A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of 3 Vul

Robert J. Dukes, Jr., William R. Kubinec, Angela Kubinec1 Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424 and Saul J. Adelman2 Department of Physics, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie Street, Charleston, SC 29409 Received ; accepted

1 2

Currently Teacher Specialist On-Site Program, South Carolina Department of Education Guest Investigator, Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Institute of Astro-

physics, National Research Council of Canada, 5071 W. Saanich Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 Canada

2 ABSTRACT

This paper describes photometry of 3 Vulpeculae obtained with the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope and spectroscopy obtained with the 1.22-m telescope of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. We have analyzed dierential uvby photometric observations obtained over seven years. Three main frequencies (f1 =0.9719, f2 =0.7923, and f3 =0.8553 c d1 ) were found as well as a sum frequency (f1 +f2 = 1.76420 c d1 ). A study of the photographic region using high dispersion spectrograms obtained with a Reticon detector at the coud spece trograph conrms the variable nature of 3 Vul as a 53 Persei star and indicates that the stars abundances are normal for main sequence band B stars. Subject headings: stars: variables: others, stars: abundances, stars: early-type, stars: individual 3 Vul

1.

Introduction

3 Vulpeculae = HR 7358 = HD 182255 = HIP 95260 (V = 5.2, B6 III) has been the subject of several studies both as to its variability and its composition. Rountree Lesh (1968) classied it as a B6 III while Palmer et al. (1968) classied it as a B7 V. Suggestions, made by some, that 3 Vul might be a chemically peculiar star, have resulted in SIMBADs listing it as a chemically peculiar star. Walker (1952) suspected that 3 Vul was a photometric variable. Hube & Aikman (1991) analyzed spectroscopic observations spanning 18 years (JD 2440693 - 2446926) and ve nights of dierential photometry. They found 3 Vul to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary (P=367.26 days) whose primary was probably a member of the 53 Persei class of non-radial pulsators (Smith, Fullerton, & Percy 1987).

3 Hipparcos measured the parallax to be 8.31 milli-arc-seconds (Perryman 1997). Combining this with the Hipparcos mean magnitude, converted to an absolute V magnitude by the Hipparcos data analysis program Celestia 2000 (Turon, Priou, & Perryman 1997), we nd an absolute visual magnitude of 0.24. Using R = 13000-16000 data of the He I 5876 line, Catanzaro, Leone, & Catalano (1999) nd the equivalent width is variable with a mean value of 325 mAand an observed amplitude of about 65 m. By combining their observations with Hipparcos photometry, A they found a period of 1.26263 days. The variation in their equivalent width is shifted by 0.09 from being in anti-phase with the Hipparcos photometric data. This behavior is not unexpected for a magnetic chemically peculiar star. Mathias et al. (2001) included 3 Vul in a group of 10 slowly pulsating B stars which they monitored spectroscopically for one season. They also analyzed the Hipparcos photometry and found at least three and possibly ve frequencies. High precision, long time series photometry is required to discover all of the multiple periods generally present in 53 Persei stars. The Four College Consortiums Automated Photoelectric Telescope (APT) located in southern Arizona was designed for just such observational projects. In March, 1991 (JD 2448334) we initiated Strmgren four color o dierential photometry of 3 Vul. In this paper we report on the analysis of seven seasons of dierential photometry and a set of 17 coud spectrograms obtained with the 1.22 e m telescope of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. We also incorporate the radial velocities reported by Hube & Aikman (1991), the HeI 5876 equivalent width measures of Catanzaro, Leone, & Catalano (1999), and the Hipparcos photometry (Perryman 1997). A schematic representation of these data sets is shown in Figure 1.

4 2. 2.1. Observations Photometry

Dierential photometric observations were made with the following procedure (standard for APT observations). The variable star being studied is compared with two reference stars designated comparison (comp) and check. For the rst ve seasons these stars were, respectively, HD 181164 (V=7.5, B5 V) and HD 182865 (V=7.3, B3 V). These were chosen to be similar in brightness and color and nearby in the sky to the variable. For reasons discussed below the check star was replaced before the start of season six by HD 181359 (V=7.4, A2). The four color sequence is similar to that for UVB photometry as described by Boyd, Genet, & Hall (1984). In this sequence a single dierential magnitude determination in one color requires 11 individual measurements: sky-comp-check-var-comp-var-comp-var-compcheck-sky. Additionally, one dark count was made after the four-lter sequence. The data set analyzed for this paper spans 2752 days and includes approximately 1000 four color observations made on 469 nights. An additional 192 observations in the b lter only were obtained on 60 nights in the second season. Since an absentee APT observer has relatively little information on the quality of a night, extra steps must be taken to eliminate measures aected by cirrus clouds, etc. The analysis is begun by examining these magnitudes for quality after-the-fact (Dukes, Adelman, & Seeds 1991). A common method, described in Hall, Kirkpatrick & Seufert (1986) and Strassmeier & Hall (1988), is to discard observations whose comp minus check values dier by more than three standard deviations from their mean over the entire data set. One iterates this process until no more individual values qualify for rejection. The resulting standard deviation is taken as a measure of the precision of the photometry.

5 Based on extensive APT experience, we found the initial results of this quality assurance check (the photometric precision) when applied to the 3 Vul data were less than acceptable. The source of this problem had to be found, and appropriate corrections made. Telescope operating logs and data analyses by other Four College Consortium astronomers indicated no instrumental abnormalities. The next most likely source was the variability of the comp or the check star (or both stars). Periodogram analysis of the comp minus check measures revealed a period of around 6.43 days. Similar analyses of the variable minus comp and variable minus check values veried that the check star (HD 182865) was varying! Obviously the standard quality assurance check could not be used. We turned then to the fallback quality check known as the 20 millimagnitude criteria as described in Hall, Kirkpatrick & Seufert (1986) and Strassmeier & Hall (1988). Each observation (variable, comp, and check in each lter) consists of two to four individual measures. If the standard deviation of a measure was greater than two percent (20 millimagnitudes) of the average of the counts incorporated in the measure, the measure was eliminated. In addition, for a given observation (variable, comp and check), if measures in two or more colors failed the test, the entire observation was discarded. Although this method can fail to catch some bad points (Dukes, Adelman, & Seeds 1991) it is a standard method. Fortunately one of the authors (RJD) was conducting observations of V473 Lyrae concurrently with this 3 Vul study. Since these two stars are separated by just over two degrees in the sky, it was assumed that poor observing conditions (as determined by the standard comp minus check versus standard deviation of the mean procedure) could exist in both regions simultaneously or within some time frame. A 20 minute V473 Lyrae criterion was developed according to which 3 Vul observations occurring within 20 minutes of a discarded V473 Lyrae observation were eliminated. Taken together these quality checks

