COURS TOEIC MODULE 1

Unit 1 : Personnel
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE

USE:
To describe actions that are happening now or in the future.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + VERBing + REST OF SENTENCE]

I am waiting for you.

ar
You eating my cake.
e
He/She/It is sleeping now.

ar
We going tomorrow.
e
ar
You walking too fast.
e
ar
They studying English this year.
e

EXAMPLES:
"I am trying to study."
"He is eating an apple."
"Our secretary is eating lunch."
"We are meeting them tonight."

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: NEGATIVE

USE:
To describe an action that isn't happening now or in the future.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + NOT + VERB+ing (+ REST)]

I am not driving.
You are not listening.
She is not working.
He is not working.
It is not working.

We are not studying.

You are not waiting.
They are not talking.

EXAMPLES:
"It is not raining anymore."
"I am not going to the party tonight."
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES-NO QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions that need an answer of "yes" or "no".

FORM:
The subject and the form of "BE" change places.

Statement: He is sleeping.
Yes/No Question: Is he sleeping?

Statement: They are working now.

Are they working
Yes/No Question:
now?

EXAMPLES:
"Are you listening to me?"
"Is your sister moving to New York?"

Unit 2 : Offices
PRESENT SIMPLE: STATEMENTS

USE:
To talk about actions, states or events which happen at any time, repeatedly, or all the time.

AFFIRMATIVE

FORM:
Verbs take an -s ending in third person singular.

[SUBJECT + VERB(s) + REST OF SENTENCE]

I/You/We/
work in a bank.
They
He/She/It has brown eyes.

SPELLING

Verbs ending in ss, sh, ch, x, o take -es in third person singular: kisses,matches, goes, watches

For verbs ending in consonant + y, drop the y and add -ies: carry/carries, try/tries, copy/copies
NOTE: The Present Simple is often used with adverbs and adverb phrases: Always, Never,
Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.

EXAMPLES:
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV."
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week."
"I always have coffee for breakfast."

NEGATIVE

FORM:
[SUBJECT+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERB+ REST OF SENTENCE]

I/You/We/They don't drive in the city.

doesn't
He/She/It brown eyes..
have

EXAMPLE:
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."

PRESENT SIMPLE: Wh Questions

USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that begin with these questions words: WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.

FORM:
Questions about the SUBJECT:

[WHO-WHAT + VERB + REST]

Who lives here?

Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERB...]

When do you go home?

Where does he live?

EXAMPLES:
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters."

"What does Jack want to do?"

"Go to the movies.
"Where do they work?"
"At the bank."

Unit 3 : Purchashing
NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS:
COUNT/NON-COUNT NOUNS

USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of some object. Some
quantifiers are used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are only used
with count or non-count nouns, but not with both.

USED WITH BOTH COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS:

some (statements):

"There are some books on the shelf." (COUNT)

"There is some fruit on the table." (NON-COUNT)

any (questions and negative sentences):

"Are there any girls in your class?" (COUNT)

"There aren't any onions in the salad." (COUNT)
"Is there any butter?" (NON-COUNT)
"There isn't any homework today." (NON-COUNT)

a lot of

"There are a lot of red apples." (COUNT)

"There is a lot of noise in here." (NON-COUNT)

USED WITH COUNT NOUNS ONLY:

many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"

a few

"He has a few books."

USED WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS ONLY:

much
 "I haven't got much time."
"How much milk do you want?"

a little

"I only want a little juice."

NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:
COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS

USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some quantifiers
are used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are used only with either
non-count nouns or count nouns, but not with both.
some (statements):
"There are some books on the shelf."

any (questions and negative sentences):

"Are there any girls in your class?"

"There aren't any onions in the salad."

a lot of

"There are a lot of red apples."

many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"

a few

"He has a few books."

EXAMPLE:
"Are there any small nails down there, Harry?"
"Sorry, there aren't any, but I have some big nails.
Is that OK?"

NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:

NON-COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS

USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some quantifiers
are used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are used only with either
non-count nouns or count nouns, but not with both.
REMEMBER: Non-count nouns take only the singular form of the verb!

some (statements):
"There is some water in your glass."

any (questions and negative sentences):

"Is there any money in the handbag?"

