Science 10

SECOND QUARTER REVIEWER

A. Scientist that gave contribution in Electromagnetic Waves
1. Ampere (André-Marie Ampère)
- Demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the direction of current
2. Faraday (Michael Faraday)
- Formulated the principle behind electromagnetic induction.
3. Hertz (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz)
- Showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light
4. Maxwell (James Clerk Maxwell)
- Contributed in developing equations that showed the relationship of electricity
and magnetism
5. Oersted (Hans Christian Oersted)
- Showed how a current carrying wire behaves like a magnet.

B. Familiarize the EM waves units and constant value

C. Understand the LOST of mirrors and lenses

- Reflection is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror.

Types of Reflection:
1. Specular/Regular Reflection:
- This is a reflection of light on smooth surfaces.
2. Diffused/Irregular Reflection
- This is a reflection of light on rough surfaces.
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Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

1. The Concave Mirror
- It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges away from the light
source.
- It is called Converging Mirror
- They can form real or virtual images depending on the object's position.
2. The Convex Mirror
- It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards the light
source
- It is called Diverging Mirror
- They always form virtual and smaller images.
Images formed by Curved Mirrors:
- Center of Curvature; C - the center of the sphere of which the mirror is part. Its
distance from the mirror is known as the radius.
- Vertex; V - the center of the mirror.
- Focal Point/Focus; F - the point between the center of the curvature and vertex. Its
distance from the mirror is known as the focal length, f.
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Location Orientation (upright Size (same, reduced, Type (real or virtual)

or inverted) or enlarged)

The Mirror Equation

1/f=1/p+1/q

Where:
f = focal length of distance from the mirror and the focal point, F
p = distance of the object from the mirror
q = distance of the image from the mirror
h = height of the object

The Height of the Image:

h’/h=-q/p

The Sign Conventions for Mirror

- f is (+) if the mirror is concave mirror
- f is (-) if the mirror is convex mirror
- q is (+) if the image is real and location on the objects side of the mirror
- q is (-) if the image if virtual and located behind the mirror
- h’ is (+) if the image is upright
- h’ is (-) if the image is inverted

Types of Lenses
1. Convex Lens
- Thicker in the center than edges.
- Real images and Virtual images based on position of the object
- Converging Lens
2. Concave Lens
- Thicker at the edges, thinner in the center
- Upright and Reduced images
- Diverging Lens
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The Lens Equation:

1/f=1/p+1/q
f = focal length of distance from the mirror and the focal point, F
p = distance of the object from the lens
q = distance of the image from the lens
h = height of the object

The Height of the Image:

h’/h=-q/p

The Sign Conventions for Lenses

- f is (+) if the lens is a double convex lens (converging lens)
- f is (-) if the lens is a double concave lens (diverging lens)
- q is (+) if the image if a real image and located behind the lens
- q is (-) if the image if virtual image and located on the objects side of the lens
- h’ is (+) if the image is upright and therefore is virtual
- h’ is (-) if the image is inverted and therefore is real
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D. Understand the sequence of electromagnetic waves in EM spectrum including the

sequence from lowest to highest frequency and from the longest to shortest wavelength

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

It is a continuum of electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.

1. Radio Waves:
- Lowest frequency
- Longest wavelength

2. Microwaves:
- Slightly higher frequency than radio waves
- Shorter wavelength than radio waves

3. Infrared Radiation:
- Higher frequency than microwaves
- Shorter wavelength than microwaves

4. Visible Light:
- Further higher frequency than infrared
- Shorter wavelength than infrared
- The visible spectrum includes different colors, arranged from longest to shortest
wavelength: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

5. Ultraviolet Radiation:
- Higher frequency than visible light
- Shorter wavelength than visible light

6. X-rays:
- Higher frequency than ultraviolet radiation
- Shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation

7. Gamma Rays:
- Highest frequency
- Shortest wavelength
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E. Familiarize the formula of frequency and wavelength

The wave speed, frequency, and wavelength are related by the following equation:
v=λf
f=v/λ
λ=v/f
​

v - wave speed, or c (speed of light); m/s; c ≈ 3.00×10^8 m/s

f - frequency; Hertz or /s
λ - wavelength; Meters or m
The energy of a photon is given by the equation:
E=hf
h - Planck’s Constant; 6.63 x 10^-34 j/s
f - frequency of the EM waves; Hertz or /s

F. Ray diagramming
Ray diagramming is a graphical method used to analyze the formation of images in optics,
particularly for mirrors.

