GRADE 6 HBC SHORT P.

E NOTES
Safety rules and regulations when participating in various
physical activities, Injuries related to various physical activities
Safety Rules and Regulations:

1. Wear proper gear and equipment (e.g., helmets, knee pads)

2. Warm up and cool down before and after exercise
3. Follow rules and guidelines for each activity
4. Stay hydrated and fueled
5. Listen to your body and rest when needed
6. Supervise children and inexperienced participants
7. Ensure proper training and certification for instructors
8. Use safety equipment (e.g., mats, padding)
9. Be aware of environmental conditions (e.g., weather, terrain)
10. Follow first aid procedures in case of injury
Injuries Related to Physical Activities:
1. Sprains and strains
2. Broken bones and fractures
3. Concussions and head injuries
4. Muscle pulls and tears
5. Overuse injuries (e.g., tendonitis)
6. Dehydration and heat exhaustion
7. Cuts and abrasions
8. Dislocations and separations
9. Shin splints and stress fractures
10. Ankle and knee injuries
Prevention:
1. Regularly inspect equipment and facilities
2. Provide proper training and guidance
3. Encourage safe behavior and sportsmanship
4. Monitor weather conditions

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5. Have a first aid kit and emergency plan
Importance:
1. Prevents harm and injury
2. Ensures a safe and enjoyable experience
3. Promotes healthy participation
4. Reduces risk of long-term damage
5. Supports overall well-being
Healthy Living Habits:
At Home:
1. Balanced diet
2. Regular exercise
3. Sufficient sleep
4. Stress management
5. Hygiene practices
At School:
1. Physical education classes
2. Healthy meal options
3. Health education
4. Safe playgrounds
5. Supportive environment
In Society:
1. Access to parks and recreational spaces
2. Community fitness programs
3. Clean water and sanitation
4. Health services
5. Promoting healthy lifestyles
Physical Activity Diary:
1. Track daily activity
2. Set fitness goals
3. Monitor progress
4. Identify patterns
5. Encourage accountability

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Diseases Caused by Lack of Physical Exercise:
1. Obesity
2. Heart disease
3. Diabetes
4. Certain cancers
5. Mental health issues
Diseases Caused by Poor Sanitation:
1. Waterborne diseases (e.g., cholera)
2. Gastrointestinal infections
3. Vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria)
4. Respiratory infections
5. Skin infections
Health and Wellbeing Tests and Measurements:
1. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2. Blood pressure
3. Blood glucose levels
4. Cholesterol levels
5. Fitness assessments (e.g., cardiovascular endurance)
Body Parts that Store and Transport Food:
1. Mouth (ingestion)
2. Esophagus (transport)
3. Stomach (storage and digestion)
4. Small intestine (absorption)
5. Large intestine (water absorption and waste storage)
Body Parts that Store and Transport Air:
1. Nose and mouth (air intake)
2. Trachea (transport)
3. Bronchi and bronchioles (transport)
4. Lungs (gas exchange and oxygen storage)
5. Diaphragm (breathing muscle)

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Process of Storing and Transporting Food:
1. Ingestion: Food enters the mouth, where it's chewed and mixed with
saliva.
2. Swallowing: Food passes through the esophagus into the stomach.
3. Digestion: The stomach breaks down food with digestive enzymes.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
5. Waste elimination: Waste moves to the large intestine and is
eliminated.
Process of Storing and Transporting Air:
1. Breathing: Air enters the lungs through the nose or mouth.
2. Gas exchange: Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream, and carbon
dioxide is removed.
3. Oxygen transport: Oxygen-rich blood is transported to the body's
tissues.
4. Carbon dioxide removal: Carbon dioxide is transported back to the
lungs and exhaled.
Types of Zimbabwean Music:
1. Mbira music
2. Jit/jive
3. Sungura
4. Zimdancehall
5. Gospel music
6. Traditional folk music

Indigenous Musical Instruments:

1. Mbira (thumb piano)
2. Hosho (shakers)
3. Ngoma (drums)
4. Dzembe (drums)
5. Shauro (leg rattle)
Foreign Musical Instruments:
1. Guitar
2. Drums (Western-style)
3. Keyboards

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4. Saxophone
5. Trumpet
Roles of Musicians:
Pre-colonial:
1. Storytelling
2. Cultural preservation
3. Spiritual ceremonies
4. Community entertainment
Colonial:
1. Cultural resistance
2. Social commentary
3. Adaptation to new influences
Post-colonial:
1. Promoting national identity
2. Cultural revival
3. Social critique
4. Entertainment industry
Gender in Music and Dance:
1. Traditional roles and expectations
2. Contemporary expressions and challenges
3. Empowerment through music and dance
Indigenous Dances and Ceremonies:
1. Mbende (Jerusarema)
2. Muchongoyo
3. Bira (spiritual ceremony)
4. Nyau (masked dance)
Contemporary Dances:
1. Dancehall
2. Hip-hop
3. Contemporary fusion
Features of Dance:
1. Rhythm and timing

