104 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS MODELING THERMAL EQUIPMENT 105

p2 the two independent variables wD/ \epTh and w

would be
Je, Ti/D? p1 5.9. A counterflow heat exchanger cools 5 kg/s of oil, ¢, = 2.4 kJ/(kg K), with
*

calculated first and next p,/p;; finally, p, would be computed from p,/p; water that has a flow rate of 7.5 kg/s. The specific heat of water is 4.19
and p;. kJ/(kg ‘K). Under the original operating conditions the oil is cooled from
75 to 40°C when water enters at 25°C. To what temperature will the oil be
cooled if it enters at 65°C and if there is no change in the entering water
PROBLEMS temperature, the flow rates of either fluid, or the heat-transfer coefficients?
Ans.:
5:1. What is the effectiveness of a counterflow heat exchanger that has a UA 5.10. In a processing plant a material must be heated from 20 to 80°C in order
value of 24 kW/K if the respective mass rates of flow and specific heats of for the desired reaction to proceed, whereupon the material is cooled in a
the two fluids are 10 kg/s, 2 kJ/(kg K) and 4 kg/s, 4kJ/(kg K)?
*

regenerative heat exchanger, as shown in Fig. 5-24. The specific heat of the
Ans.: material before and after the reaction is 3.0 kJ/(kg K). If the UA of this
-

5.2, Water flows through one side of a heat exchanger with a flow rate of 0.2 counterflow regenerative heat exchanger is 2.1 kW/K and the flow rate is
kg/s rising in temperature from 20 to 50°C. The specific heat of water 4.19 is 1.2 kg/s, what is the temperature f leaving the heat exchanger?
KkJ/(kg K).
-
The fluid on the other side of the heat exchanger enters at 80°C
Ans.:
and leaves at 40°C. What is the effectiveness of the heat exchanger? 5.11. A condenser having a UA value of 480 kW/K condenses steam at a temper-
Ans.: ature of 40°C. The cooling water enters at 20°C with a flow rate of 160 kg/s.
5.3. A flow rate of 2 kg/s of water, c, = 4.19 kJ/(kg : K), enters one end of a What is the outlet temperature of the cooling water? The specific heat of
counterflow heat exchanger at a temperature of 20°C and leaves at 40°C. Oil water is 4.19 kJ/(kg K).
at
*

enters the other side of the heat exchanger at 60°C and leaves 30°C. If the
Ans.:
heat exchanger were made infinitely large while the entering temperatures 5.12. A heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes (Fig. 5-10) uses
and flow rates of the water and oil remained constant, what would the rate seawater at 15°C, c¢, = 3.8 kJ/(kg K), to cool a flow rate of fresh water
*

of heat transfer in the exchanger be? of 1.6 kg/s entering at 40°C. The specific heat of the fresh water is 4.19
Ans.: kJ/(kg K). If the UA of the heat exchanger is 10 kW/K, what must the flow
*

5.4. The evaporating fluid in an evaporator has a temperature of 5°C and the heat rate of seawater be in order to cool the fresh water to 22.5°C?
exchanger transfers 50 kW. The UA of the exchanger is 12 kW/K, and the Ans.:
and leaving
we, of the fluid being cooled is 8 kw/K. What are the entering 5.13. A double-pipe heat exchanger serves as an oil cooler with oil flowing in one
temperatures of the fluid being chilled? direction through the inner tube and cooling water in the opposite direction
8:5. Stream 1 enters a multipass heat exchanger at a temperature of 82°C with
flow rate of 4.1 kg/s; the fluid has a specific heat of 4.19 kJ/(kg K). Stream
*
a through the annulus. The oil flow rate is 0.63 kg/s, the oil has a specific heat
of 1.68 kJ/(kg K), the water flow rate is 0.5 kg/s, and its specific heat is 4.19
*

2 enters at a temperature of 18°C, with a flow rate of 4.5 kg/s; the fluid has kJ/(kg K). In a test of a prototype, oil entering at 78°C was cooled to 54°C
*

a specific heat of 3.2 kJ/(kg K). The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is when the entering water temperature was 30°C. The possibility of increasing
*

0.46. What is the rate of heat transfer in kW in the heat exchanger?
5.6. A counterflow heat exchanger having a UA value of 2 kW/K receives stream
1 at
a temperature of 60°C and stream 2 at a temperature of 20°C. The flow
rates are 0.3 and 0.4 kg/s, and the ¢, in kJ/(kg K) are 3.2 and 4.19 for
*
the area of the heat exchanger by increasing the length of the double pipe is
to be considered. If the flow rates, fluid properties, and entering temperatures
remain unchanged, what will the expected outlet temperature of the oil be if
the area is increased by 20 percent?

