m ph v v d dng ra ngoi.
Trong qu trnh p, phi thay i v tr theo mt trnh t nht nh. Nu trnh t ny b
thay i v trong mt thi gian no phi nm sai v tr th lc n v tr ca phi cng khng
bnh thng.
V tr ca phi c xc nh t rt sm. Di nguyn thu v no s khai phi nm
theo mt t th nht nh m ta c th quan st thy d dng bng mt thng sau 24 n 36
gi p. Lc u phi nm p bng trn lng , lng quay v pha v. T ngy p th hai, do
cc np ca ti i pha di phi ln dn, phi bt u nng ln tch khi lng v quay
sang pha phi. Dn dn phi xoay c thn nm nghing bng sn bn tri. Ti ngy p th
nm phi tin gn li pha bung kh, do s pht trin ca mng niu nang. Thnh thong cc
co bp ca ti i y phi ra khi v tr ny nhng sau phi li tr li, nm theo chiu
ngang ca trng.
Del et ed:
185
Trong na u ca qu trnh p u ca phi ln nhanh hn mnh nhng sau s
pht trin ca mnh phi nhanh dn ln v t ngy p th 11 phi bt u quay sang bn phi
v chm dn xung pha u nhn ca trng do chnh khi lng ca mnh. Ti ngy p th
14 mnh ca phi nm dc theo trc chiu di trng. V u v c phi nm dc theo chiu
di ca trng nn sau ny u ca phi s nm bn di cch phi. V tr ca phi v s thay
i ca n ph thuc phn ln vo v tr ca trng p
Nu xp trng p u c bung kh quay xung di th phi c th nm pha u
nhn ca trng v pht trin trong nhiu thi gian. Cui t phi s cht my n v m ca
phi khng gp c bung kh v phi b cht ngt.
Nu p trng nm ngang hoc nghing mt gc 45
0
theo trc dc ca trng th phi v
cc mng c quan ch yu l mng niu nang s ng v tr. Trong trng hp ny mt
ngy phi o trng ti thiu vi ln trnh cho mt phn ca cc mng ca phi phi tip
xc mi vi lng trng, vi v, vi lng v gia chng vi nhau. Nu p trng nm ngang
th phi o trng theo trc dc.
C th o 180
0
theo trc ngang c trng, nhng trn thc t ngi ta khng lm bao
gi v khng c im lm mc. Nu p trng ng nghing mt gc 45
0
vi bung kh quay
ln trn th ngi ta o trng nghing sang pha i din mt gc 90
0
.
Trong nhng ngy p u tin nu khng o trng, phi s b lng p vo v. Do
nc t trng bay hi i nn phi s b dnh vo mng v, s pht trin ngng li v phi b
cht. Khi soi trng s thy mt vt en dnh vo v khng chuyn ng.
iu ny cng c th xy ra khi trong my p c nhit cao, m thp v tc
gi ln. Tuy nhin nu o trng c s trc trc th s thy c s khc nhau c bn: cc phi
cht u b dnh vo v cng mt pha ca trng p.
Mng niu nang c hnh thnh u tin pht trin v pha bung kh v sau chy
dn v pha u nhn ca trng. Lc mng niu nang cha bao bc mt trong trng ton b
lng trng u p xung pha u nhn ca trng v bm cht vo mng v. V vy nu
khng o trng hoc gc o qu nh th mng niu nang s rt kh tch c vo gia lng
trng v mng trong ca v trng pht trin v bao bc ton b lng trng, khi cc mp
ca mng niu nang s khp vi nhau pha di lng ch khng phi u nhn ca
trng s b mt phn lng trng ngoi. Trng hp ny, khi soi s thy mt phn lng trng
nm ngoi mng niu nang v u nhn ca trng s sng cho ti nhng ngy p cui cng.
Sau khi mng niu nang bao bc kn mt trong ca v trng vn phi tip tc o
trng phi c th pht trin tt v nm ng v tr.
Nu khng o trng trong sut qu trnh p th vo khong 10 12 ngy p mng
niu nang s b dnh vo ti lng . V vy phi s khng thu c ti ny vo khoang bng
hoc lm rch ti lng v phi cht.
3.11. Kim tra sinh hc
Kim tra sinh hc trong khi p l ht sc cn thit v cho php trnh cc thiu st trong
khi p v nng cao cht lng cc iu kin mi trng bn trong my phi pht trin tt
hn. Mun t c cc mc tiu ny ni chung phi thi hnh nghim tc cc ch dn v cch
vn hnh my cng nh quy trnh p.
Mc d i vi tng loi my, ni ch to ra nhng ch p c th cho tng loi trng
gia cm. Tuy nhin, trong khi p cc s liu thu c t kim tra sinh hc c th s ch ra nhu
cu phi iu chnh li ch p (tu theo cht lng trng, iu kin kh hu) thng th
nhng thay i ny rt nh nhng do tc ng ln phi trong mt thi gian di nn rt quan
trng.

