Exponential Growth of Technology in India has played a significant role in all round development and growth of economy in our

country. Technology generally would comprise the following elements:

Process Know how Design Know how Engineering know how Manufacturing know how Application Know how Management know how Technology can either be developed through own research and development or it can be purchased through indigenous or imported sources. India has opted for a judicious mix of indigenous and imported technology. Purchase of technology is commonly called Technology transfer and it is generally covered by a technology transfer agreement. Technology transfer means the use of knowledge and when we talk about transfer of the technology, we really mean the transfer of knowledge by way of an agreement between the states or companies and at last countries. Transfer does not mean the movement or delivery; transfer can only happen if technology is used. So, it is application of technology and considered as process by which technology developed for one purpose is used either in different applications or by a new user. Technology transfer must be recognised as a broad and complex process if it is to contribute to sustained and equitable development. The end result for the recipient must be the ability to use, replicate, improve and, possibly, re-sell the technology. Transfer of technology is more than just the moving of high-tech equipment from the developed to the developing world, or within the developing world. Moreover, it encompasses far than equipment and other socalled hard technologies, for it also includes total systems and their component parts, including know-how, goods and services, equipment, and organizational and managerial procedures. Thus technology transfer is the suite of processes encompassing all dimensions of the origins, flows and uptake of know-how, experience and equipment amongst, across and within countries, stakeholder, organizations and institutions.

If the transfer of inadequate, unsustainable, or unsafe technologies is to be avoided, technology recipients should be able to identify and select technologies that are appropriate to their actual needs, circumstances and capacities. Therefore, a key element of this wider view of technology transfer is choice. There is no single strategy for successful transfer that is appropriate to all situations. Desirably a technology recipient will choose a technology which at least meets the definition of being environmentally sound and by environment we mean business, socio cultural, economic and political environment. Preferably a technology recipient will goeven further, and select a sustainable technology i.e. a technology that is not only environmentally sound but also economically viable and socially acceptable. Only such technologies contribute towards sustainable development.

The Seven Cs for the Transfer of Technology

Context:

Technology transfer does not take place in a vacuum. The performance of a given technology is dependent on a wide range of factors, making identification of an appropriate technology somewhat problematic. For example, a technology that is assessed to be appropriate in a given locale, culture, economic setting or stage in its life cycle may not be in another. Its performance may be influenced markedly by the availability of supporting infrastructure and by access to the expertise necessary for its management, maintenance and monitoring. Moreover, a technology that qualifies as being appropriate at one point of time, may not do so at another the performance criteria against which it is assessed may change as a consequence of new information or changing values or attitudes; a technical breakthrough may give rise to more desirable alternatives. It is therefore vital that recipients and users of a technology are able to choose an option that meets their specific needs and capacities. It is, of course, highly desirable that the technology is also found to be economically viable and socially acceptable, and hence sustainable. Challenges: There are many barriers to successful technology transfer. All along the transfer path, from the supply side of technology transfer (the innovators and developers) to the demand side (the recipients and users), impediments occur at every node and, due to restrictions on the movement of information and materials, for every linkage in the technology transfer chain. Examples of challenges include: Shortfalls in technology creation and innovation, underperformance in technology sourcing, insufficient and unverified information. Small and medium enterprises are disproportionately impacted by these challenges. Choice: A key aim of barrier removal, that is of facilitating technology transfer, is ensuring that technology recipients and users are able to make informed choices by being able to identify and procure the most appropriate technology for a given application in a given locale. Several requirements must be met, including: needs well defined, documented and understood; several technology alternatives, all of which are well and reliably characterized in terms of environmental and economic performance and potential social impact; capability to make the chosen technology fully operational, so that it fulfils its potential, and meets the identified needs, without detrimental side effects. Certainty: A lack of certainty, and the consequential high levels of risk, both real and perceived, are recognized as major impediments to the successful technology transfer. Removing barriers to technology transfer often translates into increased certainty, and decreased risks, for the key stakeholders such as the developers, suppliers, financiers, insurers, recipients and regulators. One example is ensuring access to sufficient, verified information.

Macroeconomic conditions that favour technology transfer include those which will deliver low inflation, stable and realistic exchange and interest rates, pricing that reflects the true costs of material, energy, labour and other inputs, deregulation, free movement of capital, operation of competitive markets, open trade policies and transparent foreign investment policies.