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2. Movement and expression
3. Cultural symbolism
4. Storytelling
Functions of Dance:
1. Cultural expression
2. Community bonding
3. Spiritual connection
4. Entertainment
5. Social commentary
Developments in Visual Art Forms:
Pre-colonial:
1. Rock art (e.g., Matobo Hills)
2. Traditional crafts (e.g., pottery, basketry)
3. Wood carvings
4. Beadwork
Colonial:
1. Introduction of Western art forms
2. Influence of European styles
3. Artistic expression as resistance
Post-colonial:
1. Revival of traditional art forms
2. Fusion of traditional and modern techniques
3. Exploration of identity and culture
4. Contemporary art movements
Diversity of Visual Art Forms:
1. Sculpture (e.g., stone, wood)
2. Painting (e.g., traditional, contemporary)
3. Printmaking
4. Photography
5. Mixed media
Classification of Visual Artworks and Artists:
Cultural Basis:

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1. Traditional art (e.g., Shona, Ndebele)
2. Contemporary art (e.g., fusion, modern)
Societal Basis:
1. Art reflecting social issues (e.g., politics, identity)
2. Art promoting cultural heritage
3. Art exploring spirituality and mythology
Some notable Zimbabwean artists include:
1. Thomas Mukarobgwa
2. Joseph Ndandarika
3. Henry Munyaradzi
4. Chiko Chazunguza
5. Esther Mahlangu (Ndebele artist known for her vibrant paintings and
prints)
Sets, Costumes, and Props:
1. Traditional attire (e.g., Shona, Ndebele)
2. Masks and headdresses
3. Natural materials (e.g., wood, reeds)
4. Symbolic props (e.g., spears, shields)
5. Colorful fabrics and patterns
Indigenous Theatrical Performances:
1. Shona:
- Mbira music and dance
- Storytelling through song and dance
- Use of traditional instruments (e.g., hosho, mbira)
2. Ndebele:
- Vibrant costumes and beadwork
- Energetic dances and music
- Cultural storytelling and history
3. Other communities:
- San (Bushmen) rock art and storytelling
- Tonga traditional dances and music

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Contrasting Features:
1. Unique cultural themes and stories
2. Distinctive music and dance styles
3. Traditional attire and adornments
4. Use of symbolism and metaphor
5. Community-specific rituals and ceremonies
Commonalities:
1. Storytelling and cultural preservation
2. Use of music and dance
3. Importance of community and tradition
4. Symbolism and metaphor in performances
Executing Injury-Free Balances and Movements:
1. Warm up and stretch to prevent injuries
2. Practice proper alignment and posture
3. Engage core muscles for stability
4. Focus on balance and control
5. Gradually increase difficulty and complexity
Transferring Weight:
1. Static balance: maintaining balance in a stationary position
2. Dynamic balance: maintaining balance while moving
3. Weight transfer: shifting weight from one part of the body to
another
Movement from Balance Posture:
1. Start with a stable base (e.g., feet shoulder-width apart)
2. Engage core muscles to maintain balance
3. Slowly shift weight onto one part of the body (e.g., one leg)
4. Move into desired position while maintaining balance
Controlling the Body:
1. Center of gravity: understanding the body's balance point
2. Base of support: feet, hands, or other body parts in contact with
the ground
3. Balance adjustments: making subtle movements to maintain balance
4. Core strength: engaging abdominal and back muscles for stability

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Tips:
1. Practice regularly to improve balance and control
2. Focus on slow, controlled movements
3. Use proper breathing techniques
4. Seek guidance from a qualified instructor or trainer
Moving into Open and Closed Space:
1. Open Space: Moving into a large, unrestricted area (e.g., a big
room or outdoor space)
- Freedom to move in any direction
- Opportunities for expansive movements
2. Closed Space: Moving into a smaller, more restricted area (e.g., a
small room or tight space)
- Requires more control and precision
- Can create a sense of tension or intimacy
Covering Open Space:
1. Moving across a large area in a way that covers distance
2. Using various movements (e.g., walking, running, dancing) to
traverse the space
3. Can be used to create a sense of journey or progression
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Open Space:
Advantages:
- Freedom to move and express oneself
- Opportunities for creativity and spontaneity
Disadvantages:
- Can feel overwhelming or chaotic
- May lack focus or direction
Closed Space:
Advantages:
- Encourages control and precision
- Can create a sense of intimacy or connection
Disadvantages:
- Can feel restrictive or limiting

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- May require more concentration and effort
Positioning within Boundaries, Team Mates, and Opponents:
1. Understanding spatial awareness: Recognizing the positions of
teammates, opponents, and boundaries.
2. Strategic placement: Positioning oneself to achieve a specific goal
or advantage.
3. Adaptability: Adjusting positioning based on the situation and
movement of others.
Key Considerations:
1. Teamwork: Coordinating with teammates to achieve a common goal.
2. Opponent awareness: Anticipating and responding to opponents'
movements.
3. Boundary awareness: Understanding the limits of the playing area.
Examples:
1. Sports (e.g., soccer, basketball, hockey)
2. Team-based games (e.g., capture the flag, tag)
3. Martial arts or combat sports (e.g., karate, boxing)
Benefits:
1. Improved teamwork and coordination
2. Enhanced strategic thinking
3. Better reaction time and adaptability
Principles of Attack:
1. Speed and Surprise: Quick and unexpected movements to catch
opponents off guard.
2. Coordination: Teamwork and coordination to overwhelm opponents.
3. Exploiting Weaknesses: Identifying and targeting opponents'
vulnerabilities.
4. Adaptability: Adjusting attack strategies based on opponents'
responses.
Principles of Defense:
1. Positioning: Strategic placement to anticipate and respond to
opponents' movements.
2. Alertness: Being prepared to react quickly to opponents' attacks.
3. Adaptability: Adjusting defense strategies based on opponents'
tactics.