3.11.1. Cc nhu cu v mi trng phi pht trin trong cc giai on khc nhau.
S pht trin ca phi c th chia ra lm hai giai on chnh vi di xp x bng
nhau nhng tnh cht khc nhau:
For mat t ed: I ndent : First line: 0 cm
186
1- T u cho ti khi mng niu nang bao bc ton b bn trong trng (tr bung kh)
v khp kn u nhn.
2- T khi mng niu nang khp kn cho ti khi g n. Trong giai on u, bn trong
trng to ra rt t nhit so vi nhit lng b mt i khng th trnh c. Do nhit ca
trng bng hoc thp hn nhit ca mi trng trong my p v v vy trng i hi c
cung cp thm nhit.
Trong giai on hai th ngi li, bn trong trng to ra rt nhiu nhit. Nhit ca
trng cao hn nhit ca khng kh trong my. Do trng cn cc iu kin thi bt
nhit lng tha v trnh ng nhit.
giai on u, nht l 5 7 ngy p u tin, phi tiu th mt lng ln thc n so
vi khi lng c th, cng trao i cht rt mnh. Phi ln rt nhanh. y l giai on
ht sc quan trng i vi s hnh thnh pht trin cc c quan ca phi. V vy phi cung
cp nhit lng cn thit si nng trng. Ngoi ra, trong nhng ngy p trng cha
th t trnh b mt nc, d tr nc trong trng li c hn. Cho nn cc yu t ca ch p
trong thi gian ny phi c iu chnh sao cho trng b mt t nc nht do bay hi. V
trng mi d b mt nhit.
Trong nhng ngy p u, phi nhn xy v cc cht dinh dng ch yu t lng
qua s vn chuyn ca mng mch mu lng . V th ch p cng cn phi m bo
cho h thng mch mu ny c hnh thnh ng lc v pht trin mnh.
Nu trong giai on hai ca qu trnh p lm gim bay hi nc t mng niu nang
th s gy nh hng xu ti s pht trin ca phi. Cc nh hng ny s c bit tai hi nu
lm ngng hoc gim s bay hi nc t trng trong nhng ngy cui cng my p. Khi
mng niu nang s cn nhiu cht lng khng kh c v do phi khng th h hp bng
phi. V vy s c mt s ln phi cht v trong s g con n ra s c rt nhiu con yu. V l
do ny trong giai on hai, thi gian trng my p phi to mi iu kin cho nc t trng
bay hi i ti mc ti a.
Trong giai on hai, cn ch nht ti 5 6 ngy cui cng v lc ny m l ngun
lng ch yu v l c s dinh dng ca phi. T trng sn ra mt nhit lng rt ln. V
vy phi to iu kin cho chng to nhit tht tt v nu nhit lng tha b ng li trong
trng s lm nhit trong trng cao ln gy cht phi. Hn na nu phi pht trin bnh
thng th lc ny cng c nhng du hiu phn ng vi nhit nh mt ng vt mu
nng. Thi c nhiu nhit lng s l tng cng trao i cht, tng kh nng tiu th
lng trng lng ca phi.
Ti cui t p (thi gian my n) h thng mch mu ca mng niu nang ct t
mi lin h vi h tun hon ca phi v s h hp ca phi c phi chnh thc m nhn.
Trc tin qu trnh ny ch c th xy ra ng lc nu nh trng c chun b tt
t thi gian trc. Trc tin, qu trnh ny lin quan vi s bay hi nc ca mng niu
nang. C nh vy khi phi nhiu ngy tui hn th hnh thi v sinh l ca phi mi thay i
v cng vi cc thay i ny nhu cu ca phi cng khc i. Do mun cho phi pht trin
bnh thng th cc iu kin p cng cn phi thay i ph hp vi s pht trin ca phi
trong tng thi k.
Ni tm li s khc nhau ca ch p trong tng thi k bao gm:
- Trong nhng ngy p u tin: si nng v gi nc cho trng.
- T gia qu trnh p cho ti ht thi gian my p: to iu kin ho nc t mng
niu nang bay hi ti mc ti a v gim bt nhit tha ca trng.
- Nhng ngy p cui cng my : to iu kin trng thi c nhit lng tha
ra ngoi.

