تقنيات الطرق

W
W
K
? ? ? ?
K
K
W
W
K
K
W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
KW

KW

KW
K
K
W
KE JF
W
KE JF
W
KE JF
KWE JF
J J
K

K

W
W(Freeway Systems) K
W(Major Arterial Systems) K

K
W(Collector Street Systems) K

K
W(Local Street Systems) K

K
K
K

WK
WE

KEWF
K E{F E{F
KE JF

KWE JF

WE

KE JF
KWE JF

EF
WE
K
W
K K
K
K
K
K
K K
K K
K K

K
K
WE
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
EWF EWF
K
K
WE

K
KEF

K
W

WE

WK

=
365
W E JF
K WE JF
ELF
{{
{{
{{
{{
E{{F
K
K
WE

W
K K

K
K
K K
W
Vn = V D (1 + e )
KWVn
KWVD
KWe
KWn
W
15000
Vn = VD (1 + e )
15000 =WVD
= WEeF
=W(n)
Vn = VD (1 + e ) = 15000 (1 + 0.03) = 20159
n
10
LZ

WK
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
E JF K
E JF
K(AASHTO)E JF

EF
16.7
12.1
5.8
EF
2.6
2.6
2.1
EF
4.1
4.1
1.3
EF
6.1
7.6
3.4
EF
0.9
1.2
0.9
EF
0.6
1.8
1.5
EF

EF

EF
EF
EF
EF

EF
KWE JF

K K
K K
K K
K K
K
E F
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
K
E
K
E
K E
E
K
W

W
K
K

W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

KW
KW
KW
K
K
K K
K
K K

(Stopping Sight Distance: SSD) J J

K(S) K
W{
S = 2 . 5V
KELF :VEF:S

W (d) K
V 2
d =
W
2 fg
KEF :d
KELFWg
KELF:V
KE{FWf

V2
d=
W
254( f G )
KG
(SSD)
SSD
= S + d

V2
SSD = 2 . 5V +
W
2 fg
V2
SSD = 2.5V +
W
254.( f + G)
V2
SSD = 2.5V +
W
254.( f G )
(AASHTO)E JFK2SSD
K
KWE JF

EF
48
72
100
132
149
129
190
212

EF
55
80
115
150
165
185
205
230
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.36
0.33
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27

E/F
48
64
80
96
104
112
120
128
K{L

KL{ZLZ:V
K{=Wf
V2
(16 . 67 ) 2
= 2 . 5 16 . 67 +
= 77 . 08 m
SSD = 2 .5V +
2 fg
2 0 . 4 9 . 81
K{L
KL{=LZ:V
K{=Wf
{=:G
W E
(22 .22 )
V2
= 2 . 5 22 . 22 +
= 61 . 10 m
254 ( f G )
254 (0 . 4 0 . 05 )
2
SSD = 2 .5V +
W E
(22 .22 )
V2
SSD
=
2
.
5
V
+
= 2 . 5 (22 .22 ) +
= 59 .87 m

254 ( f + G )
254 (0 . 4 + 0 . 05 )
2
(Passing Sight Distance: PSD) J J

KE JF
C
B
A
S
d1
:A, B, C
B
S
d2
d3
A, B, C :
KWE JF
KW(d1) K
KW(d2) K
KW(d3) K
W(d4) K
K
Wd4d3d2d1

d1 = 0 .84 (V M )
d 2 = 2S + 0.84(V M )t
d 3 = 0.28t
2
3
S = 0 . 2 (V M
d4 = d2
t =
)+
2 . 73 S
a
Kd4d3d2d1
KELFWV
KLLWa
KLWM
W(PSD)
PSD = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4
K(AASHTO)E JF
KWE JF
128
112
96
80
64
48
E/F
94
86
75
65
54
41
E/F
110
102
91
82
70
58
E/F
835
675
640
550
460
335
EF

J
J J
EFE JFE JF
EF
KWE JF
KWE JF
W
K K
KW K
KW K
W
K
K
K
.

