Anten trn v tinh 1.

Cc chc nng chnh ca anten trn v tinh

- La chn sng v tuyn c pht i trong bng tn d cho vi phn cc cho t cc trm mt t nm trong vng ph sng ca v tinh. - Thu can nhiu cng nh cng tt. - Pht sng v tuyn bng tn v phn cc cho ln khu vc quy nh trn mt t. - Pht cng sut nh nht ra ngoi vng quy nh. - Nh anten m cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) v h s phm cht thu GR/TS tng ln. Tu theo dng ph sng, din tch vng ph sng m trn v tinh s dng cc loi anten khc nhau, c hnh dng, kt cu v phng php tip sng khc nhau.

2. Cc loi vng ph sng

70o 60o 50o 40 30o 20o 10

Hnh 2.21: Ph sng ton cu i vi mt gc ngng cho

Hnh2..21: ph sng ton cu vi cc gc ngng khc nhau

Khc vi anten trm mt t, anten trn v tinh phi ph sng mt khu vc gi l vng phc v vi mc cng sut yu cu (thng thng trong vng mt cng sut khng gim qu 3 dB so vi hng cc i). Nh vy tt c cc trm mt t nm trong vng ph sng u thu c mc cng sut yu cu khng nh hn mc cc i 3 dB. Tu theo c im thng tin, loi dch v... m vng ph sng c hnh dng, khu vc ph sng v do anten s c cu to khc nhau. C bn loi vng ph sng c bn ln mt t ca anten trn v tinh - Ph sng ton cu: l vng ph sng rng ln nht ca mt v tinh ln mt t. Vi v tinh a tnh c cao bay 35.786 km, vng ph sng c c ln nht bng 42% b mt qu t, vi gc nhn t v tinh l 17,4 o, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.21 -Ph sng bn cu: l vng ph sng cho mt na bn cu pha ng v mt na bn cu pha ty, nu quan st t v tinh, hai khu vc ph sng ny cch ly nhau, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.22 - Ph sng vng: khu vc ph sng c th nhiu khu vc khc nhau trn mt t nh vng ng-Bc, vng Ty-Bc... nh ch ra trn hnh 2.23. - Ph sng du (spot footprin): vng ph sng nh nh cc du in trn mt t, dng thng tin trong mt nc nh hay mt vng ca mt nc ln nh ch ra trn hnh 2.24. Trong h thng thng tin di ng qua v tinh vng ph sng du phi k tip nhau v chng ln ln nhau c th thng tin mt cch lin tc khi u cui di ng trong vng phc v ca mng, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.25.Vng ph sng c th l trn, elip hay dng tu

Hnh 2. 22: Ph sng bn cu

Hnh 2.23: Ph sng khu vc

Hnh 2.24. ph sng du

Hnh 2.25: Vng ph sng li

3. Cc loi anten
c c cc vng ph sng khc nhau anten trn v tinh thng s dng hai loi chnh anten loa v anten mt phn x vi cc b chiu x khc nhau c tip sng theo cc phng php khc nhau 1)Anten loa: C u dim tin cy v n gin nhng tnh hng km nn c s dng ph sng vi bp sng ton cu H s tnh hng c tnh theo cng thc: D = 4S/2 ( 2.4)

Trong : S l din tch ca ming loa l hiu sut s dng b mt bng 0,6 0,8 2) Anten gng parabol: hu ht cc anten trn v tinh l loi anten gng parabol, vi khu khc nhau v phng php tip in khc nhau tu theo yu cu vng ph sng Anten gng parabol i xng (trc quang ca n l trc i xng ca gng), nh ch ra trn hnh 2.26.
x x mt phn x parabol b chiu x o khu f (tiu c) z

Hnh 2.27 : Anten parabol gng lch

Hnh 2.26: Anten gng parabol i xng

tng hiu sut, gim bp ph dng anten gng parabol lch nh ch ra hnh 2.27. B chiu x ca anten t lch ra khi hng trc quang, cc tia sng phn x t mt gng s khng b b chiu x che chn, khng gy ra hiu ng che ti lm mo tnh hng ca anten, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.27. Anten gng parabol lch dng ph sng du, vi b chiu x l anten loa. Phng trnh mt cong parabol c dng: Trong to cc: = 2f/(1 - cos) (m) (2.5)

Trong : l bn knh cc c tm to trng vi tiu im ca gng l gc hp bi trc quang vi phng ca im bt k nm trn gng (gc cc) Trong h to vung gc th: x2 = 4fz H s tng ch hng cc i ( = 0): G = 4A/2 (2.7) (2.6)

Trong A l din tch mt bc x ca anten, vi anten gng l din tch ca ming gng (m2); l hiu sut ca anten ( 1), thng ch t ti 0,55 hay 0,6. Vi mt parabol trn xoay th A = d2/4 (d l ng knh ming gng hay cn gi l khu anten), thay vo cng thc 2.4 ta c: G = (d/)2 (2.8)

G thng c tnh theo dB; bc sng cng tc thay bng tn s cng tc f = c/, ng thi i cc thng s trong cng thc 2.5 ra n v thng s dng ta nhn c cng thc tnh h s tng ch ca anten gng parabol trn xoay bng: G = 20lgd(m) + 20lgf(GHz) + 10lg + 20,4 (dBi) (2.9)

y hng s 20,4 dB/m2GHz2 = 20lg(/c), c = 0,299792458 m/ns l vn tc nh sng, dBi l so snh vi mt anten v hng (isotropic) bc x hng cc i ca anten parabol ln hn G dB. Trong thc t hng cc i ca anten trn v tinh ch chiu ng vo mt trm mt t, cn cc trm khc u nm mt gc lch no thng quy nh trong vng ph sng ca gc na cng sut (hay trong rng bp sng 3 dB). Nh vy cc trm mt t nm trn ng gii hn ca vng ph sng s nhn c cng sut tn hi nh hn 3 dB so vi trm nm tm vng ph sng, ngha l cng sut nhn c gim i mt na, nu hai trm c anten thu ging nhau.