6 resulted in discarding 910 dierential magnitude determinations leaving 991 u measures, 996 v measures, 1172 b measures, and 995 y measures for the entire time span. Table 1 gives the retained dierential magnitudes. A change in the observing protocol was made near the beginning of season two. In an attempt to improve the time resolution we decided to observe in only one lter and selected b. Since the variable was relatively bright there was some fear that repeated observations of it would saturate the photomultiplier tube. Thus a neutral density lter of approximately 2.5 magnitudes was used for observations of the variable only. We later decided that this concern was unfounded and dropped the use of the neutral density lter at the start of season three. Unfortunately, during the time we were using the neutral density lter we neglected to make sky observations both with and without this lter. Hence we had to approximate the sky counts with the neutral density lter by applying a correction based on our calibration of the neutral density lter. These b observations, although included in the analysis, should be treated with some suspicion. Once the new check star was introduced (for seasons six and seven), the reduction consisted of simply eliminating suspect observations using the three sigma comp - check criterion described above. Next, seasonal means were removed from the data sets. The variability of the check star forced us to adopt a dierent technique to determine the precision of the photometry for seasons one through ve. For these seasons we rst removed the variability of the check star. The check minus comp observations were tted with a Fourier series in the period of variation of the check and its rst harmonic. Standard deviations of residuals from this t measure the precision of the photometry: u=0.007, b=v=0.005, and y=0.006. For comparison, the V473 Lyrae data (covering the rst four seasons of this study) has errors of u=0.013, v=b=0.009, and y= 0.007 mags. For seasons six and seven the standard deviation of the comp minus check are:

7 u=0.0068, v=0.0059, b=0.0065, y =0.0082. Thus, even though the original check star was variable, we feel that the fact that all these standard deviations are in the same size range suggests the adopted procedure yields very acceptable results.

2.2.

Spectroscopy

Seventeen 2.4 mm1 spectrograms with a spectral coverage of 67 per exposure A A and a signal-to-noise ratio of about 200 were obtained with an 1872 element 15 pixel bare Reticon detector using the long camera of the coud spectrograph of the 1.22-m telescope e of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. The spectra cover approximately 3830-4770. Table 2 lists the central wavelengths and the measured radial velocities. The resolution was approximately 0.072 . A 20 mm1 spectrogram which included the H line was A A also obtained with the Reticon. We at elded the spectra using the exposure of a lamp in the mirror train and then measured them using the interactive computer graphics program REDUCE (Hill & Fisher 1986). The spectrum is weak-lined with only a few lines measured per Reticon observation as is usual for middle B stars in the visible region. Lines of H I, He I, C II, N II, O I, Al II, Al III, Mg II, Si II, S II, Ca II, Ti II, Cr II, Fe II, Fe III, and Ni II were identied using Moore (1945). On some spectra the metal lines have rotational proles corresponding to 19 km s1 which is half of the value listed by Hoeit (1982). On others, the lines have distorted proles which indicates that this star exhibits non-radial variability. Campos & Smith (1980) describe stars exhibiting similar behavior. Figures 2 and 3 show some examples of lines in 3 Vul. These line prole variations are not those of a typical mCP star. As each spectrum had only a few high quality lines, the deduced radial velocities have one sigma rms values of order one km s1 . They range from -21 to -34 km s1 compared with values between - 10 and 17 km s1 listed by Abt & Biggs (1972).

8 3. Period Analysis

Our goals in analyzing the photometric observations were to conrm the periods reported by Hube & Aikman (1991) and to detect any other periodic variations. The eorts of all those who labor at period analysis must be in light of two caveats: (a) Even a random data set will yield some periods. (b) With a sucient number of sine/cosine terms any type of variation can be modeled. With these cautions in mind, we analyzed our data using three dierent period determination techniques. The rst was the Lomb-Scargle periodogram (Lomb 1976; Scargle 1982) as implemented by Pelt (1992) as part of his Irregularly Spaced Data Analysis (ISDA) package. Secondly a version of the CLEAN algorithm (Roberts, Lehar, & Dreher 1987) programmed by Alex Fullerton in IDL and modied by Myron Smith was applied to help eliminate aliases. Finally, Period 98 (Sperl 1998) was used to validate the periods found by other methods. In order to identify any variations over time in the frequencies found, these techniques were applied to various data groupings in each color. These included the entire 2752 day span, each season individually, and both adjacent and non-adjacent pairs of seasons. The results discussed below were consistently found in each of these groupings. The periodogram for the v data shown in Figure 4 is typical. Two frequencies emerge: f1 =0.9719 cycles d1 (P=1.0289d ) and f2 =0.7923 cycles d1 (P=1.2622d ). Lower amplitude periods were sought by the following method (known as prewhitening). A simple linear combination of the periods found was tted to the observations via least squares. The resulting function was subtracted from the observations. These residuals were then subjected to periodogram analysis. The prewhitened periodogram of the v observations illustrates the results (Figure 5). Another frequency (f3 =0.8553 cycles d1 , P=1.1692d ) is observed. This process was repeated several times. At each step, a model with all frequencies found to that point was tted to the original data and the residuals

