Course: Heating Ventilation & Air-Conditioning (ME 326)

Spring Semester- 2022

Instructor: Lt Cdr Asif Khan PN

Course Designation Core

Credit 3+1
No. of Sessions/Week 3
Total Session Duration 3 hrs

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST

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 Course Contents
Course: Heating Ventilation & Air-Conditioning (ME 326)
S.No. Description
1. Pure substance properties
2. Refrigeration system basics

3. Refrigeration system analysis

4. Refrigeration load estimation (Refrigeration)

5. Psychrometric properties of air

6. HVAC basics
7. HVAC systems
8. Heating and Cooling Load
9. Pressure loss, Duct design and Air flow balancing

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 Course Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (ME 326)
Recommended Books:
 Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning by Wilbert F. Stoecker / Jerold W. Jones
 PRINCIPLES of REFRIGERATION by ROY J. DOSSAT.
 Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, 5th Ed
/ 8th Ed.
 Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning by RK Rajput
 Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning by RS Khurmi
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology by William C. Whitman, William M.
Johnson, John A. Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein

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 Course: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (ME 326)

• McQuiston, Parker and Spitler, Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Analysis and Design,
John Wiley & Sons
• W. F. Stoecker ,Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
• Ed. Kreider, Curtiss &Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Buildings ,McGraw-Hill
• Dossat, R. J., John Wiley,Principles of Refrigeration.
• Haines, Roger W. Wilson, Lewis, HVAC Systems Design Handbook, McGraw-Hill Companies
• Dincer, Ibrahim, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain ,Integrated Absorption Refrigeration Systems,
Comparative Energy and Exergy Analyses, Springer
• ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
• Shan K. Wang, Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration.

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST. 4

 Probable Grading Policy

1. Quizzes 10 %
2. OHT # 1 15 %-20%
Subject to Change
3. OHT # 2 15 %-20%

4. Projects/Presentations/Assignments 10 %

5. Final Exam 50 %

Total 100 %

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 Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (ME 326)

Course Objective: To develop in the students an understanding of the principles and thermal-analysis involved in
systems pertaining to heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems

Course Outcomes: At the end of course, the student will be able to:
S. Course Learning Outcome Domain Taxonomy Level Corresponding PLO Emphasis Level
N
O

1 Identify the various components of the refrigeration and air Cognitive 1 1 High
conditioning systems.

2 Apply the fundamental concepts related to design and Cognitive 3 2 High

selection of various components of refrigeration and HVAC
systems.

3 Analyze the factors affecting thermal comfort in air Cognitive 4 7 High

conditioning zones and air treatment/handling requirements
for public buildings.

4 Calculate the heating and cooling load for various Cognitive 3 3 High
structure/buildings.

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 Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (ME 326)
CLO-PLO Mapping Matrix:
PLO No. CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3 CLO-4

PLO1-Engineering knowledge
PLO2-Problem Analysis
PLO3-Design/Development of solution
PLO4-Investigation
PLO5-Modern Tool usage
PLO6-The Engineer & society
PLO7-Environment & sustainability
PLO8-Ethics
PLO9-Individual and Team work
PLO10-Communication
PLO11-Project Management
PLO12-Lifelong Learning
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 Introduction

Refrigeration History

 One of the greatest concerns of mankind has been Preservation of Foods like various meats and
vegetables

 Storage in Caves where the temperature remained lower than the outside air

 The First Methods of Cooling Foods consisted of either placing the foods in vessels immersed in
Streams of Cool Water or storing them in holes in the ground

 Natural Ice: Melting of the ice absorbs some of the heat of the foods and reduces the temperature

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 Introduction

Refrigeration History
 Manufactured Ice: Beginning of the 19th century, ice boxes were
used in England

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 Introduction

Refrigeration History

 1910: Mechanical Domestic Refrigeration was first appeared

 By 1918: Kelvinator produced the first Automatic Refrigerator for the American market

o 1918-1920: 67 machines were sold

o Now over 10 Million units are sold each year

 1928: First of the Sealed Automatic Refrigeration units was introduced by General Electric

 1927: Automatic Refrigeration Units, for the comfort cooling as a part of air-conditioning were
appeared

 1940: All domestic units were of the sealed type.

 From late 1930’s, Air-conditioning of Automobiles has also grown rapidly.

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 Introduction

Refrigeration History

 Starting in the 1960s, Home Air Conditioning Market experienced tremendous growth

 By 1990, the Automobile Air-conditioner became as standard as the automatic transmission

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 Introduction

How cold preserves food

 Spoiling of food is actually the growth of bacteria in the food.

 Cold or low temperature slows up the growth of these bacteria and prevent foods from spoil.