Cc trm nm trong vng ph sng vi gc na cng sut, nu hng thu lch mt gc ( < 2 1/2/2), nh ch ra trn hnh 2.28 th h s tng ch ca anten v tinh hng s c tnh theo cng thc:
G() = Gmax - 12 (/2 1/2)2 (dBi) (2.10)

Gmax 3dB d 21/2 Gmax(dB) z

Hnh 2.28: H s tng ch cc hng khc nhau

Gc na cng sut (2 1/2) hay cn gi l rng bp sng mc 3 dB ( 3dB) bng: 2 1/2 = 70/d () i bc sng ra tn s cng tc f, vi n v GHz c: 2 1/2 = 21,1/(dmfGHz) () (2.11b) (2.11a)

T cng thc 2.5 v 2.8a ta rt ra quan h gia h s tng ch ca anten hng cc i vi rng bp sng mc 3 dB bng:
G = (70/ 3dB)2 = 48360/ 23dB (2.12)

G hng cc i tnh t s, 3dB gc na cng sut 3) Anten c nhiu bp sng (multibeam antenna: MBA): l anten c th to ra nhiu bp sng t mt mt bc x n. Cc bp sng c th bng tn v phn cc khc nhau. Dng bp sng quyt nh bi hnh dng ca mt phn x. Thng c dng ph sng ln mt t l hnh trn. Loi anten nhiu bp sng n gin v ph bin nht l anten mt phn x c nhiu b chiu x (multiple feeds).

Anten bc x nhiu bp sng c mt mt phn x v nhiu b chiu x t xung quanh tiu im. Mi b chiu x s to ra mt bp sng ring r, hoc bi t hp ca cc b chiu x Mt loi in hnh l dng mt b phn x v mt dy cc b chiu x t trn mt phng tiu c ca gng m mi b chiu x c tip in ring r. Tu theo cch tip in c th to ra anten nhiu tia hoc anten c dng th tnh hng c bit. c tnh ca bp sng c quyt nh bi tnh cht tip in cho h thng. Nu tip in ti u c h s tng ch cc i th cc bp sng s tch ri nhau nh ch ra trn hnh 2.29

Mphn t x parabol

TX1
cc b chi u x

TX2 TX3

cc t n hi u c ng t s n

H 2.29: Anten nhi bp sng ring bi nh u t

nhn c nhiu bp sng chm ln nhau xp x 4 dB, th anten nhiu bp sng dng mt mt phn x cn c ma trn tip in thch hp cho cc phn t. Khi chia hoc t hp tn hiu mch to dng bp sng (BFN:beam forming network) phi thc hin mc cng sut thp, do phi c b khuch i trc lc pht hoc b khuch i sau khi thu, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.30

1
m t phn x parabol

ng ng m v ng c phc v

2 3

d y b chi u x

f1 f2 f3

mch to dng bp sng (BFN)

m y pht hay m thu y

H 2.30: Anten c bp sng trn chng ln nhau nh ti sng p cho m t phn x

1 2

c u khi ng i n dng bp nh sng

mch to dng bp sng

H 2.31: Anten c dng bp sng c bi c nhi b chi x nh t u u

Anten c bp sng dng c bit c hai loi c s dng cho v tinh thng tin hin nay: Loi anten dng nhiu b chiu x: gm mt mt phn x lch (offset) v mt dy phn t. y thc cht l mt anten nhiu tia c tip in ring bit cho tng bp sng, ca vo c khng ch bi mt mch to dng bp sng (BNN) to bp sng c dng c bit, nh ch ra trn hnh 2.31 Bp sng dng c bit c to dng t cc anten phn t m th tnh hng c dng elip hoc trn

Loi anten dng mt phn x c dng c bit: Anten ny ch c mt mt phn x lch m b mt ca n c thit k c bit to ra bp sng c dng mong mun m ch cn s dng mt b chiu x n. Loi anten ny c s dng kh ph bin hin nay v n c cc u im: Ch cn mt b chiu x (khng cn mch to dng bp sng) Dng mt phn x khng phi l parabol Tn hao thp D dng thc hin t cc b phn ph n gin trong lp t v th Trng lng nh Hiu qu cao Tiu chun ho khi sn xut bng phn mm ti u Gim chu trnh thit k

H thng anten in hnh cho v tinh dch v c nh, bp sng c dng c bit bng C hoc Ku ch ra trn hnh 2.32
b chiu x phn cc ng D b chiu x phn cc ngang D mt phn x phn cc ng

b pht p ginh cho phn cc ng

b pht p ginh cho phn cc ngang

mt phn x phn cc ngang

Hnh 2.32: Anten bp sng c bit cho v tinh dch v c nh

Phn cc thng, dng anten mt phn x li kp

B chiu x chung cho thu v pht c b lc phn hng (D: diplexer) theo tn s