K
K

J J
WE JF
KWE JF
J J
KKE JF
KWE JF
W
V 2
e + f =
127 R
KWe
KELFWV
KEFWR
KWf
K(AASHTO)E JFf

KfWE JF
f
ELF
W
0.14ZfZRL80ZV
W
V 2
80 2
f =
0 . 14 = 0 . 364
e =
127 R
127 100
J J
WK(1/15)
W K
e =
(0 . 75
V
127 R
)2
K(1/15)e K
(1/15)(1/15)e K
Wf
V 2
f =
e
127 R
KE0.15Ff K
W(Va) E{Ff K
2
1
Va
+
=
+
=
e
f
0
.
15

15
127 R
K(1/15)e K
K
K
e =
(0 . 75 V )2
127 R
(0 . 75 100 )2
127 500
W
= 0 . 088
E1/15Fe(1/15)
Wf
V2
1
100 2
f =
=
0 .067 = 0 .09
127 R 15 127 .500
KE1/15FZ{f
W
KL
W
2
V
1
+ 0 .15 = a
e + f =
15
127 R
2
Va
= 0 . 217
127 R
2
V a = 0 . 217 127 R
V a 2 = ( 0 .217 ) (127 ) ( 200 ) = 2755 . 9
V a = 52 . 5km / h

J J
W
2
V
1
e + f =
+ 0 . 15 =
15
127 R
2
V
R =
27 .5
W
R rolling =
(V
+ 16 )
27 . 5
R rolling
2
(
V + 8)
=
27 .5
KE JFE JF
KWE JF
f
R (m)
e = 0.10
V
(km/h)
e = 0.08
e = 0.06
e = 0.04
25
30
30
35
0.17
30
45
50
50
60
0.17
40
75
80
90
100
0.16
50
115
125
135
150
0.15
60
160
175
195
215
0.14
70
210
230
250
280
0.14
80
275
305
335
375
0.13
90
360
395
435
490
0.12
100
455
500
560
635
0.11
110
595
665
755
870
0.09
120

KWE JF
KL

W
R =
V2
110 2
=
= 440 m W
27 . 5
27 . 5
Rrolling
2
(
V + 16 )
=
27.5
2
(
110 + 16 )
=
27.5
= 577 m W
J J
E JF
E JFK
K

KWE JF

KWE JF
EF
EF
J

K
K
K

W
E
E
K{L
E
K{L
L E
E
E
E
KL
E
L E
K
W

W
W
W
K K
K
K K
K K
KW
KW
KW

KE JF
K
K
A1
+g1%
+g3%
A3
-g2%
A2
KWE JF
(g + g 2 )
+ g1 g 2
= 1
100
100 100 1
A1 =
(g + g 3 )
g2 + g3
= 2
100
100 100 2
A2 =
KAW

E JFK

K
K

K(AASHTO)E JF
EF

ELF
E JFK
K(AASHTO)
K(AASHTO)E JF

EF
EF

W
K
J
EF
F E JF E F
KE JFE
K
E JF
K
K
K
A
+g2%
g1 > g2
+g1%
+g1%
-g2%
A= (g1 - g2) /100
A = (g1 + g2) /100

-g1%
A
g1 < g2
A= (-g1 + g2)/100
-g2%
KWE JF
A= (-g1 g2) / 100
-g1%
+g2%
+g2%
A= (g1 g2) /100
+g1%
-g1%
A= (-g1 + g2) / 100

-g2%
KWE JF

VPI
x
e
VPC
L/2
L/2
+G2
VPT
-G2

. :(-)

J
EF
KE JF E JF E F
K

ESSDF
J J
W
W(SSD < L) W K
L =
AS
2 h1 +
2h2
W(SSD > L) W K

(
L = 2S
2h1 + 2h2
KEFWL
KEFWS
KEFWA
K1.22Wh1
K0.1 Wh2

J J
h1
KE{Zh2Zh1Fh2

W(PSD < L) K
AS 2
L =
9 .76
W(PSD > L) K
L = 2S
9.76
A
KEFWL
KEFWS
KEFWA

J J
L = 0 . 378
(AV )
1
2
KEFWL
KWA
KELFWV

WK0.09
KZ K
KZ K
W (SSD < L) W
A = 0.09
L=
AS
2 h1 +
S = 100 m
2 h2
) (
2
h1 = 1.22 m
0 . 09 100 2
2 1 . 22 +
2 0 .1
h2 = 0.1 m
= 222 . 93 m
W(SSD > L)
A = 0.09
(
L = 2S
2 h1 + 2 h2
A
h1 = 1.22 m
S = 50 m
(
= 2 50