9 examined. A CLEAN analysis (Figure 6) clearly reveals these main frequencies. Note the reversal of the powers of f1 and f2 . ISDA and Period 98 do not show this reversal when examining the entire data set. There is also a frequency of 1.76 cycles d1 (P = 0.59d ) which is the sum of f1 and f2 . The peak close to 0.0 cycles d1 is due to residual seasonal instrumental eects Determining when to stop this process of adding one frequency at a time needs some comment. The criteria used to justify the addition of a term included the signal-to-noise ratio for the term amplitude (greater than 0.5), the size of the amplitude (greater than or near to the photometric precision), and the amount of reduction in the scatter of the residuals (greater than 5 %). For the latter item, Waelkens (1991) considers a minimum of 10% as a conservative and safe limit. However due to the large number of observations available in this study, we feel that a less conservative (5%) limit is justied. Finally, terms which consisted of linear combinations of stronger terms were searched for and kept if there was some conrming indication of their presence. Such coupling is common in multimode pulsators in Cepheid strip variables. Even though the inclusion of the sum term, f1 +f2 , does not satisfy all of the criteria mentioned above for retention, this term consistently shows up and has been retained. Table 3 gives the adopted t by color and by season. In this table o denotes the scatter in the observations while f is the residual scatter after the simple harmonic t (the four terms tted by simple linear least squares). As noted by Waelkens (1991), this residual scatter is always expected to be somewhat greater than the photometric precision (comp check). The percent reduction is the fractional improvement between o and f . Phase diagrams giving the variation in each frequency for v are shown in Figure 7. The strong variations in f1 and f2 are essentially in phase. The third term, f3 , is clearly out of phase with f1 and f2 . The variation in the sum term is weak and appears to show a shift in

 10 phase with respect to its components, f1 and f2 . Individual seasons were dened as contiguous groups of observations. This denition resulted in some observations not belonging to any season. Approximately 1/3 of the 3 Vul observing season is lost to the summer monsoons in Arizona. The few observations obtained after the end of the monsoons each year were not included in any of the seasonal data discussed in Section 5. Two other data sets were analyzed. The rst data set consists of the radial velocities tabulated in Hube & Aikman (1991) combined with the 17 velocities obtained from the spectra discussed in Section 2.2. The Hube & Aikman data has 270 data points spanning 6233 days. Our data set of 17 data points spans 1516 days. The total time span for this combined velocity data set is 9199 days. The resulting orbital period is 366.84 days. A CLEAN periodogram of this data, Figure 8, clearly shows the orbital variation, f1 and f2 . In this data set f2 is stronger than f1 . The second data set consists of Hipparcos satellite observations (Perryman 1997) of 3 Vul starting on JD 2447901, spanning 1040 days (overlapping the beginning of our APT data by 587 days and 102 observations), and containing 203 points. Analysis clearly shows f1 and f2 but again with their amplitudes reversed from those found in the APT data. After prewhitening, the Hipparcos data veries that f3 exists although it is not the next strongest frequency. The reversal in the amplitudes of f1 and f2 in these data sets also occurs in season four of the APT data. Both the dierences in amplitude of the various APT seasons and the dierences among the data sets indicate that the pulsational energy may have shifted among modes. Our f3 is not the same as that found by Mathias et al. (2001). They report 0.47233 c d1 while we nd 0.8553 c d1 . In a periodogram of the Hipparcos data these two values are approximately equal in strength while least squares tting gives a larger reduction in

 11 the standard deviation using their f3 . On the other hand the APT data (see Figure 5) shows essentially no signal around 0.47 c d1 even after prewhitening for f1 and f2 . An examination of the observing window transform for the Hipparcos data shows a peak at 0.3775 c d1 . We note that our f3 - 0.3775 c/d is their f3 . We thus suggest that they have found an alias of the true f3 . A careful examination of the Period 98 transform for our data set does not revel any signicant power at either the fourth or fth frequency of Mathias et al. (2001). Hence we conclude that these frequencies are not real.

4.

Spectroscopic Analysis

To derive the photospheric parameters, we assumed that the atmospheric variability does not have a major eect on them and that we could study the abundances as if the atmosphere were non-variable. Using the homogenous mean uvby values of Hauck & Mermilliod (1980) and the calibration of Napiwotzki, Schnberner, & Wenske (1993), which o was a revision of that by Moon & Dworetsky (1985), we estimate Te = 14343 K and log g = 4.24. 3 Vul is slightly reddened with E(b-y) = 0.014. The uncertainties are about 200 K and 0.2 dex (Lemke 1989). To improve the value of the surface gravity we used SYNTHE (Kurucz & Avrett 1981) to synthesize the H region using ATLAS9 LTE plane parallel solar composition model atmospheres (Kurucz 1993) whose eective temperatures and surface gravities are close to those found from photometry. We assumed no microturbulence. Comparison with the H prole as corrected for scattered light (Gulliver, Hill, & Adelman 1996) with the model predictions showed that log g had to be increased to 4.30. It is somewhat dicult to reconcile the adopted value of the surface gravity with the spectroscopic luminosity class of III. There appears to be a problem with classication. As no atomic species had sucient lines in both number and range of equivalent widths to deduce a microturbulence, we assumed = 0.0 km s1 in accord with studies of normal

 12 stars with similar eective temperatures (Adelman 1994). The helium abundances were derived by comparison of the observed proles with those calculated in LTE using SYNSPEC (Hubeny, Lanz, & Jerey 1994) and the adopted model atmosphere. The results (Table 4) indicate that the derived He/H ratio is close to solar. To convert log N/NT values of the metal lines as found using the program WIDTH9 (Kurucz 1993) to log N/H for comparison with other stars, especially the Sun, we added 0.04 dex. Table 5 contains the analyses of the metal lines using the program WIDTH9 (Kurucz 1993) and = 0.0 km s1 . Each entry lists the multiplet number (Moore 1945), the wavelength in , the gf-value and its reference, the observed equivalent width in m, and A A the log N/NT value. Also included are the average log N/NT values, where N is the number of atoms of a given species per unit volume and NT is the total number of atoms of all kinds per unit volume. In deriving the abundances we used a correction of 3.5% to allow for the scattered light in the direction of the dispersion (Gulliver, Hill, & Adelman 1996). Table 6 presents our results for 3 Vul alongside those of other normal stars with consistently performed analyses (see Adelman (1994), Adelman et al. (2001) and references therein) as well as the corresponding results for the Sun from Grevesse, Noels, & Sauval (1996). For the 13 values derived from neutral and singly-ionized species, 3 Vul, on the average, has abundances 0.170.10 dex less than solar. These results and the He/H ratio are consistent with the trends of abundances seen for other normal main sequence band B stars. The result for Fe III derived from only one line is not consistent with the values from the Fe II lines. This fact may indicate problems in the equivalent width, gf value, nonLTE eects, or that the photosphere was disturbed. The derived abundances being those of normal B stars suggests that it is 3 Vuls position in the HR diagram rather than chemical peculiarity which is related to its variability. An LTE calculation using our derived value of He/H predicts an equivalent width for

 13 the He I 5876 line of 245 mA. As non-LTE eects increase this lines equivalent width, the mean value found by Catanzaro, Leone, & Catalano (1999) is not particularly discordant with that expected from the derived He/H values. Other strong He I lines, particularly 4026 and 4472, which are even stronger, should also be expected to change their line proles and equivalent widths and hence be an important probe of the changing conditions in the high atmospheres of 3 Vul and similar stars. We cannot conrm this expectation due to having obtained only one spectrum for this region.