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4. Support: Providing backup and assistance to teammates.
Key Considerations:
1. Reading Opponents: Anticipating opponents' movements and
strategies.
2. Timing: Executing attacks or defenses at the right moment.
3. Communication: Coordinating with teammates to achieve a common
goal.
Examples:
1. Sports (e.g., soccer, basketball, hockey)
2. Martial arts or combat sports (e.g., karate, boxing)
3. Strategic games (e.g., chess, strategy video games)
Benefits:
1. Improved reaction time and decision-making
2. Enhanced teamwork and coordination
3. Better strategic thinking and problem-solving
Aiming at Stationary Targets:
1. Focus on precision: Concentrate on hitting the target accurately.
2. Proper stance: Stand comfortably with feet shoulder-width apart.
3. Alignment: Align your sights or throwing arm with the target.
4. Control: Release or throw with controlled force.
Aiming at Fast-Moving Targets:
1. Anticipate movement: Predict the target's trajectory and speed.
2. Quick reaction: React swiftly to the target's movement.
3. Adjust aim: Compensate for the target's speed and direction.
4. Timing: Release or throw at the right moment.
Aiming after a Short Run and Jump:
1. Build momentum: Use the run to generate power and speed.
2. Control jump: Land smoothly and maintain balance.
3. Quick aim: Rapidly aim at the target after landing.
4. Accurate release: Release or throw with precision.
Tips:
1. Practice regularly: Improve accuracy and reaction time.
2. Focus on technique: Develop proper throwing or aiming form.

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3. Stay calm: Concentrate and maintain composure under pressure.
Demonstrate the correct posture in readiness to execute skill.
Correct Posture:
1. Feet shoulder-width apart: Balanced stance with weight evenly
distributed.
2. Knees slightly bent: Flexible and prepared for movement.
3. Back straight: Maintain good posture with shoulders relaxed.
4. Core engaged: Activate core muscles for stability and control.
5. Focus forward: Eyes focused on the task or target.
Benefits:
1. Balance and stability: Reduced risk of injury and improved control.
2. Power and efficiency: Generate more power and speed with proper
posture.
3. Accuracy and precision: Improved focus and accuracy.

Tips:
1. Practice regularly: Develop good posture habits.
2. Warm up and stretch: Prepare muscles for activity.
3. Focus on technique: Prioritize proper posture and technique.
Perform strokes for height spin, spin, distance and power.
Performing Strokes:
1. Height: Adjusting stroke to achieve desired trajectory and height.
2. Spin: Imparting spin to control ball behavior (e.g., topspin,
backspin).
3. Distance: Controlling stroke power to achieve desired distance.
4. Power: Generating force to hit the ball or object with speed.
Striking to a Target:
1. Accuracy: Focusing on precise aim and control.
2. Distance calculation: Adjusting stroke for specified distance.
3. Trajectory control: Managing ball or object trajectory to reach
target.
Striking over a Barrier:
1. Assessing barrier height: Adjusting stroke to clear the barrier
(1.5m).

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2. Trajectory calculation: Calculating the angle and power needed.
3. Precise execution: Executing the stroke with control and accuracy.
Tips:
1. Practice regularly: Develop technique and control.
2. Focus on footwork: Position yourself for optimal stroke execution.
3. Analyze and adjust: Continuously improve technique and strategy.
* Explore ways of enhancing, grip, exhibit proper grip striking,
demonstrate stances in striking games
Enhancing Grip:
1. Choose the right grip size: Ensure grip size fits comfortably in
your hand.
2. Use grip-enhancing materials: Apply grip tape, gloves, or grips to
improve traction.
3. Maintain grip hygiene: Keep hands and grip clean and dry.
4. Practice grip strengthening exercises: Improve hand and finger
strength.
Proper Grip Striking:
1. Firm but not overly tight: Hold the object (e.g., racket, bat)
securely but not too tightly.
2. Consistent grip pressure: Maintain consistent pressure throughout
the stroke.
3. Grip alignment: Ensure grip alignment with the striking surface.
Stances in Striking Games:
1. Ready stance: Stand balanced and prepared to react.
2. Orthodox stance: Feet shoulder-width apart, dominant foot forward.
3. Open stance: Feet parallel to each other, body facing the target.
4. Closed stance: Feet together, body turned away from the target.
Tips:
1. Practice grip and stance regularly: Develop muscle memory.
2. Focus on balance and stability: Improve overall performance.
3. Adjust grip and stance: Adapt to different situations and
opponents.
Demonstrate the orientation when striking target object, distinguish
between underhand and forehand movement patterns
Orientation when Striking:

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1. Body positioning: Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, facing the
target.
2. Eye focus: Keep eyes on the target and track its movement.
3. Striking arm alignment: Align striking arm with the target.
4. Balance and stability: Maintain balance throughout the striking
motion.
Underhand Movement Pattern:
1. Low-to-high motion: Swing from below the object, upward.
2. Palm facing upwards: Use wrist and forearm to generate power.
3. Used for: Lifting or lobbing the object.
Forehand Movement Pattern:
1. Forward swing: Swing from front to back, using arm and wrist.
2. Palm facing downwards: Generate power from shoulder and arm.
3. Used for: Hitting with speed and precision.
Key differences:
1. Direction of swing: Underhand (low-to-high), Forehand (forward).
2. Wrist and arm motion: Underhand (wrist rotation), Forehand (arm
extension).
3. Power generation: Underhand (wrist and forearm), Forehand (shoulder
and arm).
Demonstrate the belaying techniques, state the materials used in
building a raft, construct water related equipment, perform various
water-based activities, demonstrate techniques of climbing and
abseiling, locate places and objects using given clues, demonstrate
cycling techniques in different environments.
Belaying Techniques:
1. Gripping the rope: Hold the rope securely with both hands.
2. Controlling the rope: Use a belay device to manage rope tension.
3. Feeding rope: Feed rope out or take it in smoothly.
4. Catching falls: Use proper technique to absorb impact.
Materials for Building a Raft:
1. Logs or barrels: Buoyant materials for flotation.
2. Rope or twine: For lashing logs together.
3. Wooden frame: For structural support.

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4. Waterproof materials: For sealing gaps and protecting the raft.
Constructing Water-Related Equipment:
1. Paddles: Design and build paddles for propulsion.
2. Anchors: Create anchors for stabilizing the raft.
3. Life jackets: Use materials to construct or repair life jackets.
Water-Based Activities:
1. Swimming: Various strokes and techniques.
2. Rafting: Navigating and maneuvering a raft.
3. Kayaking or canoeing: Paddling and controlling a small boat.
Climbing and Abseiling Techniques:
1. Climbing: Using hands, feet, and equipment to ascend.
2. Abseiling: Controlled descent using a rope.
Locating Places and Objects:
1. Map reading: Using maps to navigate.
2. Compass use: Orienting oneself with a compass.
3. Observation: Using visual clues to locate objects.
Cycling Techniques:
1. Balance and control: Maintaining balance and steering.
2. Pedaling: Efficient pedaling techniques.
3. Braking: Using brakes effectively.
Cycling in Different Environments:
1. Terrain adaptation: Adjusting technique for different terrain
(e.g., hills, trails).
2. Weather conditions: Riding in various weather conditions (e.g.,
rain, wind).
3. Traffic awareness: Navigating through traffic safely.
Demonstrate preparatory phase for sprints, middle and
long distance, running and race walking, execute the appropriate
sprinting techniques (pawing action) with increased speed, demonstrate
a higher level of endurance in fairly long distance, execute correct
baton exchange
Preparatory Phase:
1. Warm-up: Dynamic stretching and light cardio.
2. Muscle activation: Engage specific muscle groups.

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3. Mental preparation: Focus and visualization techniques.
Sprinting Techniques:
1. Pawing action: Quick, light foot strikes.
2. Proper posture: Maintain upright posture and engage core.
3. Arm swing: Coordinate arm swing with leg movement.
Middle and Long Distance Running:
1. Pacing: Manage energy levels and maintain consistent pace.
2. Breathing: Develop efficient breathing techniques.
3. Foot strike: Optimize foot strike pattern for efficiency.
Race Walking:
1. Technique: Maintain contact with the ground and straight leg.
2. Stride: Efficient stride length and frequency.
3. Posture: Upright posture and engaged core.
Endurance:
1. Cardiovascular training: Improve heart rate and oxygen delivery.
2. Muscle endurance: Build muscular stamina.
3. Pacing strategies: Manage energy levels for long distances.
Baton Exchange:
1. Timing: Coordinate exchange with teammate.
2. Positioning: Position yourself for smooth exchange.
3. Hand-off: Execute precise baton hand-off.
Demonstrate horizontal and vertical jumping techniques
To master horizontal and vertical jumping techniques, focus on proper
body positioning, movement, and landing. Here's a breakdown of key
techniques:
Horizontal Jumping Techniques:
- Standing Long Jump: Jump up and out, using both vertical and
horizontal components to cover maximum distance. Keep your legs long
and relaxed under your hips.
- Alternating Leg Bounds: Use short, small, and vertical bounds with
an emphasis on complete push from the ground. Cue your heels to sweep
the ground, keeping legs long and relaxed.
- Heel-Toe A-Skips: Emphasize acceleration of the put-down on one
side, with a heel-toe landing. This helps with active pull-down on
takeoffs.