3.11.2. Cc bin php nhm iu chnh nhit ca trng
iu chnh nhit ca trng bao gm:
187
a- Truyn nhit cho trng
b- Gi nhit cho trng
c- Lm ngui trng
a/ Truyn nhit cho trng s c th thc hin bng hai cch: tng nhit bn trong
my p v nh bc x nhit ca cc trng p c nhiu ngy nm xung quanh.
Cch th nht c s dng khi trng mi c a vo my p v trong sut na
u ca qu trnh p, khi nhit ca trng ch c th bng hoc thp hn nhit ca khng
kh trong my p.
Cch th hai c s dng trong cc my p a k truyn nhit cho cc trng vo
p sau, c nhit thp hn nh bc x nhit ca cc trng vo p trc xung quanh
pht ra. Nhit bc x trong my p khng dng nhit k o c.
b/ Gi nhit cho trng trong nhng ngy p u tin l ht sc l quan trng. C th
lm bng cch gim bay hi nc ca trng v trnh cho trng b truyn mt nhit do bc
x. Mun vy, phi m bo cho tng, sn my p v cc trng nm gn cng nng.
Khng nn t cc trng mi vo nm gn cc trng mi p c t ngy.
c/ Lm ngui trng ngha l lm cho trng to c nhiu nhit. Sau khi p c mt
thi gian, phi pht trin rt mnh v bn thn n sinh ra mt lng nhit ln (do trao i cht
mnh) nn ngi ta cn gim nhit lng ny, y l c im ca thi k hai ca qu trnh
p. Nhng ngy cui cng i i vi h nhit c th tng dn m tng i ca khng
kh trong my p v khng kh m hp thu nhiu nhit hn v d dng hn khng kh kh.
Ngoi ra, cch b tr cc l trng c tui p khc nhau nm xen k trong my cng
gip cho cc trng p c nhiu ngy to c nhiu nhit hn nh bc x.
Cc trng phi lm ngui di mc nhit bnh thng nhm hai mc ch: trnh
cho trng b qu nng khi ch p (trc tin l thng thong) khng m bo thi c
nhit tha ca trng v nhit thp tc ng vo trng kch thch s pht trin ca phi.
Nu quan st thy cc du hiu ca nhit cao phi mc d my hot ng bnh
thng nhng qut ht kh nng chy lin tc th phi lm ngui trng thi bt nhit. Nu
c th gi c nhit cn thit cho trng trong my th khng cn phi lm ngui di
mc nhit hot ng.