5.

Discussion

Figure 9, which shows the variation in the seasonal amplitudes for all colors, suggests that the distribution of pulsational energy of 3 Vul has shifted in time among the frequencies. Particularly noticeable is the increase of f2 relative to f1 in season 4 and the drastic decrease in season 7. These changes in amplitudes are in contrast to what we have found for the prototype star, 53 Persei, where the amplitudes of the strongest terms have been essentially constant over ten years (Dukes & Mills 2001). Color variations were examined (see Table 7). The strongest color variation is in u-b. There is essentially no variation in b-y. According to (Buta & Smith 1979) the ratio of the v-y amplitude to v amplitude measures the relative strengths of temperature and geometrical eects of the variability. Thus the values obtained for f1 and f2 are indicative of nonradial pulsation. Figure 10 shows the change in amplitudes of variation of four color indices (u-b, c1 , v-y, and v-b). Both u-b and c1 have signicant amplitude and show signicant variation. Since these are temperature sensitive indices in the B stars, we see that the variation due to f1 and f2 is primarily a temperature rather than a geometric eect.

 14 With the increase in accuracy provided by the Hipparcos Satellite, astronomers can now properly place many nearby stars in the HR diagram. We used the the Hipparcos data analysis program Celestia 2000 (Turon, Priou, & Perryman 1997) to convert observed visual magnitudes to absolute visual magnitudes. For that purpose we used the Hipparcos parallaxes for 29 SPB stars in the literature with errors in the parallaxes of less than 20%. After the eective temperatures and surface gravities were obtained from the average uvby photometry given in the SIMBAD database using the program of Napiwotzki, Schnberner, o & Wenske (1993) and subsequently applying the corrections from Adelman et al. (2002), we obtained the absolute Bolometric magnitudes using Bolometric Corrections from Bessell, Castelli, & Plez (1998) corresponding to these temperatures and absolute V magnitudes. These values (Table 8) are now compared with the evolutionary tracks from Townsend (2002) graphically in Figure 11 with the location of 3 Vul emphasized. The Townsend tracks are for that portion of the evolutionary track for which g-mode pulsation is excited. Having the Townsend models available allows us to attempt modal identication of the four terms we have found in our data. First we use the position of 3 Vul on the HR diagram to narrow our choices to models in the 3.5 - 4.5 M range. Plotting amplitude ratios versus phase dierences for our observed modes together with those of Townsends models, as shown in Figure 12, suggests that our observed modes are all l = 1 modes. A comparison of frequencies found by Townsend gives no simultaneous close match with all three of our strong terms (we exclude the combination term from this discussion). However comparing the behavior of the same mode between models of dierent masses suggests that a model of intermediate mass might have a matching frequency set. Rather than to attempt our own model calculations we chose to interpolate in the grid of the Townsend models. Again we used the approximate position of 3 Vul in the HR diagram to limit our consideration to those models lying within the one sigma limits indicated by the

 15 error bars in Figure 11. For these models (numbers 60-110) we plotted frequency versus mass for the 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 M models. We next considered the frequency range covered by our observations (about 0.75 to 1.00 c/d). As shown in Figure 13 we then interpolated to give the bands traversed by the modes existing within this frequency range (g012-g017). Finally, we identied regions where each of these bands intersected each of our observed frequencies in order to look for areas where all three frequencies were matched by modes corresponding to a unique stellar mass. We found three possible mass ranges; one near 3.6 M , one near 3.9 M , and one near 4.2 M . The overlap was poor for 3.6 M and only marginal at 3.9 M . However there is a region from 4.16 to 4.18 M where our observed frequencies match respectively the g012, g014, and g015 modes. Thus we conclude that these modes are present in 3 Vul and that its pulsational mass is approximately 4.16 M . We now turn to the question of the age of 3 Vul. Again we use the Townsend models. We plot the age versus frequency for the 4 and 4.5 M models. We then look for the intersection point of the line connecting the same modes in this plot with our observed frequencies. Next we identify the point on this line corresponding to a 4.16 M star. We do this for all lines intersecting our frequencies. We next measure the distance between the 4.16 M point on the line and the intersection point as shown in Figure 14. Results are given in Table 9. We pick as the most probable age the one where the sum of the squares of these distances is the minimum. We nd that the most probable age corresponds to model 70 whose log age is 7.4. Following the methodology described in Straizhis (1992) we can use uvby data from SIMBAD together with our measured dierential amplitudes to determine something about the temperature change associated with the stronger modes. We calculate the reddening free [u - b] as 0.672. For B stars (Napiwotzki, Schnberner, & Wenske 1993) the unreddened o

 16 [u - b] is a good temperature indicator giving where = Specically = 0.1692 + 0.2828[u b] 0.0195[u b]2 . Dierentiation gives: = 0.2828[u b] 2(0.0195)[u b][u b]. Thus for Season one, a range in u - b of 0.0256 gives a T of 270K. By Season six, the range has risen to 0.0340 giving a T of 360K. Finally, since we now have a value for the mass of the primary we can say something about the mass of the secondary. Hube & Aikman (1991) give the mass function as 0.0144, from which we have that the minimum mass of the secondary is 0.7 M . Only for i 45 5040K . T

deg can the mass of the secondary exceed 1 M . Since the primary is young the secondary must be unevolved if it was formed at the same time. Thus the secondary is most likely a G-K star which may still be contracting to the main sequence.

6.

Conclusions

3 Vulpeculae is a member of the 53 Persei class of variables showing both line prole and light variations similar to the prototype star, 53 Persei. Abundances are normal for a mid-B star. As our spectra were taken at dierent times they should average out the eect of any variability on compositioon. Hence 3 Vul should be removed from lists of chemically peculiar stars. Like 53 Persei, 3 Vul is multiperiodic.