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Vertical Jumping Techniques:
- Approach: Maintain constant acceleration with a smooth, connected,
and relaxed manner. Stay upright and avoid stutter steps or sudden
speed changes.
- Penultimate Step: Push into the penultimate step, covering a good
deal of ground. Your arm swing should move smoothly in unison with
your plant sequence.
- Plant Sequence: Punch the block foot aggressively, swinging it out
and into the ground at a 45° angle. Keep your torso upright and head
neutral.
- Arm Swing: Ensure your arm swing is coordinated with your leg
movement, with your wrists passing your hips at the lowest point and
ears at the highest point.
Key Principles:
- Proper Posture: Maintain upright posture and engage your core for
both horizontal and vertical jumps.
- Explosive Power: Generate power from your legs and hips to propel
yourself upward or outward.
- Landing Technique: Focus on soft, controlled landings to reduce
impact and improve technique.
Demonstrate the proper implement handling when executing a throwing
technique within a marked circle.
Key Components:
- Grip and Release Technique: Hold the discus with fingers on top of
the rim and thumb underneath, generating maximum spin and speed upon
release.
- Body Positioning: Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, facing away
from the throwing direction, and maintain balance throughout the
throw.
- Footwork: Take a small step back with your non-dominant foot, pivot
on the ball of that foot, and transfer weight onto your dominant foot.
- Throwing Circle Rules:
- Stay within the circle: Remain inside the marked circle until
the implement lands.
- No touching the top half: Avoid touching or stepping on the top
half of the ring's rim during the throw.
- One attempt per distance: Only one attempt is allowed at each
distance marking during competition.

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Additional Tips:
- Focus on technique: Mastering proper form and mechanics is crucial
for successful throws.
- Develop strength and explosiveness: Incorporate strength training
exercises to improve performance.
- Practice consistently: Regular practice helps build endurance,
stamina, and mental toughness.
- Mental preparation: Visualize success, stay calm under pressure, and
maintain focus during competition.
Demonstrate survival techniques in water
Investigate water hazards in Zimbabwe, Water Survival Techniques
- Staying Afloat: Use the "float and tread" method to conserve energy
and stay above water. Spread your body horizontally, with your ears,
shoulders, and hips aligned.
- Treading Water: Move your arms and legs in a circular motion to
maintain your position in the water.
- Swimming: Use strokes like the front crawl or breaststroke to
conserve energy and swim efficiently.
- Diving and Resurfacing: Hold your breath, dive down, and then push
back up to the surface using your arms and legs.
- Signaling for Help: Use visual signals like waving your arms or
shouting for assistance.
Water Hazards in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe faces significant water-related challenges, including:
- Water Pollution: Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage
contaminate water sources, posing health risks to humans and wildlife.
For example, Lake Chivero and Darwendale Dam are heavily polluted due
to industrial and sewage waste.
- Water Scarcity: Climate change, urbanization, and population growth
strain existing water resources, affecting agriculture, industry, and
human consumption.
- Waterborne Diseases: Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
contribute to the spread of diseases like cholera, particularly in
urban areas.
- Environmental Degradation: Deforestation, land degradation, and
pollution threaten Zimbabwe's water-related ecosystems, including
wetlands, rivers, and aquifers.
Investigating Water Hazards
To investigate water hazards in Zimbabwe, consider:

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- Monitoring Water Quality: Regularly test water sources for
pollutants, bacteria, and other contaminants.
- Assessing Infrastructure: Evaluate the condition and capacity of
water treatment plants, sewage systems, and irrigation infrastructure.
- Community Engagement: Consult with local communities, farmers, and
industries to understand their water-related challenges and concerns.
- Policy and Regulation: Review existing policies and regulations
governing water management, conservation, and protection in Zimbabwe.
Demonstrate front and back crawl techniques, execute correct diving
and tumbling turn technique.
Swimming Techniques
Front Crawl (Freestyle)
- Body Position: Maintain a horizontal body position with your ears,
shoulders, and hips aligned.
- Arm Stroke: Use a high-elbow catch and pull, with your hands
entering the water in front of your shoulders.
- Kick: Use a flutter kick, keeping your legs relaxed and your feet
together.
- Breathing: Turn your head to the side, taking a breath without
disrupting your body position.
Back Crawl (Backstroke)
- Body Position: Float on your back, with your ears, shoulders, and
hips aligned.
- Arm Stroke: Use a sculling motion with your arms, keeping them close
to the water's surface.
- Kick: Use a flutter kick, keeping your legs relaxed and your feet
together.
- Breathing: Breathe naturally, without turning your head.
Diving and Tumbling Turn Techniques
Diving
- Approach: Swim towards the wall or edge of the pool with control and
precision.
- Takeoff: Push off the wall or edge with your feet, using your legs
to generate power.
- Entry: Enter the water with your body streamlined, minimizing
splash.

