Cu 1: Khi nim vn ti hng khng? V tr, i tng vn chuyn, c im (u, nhc im), cc thit b xp d?

Khi nim: - Theo ngha rng: vn ti hng khng l tp hp cc yu t kinh t - k thut, nhm khai thc vic chuyn ch bng my bay 1 cch c hiu qu. - Theo ngha hp: vn ti hng khng l s di chuyn ca my bay trong khng trung, hay c th hn l hnh thc vn chuyn hnh khch, hng ha, hnh l, bu kin t 1 a im ny n 1 a im khc bng my bay. V tr ca vn ti hng khng: - Vn ti hng khng chim 20-30% tng kim ngch ca bun bn quc t, nhng ch chim khong 1-2 % tng khi lng hng ha trong chuyn ch quc t. - L pthc VT quan trng trong TMQT v c bit pht trin mnh m trong ~ nm gn y. - C v tr s mt trong vic vn chuyn hng ha giao khn cp, giao ngay nh: nhng mt hng p ng thi c th trng, cu tr, hng nhy cm v thi gian, hng c gi tr cao. - C v tr quan trng trong vic giao lu kinh t gia cc nc, l cu ni gia cc nn vn ha ca cc dn tc, quc gia trn th gii. L phng tin chnh trong du lch quc t. - L mt xch quan trng trong qu trnh t chc vn ti a phng thc quc t.

Vn ti hng khng c v tr quan trng i vi nn kinh t TG ni chung v bun bn quc t ni ring.

i tng vn chuyn ca vn ti hng khng: - Hng ha c gi tr cao. - Bu kin, bu phm. - Hng cu tr, sch bo. - Hng chuyn pht nhanh, khn. - Hng ha nh, nh. c im ca vn ti hng khng: u im: - Tuyn ng trong vn ti hng khng l khng trung v ng thng gip rt ngn khong cch vn chuyn. t ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh v hon cnh a l. - Tc vn ti cao 800-1000 km/h, gp 27 ln tc tu bin, 10 ln tc t, 8 ln tc ng st. Tnh c ng cao, kh nng khai thc ln, thi gian vn chuyn nhanh. - Vn ti an ton nht, u n, thi gian bay ngn nn t gp ri ro, t b tc ng bi cc k thin nhin trong hnh trnh chuyn ch,so vi cc ptin VT khc th t b tn tht nht. Ph BH < 10% vn chuyn ng bin. - Cung cp dch v cht lng cao, tin nghi, hin i, cc th tc giy t n gin hn hn cc phng thc vn ti khc do my bay thng bay thng, t qua cc trm ng kim Nhc im: - Cc vn ti hng khng cao nht: gp 8 ln vn ti ng bin, 2-4 ln vn ti ng st v t. - i tng vn chuyn hn ch, v khng thch hp i vi ~ mt hng c gtr thp, hng cng knh, klng ln. - Ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit. - i hi vn u t ln v c s vt cht k thut, phng tin, o to nhn lc... Cc thit b xp d: Cng c xp d ti sn bay: ty thuc vo v tr, lung hng, hnh khch ti sn bay. - Xe vn chuyn container/ pallet. - Xe nng hng xp d container v pallet. - Thit b nng container/ pallet. - Gi hay r-moc dng ch container/ pallet. - Bng chuyn hng ri. 1