 17 Unlike for 53 Persei, for 3 Vul, it is probable that energy is being transferred between modes as evidenced by the variable amplitudes. The three modes excited are tentatively the l = 1 modes g012, g013, and g015. The temperature change associated with g012 mode increased by approximately 90 K over six seasons. The primary mass most nearly matching the pulsational frequencies if 4.14 M . The age is approximately 25 million (107.5 ) years. The mass of the secondary is greater than 0.7 M and probably less than 1 M .

Certainly, further observation is warranted. Photometry with the APT continues.

We would like to thank Dr. Gianni Catanzaro for supplying velocities based on the He 5876 line, Dr. Myron Smith for supplying the IDL code for the CLEAN algorithm, and Dr. Richard Townsend for rapidly supplying corrected uvby data for his models. We also thank Lou Boyd of Fairborn Observatory for maintaining the APT. SJA thanks Dr. James E. Hesser, Director of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory for the observing time needed for his contribution to this paper. His work was supported in part by grants from The Citadel Development Foundation. RJD thanks Dr. Walter S. Fitch, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona for many helpful conversations and Dr. Laney Mills for extensive help in editing the manuscript. AJK submitted a preliminary version of this work in partial fulllment for the Bachelor of Science degree. Finally we would like to thank the numerous College of Charleston undergraduate students who have participated in the reduction of the APT data during this project. These have included Georgia Richardson, Rose Forsythe, Francine Halter, Thomas Freismuth, Shadrian Holmes, Kwayera Davis, and

 18 Yvette Mixon. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France and has been funded by NSF Grants #AST86-16362, #AST91-15114, #AST95-28906, and #AST-0071260 all to the College of Charleston.

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 21 Martin, G. A., Fuhr J. R., & Wiese W. L. 1988, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3 Mathias, P., Aerts, C., Briquet, M, De Cat, P., Cuypers, J., Van Winckel, H., Le Contel, J. M. 2001, A&A, 379, 905 Moon, T. T. & Dworetsky, M. M. 1985, MNRAS, 217, 305 Moore, C. E. 1945. Rev. ed., (Princeton, N.J.: The Observatory) Napiwotzki, R., Schnberner, D, & Wenske, V. 1993,A&A, 268, 653 o Palmer, D. R., Walker, E. N., Jones, D. H. P., & Wallis, R. E. 1968, Royal Greenwich Observatory Bulletin, 135, 385 Pelt, J. 1992, Irregularly spaced data analysis, User manual and program package, (Helsinki: Univ. Helsinki) Perryman, M. A. C. 1997, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA SP-1200: Noordwijk: ESA) Roberts, D. H., Lehar, J., & Dreher, J. W. 1987, AJ, 93, 968 Rountree Lesh, J. 1968, ApJS, 17, 371 Scargle, J. D. 1982, ApJ, 263, 835 Smith, M. A. 1989, in Automatic Small Telescopes, ed. D. S. Hayes & R. M. Genet (Mesa: Fairborn Press). 143 Smith, M. A., Fullerton, A. W., & Percy, J. R. 1987, LNP Vol. 274: Stellar Pulsation, Sperl, M. 1998, Comm. in Asteroseismology (Vienna) 111, 1 Straizhis, V. 1992, (Tucson : Pachart Pub. House)

 22 Strassmeier, K. G. & Hall, D. S. 1988, ApJS, 67, 439 Townsend, R. H. D. 2002, MNRAS, 330, 855 Tuton, C., Priou, D., Perryman, M. A. C. 1997, Proc. of the ESA Symposium Hipparcos Venice 97 (ESA SP-402: Venice:ESA) Waelkens, C. 1991, A&A, 246, 453 Walker, M. F. 1952, AJ, 57, 227 Wiese, W. L., Fuhr J. R., & Deters T. M. 1996, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 6 Wiese, W. L. & Martin, G. A. 1980, NSRDS-NBS 68, Part 2 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Oce) Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., & Glennon, B. M. 1966, NSRDS-NBS 4 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Oce) Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., & Miles, B. M. 1969, NSRDS-NBS 22 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Oce)

A This manuscript was prepared with the AAS L TEX macros v5.0.

 23

APT Photometry Stromgren b

Stromgren uvy

Season

Hipparcos Photometry

He I 5876 Equivalent Widths

Radial Velocities

Earlier Velocities

2448000

2449000

2450000

2451000

Julian Date

Fig. 1. The time coverage of the data sets considered.

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 447.8 448.0 448.2 448.4 448.6 448.8 Wavelength (nm) 449.0 449.2

Fig. 2. The 447.8-449.3 nm region of 3 Vul showing normal line proles.

Residual Intensity

 24

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 450.5 451.0 451.5 Wavelength (nm) 452.0 452.5

Fig. 3. This 450.5-452.5 nm region of 3 Vul showing line proles distorted by pulsations.

Residual Intensity

0.020

|f1-1| |f2-1|

f1 f2 |f1-2| |f2-2|

f1+1 f2+1

0.015 Power

0.010

0.005

0.000 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Frequency (cyles/day) 2.0

Fig. 4. Periodogram by Period 98 of the dierential v magnitudes. The main frequencies f1 and f2 are indicated along with several aliases.

 25

0.006 0.005 Power 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.0 |f3-1| f1+f2-1 |f1+f2-2|

f3 |f3-2|

f3+1 f1+f2

0.5 1.0 1.5 Frequency (cycles/day)

2.0

Fig. 5. Periodogram of the prewhitened v dierential magnitudes (f1 and f2 were removed). Note that f3 and the sum term (and their aliases) are clearly revealed.

7x10

-5

6 5 Power 4 3 2

f2

f1

f3 1 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Frequency(cycles/day) 2.0

Fig. 6. CLEAN periodogram of v dierential magnitudes. The peak close to zero c/d is due to residual seasonal instrumental eects. It is not the orbital frequency.

 26

0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 0.0 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 0.0 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Phase of f1+f2 2.0 0.5 1.0 Phase of f3 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 Phase of f2 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 Phase of f1 1.5 2.0

Fig. 7. Phase diagrams for the v magnitudes. Each panel is prewhitened for all frequencies except for the indicated phasing frequency.

Delta v

Delta v

Delta v

Delta v

 27

6 forb 5

Power

2 f2 1 f1

0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Frequency (cycles/day)

Fig. 8. Periodogram by CLEAN of the radial velocities in Hube & Aikman (1991) and those reported here. Note that both f1 and f2 are present although the relative amplitudes are signicantly dierent from those found in the photometric data. We also see a peak corresponding to the orbital frequency.