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Tumbling Turn
- Approach: Swim towards the wall with control and precision.
- Flip: Use your momentum to flip your body, keeping your knees tucked
and your arms close to your body.
- Push-off: Push off the wall with your feet, using your legs to
generate power.
- Streamline: Maintain a streamlined body position as you exit the
turn.
Tips
- Practice regularly: Focus on developing efficient technique and
building endurance.
- Focus on body position: Maintain a streamlined body position to
reduce drag and improve efficiency.
- Use drills: Incorporate drills into your practice to improve
specific aspects of your technique.
State the intervals by number, identify chords of C and G
Major scale
Music Theory and Composition
Intervals by Number
- Interval: The distance between two pitches.
- Examples:
- Major 2nd: C to D
- Major 3rd: C to E
- Perfect 5th: C to G
Chords of C and G Major Scale
- C Major: C - E - G
- G Major: G - B - D
Composing Two-Bar Rhythms in Simple Common Time
- Simple Common Time: 4/4-time signature, with four beats per measure.
- Example Rhythm:
- Bar 1: C - C - G - G
- Bar 2: A - A - G - F
Constructing Musical Scales
- G Major Scale: G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - G

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- D Major Scale: D - E - F# - G - A - B - C# - D
Singing Three-Part Songs
- Harmony: Singing multiple pitches simultaneously.
- Example: Sing a melody with two harmonies, creating a three-part
harmony.
Playing Chord Progressions
- Chord Progression: A series of chords played in a specific order.
- Example: C - G - Am - F (a common progression in popular music)
Create two dimensional artworks that reflect cultural values and
myths.
Construct three dimensional
-crafts using local materials
-Creating Artworks Reflecting Cultural Values and Myths
Two-Dimensional Artworks
- Traditional Patterns: Incorporate traditional patterns and motifs
from local cultures, such as African or indigenous designs.
- Storytelling: Depict stories and myths from local cultures, using
visual elements to convey meaning and symbolism.
- Symbolism: Use symbols and imagery that hold cultural significance,
such as animals, plants, or ancestral figures.
Examples of Two-Dimensional Artworks
- Paintings: Create paintings that reflect cultural values and myths,
using a range of mediums and techniques.
- Drawings: Draw traditional patterns, motifs, and storytelling
scenes, using a variety of materials and styles.
- Printmaking: Create prints that incorporate cultural symbols and
imagery, using techniques such as relief printing or screen printing.
Constructing Three-Dimensional Crafts
Using Local Materials
- Natural Materials: Use natural materials such as wood, clay, or
plant fibers to create three-dimensional crafts.
- Recycled Materials: Use recycled materials such as paper, cardboard,
or plastic to create unique and eco-friendly crafts.
- Traditional Techniques: Incorporate traditional techniques and
methods from local cultures, such as woodcarving or pottery.
Examples of Three-Dimensional Crafts

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- Sculptures: Create sculptures that reflect cultural values and
myths, using natural or recycled materials.
- Pottery: Create pottery pieces that incorporate traditional designs
and techniques, using local clays and materials.
- Woodcarvings: Create woodcarvings that depict cultural symbols and
imagery, using traditional techniques and tools.
Cultural Significance
- Preserving Heritage: Create artworks and crafts that preserve and
promote local cultural heritage.
- Storytelling: Use art and craft to tell stories and pass on cultural
knowledge and traditions.
- Community Engagement: Engage with local communities to learn about
and incorporate their cultural values and myths into artworks and
crafts.
Constructing Artworks Using Recycled Materials
Ideas for Artworks
- Collage: Create collages using recycled paper, cardboard, or fabric.
- Assemblage: Assemble sculptures using recycled materials like
plastic bottles, cans, or wood scraps.
- Mixed Media: Combine different recycled materials, such as paper,
fabric, and found objects, to create unique artworks.
Techniques
- Upcycling: Transform discarded materials into new, valuable
artworks.
- Repurposing: Give new life to old materials by repurposing them in
creative ways.
- Experimentation: Experiment with different materials and techniques
to create innovative artworks.
Benefits
- Environmental Awareness: Create artworks that raise awareness about
waste management and sustainability.
- Creativity: Foster creativity and imagination by working with
unconventional materials.
- Community Engagement: Engage with local communities to collect and
transform recycled materials into artworks.
Examples of Artworks
- Recycled Paper Art: Create intricate paper cutouts or papier-mâché
sculptures using recycled paper.

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- Plastic Bottle Sculptures: Transform plastic bottles into sculptures
or installations that highlight environmental issues.
- Fabric Collages: Use recycled fabric scraps to create vibrant
collages or textile artworks.

Blocking Rules
Purpose of Blocking
- Visual Storytelling: Blocking helps to create a visual narrative,
conveying emotions, relationships, and actions.
- Stage Picture: Blocking contributes to the overall stage picture,
creating a cohesive and engaging visual composition.
Rules Applied in Blocking
- Levels: Use different levels (e.g., standing, sitting, lying down)
to create visual interest and convey character relationships.
- Proximity: Use proximity to convey relationships, intimacy, or
distance between characters.
- Movement: Use movement to convey character emotions, intentions, and
actions.
- Focus: Direct the audience's attention to specific characters or
actions through blocking.
Applying Blocking Rules
Executing Actors' Use of Movement and Levels
- Character Development: Use blocking to reveal character traits,
emotions, and relationships.
- Scene Dynamics: Create dynamic scenes by varying blocking, movement,
and levels.
- Audience Engagement: Engage the audience by creating a visually
appealing and cohesive stage picture.
Improvising a Play
Guided by Text, Subtext, and Given Circumstances
- Text: Use the script as a foundation for improvisation, staying true
to character dialogue and actions.
- Subtext: Explore the underlying emotions, motivations, and
intentions of characters to add depth to the improvisation.
- Given Circumstances: Consider the context, setting, and
circumstances of the scene to inform improvisational choices.
Developing Themes and Storylines