n v xp d trn my bay: to iu kin thun li cho vic xp hng ln, xung my bay, cn thit phi tp hp hng ho thnh tng n v ph hp vi kch thc ca khoang my bay, cc dn v nh th gi l ULD. Cc ULD c kch thc tiu chun , ph hp vi kch thc khoang my bay v l mt b phn ca my bay. Cu 2. Cc quy tc v vn ti hng khng quc t: (c s php l) Vn ti hng khng quc t c iu chnh ch yu bng cc Cng c, Quy tc, Ngh nh th. - Cng c Vacsava 1929, cng c c chia thnh 5 chng v 41 iu khong. + Ngh nh th Hague 9/1955 + Cng c Guadalajara 1961 + Hip nh Montreal 1966 + Hip nh Guatamela 1971 + Ngh nh Montreal s 1,2,3,4 c k 1975 Cc vn bn ny u tp trung vo c s trch nhim cng nh gii hn trch nhim, min trch, bi thng cho NCC. Cu 3. Trch nhim ca NCC hng khng( quc t) i vi hng ha. Cu 3A. Trnh by thi hn trch nhim, c s trch nhim v gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng hng khng theo cng c hin hnh (Vassava 1929)? a) Thi han trach nhim: NCC co tr/nhim vi hh t khi nhn hang t ngi gi hang n khi giao xong hang cho ngi nhn sn bay n (bao gm cac chng t kho n may bay i, t may bay n n kho or cac chng chuyn tai). Trach nhim cua NCC cao dn n cc phi cao. b) C s trach nhim: NCC hang ko co tr/nhim /v nhng tn tht, mt mat, h hong, chm giao hang xay ra cho hh, tr trng hp chng minh c minh ko co li (ap dung theo ng.tc Suy oan li ging Hamburg) - /v hh bi tn tht, h hong, chu hang phai thng bao tn tht cho NCC chm nht trong vong 14 ngay k t ngay nhn hang. /v hang chm giao, phai thng bao tn tht cho NCC trong vong 21 ngay k t ngay ang le hang c giao nhng ko c giao. /v hang bi mt, chu hang phai thng bao cho NCC trong vong 21 ngay k t ngay hh bi tuyn b mt tich. Nu NCC ko chiu tr/nhim /v tn tht trn thi chu hang c quyn khiu nai NCC trong thi han 2 nm k t ngay phat sinh s kin khiu nai. c) Gii han tr/nhim: (S tin ti a ma NCC phai bi thng khi hh bi tn tht trong pham vi gii han tr/nh cua minh) 250 Frc vang/kg or 17 SDR/kg (ap dung /v thanh vin cua IMF) or 20 USD/kg Cu 4: Vn n hng khng. a) Khi nim: L = chng cua H chuyn ch = ng hang koda94 c ki kt, l bng chng NCC a nhn hang t ngi gi hang & cam kt se giao hang cho ngi nhn sn bay n. VHK con la c s giai quyt tranh chp gia chu hang & NCC vi trn VHK co cac k, iu khoan cua H chuyn ch. b) Chc nng: - L bng chng ca H chuyn ch = ng hang ko a c ky kt gia NCC & ngi gi hang. (co y u cac k, iu khoan la c s phap ly giai quyt tranh chp. + Chi do n phng NCC ky phat. + Cac k, iu khoan trong Airwaybill la c inh, ko thoa thun c) - La = chng chng nhn vic nhn hang cua NCC hang ko (bin lai nhn hng cua NCC). - Giy chng nhn bo him. (+ Nu hh v/chuyn = ng hang ko bi tn tht trong pham vi tr/nhim cua NCC thi NCC se co tr/nhim bi thng cho nhng tn tht y theo s tin bao him hh vi vai tro la 1 ngi bao him. + Nu trn VHK ko co s tin bao him thi V nay ko co chc nng la chng th BH, khi hh bi tn tht trong pham vi tr/nhim cua NCC thi NCC se chi bi thng theo mc gii han tr/nhim ma Cng c quy inh.) - Chng t khai hi quan: phai co tn hang, quy cach phm cht, gia tri hh, (+ Vi VHK co chc nng la t khai hai quan nn ngi NK co th dung VHK khai hai quan NK ma ko cn m b t khai hai quan NK khac. + Ko phai Airwaybill nao cung co chc nng nay. +Chi nhng Airwaybill nao co th hin gia tri khai bao hai quan thi co chc nng t khai hai quan.) 2