 28

0.040 u amplitude v amplitude b amplitude y amplitude 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 f1 f2 f3 f1+f2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Season

Fig. 9. Temporal variation in the amplitudes of the frequencies reported. The dates used were the midpoints of the seasons. One sigma error bars have not been included since generally the symbol sizes are larger than the errors.

 29

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 2448400

u-b

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 2448400

c1

2450000

f1 f2 f3 f4

2450000

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 2448400

v-y

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 2448400

v-b

2450000

2450000

Fig. 10. Seasonal amplitudes of color index variations for the frequencies reported. The dates used were the midpoints for the seasons. One sigma error bars are shown.

 30

3.4

6.5 Mo

6.0 Mo 3.2 5.5 Mo 3.0 Log Luminosity 5.0 Mo 4.5 Mo

2.8

2.6

4.0 Mo

2.4

3.5 Mo

2.2 3 Vulpeculae 2.0 3 Mo

4.30

4.25

4.20 4.15 Log Effective Temperature

4.10

4.05

4.00

Fig. 11. HR Diagram showing evolutionary tracks for Townsend models where g mode pulsation occurs. The positions and one sigma error bars for 25 SPB stars as well as for 3 Vul are shown

 31

4.5 Mo f3 f1 f2 f1+f2 f3
6

4.0 Mo f1 f2 f1+f2

l=1 l=2 l=3 Observed Values

5

AmpVU

Ampvu

l=1 l=2 l=3 Observed Values

5

4x10

-1

4x10 -10 0 10 PhiVU 20 30 40

-1

-10

10 Phivu

20

30

40

Fig. 12. Amplitude ratios versus phase dierences for the Strmgren v and u bands. Filled o circles are observed values. Other symbols are models.

 32

f
4.6

f3

f1

4.4

4.2

g012

4.0

3.8

g013

3.6

g017
3.4 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84

g016
0.86 0.88 0.90 Frequency (c/d)

g015
0.92 0.94 0.96

g014
0.98 1.00

Fig. 13. Plot of frequency versus mass from Townsends models. The diagonal strips are various pulsation modes and are interpolated from the 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 values. As described in the text the position of 3 Vul on the HR diagram with one sigma error bars was used to limit the models plotted to Townsends numbers 60 - 110. The horizontal bars represent the intersection of each diagonal strip with one of the observed frequencies. The only mass range with all three frequencies simultaneously matching a theoretical mode is from 4.14 to 4.18 M .

 33

7.60

g015

f2 g014

g013

g012

7.55

7.50

d3,70

7.45 Log(Age)

Model 080

d2,70
7.40 Model 070

d1,70

7.35

Model 060 7.30

4.0 Mo 4.5 Mo

7.25 0.70 0.75

f2
0.80

f3
0.85 0.90 Frequency (c/d) 0.95

f1
1.00 1.05

Fig. 14. Plot of log age versus mass. The diagonal lines running from upper right to lower left are interpolated between the 4.0 M and the 4.5 M models. The short diagonal lines intersecting them indicate the interpolated position of a 4.16 M model. The vertical lines correspond to our observed frequencies. The distance in arbitrary units each 4.16 M model is from the nearest observed frequency is given in Table 9. Three examples of these distances are labeled as d-frequency,model number . The most probable age is assumed to be the one with the smallest sum of the squares of these distances.

 34

Table 1. uvby Photometry of 3 Vul

Mean Julian Date

Delta u

Delta v

Delta b

Delta y

2448334.0115 2448348.9690 2448350.9635 2448351.9610 2448353.9555 2448354.9530 2448355.9505 2448356.9476 2448357.9449 2448359.9398 2448360.9371 2448361.9342 2448363.9764

-2.1248 -2.1493 -2.149 -2.1866 -2.1321 -2.1227 -2.1474 -2.1713 -2.1972 -2.1113 -2.1172 -2.1234 -2.0709

-2.4500 -2.4677 -2.4659 -2.487 -2.4559 -2.4505 -2.4596 -2.4792 -2.4907 -2.4413 -2.4526 -2.4486 -2.422

-2.4225 -2.4337 -2.4332 -2.4516 -2.4239 -2.4172 -2.4297 -2.4458 -2.4567 -2.413 -2.4202 -2.4215 -2.3914

-2.3294 -2.3404 -2.3405 -2.3600 -2.3315 -2.3283 -2.3332 -2.3557 -2.3594 -2.3225 -2.3288 -2.3271 -2.3028

Tabular values are dierential magnitudes between the vari-

able and the comparison, HD 181164.

b

The complete version of this table is in the electronic edition

of the Journal. The printed edition contains only a sample. Julian Dates for each observation are given in the electronic version rather than the mean of the values for the four lters given in the sample.

 35

Table 2. Journal of Spectrographic Observations

Central Wavelength() A Radial Velocity (km s1 )

Mid-Exposure Julian Date

Exposure Time (min.)

3860 3915 3970 4025 4080 4135 4190 4245 4300 4355 4410 4465 4520 4575 4630 4685 4740

2449201.712 2449280.617 2449203.790 2448848.738 2449894.905 2449276.675 2449200.768 2448379.936 2449893.882 2449621.667 2449892.816 2448474.803 2449531.844 2449895.928 2448479.812 2448845.710 2449891.884

40 45 60 38 57 63 22 31 59 23 49 26 52 66 37 37 59

-25.2 -20.8 -27.2 -21.4 -28.4 -24.0 -28.8 -22.2 -32.9 -24.0 -32.3 -27.6 -34.0 -31.2 -25.0 -24.8 -24.0