h2 = 0.1 m
2 1 .22 + 2 0 .1
0 .09
= 55 .14 m
K(1/40)(1/30)
W
PSD < LW
A = g1 g 2 = (+ 1 / 30 ) ( 1 / 40 ) = 0.058
AS 2 0 .058 440 2
L=
=
= 1150 .49 m
9 .76
9 .76
PSD > LW
L = 2S
9 . 76
9 . 76
= 2 440
= 711 . 72 m
A
0 . 058
W
KE1/25FE1/20F
KL

A = g1 g 2 = ( 1 / 20) (+ 1 / 25) = 0.09
L = 0 . 378 AV
1
2
= 0 . 378 0 . 09 90 3
1
2
= 96 . 82 m
W
K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K{ K
K
K
WK
K K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
K
{ E
K
K
E
K E
L
W

W

W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
KW

KW

KW

K
K

KE JF K

KWE JF

J
K
F K
KE
E FK
K
KE JF
KWE JF

W
W
KE JF
W
KE JF
KW
KWE JFKWE JF
J
K
K
J
K
KE JF
KWE JF
KE JF
K
K{{
KWE JF
K K
W
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

J

K K
W
K
K
K
K
W
K W K
KE JF
W K
W K
KE JF W
K

KWE JF
KWE JF
J
K
K {

K E JFK

KWE JF
W E
EWFW
W{
WE
EWFW
WE
EWFW
W
K
K

E JF
KWE JF
K
K
K E JFK
KWE JF

W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W

W
K
W
W
K K
K K
K K
KW
KW
KW
K
K
J
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
J J
W
W(+)(T) (Y) K
K
E JF K EF
K
K(+)(T) (Y)WE JF
W K
KE JF
KWE JF
W K
KE JF
KWE JF
K W K
E JF K
KWE JF
W K
K
KWE JF
J J
E F
K
E JF
K
KWE JF
W
E
E
E
E
E
W

W

W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

KW
KW
W
K
K

J J
K
K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

1930
W
K ( d ) K
K (w) K
KEF K
K K
J J
W
K
K
K
K
K
(Standard Proctor Test) E
KE JF
KWE
JF
W
K{{ E
K{{ E
W
K K
K K
K K
KEF K
WEdF K
d =
1+
w
100
K K
KE JFEwFEdF K
(OMC)Ed-maxF K
KEd JwF
1.90
1.80
(kg/cm3)
1.70
1.60
0

10
15
EF
KWE
JF
20
25
(Modified Proctor Test) E
(AASHTO)
K
W

K{Z K
K{Z K
K K
E JF K
K
(kg/cm3)
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
0
10
15
EF
20
25
K WE JF
KE JF
KWE JF
EF
EF
6.00
1847.71
8.00
2000.37
10.58
2163.13
12.90
2188.75
15.68
2097.81
17.78
2012.74
W
=
W
Vm
KEVm = 943.3 cm3F
w
1+
100
gm/cm3E JF
E JF KkN/m3
W

d max = 20 .43 kN / m 3
OMC = 11 .40 %
KWE JF
(gm/cm3)
(cm3)
18.13
19.22
19.26
1.96
943.30
1847.71
6.00
20.80
2.12
943.30
2000.37
8.00
20.34
22.50
2.29
943.30
2163.13
10.58
20.16
22.76
2.32
943.30
2188.75
12.89
18.86
21.82
2.22
943.30
2097.81
15.68
17.77
20.93
2.13
943.30
2012.74
17.78
(kN/m3)
(kN/m3)
(gm)
(%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
KWE JF
J J
K
K w = 0
K
K
W (
E JF K
WE JF
W(
w2 w1
d
w1
w2
w (%)
E JF
KKEOMCF
.WE
JF
W E
E JF K
K
( d max )
( d max )
OMC
OMC
w (%)
WE JF
J J
J J
W
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K K