- Bng hng dn /v nhn vin hng ko. (Nhin vao V, cac nhn vin hang ko bit c cach sp xp, chm soc & bao quan hh cung nh cach phn phi , giao nhn hang) - Ha n thanh ton cc ph. Ngoai ra, VHK con co cha nng la t khai gia tri hh nghia la cho bit hh co g/tri la bao nhiu khi hh bi tn tht, NCC se bi thng ung g/tri hh ni n ch ko theo mc gii han tr/nhim. Tuy nhin, thc hin c iu nay, chu hang phai np thm cho NCC 1 khoan phi goi la phi k khai g/tri_ valuation charge. c) Phn loi: *Cn c vao i tng phat hanh V: - Airline AWB: L V do hang hng ko pht hnh trc tip cho khach hang. V ny c use khi hang hng ko l ngi chuyn ch hng ko. - Vn n trung lp (Neutral AWB): do NCC ko co may bay phat hanh, la cac ai ly vn chuyn, cac c/ty giao nhn hang ko. *Cn c vao muc ich s dung: - VHK ch(Master AWB): L loai V do hang hng ko phat hanh cho cac ai ly, ngi gom hng, khi ngi ny gi cho hang hng ko 1 l hng gm nhiu ch hng. (ging Airline AWB) - VHK gom hng (House AWB): L V do cac ai ly, ngi gom hang phat hanh cho khach hang. (ban cht la Neutral AWB) VHK lun la V gc, tron b 3 ban gc cung vi 8-11 ban copy (mau khac nhau). d) Lut iu chnh: - Cng c Vassava 1929. - Nghi inh th Hague 1995. - Cng c Guadalajara 1961. - Hip inh Montreal nm 1966. - Nghi inh th Guatemala 1971. - Nghi inh th Montreal 1975 s 1, 2, 3, 4. So snh s ging v khc nhau gia AWB v B/L: Ging nhau gia AWB v B/L: -L bng chng ca hp ng vn ti c k kt. -L bin lai nhn hng ch. Khc nhau gia AWB v B/L: B/L - C chc nng chng t s hu. - Khng l ha n thanh ton cc ph, ch ghi l cc ph tr trc hay tr sau. - Khng l giy chng nhn bo him. -C th gi ring vi hng ha. - C th l vn n xp hay vn n nhn xp. - L chng t vn chuyn bng ng bin. - Khng c bn hng dn nhn vin. - Khng c chc nng l t khai hi quan. AWB - Khng c chc nng chng t s hu. - L ha n thanh ton cc ph. - L giy chng nhn bo him. - Gi chung vi hng ha. - Lun l chng t nhn xp. - L chng t vn chuyn bng ng hng khng. - C bn hng dn nhn vin. - C chc nng l t khai hi quan.

Cu 5. Khi nim cc hng khng ? Phn loi cc hng khng ? Khi nim: l khon tin m ch hng phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch hng ko cho vic vn chuyn hng ha t sn bay ny n sn bay khc. - Cc ph hng ko ko bao gm cc ph ph. C s tnh cc: + Da vo trng lng ( i vi hng nng) + Da vo th tch i vi hng nh + Da vo gi tr nu hng qu him. 3