 Slow freezing of the food results in the formation of large crystals which ruptures the food tissue.

 Fast freezing at very low temperatures (0 to -15 oF) forms small crystals and the food tissues are not
injured.

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 Introduction

How cold preserves food

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 Introduction

Application of
Refrigeration

Preservation and Special Industrial Air

Ice Making
transportation of Processes Conditioning
perishables

Chemicals manufacturing,
Petroleum Refineries, paper
and pulp industries etc.
Cold Store, Refrigerated
Transport, Domestic
refrigerators and Freezers

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 Introduction

Refrigeration

 Process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of space or substance below the temperature of
the surroundings

 A continuous process of extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below its
surrounding temperature.

 Process of removing heat from a place where it is not wanted and transferring that heat to a place
where it makes little or no difference

Air-Conditioning

 Treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its Temperature, Moisture Content, Cleanliness, Odor
and Circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space .

 Process that heats, cools, cleans, and circulates air and control its moisture content on a continuous
basis.

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 Introduction

Relation between Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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 Question

• Which of the following can be called as a refrigeration

process?
 a) Cooling of hot ingot from 1000oC to room temperature

 b) Cooling of a pot of water by mixing it with a large block of ice

 c) Cooling of human beings using a ceiling fan

 d) Cooling of a hot cup of coffee by leaving it on a table

 e) Cooling of hot water by mixing it with tap water

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 Answer

 b) Cooling of a pot of water by mixing it with a large block of ice

 Remember: Temperature below surrounding

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Heat

 Heat is a form of energy

o flows from a warmer to a cooler substance

o associated with the motion of atoms or molecules
o capable of being transmitted through solid by Conduction,
through fluid media by Convection,
and through empty space by Radiation

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Modes of Heat Transfer

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Modes of Heat Transfer

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Sensible Heat

 Heat which causes a change in temperature of a substance, either

o By adding heat temp is raised OR

o By removing heat temp is lowered

Latent (Hidden) Heat

 Heat which brings about a change in state/phase with no change in temperature

o Solids become liquids, liquids become gas

o changes of state occur at the same temperature and Pressure combinations for any given
substance

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Latent (Hidden) Heat—contd--
DE → 2257 kJ/kg Water → Steam Latent Heat of Vaporization
ED → 2257 kJ/kg Steam → Water Latent Heat of Condensation

BC → 335 kJ/kg

Ice → Water

Latent Heat of Fusion D E

CB → 335 kJ/kg
B C
Water → Ice
A
Latent Heat of
Solidification

 Two latent heats for each substance, solid to liquid (Melting and Freezing) and liquid to gaseous 23
(Vaporizing and condensing)
 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Application / Significance of Latent Heat of Evaporation

 When a substance passes from a liquid to a vapor its ability to absorb heat is very high
 It takes five times as much energy (heat) to boil water than it takes to warm it up from 0 to 100 C,
o

(i.e. 418 kj/kg vs 2257 kj/kg)

 Having sweat Evaporate Off our skin is so helpful in keeping us cool

Absorption of heat by changing a liquid to a vapor, and discharge of that heat by

condensing the vapor is the keystone to the whole Mechanical Refrigeration Process

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Saturation temperature

 Temperature at which a fluid will change its state from liquid to vapor or conversely from vapor to
liquid

 If pressure is low, the saturation temperature is low. If pressure is high, saturation temperature is high

Brine Water

 Salt,
sodium chloride (NaCI), or calcium chloride (CaCl 2), added to water, raises the boiling
temperature

 It also lowers the temperature at which it will freeze

 To get the lower temperature required in some instances, ice and salt mixtures are used → which
may melt at -18 oC

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Enthalpy

 Measure of the Heat Content of a substance

 all the heat in one pound or one kg of a substance calculated form an accepted reference temperature
of for example 32 oF or 0 oC
o For Water, 0 enthalpy is at 0 oC and 100 kPa
o For Refrigerants, - 40 oC and 100 kPa
o For air, 25 oC and 100 kPa
H = M × sp. Heat × ΔT

 Specific enthalpy is enthalpy per unit mass, h = H/M

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts
Cryogenics

 Creating and using temperatures in the range of 115 K down to 0 K (or -157 oC down to -273 oC).
Applications:

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 Introduction

Important Definitions/Concepts

Cryogenic
Range

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 Introduction to Refrigeration

Refrigeration Process

 Heat that leaks into the refrigerator from any source must be removed by
the refrigerator’s Heat-Pumping Mechanism

 Heat has to be pumped from the cool, 2°C interior of the

refrigerator to the warmer, 22°C air in the room

 Power is required for pumping heat up the temperature scale from a

2°C box temperature to a 22°C room temperature

 Refrigeration concepts utilized in the Residential Air Conditioner are

the same as those in the Household Refrigerator

o Heatleaks into the House just as heat leaks into the Refrigerated
Compartments in the refrigerator

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 Introduction to Refrigeration

Temperature and Pressure Relationship

 Temperature at which a liquid boils is not
constant, but varies with the pressure

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 Introduction to Refrigeration

Temperature and Pressure Relationship

 When the pressure in the jar reaches the pressure that

corresponds to the boiling point of water at 70°F (21 oC),
the water will start to boil and vaporize.