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Formulating Storylines
- Theme Development: Explore themes relevant to the level and
audience, such as identity, community, or social justice.
- Storyline Creation: Create engaging storylines that incorporate
themes, characters, and plot developments.
- Level Appropriateness: Ensure that storylines and themes are
suitable for the level and audience, considering factors like age,
sensitivity, and complexity.
Identifying Dance Movement Problems
Some common issues dancers face include:
- Rhythm and Timing: Struggling to stay in sync with the music or
other dancers.
- Spatial Awareness: Difficulty understanding and utilizing personal
and general space effectively.
- Movement Quality: Issues with conveying emotion and intention
through movement.
- Coordination: Challenges with executing complex movements or
sequences.
- Expression: Trouble conveying the intended message or emotion
through dance.
Demonstrating Imitative and Creative Dance Patterns
To develop imitative dance patterns:
- Observe and Mimic: Study a dance style or choreographer's work and
replicate their movements.
- Practice and Refine: Repeat and refine the movements to build muscle
memory.
For creative dance patterns:
- Experiment with Different Styles: Combine elements from various
dance styles to create something unique.
- Play with Rhythm and Timing: Experiment with different rhythms,
tempos, and accents to add complexity.
- Use Improvisation: Improvise movements in response to music,
emotions, or themes to create authentic and dynamic sequences.
Creating Dance Movement with Different Musical Rhythms and Styles
Some popular rhythms and styles to explore:
- Syncopated Rhythms: Accenting off-beats or unexpected moments in the
music.

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- Polyrhythms: Combining multiple rhythms simultaneously.
- Swing Rhythms: Characterized by a distinctive back-and-forth motion.
- Waltz Rhythms: Smooth and flowing movements in 3/4 time.
Some dance styles to consider:
- Salsa: High-energy dance with intricate footwork and hip movements.
- Ballet: Elegant and precise movements with a focus on technique.
- Hip-Hop: Dynamic and expressive dance style with fluid movements.
To create dance movements with different rhythms and styles, try:
- Listening to the Music: Pay attention to the rhythm, melody, and
tempo.
- Experimenting with Movement: Let the music guide your movements and
explore different styles.
- Practicing and Refining: Repeat and refine your movements to build
confidence and mastery.
Let's dive into interpreting elements of art and principles of design
in Zimbabwean art, critiquing works that reflect cultural and social
practices, and analyzing aesthetic qualities.
Interpreting Elements of Art
Zimbabwean art often incorporates symbolic elements that convey deeper
meanings. For instance:
- Line and Shape: The use of lines and shapes in Zimbabwean art can
represent connections between people, nature, and the spiritual realm.
The staffs carried by Spirit Mediums, for example, feature intricate
carvings that symbolize authority and spiritual power.
- Color: Earthy tones and natural colors are prominent in Zimbabwean
art, reflecting the country's rich cultural heritage and connection to
the land.
- Texture: The use of different textures, such as the rough stone used
in soapstone sculptures, adds depth and tactility to Zimbabwean art.
Critiquing Works of Art
Zimbabwean art reflects cultural and social practices in various ways:
- Spirituality: The Spirit Mediums' staffs and sculptures often depict
animals like lions, snakes, and crocodiles, which symbolize
transcendence and the connection between physical and metaphysical
worlds.
- Community: Zimbabwean art frequently emphasizes community and social
bonds, reflecting the country's strong cultural heritage and
collective identity.

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- History: Artworks like the soapstone birds from Great Zimbabwe
demonstrate a rich history and cultural significance, showcasing the
country's ancient civilizations.
Analyzing Aesthetic Qualities
Zimbabwean art is known for its unique aesthetic qualities:
- Expressive Forms: Zimbabwean sculptures, such as those created by
Dominic Benhura and Tapfuma Gutsa, showcase expressive forms that
blend traditional and modern styles.
- Cultural Narratives: Paintings by artists like Portia Zvavahera and
Kudzanai Chiurai tell stories about Zimbabwean culture, history, and
identity, often incorporating vibrant colors and bold compositions.
- Symbolism: The use of symbols, like the Zimbabwe bird motif, adds
depth and meaning to artworks, reflecting the country's rich cultural
heritage and national identity ¹ ².
Some notable Zimbabwean artists to explore further:
- Sculptors: Dominic Benhura, Tapfuma Gutsa, and Bernard Matemera
- Painters: Portia Zvavahera, Kudzanai Chiurai, and Virginia Chihota
These artists have made significant contributions to Zimbabwe's
contemporary art scene, pushing boundaries and exploring new ways to
express cultural identity and social commentary.
Internet Ethics in Physical Education and Arts
- Respect Copyright: Ensure proper citation and permission when using
digital resources, images, or music in Physical Education and Arts.
- Safe Online Environment: Foster a safe and respectful online
community, promoting positive interactions and protecting personal
information.
- Digital Citizenship: Educate students about responsible digital
behavior, online etiquette, and the consequences of cyberbullying or
harassment.
Creating Digital Content
- Copyright Awareness: Understand copyright laws and regulations,
obtaining necessary permissions or using Creative Commons licensed
materials.
- Intellectual Property Respect: Acknowledge and credit creators,
respecting their intellectual property rights.
- Original Content: Encourage students to create original digital
content, promoting creativity and innovation.
Motion Analysis Software and Data Visualization