 36

Table 3. Frequency Determination

color/season

Start JD

End JD

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude

Reduction

f1 =0.9719 u all u1 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 v all v1 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7 b all b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 y all y1 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 2448334 2448334 2449055 2449418 2449786 2450506 2450875 2448334 2448334 2449055 2449418 2449786 2450506 2450875 2448334 2448334 2448702 2449055 2449418 2449786 2450506 2450875 2448334 2448334 2449055 2449418 2449786 2450506 2450875 2451086 2448440 2449168 2448548 2449910 2450620 2450993 2451086 2448440 2449168 2448548 2449910 2450620 2450993 2451086 2448440 2448809 2449168 2339548 2449910 2450620 2450993 2451086 2448440 2449168 2339548 2449910 2450620 2450993 991 125 170 114 171 87 175 996 124 170 112 172 87 174 1172 125 181 170 112 173 86 171 995 124 170 114 173 84 172 0.030 0.029 0.032 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.035 0.020 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.017

f2 =0.7923 0.026 0.026 0.025 0.034 0.031 0.031 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.017 0.014 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.018 0.010

f3 =0.8553 0.008 0.014 0.009 0.013 0.004 0.011 0.009 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.002 0.006 0.008 0.002 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.004

f1 +f2 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.033 0.034 0.031 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.032 0.021 0.021 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.017 0.020 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.009 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.008 48% 62% 65% 61% 63% 49% 56% 48% 62% 63% 62% 64% 45% 55% 42% 55% 45% 59% 65% 60% 47% 50% 44% 56% 59% 63% 58% 47% 50%

 37

Table 4. He/H Values

Wavelength(A)

He/Ha

4009 4026 4120 4143 4169 4388 4438 4472 4713

0.10 0.10 0.10: 0.10: 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.08

Mean
a

0.090.01

Note: The two lines with

uncertain (:) values were given one-half weight.

 38

Table 5: Metal abundances of 3 Vul Mult. C II 4 3918.98 3920.68 6 4267.02 4267.26 N II 5 12 OI 3 5 Mg II 4 5 4481.23 3848.24 3850.39 9 4428.00 4433.99 10 4384.64 4390.58 Al II 2 Al III 3 4529.18 +0.67 WS 4663.10 -0.28 FW +0.97 -1.60 -1.88 -1.20 -0.90 -0.78 -0.53 3947.29 4368.30 -1.77 -1.71 4630.54 3995.00 +0.09 +0.21 -0.53 -0.23 +0.56 +0.74 (A) log gf Ref. W (m) log N/NT A

log C/NT = -3.680.12 WF WF WF WF 27 36 43 39 -3.66 -3.66 -3.56 -3.84

log N/NT = -4.340.26 WF WF 6 6 -4.15 -4.52

log O/NT = -3.280.08 WF WF 12 7 -3.22 -3.34

log Mg/NT = -4.670.09 FW WM WM WS WM WS WS 273 10 8 10 18 17 36 -4.59 -4.76 -4.58 -4.67 -4.69 -4.81 -4.59

log Al/NT = -5.98 20 -5.98

log Al/NT = -5.47 7 -5.47

 39

Table 5: -continued Mult. Si II 1 3853.66 3856.02 3862.59 3 4128.07 4130.89 Si III 2 4552.65 4567.82 4574.76 S II 9 30 43 4716.23 4524.95 4463.58 4483.58 44 4153.10 4162.70 49 4278.50 4294.40 55 Ca II 1 Ti II 31 4501.27 -0.75 MF 3933.66 +0.13 3923.46 -0.42 +0.17 -0.02 -0.43 +0.62 +0.78 -0.12 +0.56 +0.44 +0.29 +0.07 -0.41 -1.44 -0.49 -0.74 +0.38 +0.53 (A) log gf Ref. W (m) log N/NT A

log Si/NT = -4.510.09 LA LA LA LA LA 61 108 91 103 119 -4.64 -4.45 -4.58 -4.48 -4.42

log Si/NT = -4.370.13 WM WM WM 15 8 5 -4.26 -4.52 -4.34

log S/NT = -4.940.24 FW WM WS FW WS WS WS WS WS 7 11 6 5 16 21 6 8 8 -5.19 -4.94 -4.79 -4.53 -4.97 -4.86 -4.75 -5.22 -5.20

log Ca/NT = -5.41 WM 139 -5.41

log Ti/NT = -7.26 3 -7.26

 40

Table 5: -continued Mult. Cr II 44 4558.66 4588.22 4618.82 4634.10 Fe II 3 27 3945.21 4173.45 4233.17 4303.17 4351.76 4385.38 4416.82 28 4178.86 4296.57 37 4489.18 4491.40 4515.34 4520.22 4534.17 4555.89 4629.34 38 4508.28 4522.63 4541.52 -4.19 -2.65 -2.00 -2.49 -2.10 -2.57 -2.60 -2.48 -3.01 -2.97 -2.77 -2.48 -2.60 -3.47 -2.29 -2.37 -2.21 -2.03 -3.05 -0.66 -0.63 -1.11 -1.24 (A) log gf Ref. W (m) log N/NT A

log Cr/NT = -6.440.09 MF MF MF MF 15 13 4 5 -6.40 -6.54 -6.58 -6.41

log Fe/NT = -4.710.24 MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF 7 21 35 22 26 18 22 19 11 9 17 16 16 9 24 22 20 27 7 -4.14 -4.68 -4.88 -4.75 -5.02 -4.94 -4.61 -4.90 -4.63 -4.74 -4.58 -4.90 -4.82 -4.23 -4.83 -4.83 -5.02 -5.00 -4.74

 41

Table 5: -continued Mult. Fe II 38 (A) (continued) 4576.33 4583.83 4620.51 172 173 186 190 4048.83 3935.94 4635.33 3938.97 4451.54 4455.26 4596.02 Fe III 45 Ni II 11 3849.58 4067.05 12 4015.48 -1.88 -1.83 -2.42 4022.35 -2.05 KX -3.04 -2.02 -3.28 -2.09 -1.86 -1.65 -1.85 -1.82 -1.99 -1.82 MF MF MF KX MF MF MF KX KX KX 12 46 8 7 11 16 7 7 4 6 -4.52 -4.40 -4.52 -4.59 -4.57 -4.40 -4.72 -4.58 -4.68 -4.64 log gf Ref. W (m) log N/NT A

log Fe/NT = -3.97 4 -3.97

log Ni/NT = -6.060.19 KX KX KX 12 15 2 -6.00 -5.91 -6.27

Note. References for gf values FW = Fuhr & Wiese (1990) KX = Kurucz & Bell (1995) LA = Lanz & Artru (1985) MF = Martin, Fuhr & Wiese (1988) and Fuhr, Martin & Wiese (1988) WM = Wiese & Martin (1980) WF = Wiese, Fuhr & Dieters (1996) WS = Wiese, Smith & Glennon (1966) and Wiese, Smith & Miles (1969)