⇒ Boiling Point of water can be changed and controlled by controlling the

vapor pressure above the water
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 Introduction to Refrigeration

Temperature and Pressure Relationship

 By lowering the pressure in a jar to 0.122 psia will cause the water to boil at 5 C
o

 By circulating this water boiling at 5 o

C through a cooling coil and passing the room air over it, would
absorb heat from room air

As air is giving up heat to the coil, the air

leaving the coil is cold

5oC
Water used in this way is called a Refrigerant

Refrigerant is a substance that can be changed

readily to a vapor by boiling it and then changed 24oC 13oC
to a liquid by condensing it

Water
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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
There are four main components in a refrigeration system
1. The Compressor
2. The Condensing Coil
3. The Metering Device
4. The Evaporator

• Two different pressures exist in the

refrigeration cycle.
• The evaporator or low pressure, in
the "low side" and the condenser,
or high pressure, in the "high side".
• These pressure areas are divided by
the other two components.
• On one end, is the metering device
which controls the refrigerant flow,
and on the other end, is the
compressor.
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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just what it’s name is. It gets the
low pressure refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and compresses it into a high pressure vapor.

The inlet to the compressor is called the “Suction Line”. It brings the low pressure vapor into the
compressor.
After the compressor compresses the refrigerant into a high pressure Vapor, it removes it to the
outlet called the “Discharge Line”.

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
 The “Discharge Line” leaves the compressor and runs to the inlet of the condenser.
 Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is a hot high pressure vapor (as pressure goes up –
temperature goes up).
 The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to flow through the tubes.
 Cool air is blown across the out side of the finned tubes of the condenser (usually by a fan or
water with a pump).
 Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the tubing to the cooler air (energy
goes from hot to cold – “latent heat”).
 As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches it’s “saturated temperature” and starts to
“flash” (change states), into a high pressure liquid.
 The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser through the “liquid line” and travels to the
“metering device”. Sometimes running through a filter dryer first, to remove any dirt or foreign
particles.

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
Metering devices regulate how much liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator .

Common used metering devices are, small thin copper tubes referred to as “cap tubes”, thermally
controller diaphragm valves called “TXV’s” (thermal expansion valves) and single opening “orifices”.
Now we have a low pressure, cooler liquid refrigerant entering the evaporative coil (pressure went
down – so temperature goes down).

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
• A very common type of metering device is called a TX Valve (Thermostatic Expansion Valve). This valve has the
capability of controlling the refrigerant flow. If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can respond to
the change and increase or decrease the flow accordingly.

• The TXV has a sensing bulb attached to the outlet of the evaporator. This bulb senses the suction line
temperature and sends a signal to the TXV allowing it to adjust the flow rate. This is important because, if not
all, the refrigerant in the evaporator changes state into a gas, there could be liquid refrigerant content returning
to the compressor. This can be fatal to the compressor. Liquid can not be compressed and when a compressor
tries to compress a liquid, mechanical failing can happen. The compressor can suffer mechanical damage in the
valves and bearings. This is called” liquid slugging”.

• Normally TXV's are set to maintain 10 degrees of superheat. That means that the gas returning to the
compressor is at least 10 degrees away from the risk of having any liquid.

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Vapor Compression
cycle
 The evaporator is where the heat is removed from your house , business or refrigeration box.
 Low pressure liquid leaves the metering device and enters the evaporator.
 Usually, a fan will move warm air from the conditioned space across the evaporator finned coils.
 The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm room air. The change of
temperature causes the refrigerant to “flash” or “boil”, and changes from a low pressure liquid to
a low pressure cold vapor.
 The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle starts over.
 The amount of heat added to the liquid to make it saturated and change states is called “Super
Heat”.
 One way to charge a system with refrigerant is by super heat.

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 Introduction

Vapor Compression Refrigeration System

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 Introduction

Vapor Compression Refrigeration System

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 Introduction

Window Air-Conditioner

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner

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 Introduction
Window Air-Conditioner

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Mechanical Refrigerator

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 Introduction

Mechanical Refrigerator

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