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Ray Optics Notes JK

The document provides detailed notes on Ray Optics, covering key concepts such as reflection, refraction, spherical mirrors, and lenses. It includes laws, formulas, and applications, emphasizing the importance of sign conventions and diagram visualization. Additionally, it discusses optical instruments and the dispersion of light.

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Khan Shahenaz
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103 views2 pages

Ray Optics Notes JK

The document provides detailed notes on Ray Optics, covering key concepts such as reflection, refraction, spherical mirrors, and lenses. It includes laws, formulas, and applications, emphasizing the importance of sign conventions and diagram visualization. Additionally, it discusses optical instruments and the dispersion of light.

Uploaded by

Khan Shahenaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

J.

Ray Optics - Class 12 Physics Notes

Ray Optics (Geometrical Optics) - NCERT Based Detailed Notes

1. Introduction:

Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line in a homogeneous medium. It uses

geometrical methods to explain reflection, refraction, image formation, etc.

2. Reflection of Light:

- Law of Reflection:

(i) Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)

(ii) Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.

- Types of reflection: Regular and Diffused

- Image formation by plane mirror:

- Image is virtual, erect, and of the same size.

- Lateral inversion occurs.

- Distance of object = Distance of image from the mirror.

3. Spherical Mirrors:

- Types: Concave and Convex

- Definitions:

- Pole (P), Center of curvature (C), Radius of curvature (R), Principal axis, Focus (F), Focal length (f = R/2)

- Mirror Equation: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u

- Sign convention (New Cartesian convention)

- Magnification (m) = h'/h = -v/u

4. Refraction of Light:

- Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):

(i) n1 sin i = n2 sin r

(ii) Incident ray, refracted ray, and normal lie in same plane.

- Refractive Index: n = speed of light in vacuum / speed in medium


J.K

- Total Internal Reflection (TIR):

- Conditions: Ray must travel from denser to rarer medium & i > critical angle

- Applications: Optical fibers, Diamond sparkle, Mirage

5. Refraction by Spherical Lenses:

- Types: Convex (converging), Concave (diverging)

- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

- Power of lens: P = 100/f(cm) = 1/f(m), unit = Dioptre (D)

- Combination of lenses: 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + ...

- Magnification: m = h'/h = v/u

6. Dispersion of Light:

- Splitting of white light into its constituent colors.

- Prism causes deviation and dispersion.

- Red deviates least, violet deviates most.

7. Optical Instruments:

- Simple microscope: m = 1 + D/f

- Compound microscope: m = m_obj × m_eye

- Astronomical telescope: m = f_obj / f_eye

- Angular magnification and resolving power

8. Common Numerical Concepts:

- Use sign convention carefully.

- Draw diagrams to visualize image formation.

- Apply mirror/lens formula correctly.

All formulas and diagrams must be practiced from NCERT textbook.

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