J J

K
KE JF
K
K

J J
W K

K
E JF K
KWE JF
80 %W K

K
E JFK700 kN/m2
KWE JF
W K
K7000 kN/m2 1400 K 12 %
E JFK
K
KWE JF
W K
K
E JF K
KWE JF

J J

WEF
d ( field )
RC
(%)
=
100

d max(lab)
W
K = RC
K = d ( field )
K = d max(lab )
K%100%90

J J
W
K K
K K

WE
K
KE JF E sand F
KWE JF
W
K
K
KEwF (Wsoil)
K
(Vhole)
W
Vhole =
h =
d =
WSand
Sand
Wh
W
Vsoil
w W
(1 +
)
100
d ( field )
100 W
RC (%) =
d max( lab )
W
sand = 1.46 gm/ cm W
3
W sand = 468 .7 gm W
W dry soil
= 618 .3 gm W
W
Vhole =
d =
Wdry soil
V hole
Wsand
sand
468.7
= 321.0 cm3 W
1.46
618.3
= 1.93 gm / cm 3 19.3 kN / m 3 W
321.0
WE

K
K
K
K
W
E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
1.02 kg 19.55 kN/m3 E
KK0.99 kg
E
W
17.33
18.93
19.22
18.05
16.73
32.52
24.91
19.32
12.13
4.75
(kN / m 3 )
w (%)
K K
K K
15.75 kN/m3 K
% E
W
d max = 19 . 25 kN / m 3
OMC = 14 . 37 %
d field = 17.60 kN / m3
w = 16.3 %
W
K K
K
K
W

W

W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K

KW

KW

KW

J J
KELFELF
J J
K
E F
(SC-200)(MC -70) (RC-300)
W
WRC
:MC
:SC
KEF ERC-300F
KEFESC-200F
J J
KK

J J
W
W
K
W
K
W
K
J J
KK
K
K
W
K
KW
W
K
W
K
WK
K
K
W
K
KE{FK
E {F
KE{F
K
K
K
K
WK
W(Sieve Analysis Test)

K
W(Absorption & Specific Gravity Test)
W
KEF
W(Aggregates Abrasion Test)
W(Aggregates Impact Resistance Test)

K
W(California Bearing Ration: CBR)

K
W
W
K
K
W
W(Hot-Mixes Asphalt: HMA) K
(Asphalt Concrete)
K
E F
E F

K
W
W(Dense-graded Mixes)
(Well-graded)
(Coarse- (Fine-graded) W
graded)
E JFKE JF
KWE JF
KWE JF
(Fine-graded Mix)
> 35 % passing the 4.75 mm

(No. 4 Sieve)
(No. 4 Sieve)
(No. 8 Sieve)
(No. 8 Sieve)
(No. 8 Sieve)
(Coarse-graded Mix)
< 35 % passing the 4.75

mm (No. 4 Sieve)
mm (No. 4 Sieve)
mm (No. 8 Sieve)
mm (No. 8 Sieve)
mm (No. 8 Sieve)
(Mixture Nominal Maximum

Aggregate Size)
37.5 mm (1.5 inches)
25.0 mm (1.0 inch)
19.0 mm (0.75 inches)
12.5 mm (0.5 inches)
9.5 mm (0.375 inches)
W(Open-graded Mixes)
E JF K
K
KWE JF
W(Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixes: SMA)
(Stone Mastic Asphalt)
K
E F (Gap-graded)
K

E J F
KE JFK
KWE JF
KE JF (WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)
.(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)WE JF
Class A. Dense-graded
HMA
Class B. Dense-graded
HMA

K
Class D. Open-graded
HMA
K
Class E. Dense-graded
HMA
K
(Class B) Class F. Dense-graded
HMA
K(Class B)
Class G. Dense-graded
HMA
{
K

W(Hot Rolled Asphalt) K
EF
KE J F
K
W(Porous Asphalt) K
K E J F
K
E JF
K E JF
KE JF
K
K
K K
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
E JF K
KEF
K K
K K
KWE JF