streams 1 and 2, respectively. What is the outlet temperature of stream 27? Ans.:
S.7. Fluid enters a counterflow heat exchanger at a temperature of 60°C having
1

a flow rate of 1.0 kg/s and a ¢, of 3.2 kJ/(kg K). Fluid 2 enters with
-

a temperature of 20°C having a flow rate of 0.8 kg/s and a ¢, of 4.0

kJ/(kg K). The UA value of the heat exchanger
*

is 3.0 kW/K. What is the 1.2 kg/s 20°C

EAA Steam

+
outlet temperature of Fluid 1?
5.8. A flow rate of 0.8 kg/s of water is heated in a heat exchanger by condensing
80°C
steam at 100°C. When water enters at 15°C, it leaves the heat exchanger AAAAA
at 62°C. If the inlet water temperature were changed to 20°C while its flow
7
Heat exchanger Reactor
rate and the condensing temperature remained constant, what would its
outlet
temperature be? FIGURE 5-24
Ans.: Regenerative heat exchanger in Prob. 5.10.
 MODELING THERMAL EQUIPMENT 107
106 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS

5.14. To ventilate a factory building, 5 kg/s

of factory air at a temperature of 278C from the transparent sheet to the ambient air is 12 W/(m? K) and from the +

is exhausted, and an identical flow rate

of outdoor air at a temperature of air being heated to the transparent sheet is 45 W/(m? K). The air enters with
-

— 12°C is introduced to take its place.

To recover some of the heat of the a temperature that is the same as the ambient, namely 15°C, and the flow rate
in the exhaust and ventilation air of air is 0.02 kg/s per meter width. Develop the equation for the temperature
exhaust air, heat exchangers are placed
and 2 kg/s of water is pumped between the two of heated air t as a function of length along the collector x assuming no
ducts, as shown in Fig. 5-25,
of these counterflow heat exchangers conduction in the sheet in the direction of airflow.
heat exchangers. The UA value of both
is 6.33 kW/K. What is the temperature
of air entering the factory? Ans.:

WWN
Ans.: 2.9°C. 5.16. The chain of heat exchangers shown in Fig. 5-27 has the purpose of elevating
air duct composed on one side of an
;

5.15. A solar air heater consists of a flat the temperature of a fluid to 390 K, at which temperature the desired chemical
the other side by a Scansparcey
absorbing sheet backed by insulation and on reaction takes place. The fluid has a specific heat of 3.2 kJ/(kg K) both *

sheet absorbs 500 W/m and before and after the reaction, and its flow rate is 1.5 kg/s. The entering
sheet, as shown in Fig. 5-26. The absorbing
heated, which loses some to the atmo- temperature of the fluid to heat exchanger I is 290 K and the UA of this
delivers all this heat to the air being
sheet. The convection heat-transfer coefficient heat exchanger is 2.88 kW/K. Steam is supplied to heat exchanger II at 375
sphere through the transparent
K, and condensate leaves at the same temperature. The UA values of heat
exchangers II and III are 4.7 and 9.6 kW/K, respectively. What are the values
of temperatures #; to #4?

fi
Air Ans.:
8.17. A binary solution of liquid and vapor exists at equilibrium. In the liquid the
LL

5 kg/s
molal fraction of material A is 0.4 and of material B is 0.6. At the existing
cp = 1kI/(kg-K)
temperature the saturation pressure of pure A is 530 kPa and of pure B is
2 kg/s water 225 kPa. (a) What
of A in the vapor?
is
the pressure in the vessel, and (b) what is the fraction

Ans.:
UA = 6.33 kW/K A single-stage still, as in Fig. 5-18, is supplied with a feed of 0.6 mole
fraction of n-butane and 0.4 mole fraction of n-heptane with properties as
shown in Fig. 5-16. The still operates at a pressure of 700 kPa. How many
moles of vapor are derived from 1 mol of feed if the vapor is to leave the
still with a mole fraction of butane of 0.87
Air Ans.:
cp = 4.19 KI/(kg-K) 2716 £19, A vapor mixture of n-butane and n-heptane, with properties as shown in
Skg/s FIGURE 5-25 Fig. 5-16, at a pressure of 700 kPa and a temperature of 170°C, and a mole
Heat-recovery system in Prob. 5.14, fraction of butane of 0.4 enters a condenser.