3.11.3. Cc bin php nhm iu chnh bay hi nc t trng
S bay hi nc t trng c th iu chnh bng cc cch sau:
- Thay i cc iu kin mi trng ca my p (nhit , m , thng thong )
tng hoc gim bay hi nc t trng.
- Tng bay hi nc t trng bng cch tng cng trao i cht ca phi.
S bay hi nc ca trng s gim nu nh tng m tng i, gim nhit v
tc gi trong my. Cc thay i ngc li s lm tng bay hi nc t trng.
S ph thuc ca bay hi nc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi rt ln trong sut na
u ca qu trnh p, nht l nhng ngy u tin khi mng niu nang cha bao bc mt trong
trng. Sau khi mng niu nang khp kn th nh hng ca cc iu kin bn ngoi ti s
bay hi nc gim dn.
Trong na sau ca qu trnh p, bay hi nc t mng niu ph thuc vo m
ca mi trng rt t. Lc ny bay hi nc ph thuc ch yu vo cng trao i cht
ca phi. Phi cng pht trin tt, cng trao i cht cng mnh th trong trng cng to
ra nhiu nhit lm nng trng v do nc bay hi ra cng nhiu.
Gi nc cho trng trc khi p v trong nhng ngy p u tin, to iu kin thch
hp mng niu nang pht trin tt v khp kn ng thi hn l nhng iu kin cn thit
cho nc t mng niu nang c th bay hi mnh na sau ca qu trnh p.
3.11.4. Cch x l khi ang p b mt in
i vi my p n k:
188
- Trc tin m to ca cc my trong 30 giy cho thot hi nng ang ng trong
ra.
- Nu trng mi a vo p (6 ngy tr li) th sau ng cht ca my li khi
b mt nhit.
- Nu trng vo p t 10 ngy tr ln th nn h ca my sau khi m to kh
nng v CO
2
c th thot ra d dng. Cn nu di 10 ngy th mt bn khng kn, mt bn
h nh.
i vi my p a k:
- M to ca my cho thot hi nng trong my, sau khp bt m mt gc xp
x 30
0

i vi my n
Cn m to ca 30 giy ri khp h li, duy tr mt khong h g con th v
thot nhit.
- Khi i m ca cc my, cn m ca my n trc v phi tt cng tc tng ca cc
my .
- Ra pht in my pht in d phng (hoc i ti khi c in li tr li) v iu
chnh cho mi ch s v tn s (Hz) v hiu in th (v) ph hp.
- Bt cng tc cho tng my mt khi ng ri ng cht ca my.

3.11.5. Mt s iu ch khi p trng thu cm, chim ct v iu
Phn trn trnh by cch p trng g. Khi p trng gia cm khc cn ch mt s
im sau y:
Thi gian p ca mt s loi: g 21 ngy, vt, g ty: 28 ngy, ngng 30, ngan 34
ngy, b cu 18 ngy, chim ct 17, iu 42 ngy.
i vi trng vt, ngan, ngng c khi lng ln hn, v dy hn, nng dinh
dng trong trng cao hn, nht l lipit v nng lng (nhm thch nghi vi mi trng sng
trn m ly m t), do cn c mt s thao tc k thut khc:
bin ng ca khi lng trng ln hn, trng n u v ng thi, cn chia trng ra 3
nhm: loi > 86 g a vo my trc 4-5 gi, sau n trng c khi lng 75-85 g, cui
cng l trng nh < 75 g. Cng nh g con, gia cm khc cng n sau 5-6 gi mi ra my
cho lng kh ht.
Lm mt trng
l ng tc nhm lm cho trng thi c nhiu nhit d tha trong qu trnh pht
trin phi: T ngy th 3-4, ngy lm mt 1 ln, ly khay trng ra khi my, xoay trng 180
o
;
15 pht ri p tip. T ngy 23-14 tr i, ngy lm 2 ln, km thm phun nc m, nu l
ma nng, trng ngoi 40 60 pht, (tri qu nng c th n 2 g) ri p tip th
trng nt tt.

Trong qu trnh p, nc trong trng s b hi i 13-14%. Nu qu trnh mt nc
din ra theo trt t nh sau l phi pht trin bnh thng: (cn trng v tnh ton so vi khi
lng trng khi bt u p).
Bng 45: S gim khi lng trng khi p
Ngy p 6 9 12 15 19
% P gim 3 5-6 7-8 10 12-13
Trng vt
Ngy p 5 10 15 20 25
% P gim 2-2,5 4-5 7-8 9-11 12-14