KWE JFKWE JF
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
(SC-200) (RC-300) (MC-250) W E
E
E
E

W

W
KK

W
W
K K
K K
AASHTO?? K
K(CBR) K
KW

KW

KW

J J
J J
W
(Flexible Pavement) K
(Rigid Pavement) K
K
J J

E JF
KWE JF
W K

K
W K
K
K
W K
K
KK
W K
K
W K
K
K
K
K

J J
KE JF
KWE JF
K
K

K
J J

K
K
KW K
KW K
KW K
KW K
J J
K
K
W
AASHTO?? K
Asphalt Institute K
California Method K
W
Marshal Method K
Superpave Method K
Hveem Method K

?? J J
??
WWESNFE
K K
K K
KEHFZ K
K
K{{{
K
KE JFE JF
K

KE JF

KE JF
EF
{ W K
K{
W K
KEF
KE{F
KE{{F
KE{F
{ KE F K
K
WE JFESNF K
(CBR)
KESNF
WWE
ESNF K
W
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3

W
KWD1
KWD2
KWD3
KWA1
KWA2
KWA3
KE JF

KE JF

A3A2
A1
{{
{{
A3
{{
KWE JF
W
W
KZ(CBR) K
KZ K
KZ K
WE
KZLEHFZ K
K{Z K
KZ{ K
K K
K
K
K
K
{Z K
K{Z K
Z (CBR) K
{ESNF
EPZ FKEPZ {F
{ZESNF
KE JFR
ESNFKE{ J {F
{ E{ { F
K{ZSNW
WE

KK
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3
KW
W
{{
WK{
{ZE{FHE{ FHE{ F = SN
E Z SNF {
W{
W
ZWD1
ZWD2
ZWD3
Z ECBRF Z ESNF K
K{E JF
K
SN = A1D1 + -- + - 1.7 = (0.17 10) = SN
ECBRF
K{E JFK
{ K
W
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + -2.9 = (0.17 10) + (0.06 20) = SN

K{{
K
W{
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3
4.1 = (0.17 10) + (0.06 20) + (0.06 20) = SN

W
ZWD1
ZWD2
ZWD3
(CBR) J J
JFK (CBR)
K(CBR)E
K(CBR) WE JF

t =
1.75
1
P

CBR p
1/ 2
EF: t
EF:P
E /F: p
KEF:A

W
(CBR)
LZ
ZCBR
ZP
/ = p
W
W E
ZLZZCBR
W E
1/ 2
t =
1 . 75
1
P
p
CBR
t =
1 . 75
4082
( 3 . 14 ) ( 7 )
5
1/ 2
= 35 . 5 cm

J J

E JFK
KWE JF

WE
G a = w
1
G1
100
w3
w2
+
+
G2
G3
KWGa
KEF:w1, w2, w3
K:G1, G2, G3
WE
WGt
100
G
=
t

w
100 w b
+ b
Ga
Gb
KWGt
KEF:wb
KWGb
KWGa
WE
W
100 G
=
t
G t
W
KWt
KWG
KWGt
WE
WVa
Va = 1 t =
100 ( G t G )
Gt
(VMA: Voids in the mineral aggregate)WE

WVMA
VMA = 100
G
wa
KWVMA
KEF:wa

(VFA: Voids filled with asphalt)WE

WVFA
VFB =
VMA (100 t )
V
= 1 a
VMA
VMA
KWVFA
KWVa
EMarshal MethodF J J

K K
K K
K K
K K
F
WE
K
K
KE JF
KE{{{F
{ {
{ {
K
K
K
K
F
KE
E F
K
ESuperpaveF J J
(Superior performing asphalt pavement)
(Superpave Gyratory Compactor, SGC)