 Phn loi cc hng khng: - Cc hng bch ha thng thng ( General cargo Rates- GCR): p dng cho nhng hng ho thng thng, dng lm c s tnh cc cho cc mt hng ko c cc ring.Cc ny tnh theo c s trng lng hng ha, gi cng nhiu th cc ph cng thp. Trng lng ti thiu tnh cc l 45kg tnh gi. - Cc phn loi hng (Commodity Box Rate-CBR): cc ny tnh theo tnh cht v gi tr ca hng ha. Thng c th hin bng s % ca cc bch ho hoc 1 khon ph thm vo cc hng bch ho v c p dng cho 1 t mt hng trong hoc gia cc khu vc quy nh. Vd: Cc ng vt sng = 150% GCR Cc hng gi tr cao = 200% GCR - Cc tnh cho mi loi hng( Freight All Kinds- FAK): l cc tnh nh nhau cho mi loi hng, cc ny tnh theo khi lng hng ha v p dng cho tt c cc mt hng v khng phn bit loi hng ha l loi g. Nhng ko p dng cho hng d h hng, ng vt sng, hng gi tr cao. - Cc container ( Container Rates-CR): l gi cc tnh theo container, nu hng ha ng trong container thch hp vi vic vn chuyn bng my bay th s p dng gi cc h hn. - Cc ti thiu ( Minimum Rates): L gi cc thp nht c th vn chuyn cho trng lng hng ha ti thiu, c tnh n chi ph c nh m hng hng ko phi chi ra vn chuyn. - Cc c bit ( Specific Commodity Rates) : thng thp hn cc hng bch ha v p dng cho hng ha c bit trn nhng ng bay nht nh. Mc ch cc ny l thu ht khch hng tn dng kh nng chuyn ch ca hng hng khng. - Cc u tin/ hng nhanh- Priority Rates): cc ny p dng cho nhng l hng c yu cu gi gp trong vng 3 gi k t khi giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch. Cc ny thng = 130-140 % cc hng bch ha , do cc hng hng khng khuyn khch gi hng chm h ch ng hn trong sp xp vn chuyn. - Cc hng chm (Deferred Rates): mc cc p dng cho hng ha khng cn vn chuyn nhanh, ng lch, cc ny thng thng bng 80% cc hng bch ha. - Cc tnh theo n v ng gi hng ha ( ULD Rates): l cc tnh cho hng chuyn ch trong cc ULD c thit k theo tiu chun IATA. Cc ny ko phn bit s lng, chng loi hng ha m ch cn c vo s lng, chng loi ULD, s lng ULD cng ln th cc cng gim. Cc ny cao hn so vi cc hng bch ha thng thng. - Cc gi tr: Tnh theo gi tr hng ho k khai. - Cc thu bao my bay: cc thu c my bay. Cc hay dng nht : -Cc hng bch ha thng thng- FAK -Cc tnh cho mi loi hng -GCR -Cc ti thiu -M Cu 7: Trch nhim i vi vn ti hng khng Vit Nam: Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng c ban hnh theo lut hng khng dn dng Vit Nam nm 12/1981 v c sa i b sung vo 4/1995 v bn th l chuyn ch hng khng quc t 10/ 1993. Thi hn trch nhim: - Ngi chuyn ch hng ha phi chu trch nhim t khi nhn hng ch t sn bay i cho ti khi giao hng cho ngi nhn ti sn bay n. + Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng l t sn bay n sn bay, khng vt ra khi phm vi sang cc phng thc vn ti khc. + Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch c m rng ra phm vi cc phng thc vn ti khc th lc ny n tr thnh MTO v chu s chi phi ca iu lut MTO. C s trch nhim: - Trch nhim: + Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim trc nhng tn tht thit hi i vi hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 4

+ Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim trc nhng tn tht, thit hi chm tr gy nn, nu khng chng minh c mnh p dng tt c cc bin php hn ch nhng thit hi nhng tn tht vn xy ra. - Ngi chuyn ch c min 1 phn hay ton b trch nhim i vi nhng tn tht hng ha do cc nguyn nhn sau y: + Do c tnh t nhin hoc khuyt tt vn c ca hng ha. + Do hnh ng bt gi hay cng ch ca nh chc trch hoc ta n. + Do xung t v trang. + Do li ca ngi gi hng hoc i din ca ngi gi hng hay ngi i p ti. Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch: - Nu hng c k khai gi tr trn t vn n th gi tr k khai chnh l gii hn trch nhim bi thng cao nht. Nu chng minh c gi tr k khai ln hn gi tr thc t th ngi chuyn ch s bi thng theo gi tr thc t. - Nu hng khng c k khai gi tr th theo lut hng khng dn dng vit nam c 2 quy nh nh sau: + i vi hng ha b h hng, thiu ht v mt trng lng th gii hn trch nhim gi tr bi thng khng qu 17 SDR/kg gn bng 20 USD/kg. + i vi hnh khch gii hn trch nhim ln ti 100.000SDR/tn tht ton b. + i vi hnh l gi, xch tay b h hng, thiu ht, b chm tr th bi thng 1.000SDR, bi thng theo tnh cht bnh qun. Trong trng hp chm tr th 4.500SDR/1 hnh khch.