Lecture Notes _ 1

Unit _1
Sub – Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (R & AC)
VII Semester Mechanical

Topics:

1. Introduction of (R & AC) History & Application

2. Necessity of (R & AC)

3. Different Methods of (R & AC)

4. Units of (R & AC) And Define COP

5. Refrigerants

6. Desirable properties of refrigerants

7. Comparative study of different refrigerant

8. Types of refrigerants

9. Effects of Refrigerants on Global Warming

and Ozone layer depletion potential ODP

10. Introduction to Eco-friendly refrigerant

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Topic- 1
Introduction to (R & AC)
 Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving
and maintaining a temperature below that of the
surroundings
 The aim being to cool some product or space to the
required temperature.
 One of the most important applications of refrigeration has
been the preservation of perishable food products by
storing them at low temperatures.
 Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for
providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of
air conditioning.
 Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to
simultaneously control of
 Temperature (Heating/cooling)
 Moisture content(Humidification/dehumidification)
 Cleanliness(Odour, Filtration, ventilation)
 Circulation(Air Distribution)
As required by occupants, a process, or products in the
space.

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 The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has
evolved out of human need for food and comfort.

History of (R&AC)

In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means

such as the use of ice or evaporative cooling. In earlier times,

ice was either:

1. Transported from colder regions,

2. Harvested in winter and stored in ice houses for summer

use

Since prehistoric times, artificial cooling has been

recognized as desirable; food was kept in cold air in caves

and wells to keep it fresh longer periods.

In most remote times, evaporation of water, especially

through vases of porous pottery widely used in Egypt.

Egyptian made ice by putting porous earthen pots on the

roof of the house during the night. Evaporation of water in

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cool dry air together with radiative heat transfer during the

clear night caused ice formation.

Applications of Refrigeration:

1) Industrial Applications:

a) Processing of food products.

b) Processing of farm crops.
c) Processing of textiles, printing work, photographic
materials
d) Cooling of concrete for dams.
e) Treatment of air for blast furnace.
f) Processing of tobacco, petroleum and other chemical
products.

2) Preservation of Perishable Goods:

a) Manufacturing of ice.
b) Freezing or chilling, storage and transportation of food
stuffs including beverages, meat, poultry products, dairy
products, fish, fruits, vegetables, fruit juices, etc.
c)Preservation of photographic films, archeological
documents
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3) Providing comfortable environment:

a) Industrial air-conditioning.
b) Comfort air-conditioning of hospitals, residences, hotels,
restaurants, theatres, offices, etc.

Topic -2
Necessity of (R & AC)

 In cold chain food preservation

 Ice plant

 Heating & Ventilated air conditioning system

 Development of certain scientific equipment and

their operation under control environment in

order to get the exact result

 Production of clothes in moistened environment

minimum westage of threads

 Photographic material show excellent prints in

conditioned environment

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  In Industry productivity can improve

 Also mental concentration can highly improve

with higher efficiency.

Topic – 3

Different Methods of (R & AC)

Principle involved,

 Dissolution of certain salts in water(Brine)

 Change of phase
 Throttling process

Methods

 Vapor compression Refrigeration Systems:

 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Systems:

 Solar energy based refrigeration system

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  Gas Cycle Refrigeration:

 Steam Jet Refrigeration System:

 Thermoelectric Refrigeration Systems:

 Vortex tube systems:

Topic-4

Units of (R & AC) & Define COP

Unit of Refrigeration:
Capacity of refrigeration unit is generally defined in ton of
refrigeration. A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity
of heat to be extract in order to form one ton (1000 kg) of ice
at 00C in 24 hrs, from liquid water at 00C. This is equivalent to
Mathematically we obtain
One ton of refrigeration=
(1000kg x 335 kj/kg)/ (24 x 60 x 60) sec = 3.87 kj/sec

Approximately we consider in S.I Unit

One ton of refrigeration= 3.5 kW= 210 kj/min
In British thermal unit,
1 TR= (2000 Lb x 144 Btu/lb)/24 hr = 12000 Btu / hr

COP (Coefficient of performance)

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In refrigeration the important term refrigeration effect is
defined as the amount of cooling produced by the system.
This cooling is done by the expense of some energy input.
Hence the term COP is closely related to both of the term,
Hence,
Refrigeration effect produced (Kj/sec) output
COP= -------------------------------------------------------- = -------------
Work done by compressor (Kj/sec) input

Topic – 5

Refrigerants

A refrigerant is a medium of heat transfer through

phase change such as evaporation at low temperature
and pressure, of course with some expectations
where the sensible energy transfer occurs.

The system design, size, initial and operating costs, safety,

reliability, and serviceability etc. depend very much on the
type of refrigerant selected for a given application. Due to
several environmental issues such as ozone layer depletion
and global warming and their relation to the various
refrigerants used, the selection of suitable refrigerant has
become one of the most important issues

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Refrigerant selection criteria:
Selection of refrigerant for a particular application is
based on the following requirements:
i. Thermodynamic and thermo-physical properties
ii. Environmental and safety properties, and
iii. Economics

Topic-6

Desirable properties of refrigerants

 The refrigerant should have low boiling point & freezing point.
 It must have low specific heat and high latent heat. Because
high specific heat decreases the refrigerating effect per kg of
refrigerant and high latent heat at low temperature increases the
refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant.
 The pressures required to be maintained in the evaporator and
condenser should be low enough to reduce the material cost
and must be positive to avoid leakage of air into the system.
 It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid
large power requirements.
 It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the
compressor.
 It must have high thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat
transfer in evaporator and condenser.
 It should be non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-
corrosive.
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  It should not have any bad effects on the stored material or food,
when any Leak develops in the system.
 It must have high miscibility with lubricating oil and it should not
have Reacting properly with lubricating oil in the temperature
range of the system.
 It should give high COP in the working temperature range. This
is Necessary to reduce the running cost of the system.
 It must be readily available and it must be cheap also.

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GLOCAL UNIVERSITY,SAHARANPUR

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