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- Movement Pattern Analysis: Utilize software like Kinovea, Dartfish,
or Vicon to analyze movement patterns, identifying areas for
improvement.
- Data Visualization: Apply data visualization tools to represent
movement data, facilitating insights and informed decision-making.
- Arts Data Analysis: Use data visualization to analyze and interpret
data related to arts, such as audience engagement, ticket sales, or
social media metrics.
Applications in Physical Education and Arts
- Performance Analysis: Use motion analysis software to assess
athletic performance, providing feedback and improving technique.
- Choreography Analysis: Apply motion analysis to evaluate dance
choreography, identifying patterns and areas for improvement.
- Audience Engagement: Use data visualization to understand audience
behavior and preferences, informing marketing and programming
decisions.
By embracing internet ethics, respecting intellectual property, and
leveraging motion analysis and data visualization technologies,
Physical Education and Arts can benefit from innovative approaches to
teaching, learning, and performance analysis.
Wearable Technology and Machine Learning
- Fitness Tracking: Wearable devices like smartwatches or fitness
trackers can monitor physical activity, heart rate, and other health
metrics.
- Machine Learning Algorithms: Analyze data from wearables to provide
personalized fitness recommendations, track progress, and identify
patterns.
- Artistic Patterns: Use machine learning-generated patterns to create
visually stunning art pieces, incorporating fitness data or other
variables.
Digital Radio Work Stations
- Music Production: Use digital audio workstations (DAWs) like Ableton
Live, FL Studio, or Logic Pro to create and produce music.
- Sound Design: Experiment with sound effects, synthesizers, and audio
processing techniques to create unique sounds.
- Collaboration: Share and collaborate on music projects with others,
using online platforms and cloud-based DAWs.
Graphic Design Principles
- Visual Hierarchy: Organize elements to guide the viewer's attention
and create a clear visual flow.

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- Color Theory: Apply color principles to evoke emotions, convey
meaning, and enhance visual appeal.
- Typography: Select fonts and typography styles that communicate the
message and fit the context.
Applications in Physical Education and Arts
- Fitness Programs: Use wearable technology and machine learning to
create personalized fitness programs, tracking progress and providing
feedback.
- Artistic Expression: Apply machine learning-generated patterns and
graphic design principles to create innovative art pieces, exploring
new forms of creative expression.
- Physical Education Materials: Design effective educational
materials, such as posters, brochures, or websites, using graphic
design principles to promote physical activity and healthy lifestyles.
By combining wearable technology, machine learning, digital music
production, and graphic design, you can create innovative projects
that intersect fitness, art, and technology.
Careers in Physical Education and Arts
- Physical Education: Careers include physical education teachers,
coaches, athletic trainers, sports managers, and fitness instructors.
- Arts: Careers encompass artists, graphic designers, musicians,
dancers, actors, art therapists, and arts administrators.
Digital Portfolios for Job Applications
- Showcase Work: Include samples of work, projects, or performances
that demonstrate skills and accomplishments.
- Tailor Content: Customize the portfolio for each job application,
highlighting relevant experience and skills.
- Digital Platforms: Utilize platforms like Behance, Wix, or WordPress
to create and host digital portfolios.
Constructing Instruments and Equipment
- Physical Education: Design and build equipment for sports, fitness,
or recreational activities, such as obstacle courses or training aids.
- Arts: Create instruments or equipment for music, dance, or visual
arts, like custom musical instruments or art installations.
Exhibiting Performances
- Physical Education: Host sports events, fitness classes, or wellness
workshops to showcase physical education programs.
- Arts: Organize exhibitions, concerts, plays, or dance performances
to display artistic talents and achievements.

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Ethical Decision Making
- Technology Use: Ensure technology is used responsibly and ethically
in Physical Education and Arts, respecting privacy and intellectual
property.
- Fairness and Respect: Promote fairness, respect, and inclusivity in
all aspects of Physical Education and Arts.
Intellectual Property
- Copyright Awareness: Understand copyright laws and regulations,
respecting the intellectual property rights of creators.
- Proper Attribution: Provide proper attribution and credit to
original creators when using their work in Physical Education and Arts
materials.
By understanding careers, creating digital portfolios, constructing
equipment, exhibiting performances, applying ethical decision-making,
and respecting intellectual property, individuals can succeed in
Physical Education and Arts fields

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