3.11.6. Mt s c im ring ca p trng thu cm, chim ct, iu
- p trng thu cm: do c khi lng ln hn n 1,5 - 2,5 ln so vi trng g, ngay
trong mi loi thu cm, khi lng trng cng rt bin ng, gm 3 loi: to, trung bnh v
189
nh. Khi p, cho trng n tng i ng u, ngi ta vo trng to trc (trng vt loi
>85g), sau 4-5 gi, n loi trng trung bnh (trng vt 75-85g), sau 2-5 g sau a cc trng
b vo.
- Trng vt p 28 ngy + 6 gi th xut vt con.
-Trng thu cm c c bit l v dy, t l kh hn v trong thnh phn, hm lng m
cao hn, khi p to nhiu nhit hn trng g. t l n cao, ngi ta phi thng xuyn
lm mt, l ng tc a trng ra khi my, lt ngc trng bng tay hoc xoay trng i
180
o
, dng nc m (37-40
o
C) phun ln trng nh phun sng, tu thi tit hay nhit mi
trng nng hay my m lu hay chng ri a trng tr li my p. Quy trnh c
trnh by trong bng sau ca TS Bch Thanh Dn.
-p trng g ty hon ton nh p trng vt v nhit , m, o trng, lm mt...
-Chim ct: khi lng trung bnh l 15 g; c mu m nu (nn khng soi khi p),v rt
mng, nn d n, s n ng lot vo cui ngy p th 17. Chuyn trng sang my n vo
ngy 15. Nhit p thp hn so vi trng g 0,5-0,8
o
C, tc l ch 37,0 37,2
o
C; Thng kh
cng thp hn trng g, qut gi tc nh hn. c bit, khi chuyn trng sang my n
phi ng kn phng, trnh mt nhit.
-Trng ngan p 35 ngy, p vo ma h, trong giai on 19-25 ngy p c th lm mt
n 3 ln/ ngy vo lc 9, 16 v 24 gi.
- Khi trng sang my n, mi ngy ly tay xoa u ln trng 2-3 ln kch thch n
Bng 46: Ch p mt s loi trng gia cm
Tn gia cm Giai on
Nhit (
T
o
C) m (%)
1-4 38 60-65
5-15 37,8 55-60
16-18 37.5 50
G
19-21 37 65-70
1-7 37,8 65-70
8-24 37.8 50 Vt
25-28 37 65-70
1-8 38 65-70
9-27 37.5 50-55 Ngng
28-31 37 65-70
1-3 37,8 60-65
4-0 37,5 55-60
11-15 37,2 50
Chim ct
16-17 36,8 -37,0 65-70
Bng 47: Thi gian soi trng khi p
Loi trng Ngy KT ln 1 Ngy KT ln 2 Ngy KT ln 3
G 6 11 18
Vt, g ty 7 13 25
Ngng 8 15 28
Ngan 9 18 32
Chim ct 4 9 15
Bng 48: Cc thi im n ca gia cm non khi p
Loi trng Ngy bt u m v Ngy n r Ngy kt thc n
G Cui ngy p 20 u ngy p 21 Cui ngy p 21
Vt, g ty Ngy p 26 Ngy p 27 u ngy p 28
Ngng Ngy p 29 Ngy p 30 u ngy p 31
Ngan Ngy p 32 Ngy p 34 u ngy p 35
Chim ct Ngy p 15 Ngy p 16 u ngy p 17

Bng 49: Mt s kt qu nghin cu v trng iu
190
Ch tiu iu chu M iu chu Phi
Khi lng (g) 638 1440
Ch s hnh dng 1,6 1,2
Mt l kh/cm2 43 17
dy v (mm) 0,9 1,8
Lng (%) 21,2
Lng trng (%) 59,0
V (%) 19,8
Bng 50: Mt s kt qu nghin cu v p trng iu
Ch tiu iu chu M iu chu Phi
Nhit - T
o
C
Giai on p 36,7-37,0 36,3-36,5
Giai on n 36,3-36,7 35,0 36,0
m (%)
Giai on p 45-55 30-35
Giai on n 67-70 45-50
Thi gian p (ngy) 35-37 42-44
nghing ca trng (
o
) 30-40 30-40
T l n theo thi gian p(%)
41 ngy 2,6
42 ngy 23,7
43 ngy 34,2
44 ngy 29,0
45 ngy 10,5
Ch : trng t phng bo qun, trc khi a p cn nng nhit ln 30; 35 n
38
o
C ng vi thi gian t 0-8; 8-16 v 16-24 gi s cho kt qu p n cao.
3.11.7. Quy trnh p trng ngan
Bng 51: Tm tt quy trnh p trng ngan (theo TS. Bch Thanh Dn, VCN)
ToC Ch lm mt (To mi trng) Ao
(%) 15-19 oC 19 27 oC > 27 oC Ngy
p
My
CN
My
TC S ln T (ph) S ln T (ph) S ln T(ph)
o trng
1
2
3
4
5
6
Khng lm
mt

