School of Engineering and Technology

Bhubaneswar Campus

Record of Classroom Learning

Subject: Optics and Optical Fibers

Code: CUTM1007

Name: ANKIT KUMAR SAHU

Registration No.: 200301120027

Branch: CSE

Academic Session:2020-2021

Centurion University of Technology and Management

Shaping lives…Empowering Communities…
 School of Engineering and Technology
Campus: Bhubaneswar Batch: 2020-2024
Code: CUTM1007 Subject: Optics and Optical Fibers Date:24/05/21

Classroom Learning

Note: Learning outcome will be measured through gain in knowledge, skill & attitude. Knowledge
gain will be indicated through an answer to the questions such as “why, when and where
(application)”. Skill gain will be reflected through an answer to the question “how to do things”.
Attitude change will be observed through visible alternation in behavior.
Learning outcome:

DATE-23/04/21:-
Light-It’s a sensation of vision of our eye and a part of electromagnetic wave. It’s a
transverse wave.
Electromagnetic spectrum-Arrangement of electromagnetic wave in increasing and
decreasing order
In increasing order of frequency different types of rays are- Gamma ray, X-ray, UV- ray,
Visible ray, Infrared ray, Microwave, radio wave. Wavelength and frequency are inversely
proportional.
Visible light Range- 4000 Armstrong to 7000 Armstrong.
Transverse Wave- Particles vibrating are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Longitudinal Wave- Particles vibrating are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

DATE-26/04/21:-
Transverse wave- Electric field vector, magnetic field vector and direction of propagation
are perpendicular to each other.
Light has dual nature-
Particle nature (which can be detected through photoelectric effect and Crompton effect).
Wave nature (Confirmed through interference, diffraction and polarization).

DATE-28/04/21:-
REFLECTION OF LIGHT-
Laws of reflection-
1- Incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the surface all lie in same plane.
2- Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Two types of mirror- plane mirror and spherical mirror (concave and convex).
Image formed by plane mirror-virtual, erect, behind the mirror, lateral inversion.
Terms related to spherical mirror -Centre of curvature, Radius of curvature, Pole, Principal
axis, Focus, Focal length, Apparatus.

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DATE-30/04/21:-
Rules for formation- Any ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus of
concave mirror and appear to mass through the focus of convex mirror, any incident ray
which passes through the focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis, any ray incident
through the center of curvature reflected through the same path, any ray incident obliquely at
pole then the reflected ray has same angle at both top and bottom.
Image formed by concave mirror-
1- When object at infinite- image at focus, real and inverted, highly diminished and point
size.
2- Beyond C- image between C and F, real and inverted and diminished.
3- Object at C-image at C, real and inverted, same size.
4- Object between C and F- Beyond C, real and inverted, magnified.
5- Object is at F- imageat infinite, real and inverted, highly magnified.
6- Object between F and P- image behind the mirror, virtual and erect, magnified.
Image formed by convex mirror-
1- Object at infinite- image at F, virtual and erect, highly diminished.
2- Object between infinite and pole- image between pole and F, virtual and
erect,diminished.

DATE- 03/05/21:-
Uses of concave mirror- reflector in electric torch, headlights of vehicle, shaving mirror,
used by dentists, used as reflector in solar furnace.
Uses of convex mirror-Rear view mirror for vehicles, hairpin bends on road.
PARAXIAL RAY- Any ray close to principal axis. The higher term of sin and tan of an
angle is reflected in case of paraxial ray. This condition is called Paraxial approximation.
Sign Convention- Object is always kept at left of pole. Object or image distance at left of
pole, taken as negative. Object or image distance at right of pole, taken as negative. Below
the principal axis its is negative while above principal axis it is positive.
MIRROR FORMULA- 1/v +1/u = 1/f
Magnification- -v/u= h2/h1 where h2 is image height and h1 is object distance.
 NUMERICAL PRACTICE

DATE-05/05/21:-
REFRACTION OF LIGHT- In this phenomenon of light, when it travels from one medium
to another, the straight path of light changes. It is caused due to the speed of light in different
medium.
Laws of Refraction-
1- The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the interface of the given, two
transparent medium, all lie in the same plane.
2- The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction is constant to the
interface of any two medium. It’s also called Snell’s law. (sin i / sin r =µ).

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DATE-07/05/21:-
Refractive Index- Signifies the characteristics of medium along with the speed of light in
that medium. Its of two types-
Absolute refractive index (Ratio of speed of light in free space to speed of light in medium).
Relative refractive index (Comparison of speed of light in two mediums rather than
air/vacuum).
 NUMERICAL PRACTICE

DATE-10/05/21:-
Total internal reflection (TIR) – When the light rays travel from a more optically denser
medium to less optically denser medium, at a specific angle of incidence, the incident ray is
refracted in such a way that it passes along the surface of the water. This particular angle of
incidence is called Critical angle. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle, the incident ray is reflected back to the same medium. This phenomenon is called
Total internal reflection. Example- mirage, optical fiber, diamond.
Conditions of TIR: The light ray moves from a more denser medium to less denser medium
and the angle of incidence is more than critical angle.
DISPERSION-Splitting up of light into its seven constituent colors on passing through a
transparent medium like glass prism. It occurs because colors of white light travel at different
speeds through the glass prism.

DATE-12/05/21:-
SPECTRUM- The band of seven colors formed on a white screen when a beam of white
light is passed through a glass prism that is VIBGYOR (violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange, red).
Newton’s Experiment is performed to show that white light consists of colors.
Rainbowis a natural spectrum appearing in sky after a rain shower. It is caused by the
dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in atmosphere.