"There isn't any time left."

a lot of

"There is a lot of butter on your bread."

much

"I haven't got much money."

"How much milk do you want?"

a little

"I only want a little juice."

Unit 4: Dinning Out

PAST PROGRESSIVE: STATEMENTS
AFFIRMATIVE

FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ing...]
He was waiting for the bus when it started to rain.
They were waiting for the bus when it started to rain.

EXAMPLES:
"She was eating when I arrived."
"We were sleeping at 3:00 a.m."

NEGATIVE

[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERB + ing...]

I was not (wasn't) waiting for the bus.
They were not (weren't) waiting for the bus.

EXAMPLES:
"He wasn't sleeping when the phone rang."
"They weren't watching TV when the news was on."

PAST PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS and ANSWERS
FORM:
SUBJEC
[Q: WAS/WERE + + VERB + ing...]
T
Was she waiting for the train?
Were you waiting for the train?
SUBJEC
[A: YES/NO + + BE(NOT)]
T
Yes, it was.
No, she wasn't.

Yes, we were.
No, you weren't.

EXAMPLES:
"Were the children playing in the garden when you came in?"
"Yes, they were."

"Were you working in Tokyo in1991?"

"No, I wasn't."

WH-QUESTIONS

Questions about the SUBJECT of the sentence.

FORM:
[WHO/WHAT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ing...]

EXAMPLES:
"Who was watching the baby last night?"
"What was playing at the Cineplex last night?"

Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + VERB + ing...]

EXAMPLES:
"What were you doing at 10 o'clock?"
"I was walking the dog."

"Who was Pat looking at?"

"She was looking at Kim."

Unit 5 : General Business

PAST SIMPLE: STATEMENTS

USE:
To talk about past events and actions.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in -ed.
[SUBJECT + VERB+ed + REST]

EXAMPLES:

"Joe walked home alone last night."

"We played football last week."
SPELLING

Verbs ending in -e, take only -d: live/ lived.

With verbs ending in consonant+y, change the y to i:

carry / carried try/ tried

NOTE: Past Simple is often used with adverbs: Yesterday, Last week/month/year, ... ago.

NEGATIVE

FORM:
Put did not (didn't) in front of the verb.
[SUBJECT+ DID NOT+ VERB+ REST OF SENTENCE]
/DIDN'T
They did not call me last week.
Ruth didn't study last night.

EXAMPLES:
"He didn't work at all last week."
"I didn't like the movie last night."

PAST SIMPLE: IRREGULAR VERBS

FORM:
Some verbs have irregular forms in the Past Simple. You will have to learn them by heart.

Here is a list of some of the most frequent verbs:

come - came put - put

do - did read - read
drink - drank say - said
eat - ate sell - sold
foun
find - sit - sat
d
get - got sleep - slept
drive - drove speak - spoke
go - went take - took
have - had tell - told
hear - heard think - thought
 know - knew understand - understood
leave - left wear - wore
make - made write - wrote
meet - met

BE PAST: QUESTIONS

YES/NO QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions that need an answer of "yes" or "no".

FORM:
The subject and the verb change places.

Affirmative: They were at home.

Yes/No Question: Were they at home?

Negative: He wasn't at school.

Yes/No Question: Wasn't he at school? (Always use contractions.)

Answers
Yes, I was.
:
No, I wasn't.

WH-QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions that begin with these question words:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.

FORM:
Questions about the SUBJECT:

[WH-WORD + BE PAST + REST OF SENTENCE]

Affirmative: Juan was at home.
Wh-Question: Who was at home?

Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
Affirmative: He was in Philadelphia.
Wh-Question: Where was he?

Affirmative: He was there in 1990.

Wh-Question: When was he there?

EXAMPLES:
Police: "Where were you last nightat 9:30?"
Man: "I was at home all night."
Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."

Unit 6 : Concert Tickets

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): MUST

USE:
Used to talk about a strong necessity, obligation, or duty to do something. There is often very little
difference between MUST and HAVE TO. In formal, written English, MUST is used for public notices
about official rules and regulations. MUST can also be used to express a strong opinion about a
situation based on existing facts or circumstances.