7 7 7
8

8 8
9
Khng lm
mt
9 9 9
10 10 10 10
11
38,3
38,3-
38,5
64-
65
11 11 11
12 12 12 12
13 13 13 13
14 14 14 14
15 15 15
Lm mt 1
ln, nhit
nc 36-
38
oC, phun
nh m dn
15
16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17
18 18 18 18
19 19 19 19
20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21
22 22
Lm mt 1 ln,
nhit nc
36-38
oC, phun nh
m dn
22 22
23 23 23 23
24

38

55-
57

Lm mt 1
ln, nhit
nc 36-
38
oC, phun
nh m dn
24
Lm mt 2 ln,
nhit nc 24
Lm mt 2
ln, nhit
nc 36-38
oC, phun
m
24
2 g/ ln cho
c k.
Khi a ra
lm mt,
o ngay
trnh
thay i
nhit t
ngt
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
For mat t ed: Left , I ndent : First line:
0 cm, Line spacing: Mult iple 0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
191
25 25 25 25
26 25 25 25
27 25 25 25
28

37,6
25 25 25
29 25 25 25
30 25 25 25
31

37,8

37,8
25
36-38
oC, phun m
25
Lm mt 3
ln, 36-38
oC, phun
m
25
32
33
34
G
n
37,5
37,5
80-
85
Khng lm
mt

Khng lm
mt

Khng lm
mt

Trng xp nm ngang hay nghing 30-45
Soi trng vo cc ngy 9; 17 v 31 ngy p
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.75 li
0.9 li
192
3.11.8. Bng tnh sn n v Haugh (Hu)
Khi lng trng (g) Chiu
cao
lng
trng
(mm)
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
3,0 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 47 46 45 44
3,1 53 53 52 51 50 50 49 48 48 47 46
3,2 54 54 53 52 52 51 50 50 49 48 48
3,3 56 55 54 54 53 52 52 51 50 50 49
3,4 57 56 56 55 54 54 53 52 52 52 51
3,5 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 54 53 53 52
3,6 59 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 54 53
3,7 60 60 59 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54
3,8 62 1 60 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 56
3,9 63 62 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 57 57
4,0 64 63 63 62 61 61 60 60 59 59 58
4,1 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 61 60 60 59
4,2 66 65 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 61 60
4,3 67 66 66 65 64 64 63 63 62 62 62
4,4 68 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 63
4,5 69 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 64
4,6 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 65
4,7 70 70 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 66 66
4,8 71 71 70 70 69 69 69 68 68 67 67
4,9 72 72 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 68 68