K
F kPa
KE
W
W K
K
K{
K{
K K
K K
K K
K K

W

K
K
K
K
K
W K
Z(CBR)
(CBR) K
W (CBR) K
K(CBR)
K
K

W

W

W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
KW

KW

KW

E JF
K
K
KWE JF

J J
WE

WK
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K(CBR) K

WE
WK
K K
K K
K K
K K
K(CBR) K

J J

WE
K
K
K
K
WE
K
KEF
KE JLF
K
K

WE
K
K
K
K
K
K

J J
WK
K K
K
K
K
K
K
(Prime Coats)
J J
K
J{FMC-70MC-30
L E{
K
KE JF
K
E JF
K
KWE JF
KWE JF

EF
RC-30MC-30
RC-70MC-70
RC-250MC-250

(Tack Coats)
J J
LE{ J{FKRC-250RC-70
JF
KE

(Grouted Macadam)
J J
L K
KE JFL
KE
EF K
K L { {
(Bituminous Macadam)
J J
ELFELF K
WK
KE JFK
K
K
JF
KE
KEFEF
KEF

KWE JFKWE JF

(Asphaltic Concrete)
J J
E F
EF
K
J J
K
KE JF
{ EF
K
K
K

KWE JF

J J
JFE JF
L KE
KE JF
K
K
K

K
K
K

KWE JF

J J
W
K
W K
W
K
K
K
KE JF K
K
K

J J
W
K
KE JF K
K K
KE JF K
E{ J {F K
K L
K
K K
KEF
K E JF K
K
K
K K
K
K

J J
WK
K
K
W K
KW
W
K
K W
K
K
K K
K
K
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
K
W

W

W
W
K
K
K
K
K

KW
W
W
K
K
EF
W
K
W
(Surface Deformation) K
(Cracking) K
(Surface Defects) K
(Patching) K
(Miscellaneous Distresses) K
(Potholes) K

(Cracking) J J J

WK
W(Fatigue Cracking) K
W K
KE JF
KWE JF
W(Block Cracking) K
E xFE{x{F

E JF
KWE JF
W(Edge Cracking) K
E JF
K
KW
W
K
W
K
KWE JF
W(Longitudinal Cracking) K

KE JF E F
K
K
KWE JF
E JF W(Transverse Cracking) K
W
K
K
K
KWE JF
W(Reflection Cracking) K
E F
KE JF
KWE JF
(Patching) J J
K
WE JF
W
K
W
K
W
K
KWE JF

(Potholes) J J

KE JF
E F
K
KWE JF
W
K{W
K{W
KW
(Surface Deformation) J J
W
W(Rutting) K
KE JF
KWE JF

K W(Shoving) K

KEF
K
K E JFK
KWE JF

(Surface Defects) J J
W
WKE JF
W(Bleeding) K
W(Raveling) K
K
K
W(Polished Aggregate) K
K
EFEFEF
KWE JF

J J
W
F
KE
K
J J

K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K
K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
F K
KE
K K

J J
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
J J

K
K
W K
K
K

KE JFK
KWE JF
W K
KE JF
KE JF
KWE JF
KWE JF
W K
K
W K
K
W K
K
W K
K
W K
KE JF
KWE JF

J J
K
K
WK
W K
K
W K
K
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W

W

W
W
K
K
K
K
K

KW
KW
W
K
K
W
W K
K
K
K
K
K
K
KEF
K
W
KWEF
KWEF
WEF
K
KWEF
K
K
K K

W
W K
K K
K
K
K
W K
KWEF
KWEF
WEF
K
KWEF
K K
. K
(CBR) . W
. K
. K
. K
. K
K
.
W
. K
K
K K
K K
. K
K
.
W
K
W
K
K K
K K
. K
. K

W
K K
. K
K K
KLE{ J{F K
K K
K
.
W
W K
K
W K
K
. K
K E F K

K K
K
.
. EF K
K K
. K
. K
K
K
K
K
K K
K K

. K
K K
K K
KL{
W
W E F K
K
W K
K
KEF K
. K
K K
E J F K
.
K K
K
K
K K
K
K
K K
K
K K
K K
K
K
KE JF
KWE JF
W
K
K
K
KE JF
E F K
K
K
K
K K
K
K K
E W F W
K K
K
K
KWE JF
K
W
K
KECBRF
W K
K
K
K K
K
K J
K
W

J J

K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
J J

K

J J
WK
K K
K
K
J J

W
K(CBR) K
K(CBR) K
J J
W K
K
W K
K

K
K
KEF K
K
K
K{ K
K K
K K
K K
EF K
K
EF K
K
L L K
KL
K

J J
K
K

J J

K
K

J J

K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K
K
J J

KE F
K

J
K
K
K
K
W
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
W

W

W
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
KW
KW
W
K

Penetration Test of Bitumen

W
K
K
K L

K

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

KWE JF

W
K K
K
K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K

Flash Point Test of Bitumen
W

K
K
K
K

K

W
KE JF .
K .
K .