500 W/m? absorbed Ambient 15°C Steam 375°K

Transparent sheet
{

\ \ N;

\ \»
II
RQ

A
Heat
\
NN

\ Heat exchanger

AWN
s

Airflow
3 x 3 3
coer” °K “AV
tH
VVWWA >
Heat exchanger I v Heat exchanger III
0.02 kg/s Condenser 375°K
“AANMWN ANVVVWN—
t = 15°C h = 45 W/m? K) ta 390°K
Op = 1000 J/(kg
+ K)

TE” K)
Absorbing
sheet
ho=12 Wim? Reactor

FIGURE 5-26 UNE 8.27

uf heat exchangers in Prob, 5.16,
Solar air heater in Prob, 5.15.
 109
108 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS MODELING THERMAL EQUIPMENT

(a) At what temperature does condensation begin? ABLE 5.1

(b) At what temperature is condensation complete? rating conditions of distillation tower
(c) When the temperature is 120°C, what is
the fraction in liquid form?
Flow rate,
Ans.: h, kJ/kg
Msltion kg/s x
5.20. A mixture of butane and propane is often sold as a fuel. We are inter-
ested in determining the T-vs.-x relationship of a binary mixture of butane | 0.46 80
and propane at standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. The pressure-
temperature relationships at saturated conditions for the pure substances are i 0.92 320

21.40 — 24
T
propane
3

E
360

InP = 4 0.82 23
21.70
= ges
T.
butane
= 97

where P = pressure, Pa 0.08 108

T = absolute temperature, K
0.13 415
Present the T-vs.-x curves for vapor and liquid neatly on a full-size sheet of
graph paper, where x represents the mole fraction of propane.
Ans.:
#12. Dimensional analysis suggests that the performance of a centrifugal fan can
5.21. A distillation tower (Fig. 5-28) receives a two-component solution in liquid be expressed as a function of two dimensionless groups:
form. The two components are designated as A and B, and x indicates the
mass fraction of material A. The concentration of the feed x; = 0.46 and SP
and
the enthalpies entering and leaving the still are k; = 80 kJ/kg, hs = 360 iain D3w
kJ/kg, and hs = 97 kl/kg. The condenser operates at 1 = 30°C, at which
state x, = 0.92, hy = 320 kJ/kg, x4 =0.82, hy =23 kJ/kg, and the condens where SP = static pressure, Pa
rejects 550 kW to the cooling water. The reboiler operates at f =
210°CH D = diameter of wheel, m
which temperature xs = 0.08, hs = 108 kJ/kg, x7 = 0.13, hy = 415 kJ/kg, = rotative speed, rad/s
and the reboiler receives 820 kW from high-pressure steam. Complete Table
p = density, kg/m’
5.14 Q = volume rate of airflow, m*/s
Ans.: Flow rate at 1 = 2.18 kg/s.
Vor a given fan operating with air at a constant density, it should be possible
to plot one curve, as in Fig. 5-29, that represents the performance at
all
speeds. The performance of a certain 0.3-m-diameter fan of Lau Blower
Company is presented in Table 5.2.
in the form of
Condenser (4) Plot neatly on graph paper the above performance data
Fig. 5-29.

Reboiler
FIGURE 5-28 FIGURE 5-29
6 Distillation tower in Prob. 5.21 Performance of a centrifugal fan.
110 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS

TABLE 5.2
Performance of fan in Prob. 5.22
rad/s Q,m’/s SP, Pa rad/s Q, ms SP, Pa

126 3.30 114

157 1.42 861
861 94 0.94 304
1.89 299
796 1:27
2.36

sD
1.89 219
2.83 694
134
3.02 635
2.36 100
3.30 525
63 0.80 134
126 1.42 548
1.04 122
1.79 530
1.42 70
2.17 473
151 55
2.36 428
2.60 351

as a function of 0 and w, propose a

convenient
(b) If the SP is to be computed
for the coefficients; do not evaluate
form of the equation (just use symbols
a
them numerically).

REFERENCES
New
Heat Exchangers, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill,
1. W. M. Kays and A. L. London, Compact
York, 1964.
Knudsen, “Thermal Modelling of Heat Exchangers
2. P. Worsge-Schmidt and H. J. Hggaard Davis, Calif., June 1976.
Fluid Mech. Inst.
for Simulation Purposes,” 25th Heat Transfer
Banchero, Introduction to Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New
3. W. Badger and J. T.
York, 1955. 3d ed.
of Chemical Engineering,
4. W. L. McCabe and J. C. Smith, Unit Operations
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976. Ohio, 1962.
Chemical Engineering, Merrill, Columbus,
5. C. M. Thatcher, Fundamentals of New York, 1947.
6. C. G. Kirkbride, Chemical Engineering
F undamentals, McGraw-Hill,