5,0 73 72 72 72 71 71 70 70 69 69 69 68 68 67 67 67 66 66 65 65 64
5,1 74 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 69 68 68 67 67 67 66 66 65
5,2 74 74 74 73 73 72 72 71 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 66
5,3 75 75 74 74 73 73 73 72 72 71 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 69 68 68 67
5,4 76 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 73 72 72 71 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 69 68
5,5 77 76 76 76 75 75 74 73 74 73 73 72 72 72 71 71 71 70 70 69 69
5,6 78 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 74 74 74 73 73 72 72 72 71 71 71 70 70
5,7 78 78 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 74 74 74 73 73 73 72 72 71 71 71
5,8 79 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 75 75 75 74 74 74 73 73 73 72 72 72
For mat t ed Tabl e
193
5,9 80 79 79 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 75 75 75 75 74 74 73 73 73 72
6,0 81 81 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 74 74 74 73
6,1 82 81 80 80 79 79 79 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 74 74
6,2 83 81 81 80 80 80 79 79 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75
6,3 83 82 81 81 81 80 80 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 76
6,4 83 83 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 77 77 76 76
6,5 84 83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 78 78 78 77 77
6,6 85 84 83 83 83 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 78
6,7 85 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 78
6,8 86 85 85 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 80 79 79
6,9 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 83 84 83 83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 80
7,0 87 86 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 82 82 81 81 81 81 80
7,1 88 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 82 81 81
7,2 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 82
7,3 89 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83
7,4 89 89 88 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 83 83
7,5 90 89 89 89 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 83 83 83
7,6 91 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 84
7,7 91 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85
7,8 92 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 86
7,9 92 91 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 86
8,0 93 92 92 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 87 87 87
8,1 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 87
8,2 94 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88
8,3 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89
8,4 95 94 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 89 89
8,5 96 95 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90
8,6 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90
8,7 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 91 91
8,8 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 91
8,9 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 92
9,0 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 92 92

194
3.11.9. Bng tra m t nhit k kh t
Nhit bc m (
0
C) Nhit
bc
kh
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
19 41 50 60 69 79 89 100
17 34 43 52 61 70 80 90 100
18 28 36 45 53 62 71 80 90 100
19 23 31 38 46 55 63 72 81 90 100
20 18 25 33 40 48 56 64 73 81 90 100
21 14 21 27 34 42 49 57 65 73 82 91 100
22 10 16 23 29 46 43 51 58 66 74 82 91 100
23 7 13 18 25 31 37 45 52 59 67 75 83 91 00
24 9 15 22 27 33 39 46 53 60 68 75 83 1 00
25 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 54 61 68 7 84 92 100
26 8 14 19 25 30 36 42 49 95 62 69 76 84 92 100
27 11 16 21 26 32 38 44 50 56 63 70 77 84 92 100
28 8 13 18 23 38 33 39 45 51 57 64 71 77 85 92 100
29 10 15 19 24 30 35 40 46 52 58 65 71 78 85 92 100
30 12 16 21 26 31 36 42 47 53 59 65 72 78 85 93 100
31 9 14 18 23 28 32 38 43 48 54 60 66 72 79 86 93 100
32 11 16 20 24 29 34 39 44 49 55 61 67 73 79 89 93 100
33 9 13 17 21 26 30 35 40 45 50 56 61 67 73 79 86 93 100
34 11 15 19 23 27 32 36 41 46 51 56 62 68 73 80 86 93
35 9 13 16 20 24 29 33 37 42 47 52 57 63 68 74 80 86
36 11 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 43 48 53 58 63 69 76 81
36,5 13 17 20 24 28 32 37 41 46 51 56 61 66 72 78
37 12 16 19 23 27 31 35 40 44 49 54 59 64 69 75
37,5 11 15 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 47 52 56 62 67 73
38 14 17 21 24 28 32 37 41 45 50 54 59 65 70
38,5 13 16 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 48 52 57 62 68
39 12 15 18 22 26 29 33 37 41 64 50 55 60 65
40 10 13 16 20 23 27 30 34 38 42 47 51 56 60
41 11 14 18 21 24 28 31 35 39 43 47 52 6
42 10 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 40 44 48 53
Cng thc i t nhit
0
C sang
0
F
8 , 1
32
0
0