 42

Table 6: Comparison of Derived and Solar Abundances (log N/H)

Stars Ion He I CII N II OI Mg II Al II Al III Si II Si III S II Ca II Ti II Cr II Fe II Fe III Ni II Peg -1.02 -3.81 -4.03 ... -4.55 -5.94 -5.90 -5.31 -4.67 -5.04 -6.20 ... ... -4.44 -4.33 ... Her -1.07 -3.49 -3.84 ... -4.78 -6.03 -5.49 -5.16 -4.45 -4.91 -6.03 ... ... -5.14 -4.35 ... Her -0.96 -3.53 -4.09 ... -4.60 ... -5.59 -4.490 -4.42 -4.76 -5.74 -6.76 ... -4.72 -4.62 -6.72 3 Vul -1.03 -3.64 -4.30 -3.24 -4.63 -5.94 -5.43 -4.47 -4.33 -4.90 -5.37 -7.22 -6.40 -4.67 -3.93 -6.02 Oct -1.07 -3.64 -4.33 -3.30 -4.73 ... ... -4.77 ... -4.92 -6.24 -7.28 -6.62 -4.81 ... -5.96 Cet -1.07 -3.77 -3.88 -3.30 -4.52 ... -5.32 -4.52 -4.99 -4.82 -5.72 -7.17 -6.54 -4.62 -4.78 -5.98 21 Aql -1.05 -3.92 -4.15 -3.24 -4.59 ... -5.93 -4.40 -4.58 -5.04 -5.66 -7.46 -6.64 -4.80 -4.77 -6.04 134 Tau Cap Dra -1.00 -3.45 ... ... -4.53 ... ... -4.51 ... -4.53 -5.33 -7.06 -6.41 -4.63 ... -5.85 -1.19 -3.39 ... -3.33 -4.61 ... ... -4.69 ... -4.85 -5.55 -7.05 -6.13 -4.47 ... -5.67 -1.40 -3.78 ... -3.49 -4.82 ... ... -4.89 ... -5.03 -5.61 -7.10 -6.61 -4.93 ... -5.92 Sun -1.01 -3.45 -4.03 -3.13 -4.42 -5.53 -5.53 -4.45 -4.45 -4.67 -5.64 -6.98 -6.33 -4.50 -4.50 -5.75

Te log g (km s1 )

21000 4.25 4.9

16500 4.0 2.5

15000 4.10 0.0

14343 4.30 0.0

13625 4.00 0.0

13150 3.85 0.0

12900 3.35 0.0

10825 3.88 0.0

10250 3.90 0.0

10075 3.30 0.4

 43

Table 7. Color Fits

Indices

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude

f1 =0.9719

f2 =0.7923

f3 =0.8553

f1 +f2

v u-b b-y u-v v-b v-y m1 c1 (v-y)/v

969 969 969 969 969 969 969 969 969

0.01805 0.01324 0.00095 0.01174 0.00155 0.00244 0.00082 0.01020 0.13519

0.01558 0.011588 0.00087 0.01065 0.00100 0.00178 0.00059 0.00979 0.11435

0.00463 0.00321 0.00016 0.00266 0.00053 0.00067 0.00040 0.00212 0.14493

0.00287 0.00161 0.00027 0.00141 0.00019 0.00041 0.00022 0.00123 0.14327

0.02048 0.01527 0.00391 0.01390 0.00423 0.00505 0.00639 0.01375

0.01092 0.00847 0.00380 0.00794 0.00400 0.00454 0.00634 0.00929

 44

Table 8. Slowly Pulsating B Stars

HIP

HD

Parallax

Mbol

log L

log Te

15988 18216 19398 20354 20493 20715 23833 29488 34000 34798 34817 38455 40285 43763 45189 47893 48182 52043 61199 66607 72800 76243 77227 79992 90797

21071 24587 26326 27396 27742 28114 33331 42927 53921 55522 55718 64503 69144 76640 79416 84809 86659 92287 109026 118285 131120 138764 140873 147394 169978

5.410.79 8.460.75 4.490.78 7.030.79 6.770.76 5.461.02 3.200.57 3.470.70 6.770.54 4.540.61 3.670.63 5.090.52 3.360.56 3.750.48 5.230.68 3.750.70 3.000.51 2.550.51 10.070.52 3.510.56 8.490.76 9.300.86 7.990.68 10.370.53 6.810.75

-1.41 -1.75 -2.59 -2.34 -0.65 -1.40 -1.37 -2.46 -1.34 -2.45 -2.74 -3.61 -3.58 -1.94 -1.90 -2.07 -2.88 -3.56 -2.55 -1.60 -2.11 -1.05 -1.25 -2.31 -2.00

2.460.13 2.600.08 2.930.15 2.830.10 2.160.10 2.460.16 2.440.15 2.880.18 2.430.07 2.880.12 2.990.15 3.340.09 3.330.14 2.670.11 2.660.11 2.720.16 3.050.15 3.320.17 2.920.04 2.540.14 2.740.08 2.320.08 2.400.07 2.820.04 2.700.10

4.1720.006 4.1460.006 4.1940.006 4.2050.005 4.1040.007 4.1660.006 4.1070.007 4.2580.005 4.1390.006 4.2520.005 4.2220.005 4.2500.005 4.2020.005 4.1730.006 4.1510.006 4.2120.005 4.2200.005 4.2240.005 4.2120.005 4.0820.007 4.2710.005 4.1500.006 4.1490.006 4.1750.006 4.1020.007

 45

Table 8Continued

HIP

HD

Parallax

Mbol

log L

log Te

107173 108022 112781

206540 208057 215573

4.680.81 6.370.70 7.350.47

-1.62 -2.41 -1.38

2.540.15 2.860.10 2.450.06

4.1470.006 4.2940.004 4.1480.006

Table 9. Deviations of frequency from interpolation between 4 and 4.5 M Models to 4.14 M

mode

d1 , mode

d2 , mode

d3 , mode

g050 g060 g070 g080 g090 g100 g110

0.45 0.25 0.35 1.0 0.6 1.15 0.90

0.55 0.90 0.13 0.45 0.05 0.35 0.00

1.35 0.27 0.00 0.25 2.65 2.89 2.85

3.328 0.945 0.139 1.265 7.839 9.797 8.123