DATE-17/05/21:-
LENS-Two types of lens- Concave or diverging lens and convex or converging lens.
Terms related to lens- Centre of curvature, focus, Principal axis, Optical center, Radius of
curvature, Focal length.
Rules for formation- A parallel ray converges at focus of a convex lens and diverges from
the focus of the concave lens, ray passing through principal focus emerges parallel to the
principal axis after reflection from a convex lens and a concave lens, ray passing through the
optical center of convex and concave lens emerges in same direction without any deviation.

DATE-19/05/21:-
Image formation in convex lens
1- Object at infinity- image at F2, real and inverted, highly diminished.
2- Object beyond C1- image between F2 and C2, real and inverted, diminished.
3- Object at C1- image at C2, real and inverted, same size.

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4- Object between C1 and F1- image beyond C2, real and inverted, enlarged.
5- Object at F1- image at infinity, real and inverted, highly magnified.
6- Object between F1 and Optical centre- image formed at same side, virtual and erect,
highly enlarged.
Image formation of Concave lens
1- Object at infinity- image at focus, point sized, highly diminished, virtual and erect,
2- Object between optical centre and infinity- image between F1 and optical centre,
diminished, virtual and erect.
LENS FORMULA-1/v-1/u= 1/f
Magnification- m=h’/h=v/u.
POWER(P)= 1/f Unit is diopter.

 NUMERICAL PRACTICE

DATE-21/05/21:-
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES- When two waves travel in the same medium, the
superimpose with each other, this is known as superposition of waves.
Interference – It occurs due to superposition.
 When crest of one wave overlap with the crest of another wave, it is called constructive
interference.
When the crest of one wave overlaps with the trough of another wave, it is called
destructive interference.

DATE-24/05/21:-
INTERFERENCE IN LIGHT WAVES
1. Interference produced by division of wave front
a. Young’s double slit experiment
b. Fresnel biprism
2. Interference produced by division of amplitude
a. Newton’s ring
b. Michelson interferometer
YOUNGS DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
Phase difference = 2П / λ x path difference
Bright fringe= 2nλ
Dark fringe= (2n+1/2) λ
Fringe width= X = D λ /2d

NEWTON’S RING
Diameter of bright ring: Dn² = 2(2n-1) λ R
Diameter of dark ring: Dn² = 4n λ R
Determination of wavelength of sodium light Newton’s ring: (Dn+p² - Dn²)/4p R

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DATE-31/05/21:-
Diffraction
Refers to the deviation of light from rectilinear propagation
Types of diffraction:
a. Fresnel diffraction
b. Fraunhofer diffraction
 Grating due to N-slits

DATE-07/06/21:-
POLARIZATION
1. Linear polarization
2. Elliptical polarization
3. Circular polarization

BREWSTER LAW
µ= tan ip

MALUS LAW
Intensity α Cos² ɸ

Polarimeter- Instrument used to measure the angle at which we will get the polarized light.

DATE-09/06/21:-
Optical properties of a material:
1. Scattering
2. Reflection
-Coefficient of reflection/Reflectivity
3. Refraction
-Coefficient of refraction/Refractivity
4. Transmission
5. Absorption

DATE-11/06/21:-
Introduction to optoelectronics
 Concept of LED
 Light occurs due to transmission of electron in atom. It is through 3 processes;
1. Stimulated Absorption
2. Spontaneous emission
3. Stimulated emission

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DATE-14/06/21:-
Revision on-
1. Stimulated Absorption
2. Spontaneous emission
3. Stimulated emission
Atom + Photon  (Atom)* ………………….…… In Stimulated Absorption
(Atom)*  Atom + Photon ………………………. In Spontaneous emission
(Atom)* + Photon  Atom + 2 Photon ………….. In Stimulated Emission

 Three level laser action

 Pumping
 Population Inversion

DATE-16/06/21:-
PUMPING
Process of excitation of atom from ground state to excited state.
Types:
1. Electrical
2. Thermal
3. Chemical
4. Optical
 Population inversion
 Laser action
 Three level laser action
 Four level laser action

DATE-18/06/21:-
Optical Fiber
 Characteristics of optical fibre
 Three parts of optical fibre:
a. Core
b. Cladding
c. Coating
Classification of Optical fiber
a. Based on Refractive index
b. Based on number of modes

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DATE-21/06/21:-
Based on refractive index optical fibers are
1. Step index optical fibre – refractive index of core constant throughout the diameter
and cladding are also constant
2. Graded index optical fibre – refractive index of core is maximum at the centre and
gradually decreases towards the core cladding
Based on number of modes of transmission
1. Single mode fibre- Only one mode propagation
2. Multi-mode fibre- large number of modes for light ray

DATE-23/06/21:-
Revision on classification of optical fiber
 Advantages of optical fibre
 Disadvantages of optical fibre
 Working principle of optical fibre
 Numerical aperture
 Acceptance angle

DATE-25/06/21:-
ATTENUATION IN OPTICAL FIBRES:
 Scattering losses
 Absorption losses
 Bending losses

DATE-28/06/21:-
 Materials of optic fibre
 Light sources and V-number of an optical fibre
 Optical fibre cables design
 Fibre optic connection
 Fibre splices
 Fibre connectors
 Fibre splices vs fibre connectors
 Application of optical fibre

DATE-30/06/21:-
Revision with numerical.

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THANK
YOU.

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 Signature of student: Ankit kumar sahu
Signature of Faculty Name: Ankit kumar sahu
Regd. No: 200301120027

School ofEngineering and Technology