Class-X

PHYSICS
Chapter-10
Light(Reflection)

LIGHT: Light is electromagnetic radiation or form of an energy, which helps us to see the world around
us. The study of light is known as optics. Light follow rectilinear propagation, light does not
deviate from its path when travelling through same homogenous medium (medium having same
value of refractive index). Speed of light in free space or in air is 3×108 m/s.

 Luminous object emits light

 Non luminous object reflect or scatter light,
 When light travels from one medium to another its speed change but frequency remain same.
 BASIC PHENOMENA OF LIGHT

REFLECTION REFRACTION

Reflection is the phenomena of bouncing back of light

into the same Medium by a reflecting surface.
Reflection can be classifying into two types
1. Regular reflection 2. Diffuse reflection
(depends on the nature of reflecting surface)
 MIRROR
A reflecting surface

Plane Curved
Mirror Mirror

Concave Convex
Mirror Mirror
FORMATION OF MIRROR

A. PLANE MIRROR: A plane mirror is made using some highly reflecting and polished surface such as a silver or
aluminium surface in a process called silvering. After silvering, a thin layer of red lead oxide is
applied at the back of the mirror
B. SPHERICAL MIRRORS
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

1. Centre of Curvature. It is the center of hollow spherical glass from which mirror has been
Obtained.
2. Pole: It is the midpoint at the surface of the mirror.

3. Radius of curvature: It is the distance between pole and center of curvature.

4. Focus: It is the midpoint between center of curvature and pole.

5. Focal length: It is the distance from pole to focus.

6. Principal Axis: A line which join Pole, focus and center of curvature.

(When two either reflected or refracted rays meet at a point, they form image.)
RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION (MIRROR)
Rule 3 Rule 4
Ray incident at pole is reflected back making Ray incident through will retrace its path after
Same angle with principal axis reflection.
 Image formation by using Concave mirror

1. When object is placed at “C” Centre of Curvature

RESULT
1. Image position at C
2. Nature of image is real and inverted.
3. Size of image is same as of object.
2. When object is placed between “C” and “F”

RESULT

1. Image of position is beyond “C”

2. Nature of image is real and inverted.
3. image is enlarged.
3. When object is placed between “P” and “F”

RESULT
1. Image position is behind the mirror
2. Nature of image is virtual and erect.
3. image is same enlarged.
4. When object is placed beyond “C”

RESULT
1. Image position is between “C” and “F”
2. Nature of image is real and inverted.
3. Size of image is small as compare to object.
 5 When object is placed at “F”

RESULT
1. Image will be formed at infinity
2. Nature of image is real and inverted.
3. Size of image is highly enlarged.
6 When object is placed at infinity

RESULT
1. Image will be formed at “F”
2. Nature of image is real and inverted.
3. Size of image small.
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR

Convex Mirror
or diverging
mirror Provide
Wide View area.
USES OF CONVEX MIRROR
SIGN CONVENTION FOR SPHERICAL MIRROR
 MIRROR FORMULA
Mirror formula establish relationship between object distance(u), image distance(v) & focal length (f) of
mirror
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢

(use sign as per sign convention given in numerical problem)

LINEAR MAGNIFICATION
a. It may define as the ratio of image height(h2) to the height of object (h1).

ℎ2
m=
ℎ1

1 h1 = +ve if object is placed above the principal axis.

2. h1 = -ve if object is placed below the principal axis.
3. h2 = +ve if image is virtual & erect.
4. h2= -ve if image is real and inverted.
Note: for convex mirror ratio of h2/h1 is always positive as it formed virtual image only. But for concave mirror
ratio of h2/h1 can be positive, negative and equal to one. (as it formed real and virtual image both)
 b. Linear magnification can be express in terms of image and object distance from the pole of mirror.
It may define as the ratio of image distance (v) from the pole of the mirror to the object distance (u) from
the pole of the mirror with negative sign.
𝑣
m=-
𝑢

1. If m >1, image is larger than object.

2. If m = 1, height of image and object are same.
3. If m<1, height of image is small relative to object.