KWE JF

W
K K
K K
K
K
{ K
K
K
K
.
K

Softening Point Test of Bitumen
KEEthylene glycolF
K

K
K
K

W
KE JF K
K K
K{ K
K K
K K
K K
KWE JF
W
EF K
EEthylene glycolF
K
KE JF
K K
K
K

KWE JF

Ductility Test of Bitumen

W
K

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
KWE JF

Kinematics Viscosity Test of Asphalts
K
K
K{(CST)

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K

KWE JF

W
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K
{
K
W K
KEFxEFZEF
K .

Solubility Test
W
K
.(Carbon Disulphide)
K

Volatility Test
W

KK

Superpave Method
superior performing asphalt ESuperpaveF
Kpavement
K
W

Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) Test

W

K
K

W
E JF
K .
K .
K .
K .

KWE JF

W
K K
K K
K K
K2 MPa K
K K

Rotational Viscometer (RV) Test

W
K
K

W
E JF
K K
K K

KWE JF

W
W
K K
K{EF K
K K
KEF K
K
K
K
K
W K
K
K
K
K

Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test

W

K

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K

KWE JF
EF K
K
K K
K
KEGF
K
KK

Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test
K

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K
KWE JF

W
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K

Direct Tension (DT) Test
W

KEF

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K

KWE JF

W
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K

Aggregates Abrasion Test
K
K

W
E JF K
K
K K
K K
K K
KE J{F K

KWE JF

W
K K
KEF K
K
K
K
K

Aggregates Impact Resistance Test

W
K

W
E JF K
K{
K K

W
K{ K
K K
K K
K K
K{ K
W
K
K J
K J

KWE JF
Compaction Tests
K

W
KWE JF K
KEF K
K K
K K
20 kg K
0.1 gm K
K K
K K
K K

KEFWE JF
Standard Proctor Test J

W
K K
EF K
K
K K
K K
5 cm K
K7 cm
30.5 cm2.5 kg K
K
K
KEF

KEF
K
K
K K
K K
K K
EFEF K
K
Modified Proctor Test J
W
KEFEF K
K K
45.72 cm4.54 kg K
K

K
KEF
K K
.EFEF
K
K
maximum dry density ( d max )
optimum moisture content (OMC )

WK
d =
=
Ws
V
W
w
V 1 +
100
:
= Ws
=V
=W
=w
California Bearing Ratio ECBR) Test

W

W
KE JFCBR K
K K
KK{{ K
K K
K K
K K
K K

W
KEF K
K K
K K
F{ K
KE
K
K
K
K
{F K
{{L{E
K{
K
K
E JF EFE LF K
K{{
WCBR K
100

2.5
= (%)CBR
2.5

WCBREF

KCBREF
LF
EF
EF

.CBRWE JF

KWE JF

Marshall Method of Design
K K
K K
K K
K K

Marshall Test

W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

W
KE JF
K{{
K{{
W
W
F
. {{{{
KE
(CST)
KEF (CST)
K 101.6 { {
E { { { F
K
KWE JF
W

K
K
E F
K
W
E F
K
K
K
K
K { {E
{{F
E{
K
W
ELF
F K
KE FE

EF E F
KEF
E FEF
KEF
100
24 - 30
30
EF
K
K{
K
Superpave Method of Design

W

Gyratory Compaction Test

W
(Gyratory Compactor) K
KE JF
K K

KWE JF
W
W K
K
K{
K{
K K
K K
K K
K K

WK
KE JF
KE JF

WE JF

WE JF
W
W K
K
E F
K
W K
K
W K
K
K
W K

W K

W K
K {

Bitumen Content Extraction Test

W
K
K

W
3600 E JF K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
KETrichloroethyleneF K
K ((NH4)2 Co3) K

