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INTERFERENCE
DIFRRACTION
POLARISATION
FFT
15 FOR TEEN
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MUST DO TOPICS
INTERFERENCE
• NEWTON’S RING
• MICHELSON'S INTERFEROMETER
• YOUNG'S DOUBLE SLIT
• FRESNEL BIPRISM
DIFFRACTION
• FRAUNHOFER( DOUBLE, SINGLE, N SLIT)
• DISPERSIVE POWER
• RESOLVING POWER
POLARISATION
• BREWSTER'S LAW
• MALU'S LAW
• NICOL PRISM
UNIT-3
(INTERFERENCE)
NEWTON’S
RING
• Newton's Rings are formed by the interference pattern between two
surfaces caused by the light reflecting between them. There are two flat
surfaces on either side of the sphere. In 1704, Isaac Newton described the
effect in a treatise called Opticks based on his research. Newton's Rings
are visible when viewed with monochromatic light as alternating bright
and dark circles located at the point of contact between the two surfaces.
The different wavelengths of light conflict at very different
levels of thickness in the layer of air between the two surfaces when
viewed in white light. This results in a pattern of a concentric circle of
Rainbow colors.
• An Optical glass that has a flat surface is placed on a very slightly curved
Convex
gap glass to create the pattern. At other points, there is a slight air
between the two surfaces of the two pieces of glass which are in
contact
only
the at the center. The increasing distance between the center and
microscope is referred to as the radial distance. On the right side of one
of
the pieces, there is a small gap growing from left to right. In the
monochromatic example, the source of color is a monochromatic
single
• This ray, however, generally travels a relatively long path as it reflects
source
bottom of light shining through the top piece and refracting off the
off the surface of the bottom. Two times the gap between the surfaces
and topthe
equals surfaces. In the
additional resulting
path length.superposition, the two rays are
combined.
• A 180° phase reverse happens when the ray reflects off the bottom piece
of
theglass. As a result, the phase reversal due to the internal reflection of
other ray from the underside of the top glass does not occur.
Formation of Newton’s Rings
Light waves are interfered with to create Newton's Rings when Reflections
occur between the top and bottom surfaces of the air film formed
between the lens and glass sheet.
According to the theory of waves of light, the formation of Rings of Newton's
can be explained as follows:
• In between the glass sheet and lens is an air film of varying thickness.
• Reflection and refractive rays occur simultaneously when a ray strikes
the lens surface.
• Rays that are refracted have a phase change of 180 on the reflection
when they strike a glass sheet. If the path difference between two
• waves is m+1/2*1, an interference
hif atphpe epnast hc odnifsfterruecnticvee ly, while destructively
between them is ml. This produces alternate bright and dark Rings
MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER
ADVANTAGES-
• High precision
•Low cost
• Easy to use
• Wide range of applications- bio, astronomy, engineering, physics, etc
DISADVANTAGES-
• Limited range
• Alignment issues
•
Limited resolution
If s1 is open and s2 is closed, the screen opposite to s1 is closed, and only the
screen opposite to s2 is illuminated. The interference patterns appear only
when both slits s1 and s2 are open.
When the slit separation (d) and the screen distance (D) are kept unchanged,
to reach P, the light waves from s1 and s2 must travel different distances. It
implies that there is a path difference in Young’s double slit experiment
between the two light waves from s1 and s2.
Approximations in Young’s double slit experiment
• Approximation 1:D > > d: Since D > > d, the two light rays are assumed to be
parallel.
• Approximation 2: d/λ >> 1: Often, d is a fraction of a millimetre, and λ is a fraction
of a micrometre for visible light.
Under these conditions, θ is small. Thus, we can use the approximation sin θ =
tan θ ≈ θ = λ/d.
∴
path difference, Δz = λ/d
This is the path difference between two waves meeting at a point on the
screen. Due to this path difference in Young’s double slit experiment, some
points on the screen are bright, and some points are dark.
Position of Bright Fringes
For maximum intensity or bright fringe to be formed at P,
i.e., xd/D = nλ
or
x = nλD/d
xn = nλD/d
Similarly, the distance of the (n-1)th bright fringe from the centre is
x (n-1)= (n -1)λD/d
(n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .)
xn = (2n+1)λD/2d
Similarly, the distance of the (n-1)th bright fringe from the centre is
(n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .)
Fringe Width
The distance between two adjacent bright (or dark) fringes is called the fringe
width.
β = λD/d
INTENSITY OF FRINGES
FRESNEL’S BIPRISM
(DIFFRACTION)
FRAUNHOFER(SINGLE,DOUBLE,N-SLIT)
SINGLE
DOUBLE
(N-SLIT DIFFRACTION)
DISPERSIVE POWER
• The dispersive power of a plane transmission grating is defined as the ratio of the
difference in the angles of diffraction of any two nearby spectral lines to the difference in
the wavelength between the two spectral lines.
RESOLVING POWER
• When two objects are very close to each other, it may not be possible for our eye to see
them separately. The minimum separation between two objects that can be resolved by
an optical instrument is called resolving limit of that instrument. The resolving power is
inversely proportional to the resolving limit.
POLARISATION
BREWSTER’S LAW
• According to this law the angle between the reflected and the refracted ray is 90°. It states
that the tangent of the polarising angle is equal to the refractive index of the refracting medium
MALU’S LAW
• The Malus law states that intensity of light emerging from the analyzer is proportional to
the square of the consine of the angle between the polarised and the analyzer.
It tells us the nature of polarised light.
•
MOST REPEATED QUESTIONS
UNIT-3
• IN AN EXPERIMENT OF NEWTON’S RING, THE DIAMETER OF 4TH AND 12TH DARK RINGS ARE 0.400 CM AND 0.700 CM
RESPECTIVELY. CALCULATE THE DIAMETER OF 20TH DARK RING. (5)
OR
• STATE THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION. EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF FRINGES IN NETWON’S RING EXPERIMENT.
GIVE ITS APPLICATION TO FIND OUT THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT. (6.5)
OR
OR
• DESCRIBE FRESNEL’S BIPRISM. (4)
OR
• WRITE THE KEY FRESNEL’S ASSUMPTIONS IN FRESNEL’S DIFFRACTION THEORY. (2.5)