AFFIRMATIVE

FORM:
[SUBJECT + MUST + VERB...]

EXAMPLES:
"I have a terrible toothache; I must go to the dentist."
"We must try to help Nicky; she's our oldest friend."
"All workers must wear safety helmets in work areas!"
"Jack must be on his way. There was no one home when I called his apartment."

NEGATIVE

USE:
In both formal and informal English we use the negative form MUST NOT (often shortened to
MUSTN'T) to talk about something which is wrong or forbidden. Note that this is not the same as the
negative form of HAVE TO, which only means that something is not necessary.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERB...]

EXAMPLES:
"You mustn't pull the dog's tail, dear; he'll bite you."
"We mustn't forget to pay back that loan."
"Workers must not smoke in work areas!"

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

USE:
Used to ask whether something is necessary or obligatory. The interrogative form of HAVE TO has the
same meaning and is more common.
YES/NO QUESTIONS

FORM:

[Q: SUBJEC
+ + VERB...?]
MUST T
[A: Yes, SUBJEC
+ + MUST
T
No, SUBJEC
+ + NEEDN'T]
T

EXAMPLE:
"Must I go to school today, Mom?"
"Yes, you must."

WH-QUESTIONS

FORM:
About the SUBJECT of the sentence:
[Wh-Word + MUST + VERB...?]

ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERB...?]

EXAMPLES:
"What must happen before we can leave?"

"When must you take the test?"

"Next Friday."

MODALS and SEMI-MODALS: HAVE TO

USE:
The Semi-modal HAVE TO is used with verbs and adds a special meaning.

MEANING:
"He has to leave early." (OBLIGATION).

FORM:
Like other Modals and Semi-modals, HAVE TO goes before the verb. It has the same form as regular
verbs.

AFFIRMATIVE:
[HAVE TO + VERB + REST]
He has to leave early.
They have to do their homework.
NEGATIVE:

[DO/DOES (NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERB + REST]

The boys don't have to work today.

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB + REST]

Do I have to leave now?
Doesn't she have to study for her test?

Answers:
Yes, I do.
No, she doesn't.

WH-QUESTIONS:

[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES + SUBJECT) + HAVE TO + VERB + REST]

Who has to leave?
When do you have to call your parents?

EXAMPLES:
Mother: "It's time for bed, Michael."
Rick: "Aw, Mom. Do I have to go to bed now?"
Mother: "Yes, you do. It's late and you have to go to school tomorrow."

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS):

MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO

USE:
While MUST and HAVE TO have similar meanings in the affirmative, they cannot be used
interchangeably in the negative.

MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) is used to show that something is prohibited or forbidden.

DON'T HAVE TO means "it's not necessary to do something".

EXAMPLES:
"You mustn't run in here; this is a hospital."
"You don't have to run; the bus is waiting for you."

Unit 7 : Manufacturing

COMPARISON: EQUALITY
USE:
To compare two persons or things that are alike.

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE:
[AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]

Bob is as tall as Marty.

NEGATIVE:
[NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS]

Her hair is not as long as mine.

COMPARISON: COMPARATIVES

USE:
To compare one or more people/things to other people/things.

FORM:
[COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVE + THAN]

John is older than Bart.

Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.

Most adjectives take -er:

long/longer, old/older, tall/taller

Adjectives ending in -e take -r:

nice/nicer, late/later

Adjectives ending in vowel + consonant,

double the consonant:

fat/fatter, big/bigger, hot/hotter

With adjectives ending in y, drop the y; add -ier:

happy/happier, easy/easier

With most two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives form the comparative with more:

intelligent - more intelligent

beautiful - more beautiful

The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular comparative form:

 good - better
bad - worse

EXAMPLES:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick."
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"

COMPARISON: SUPERLATIVES

USE:
To compare one or more person or thing with a whole group.

FORM:
[THE + SUPERLATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVE]

John is the tallest boy in the class.

They are the most beautiful shoes in the store.