KWE JF

W
K

KEF
{ K
EF
K
F
KE
KH
EF
EF

EF
37.500
4.00
25.00
3.00
19.00
2.00
12.500
1.50
9.500
1.00
4.75
0.50

Field Density Tests

Sand Cone Method

W
K

W
KE JF K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W
K K
K
K
K(Wh) K
K
K
K
K
K(Wsand) K
KE Sand F K
KE V =
WSand
Sand F K

KWE JF

W
h =
RC (%) =
Wh
W
v
( w + 1)
d ( field )
d max( lab )
100 W
K

W
KE JF

W
K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

KWE JF
KEFKK
KE FK
KEF
K
KEFKK
KEFKKK
KEFKKK
KEFKKK
KEFKKK
K K
KEFK
ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials,

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington,
DC (1993).
Colm A. OFlaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and
Maintenance of Road Pavements. Butterworth-Heinmann, 4th Edition, (2002).
David Croney and Paul Croney. Performance of Road Pavements. McGraw-Hill
Professional (1997).
Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilareski. Principles of Highway Engineering and
Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, (1997).
Kenneth N. Derucher, George P. Korfiattis and Samer A. Ezeldin. Materials for
Civil & Highway Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1998).
Merritt D. R. Geometric Design Features of Single-Point Interchanges.
Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board, Washington,
DC (1993).
Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering.

Brooks/cole Pub Co., 3rd Edition, (2001).
Oglesby, C. H. and Hicks, R. G. Highway Engineering. John Willey & Sons, Inc.
(1982).
Paul H. Wright. Highway Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-47100315-8. (1996).
Roderick D. Johnston. Road Repair Handbook. Trans Mountain Publishing, (2002).
Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical

Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1981).
Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psarianos and Theodor Lailaender. Highway Design and
Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, (1999).
Thomas R. Currin. Introduction to Traffic Engineering: A Manual for Data
Collection and Analysis. Brooks/cole Pub Co., (2001).
Waheed Uddin. Pavement Engineering for Roads and Highways. Chapman & Hall,
(1998).
Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess.
Traffic Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, (1997).
Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and Design. Pearson Education POD, Book &
Disk Edition, (1992).

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.........................................................................................................................................

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W

W(Major Arterial Systems) K

W(Collector Street Systems) K

W(Local Street Systems) K

(Stopping Sight Distance: SSD) J J

(Passing Sight Distance: PSD) J J

V a 2 = ( 0 .217 ) (127 ) ( 200 ) = 2755 . 9

A= (g1 - g2) /100

A = (g1 + g2) /100

A= (g1 g2) /100

A= (-g1 + g2) / 100

A = g1 g 2 = ( 1 / 20) (+ 1 / 25) = 0.09

(Standard Proctor Test) E

(Modified Proctor Test) E

KEVm = 943.3 cm3F

(SC-200)(MC -70) (RC-300)

W(Sieve Analysis Test)

W(Absorption & Specific Gravity Test)

W(Aggregates Abrasion Test)

W(Aggregates Impact Resistance Test)

W(California Bearing Ration: CBR)

W(Hot-Mixes Asphalt: HMA) K

> 35 % passing the 4.75 mm

< 35 % passing the 4.75

(Mixture Nominal Maximum

KE JF (WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)

.(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)WE JF

W(Hot Rolled Asphalt) K

SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3

SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + -2.9 = (0.17 10) + (0.06 20) = SN

SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3

4.1 = (0.17 10) + (0.06 20) + (0.06 20) = SN

(VMA: Voids in the mineral aggregate)WE

(VFA: Voids filled with asphalt)WE

(Superpave Gyratory Compactor, SGC)

superior performing asphalt ESuperpaveF

Standard Proctor Test J

Modified Proctor Test J

maximum dry density ( d max )

optimum moisture content (OMC )

California Bearing Ratio ECBR) Test

Superpave Method of Design

ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials,

Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering.

Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical

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