Course: Analytical Instrumentation

“My Lord, Increase me in knowledge”

Al-Quran 20:114

Professor Md. Mohibul Alam

B.Sc. (Engineering-SUST), M.Sc.(Engineering-Belgium)
Joining as a faculty: February, 2006
Course teacher

Department of Chemical Engineering and polymer Science

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114
 Introduction
Objectives:
 To familiar with the different types analytical
instruments/ spectroscopic methods;
 To understand the basic idea about the colorimeter,
photometer and spectrophotometer;
 To explain basic law of photometry and;
 able to describe briefly about different analytical
methods

Department of Chemical Engineering and polymer Science

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114 2
 Instrumental Methods

Absorption Emission
of radiation of radiation

Photometry,
Flame photometry
Spectrophotometry

AES, Emission
AAS, IR, UV Visible
photometry

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 Law of Photometry
A∝ C A∝ ℓ

Beer’s Lambert
law law
Beer
Lambert
law

A ∝ ℓc
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 Beer’s Law

August Beer states that concentration

A = log10(Io/I) ~ C
and absorbance are directly
proportional to one other A = εC
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 Lambert Law

Lambert showed that the loss of light

intensity after passing through a material is A∝ℓ
proportional to the path length

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 Beer–Lambert–Bouguer Law
 The Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law is named after
August Beer, Johann Heinrich Lambert and Pierre
Bouguer
 It is also known as the Beer–Lambert law.

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 Statement of Beer Lambert law
Beer Lambert’s law states that “when a beam of
monochromatic light is passed through a solution of
an absorbing substance, then the rate of decrease in
intensity of radiation with the thickness of absorbing
solution is directly proportional to intensity as well as
to the concentration of the solution.“

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 Characteristics
The most significant characteristics are:
 According to Beer Lambert’s law, the amount of
monochromatic light that can be transmitted through a
homogeneous medium diminishes steadily as the medium’s
thickness increases.
 A direct correlation exists between the intensity of received
radiation and solution concentration.
 According to Beer-Lambert’s Law, there is a linear
relationship between a solution’s absorbance and
concentration, allowing one to determine a solution’s
concentration from only how much of it there is
 A substance’s concentration and the light’s passage through
the solution are directly inversely related to how much light
is absorbed by the substance when it is dissolved in a solvent
that fully transmits light.
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Derivation of Beer Lambert law

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 Cont.
 When an object is exposed to radiation, part of the
incident radiation is absorbed, some is scattered, and
some is transmitted.
 The intensity of the material that transmits light, or the
intensity of transmitted light, increases as a result of
absorption.
 The thickness of the absorption medium affects how
much of the incident light is absorbed.
 Lambert determined a quantitative relationship between
the reduction in light intensity I that occurs as
monochromatic light travels through a homogeneous
medium with thickness dx.

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 Cont.
Light intensity is directly proportional to the decrease in light intensity
caused by the thickness of the absorbing medium at any point
-

When light passes through a solution of a certain thickness, the rate at which
incident light is absorbed is influenced by both the solution’s concentration
C and its I (light intensity) intensity

-2

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 Cont.
Combining two laws
-

- 4

Where,
dI = the small reduction in light intensity caused by traversing a short distance dx.
I= the intensity of monochromatic light before it enters the medium.
-dI/dx = the rate of strength drop with thickness dx
= the molar absorption coefficient or molar absorptivity coefficient

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 Cont.
A = ℓc ……………………….5

This is the commonly known as Beer-lambert Law equation.

Where ∈=(-𝑏/2.303) is called the molar extinction coefficient
which is expressed in L/mol/cm.

The molar extinction coefficient ∈ is dependent on the nature

of the absorbing solute as well as on the wavelength of the
incident light used.

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 Cont.
A linear, positively correlated graph will typically be used to
demonstrate the Beer-Lambert law

The absorbance will grow as the concentration

does

As the concentration rises, more molecules are

present to absorb light and result in an increase
in absorption

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Transmittance
 Prerequisites
For preventing deviation , the following prerequisites must be satisfied:
 There should be no EM connection, and the attenuators should function
independently
 A homogeneous sample is required for inspection. Since sample variability
influences attenuation, the solution should be homogeneous wherever the light
interacts with it
 The parallel rays of incident radiation must cover the same distance as the sample
solution
 Monochromatic light is preferable.
 Light must not influence atoms or molecules since it alters the sample and optical
saturation can alter attenuation.
 To prevent attenuation from changing, the light’s wave properties should be
negligible.

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Factors Affecting Beer-Lambert Law

Chemical properties, temperature and

interference with other chemicals

Sample preparation and solvent quality

Quality instrument

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Department of Chemical Engineering and polymer Science
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114 19