Most adjectives take -est: long/longest, old/oldest

Adjectives ending in -e take -st: nice/nicest, late/latest

Adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant, double the consonant: fat/fattest, big/biggest, hot/hottest

With adjectives ending in y, drop the y; add -iest: happy/happiest, easy/easiest

With most two-syllable adjectives and longer

adjectives form the superlative with most:
honest - most honest
beautiful - most beautiful

The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular superlative form:

good - best
bad - worst

EXAMPLES:
"Come to Mad Mo's. We have the cheapest,
the biggest, the most terrific store in New York! We are the best!"

Unit 8 : Travel

FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

USE:
We often use the Present Progressive (see Basic 1) to talk about plans and decisions for the near
future. It is most commonly used with verbs expressing movement (e.g. arrive, come, go, leave, sail,
visit, etc.)
EXAMPLES:
"I'm leaving early today; I have a headache."
"Are you visiting your mother tonight?"
"I'm not waiting any longer; he's half an hour late already!"

FUTURE: SIMPLE PRESENT

USE:
We sometimes use the Simple Present to talk about 'definite' future actions and events that are
already fixed or arranged on an official timetable.

EXAMPLES:
"The President leaves for Japan on Monday."
"When does the next bus arrive?"

FUTURE: WILL and GOING TO WILL

USE:
WILL is used to express a subjective opinion, or to express a decision, a promise, a belief, or a threat,
etc. about the future. This is why WILL often follows expressions like "I hope...", "Do you think...",
etc.

EXAMPLE:
"Do you think she will like these flowers?"

FORM:
Affirmative: [SUBJECT + WILL + VERB...]

NOTE: We often shorten WILL to "-'ll" and pronounce it together with the subject.

EXAMPLE:
"I think he will (he'll) fix the car tomorrow."

Negative: [SUBJECT + WILL + NOT + VERB...]

NOTE: We often shorten WILL NOT to "WON'T".

EXAMPLE:
"I'm afraid we won't finish the job today."

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS

USE:
In the interrogative form, WILL often introduces a request.

FORM:
[Q: WILL + SUBJECT + VERB...?]
[A: Yes, + SUBJECT + WILL
No, + SUBJECT + WILL NOT(WON'T).]

EXAMPLES:
"Will you open the window, please?"
"Yes, of course I will."

"Will you buy me an ice cream, please?"

"No, I won't!"

WH-QUESTIONS

FORM:
Questions about the subject of the sentence:
[Q: WHO/WHAT + WILL + VERB...?]

EXAMPLE:
"Who'll be there tonight?"
"Liz will go for sure. And maybe Tom will be there too."

Questions about the rest of the sentence:

[Q: Wh-word + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB...?]

EXAMPLE:
"When will we get home tonight?"
"I think we'll get home at around 10."

GOING TO

USE:
GOING TO is used to talk about definite, objective facts and plans in the future.

EXAMPLE:
"Look at those clouds! It's going to rain!"

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB...]

EXAMPLES:
"I'm going to study Chinese History next semester."
"Look out! That car's going to hit us!"

NEGATIVE

[SUBJECT + BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB...]

EXAMPLES:
"We aren't going to make a profit this year."
"I know I'm not going to pass this exam!"

QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS

[Q: BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB...?]

[A: Yes, + SUBJECT (pronoun) + BE.]
or:
[No, + SUBJECT (pronoun) + BE + NOT.]

EXAMPLE:
"Is this train going to arrive on time?"
"No, it isn't. It's going to be late."

WH-QUESTIONS

Questions about the subject of the sentence:

[Q: WHO/WHAT + BE + GOING TO + VERB...]

EXAMPLE:
"Who's going to finish this?"
"I am."

Questions about the rest of the sentence:

[Q: WH-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB...?]
[A: Affirmative sentence with GOING TO.]

EXAMPLE:
"Who are you going to vote for?"
"I'm going to vote for Tom Baxter."

NOTE: We often find both WILL and GOING TO in the same conversation. In the following dialogue,
the patient wants a definite answer to his question, but the nurse replies with only a promise:

"Is this injection going to hurt?"

"Don't worry, it will only hurt a little and it won't take long!"