Communication:
The technology transfer chain is often long, in terms of both distance and time. Effective communication is thus another essential ingredient in the recipe for successful technology transfer. Efficient and effective two-way communication and cooperation between key stakeholders will do much to remove barriers. Information management systems, knowledge management tools and formal and informal networks can all make important contributions. Effective communication is a requisite to harmonizing the contributions to the processes of technology transfer being made by diverse players. Capacity: Enhancing the transfer of technologies that support sustainable development is largely about creating favourable circumstances for technology transfer ensuring all stakeholders have the ability to fulfil their roles and meet their responsibilities, expeditiously. Generally speaking, government is the principal player in creating an enabling environment for technology transfer, but financial and insurance institutions and international organizations can also be influential. Issues as lack of access to appropriate sources of capital, high or uncertain inflation or interest rates, subsidised prices for material and energy inputs, high import duties, uncertain stability of tax and tariff policies; investment risk, loss of rights to intellectual property should be addressed. Commitment: Key actions that will foster technology transfer include: Needs assessments, including identification of shortcomings in the enabling environment, with relevant organizations and agencies helping to address these Evaluation and strengthening of policies that influence the enabling environment Greater communication and interaction between key parts of government Intra- and inter-governmental coordination, cooperation and assistance Protection of intellectual property rights and legal contracts Political support for programmes and institutions that foster technology transfer Delineation of the roles of the private and public sectors in both developed and developing countries Economic incentives targeting industries that have the potential to make critical and major contributions to technology transfer Ensuring that technology transfer initiatives are compatible with national sustainable development agendas

6P

In any society economic growth would be possible only through the introduction of improved technical inputs into the process of economic transformation. So technology transfer is very important. Various sources of technology transfer are as follows: 1. Projects- Foreign direct investment, turn key construction and co-production 2. Trade-sale of equipment, tools and end products 3. Contractors and Development- Licensing of patents, trademarks, management and equipment, maintenance. 4. Research and Development:-Location of R&D operations in foreign countries, joint R& D projects. 5. Personnel Exchanges: Development assistance under bilateral and multilateral aid programmes, international exchange corps, employment of foreign technicians. 6. Publications: professional and scientific literature, technical publications. 7. Conferences: Professional and scientific meetings, academic preferences, technical societies and trade associations. 8. Teaching and Training: Foreign study in regular undergraduate and graduate programmes, training programmes of United Nations and other international agencies, internal training programmes of business firms. 9. Others: Transfers through international tender invitations, acquisition of companies, Government to government agreements.

METHODS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: By improving and updating technologies By adopting and absorbing newer technologies By innovating and improving the technology imported By better using technology in production By producing new kinds of products Through improved systems and improved organisations and the effective use of technology.

FACTORS AFFECTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROCESS: Infrastructure in technical education, research, training. Quality of Human Resource Incentives and Facilities for Research and Development. Access to Foreign Technology State Participation in Scientific and Technological Development.

FACTS AND FIGURES RELATED TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN INDIA India s cuurently spends 0.8% of GDP on R&D (research and development) and S&T policy( Science and technology). In India there are only 156 researchers per million of population. Of the 0.8% expenditure in India, 80% is by public sector and only 20% by private sector The 11th Plan allocations for scientific departments including departments of science and technology and atomic energy, has been increased three folds to Rs 75,304 crore during the 11th Plan (2007-2012) as compared to Rs 25,301.35 crore of 10th Plan Period.

COMPARISON OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PARAMETERS OF INDIA

R&D spending (% GDP)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 India China US Japan 0.8 1.23 R&D spending (% GDP) 2.9 3

% of private sector spending on R&D

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 India China Japan 20 % of private sector spending on R&D 70 82

No.of persons involved in R&D(per million of population)

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 7000 4700 No.of persons involved in R&D(per million of population)

156

800

Innovation Performance comparison as compared to EU

60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -55 -53 US Japan China India Innovation Performance comparison as compared to EU 49 40

Patent Applications filed in 2007

300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 India China 15262 Patent Applications filed in 2007 245161

Indias 15 year trend (1995-2010) of R&D expenditure (% of GDP)

PREVIOUS YEARS TRENDS OF PATENTS FILING, RESIDENTS IN INDIA