F
C Hay
0
F = (
0
C x 1,8) + 32
1
0
C = 1,8
0
F nhng 0
0
C = 32
0
F
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Mult iple 0.9 li
For mat t ed Tabl e
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For mat t ed
For mat t ed
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195
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
1-Charles W. Bodeme. Phi sinh hc hin i. (Nguyn Mng Hng dch). NXB
Khoa hc v k thut 1978
2-Trng cng nhn k thut chn nui gia cm. Gio trnh p trng nhn to, 1992
3- Bi Hu on. Nghin cu hin trng dinh dng khong v mt s bin php
nng cao hi u qu s dng Canxi, Phospho cho g cng nghi p Min Bc Vit Nam. Lun
n Tin s Nng nghip. HNN H Ni, 1999
4- Bi Hu on. Bi ging chn nui gia cm (dng cho sinh vin i hc). HNN
H Ni, 2008
5- Bi Hu on. Bsung vi tami n C nng cao n ng sut gia cm. NXB Nng nghi p, 2004
6- Bi Hu on. Hng dn k thut chn nui gia cm v p trng nhn to. Ti
liu ca FAO ti Vit Nam dng cho cc h nng dn chn nui 2008
7-o L Hng. Sn xut trng sch. Tp ch chn nui s 6/08
8-Nguyn Duy Hoan, Bi c Lng .Gio trnh chn nui gia cm (dng cho Cao
hc v NCS ngnh chn nui). NXB NN, 1999
9-B i c Lng, Nguyn Xun Sn . p t r ng gi a cm . NXB Nng nghi p 1997
10. Nguyn Th Mai, Bi Hu on Gio trnh Chn nui gia cm, NXB Nng
nghip, H Ni, 2008
11. L Hng Mn. nh hng ca t l canxi tr ong khu phn thc n v bsung
natr i bi car bonat n sn l ng t r ng v tr ao i cht kho ng ca g . T p chKH v KT
Nng nghi p s 202 (th ng 4/1979).
12- G.P Melekhin; N.IA. Gridin. Sinh l gia cm (L Hng Mn dch). NXB Nng nghip, 1990
13-L. Schuberth, H. Hattenhauer. C s sinh hc ca nhn ging v nui dng gia
cm. (Nguyn Ch Bo dch). Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni - 1978
14.Lm Minh Thun. Gio trnh chn nui gia cm. NXB i hc Quc gia TP H
Ch Minh, 2004
15. V B Th. K thut nui g cng nghi p . Nh xut bn Nng nghi p. 1996

Ting n c ngoi
16. Balkar S. Bains, Nutritional approach to minimise inadequate mineralisation. 1992.
Proceedings of Poult. Sci. Symposium 1992, University of Queensland, Gattown College.
17. Bell D.E., Marion J.E. Vitamin C in laying hen diets . 1989, Poult. Sci. 69
18. Edwards H.M., Jr. Effects of dietary Calcium, phosphorus, cloride and zeolite on
the development of tibial dyschondroplasia . 1988. Poult. Sci. 67
19. Farrell D.J. Feeding standards for Australian livestock-Poultry. Editor Farrell D.J.
Reprint 1988. SCA Technical Report Serics, No12. Canberra 1983
20. Mc. Donald P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhalgh, "Animal Nutrition". 1989. 2
d

edition. Longman Group Ltd Publ. England.
21. Mueller W.J. Egg shell and skeletal metabolism, 1976. in "Avian Physiology",
Springer- Verlag Press, N.Y.
22. National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of poultry. 1994. 9
th

revised edition. National Academy Press. Washington D.C. 1994.
23. Orban J.I., D.A. Roland, K. Cummins, R.T. Lowell. Influence of large doses of
ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics and eggshell quality in
Broiler and Leghorn hens . 1993. Poult. Sci. 72
24. Pegin,-G. Investigation of oftimal Ca level in a diet depending upon the age of
laying hens. Zbornik - Poljoprivrednog - Fukulteta (Yugoslavia) (1989) v. 34 (591)
25. Roche. Vitamin C for optimum performance. 1994.
26. Underwood E.J. The Minerals of livestock. 1966. FAO. Rome
27. Mack O. North; Donal D.Bell. Commercial chicken production manual . Chapman
& Hall, New York * London, 1990
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Del et ed: giatrong d
Del et ed: n.
Del et ed: ( t bn ting Nga
Del et ed: Sinh l gia cm.
Del et ed: 15. Neumeister . H. C s si nh
Del et ed:
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(

t bn ting Nga



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15. Neumei ster . H. C s si nh hc ca nhn gi ng v nui d ng gi a cm (bn dch
ti ng Vi t). Nh xut bn KH v KT. 1978.

6



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