Concave Mirror:
1. Location (L):
- Real Image: Formed when reflected rays actually converge.
- Virtual Image: Formed when extended reflected rays appear to converge.
2. Orientation (O):
- Upright Image: When the top of the object corresponds to the top of the image.
- Inverted Image: When the top of the object corresponds to the bottom of the image.
3. Size (S):
- Enlarged Image: Image is larger than the object.
- Reduced Image: Image is smaller than the object.
4. Type (T):
- Real images are always inverted.
- Virtual images can be upright or inverted.

Convex Mirror:
1. Location (L):
- Virtual Image: Always formed since reflected rays diverge.
2. Orientation (O):
- Always upright.
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3. Size (S):
- Always reduced.
4. Type (T):
- Always upright.

Ray Diagramming Procedure:

Concave Mirror:

1. Parallel Ray:
- Draw a ray parallel to the principal axis. After reflection, it passes through the focal point
(F) or appears to diverge from it.
2. Focal Ray:
- Draw a ray passing through the focal point (F) before reflection. After reflection, it
becomes parallel to the principal axis.
3. Center Ray:
- Draw a ray passing through the center of curvature (C). It reflects back along the same
path.
4. Locate Image:
- The point where the reflected rays intersect or appear to diverge is the location of the
image.

Convex Mirror:

1. Parallel Ray:
- Draw a ray parallel to the principal axis. After reflection, it appears to diverge from the
focal point behind the mirror.
2. Focal Ray:
- Draw a ray directed towards the focal point (F) behind the mirror. After reflection, it
appears to be parallel to the principal axis.
3. Center Ray:
- Draw a ray passing through the center of curvature (C). After reflection, it reflects back
along the same path.
4. Locate Image:
- The point where the reflected rays appear to diverge is the location of the virtual image.
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G. Electricity and magnetism and conservation of energy of electric generator and electric
motor
Electricity and Magnetism:

1. Electricity:
- Charge: Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. There are two types of
charges, positive and negative. Like charges repel, and opposite charges attract.
- Current: Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes (A).
- Voltage (Electric Potential): Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points.
It is measured in Volts (V).
- Resistance: Resistance opposes the flow of electric current. It is measured in Ohms (Ω).
- Ohm's Law: It states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to
the voltage across it, given constant temperature (I = V/R).

2. Magnetism:
- Magnetic Field: A magnetic field is produced by moving charges. It is a vector field that
exerts a force on other moving charges.
- Magnetic Force: Moving charges experience a magnetic force in the presence of a magnetic
field.
Conservation of Energy in Electric Generator:

An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process
involves the principles of electromagnetic induction. Here's a simplified explanation:

1. Mechanical Input:
- A generator typically has a coil of wire (armature) that is rotated within a magnetic field.
- Mechanical energy, often from a turbine or some other source, is used to turn the coil.

2. Electromagnetic Induction:
- As the coil rotates in the magnetic field, a changing magnetic flux is produced.
- According to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, this changing flux induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage across the coil.

3. Generation of Electric Current:

- The induced voltage causes an electric current to flow in the coil.
- This electric current is then available for use as electrical energy.
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4. Conservation of Energy:
- The mechanical energy input is converted into electrical energy output.
- Energy is conserved in this process, with some losses due to factors like resistance in the
wires and other inefficiencies.

Conservation of Energy in Electric Motor:

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The process involves the
interaction between magnetic fields and electric currents. Here's a simplified explanation:

1. Electric Current Input:

- An electric motor has a coil of wire (armature) through which an electric current flows.

2. Generation of Magnetic Field:

- The electric current in the coil generates a magnetic field around the coil.

3. Interaction with External Magnetic Field:

- The coil is placed within the magnetic field produced by a set of permanent magnets or
another coil with a current.

4. Electromagnetic Forces:
- According to the Lorentz force law, the interaction between the magnetic field and the
current-carrying conductor results in a force that causes the coil to rotate.

5. Mechanical Output:
- The rotational motion of the coil is transferred to a mechanical load, performing useful
work.

6. Conservation of Energy:
- The electrical energy input is converted into mechanical energy output.
- Energy is conserved, with some losses due to factors like friction and other inefficiencies.

In both the electric generator and electric motor, the conservation of energy is a fundamental
principle, ensuring that energy is neither created nor destroyed but merely transformed from
one form to another.
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