ASSIGNMENT ON
ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
(ABSORPTION LAWS)
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I
COURSE CODE: PHARM 5103
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
Md. Ariful Hasan Md. Abdur Rouf
Class Roll: 09 Senior Lecturer
Sadman Talukder Shakib Department of Pharmacy
Class Roll: 08 Gono Bishwabidyalay
Semester: 1st
Batch: 17th
Department: Pharmacy
Gono Bishwabidyalay
QUESTION-1: What is absorbance law?
ANSWER: When light (monochromatic or heterogonous) fall upon a homogenous
medium, a portion of the incident light is reflected, a portion is absorbed within the
medium & the remainder is transmitted. The change of absorption of light with the
thickness & concentration of the medium is described by Beer’s & Lambert’s law
(a combination of two laws).
QUESTION-2: What is the relationship between concentration & absorbance in
Beer’s law?
ANSWER: Concentration and absorbance are directly proportional to each other.
QUESTION-3: What is the relationship between absorbance and path length in
Lambert’s law?
ANSWER: Absorbance and path length are directly proportional.
QUESTION-4: How do you express Beer-Lambert law combinedly in
mathematical term?
ANSWER:
A = εLc
Where,
A is the amount of light absorbed for a particular wavelength by the sample
ε is the molar extinction coefficient/molar absorptivity
L is the distance covered by the light through the solution
c is the concentration of the absorbing species
QUESTION-5: What are transmittance and absorptivity?
ANSWER:
The transmittance, T, of the solution is defined as the ratio of the transmitted
intensity, I over the incident intensity, I0 and takes values between 0 and 1.
However, it is more commonly expressed as a percentage transmittance:
Absorptivity is the ratio between the absorbance & the concentration of the
solution & the absorption path length. We can express it by the following way-
𝐴
a=
𝑙𝑐
QUESTION-6: Establish the relationship between absorbance & transmittance.
ANSWER: The absorbance, A of the solution is related to the transmittance and
incident and transmitted intensities through the following relations:
The absorbance has a logarithmic relationship to the transmittance; with an
absorbance of 0 corresponding to a transmittance of 100% and an absorbance of 1
corresponding to 10% transmittance.
QUESTION-7: State the limitations of Beer-Lambert law.
ANSWER: Following are the limitations of Beer-Lambert law:
A diluted solution is used.
There shouldn’t be a scattering of the light beam.
Monochromatic electromagnetic radiation should be used.
QUESTION-8: State the situations when Beer’s law is not obeyed.
ANSWER: Following are the situations when Beer’s law is not obeyed:
When different types of molecules are in equilibrium with each other.
An association complex is formed by the solute and the solvent.
When fluorescent compounds are used.
When thermal equilibrium is attained between the excited state and the
ground state.
QUESTION-9: Why does Beer-Lambert law fails at higher concentrations?
ANSWER:
Beer-Lambert law fails at higher concentrations because the linearity of the law is
limited to chemical and instrumental factors. When the solution has higher
concentrations, the proximity between the molecules of the solution is so close that
there are deviations in the absorptivity. Also when the concentration is high, the
refractive index changes.
QUESTION-10: State the Beer’s law & the Lambert’s law.
ANSWER:
Beer’s law- When a beam of monochromatic radiation or light passes through a
homogenous absorbing/transparent medium the rate of decrease of intensity of
radiation with the concentration of the solute in that system is directly proportional
to the intensity of the incident light/radiation.
Mathematically we can express as: -dI/dc∝I
Lambert’s law- When a beam of monochromatic radiation or light passes through a
homogenous absorbing/transparent medium the rate of decrease of intensity of
radiation with the thickness of the absorbing medium is directly proportional to the
intensity of the incident light/radiation.
Mathematically we can express as: -dI/dx∝I
