COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

(CAD) LECTURE SERIES

Target: ICT Students (Certificate or Diploma Level)

Lecture Notes

✅ LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

1.1 Definition of CAD

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) refers to the use of computer software to create,

modify, analyze, and optimize designs. It is used in various fields like engineering,
architecture, product design, and more.

In simple terms: CAD replaces manual drawing with a

computer-based design process.

1.2 Purpose of CAD

The main purpose of CAD is to:

Improve design accuracy

Increase efficiency

Enhance productivity

Support modifications and simulations

Reduce errors and waste

1.3 Fields Where CAD Is Used

 Field Application Example
Architecture House plans, building structures
Engineering Mechanical parts, engines
Electronics Circuit boards, wiring diagrams
Fashion
Clothing patterns
Design
Automotive Car body design, engine layout
Room layout and furniture
Interior Design
placement

1.4 Importance of CAD in ICT

As ICT professionals, understanding CAD helps in:

Designing network layouts

Planning infrastructure systems

Creating user interface mockups

Preparing documentation and schematics

1.5 Types of CAD Software

Software Description
General-purpose CAD software by
AutoCAD
Autodesk
SolidWor
3D mechanical design software
ks
SketchU
Simple 3D modeling for architecture
p
TinkerCA
Basic 3D design (web-based)
D
FreeCAD Open-source CAD software
Revit Building Information Modeling (BIM)

1.6 2D vs. 3D CAD

Feature 2D CAD 3D CAD

Dimension Height and width only Height, width, and depth
Floor plans, wiring Machine parts, 3D
Example Use
diagrams buildings
File Size Smaller Larger due to complexity
Visualization Flat drawings Realistic models
1.7 Advantages of CAD

Time-saving – faster than manual drafting.

Accuracy – precise measurements and scaling.

Easy editing – modify designs without redrawing.

3D Visualization – see how a final product looks.

Storage and Sharing – store digital files easily.

1.8 Disadvantages of CAD

High initial cost – software and training can be expensive.

Technical skills required – users need training.

Power-dependent – needs electricity and devices.

Software updates – frequent changes may require retraining.

1.9 Common CAD File Types

File
Description
Type
.DWG Drawing file used in AutoCAD
Drawing Exchange Format
.DXF
(interchange)
.STL Used for 3D printing
.OBJ 3D object file format
.SKP SketchUp project file

✅ Examples

Example 1:

A civil engineer uses AutoCAD to draw a floor plan of a

three-bedroom house. They can easily change room
sizes, move walls, and preview the final structure in 3D.

📝 Summary of Lecture 1:
 CAD is the use of computer systems to assist in design.

It is widely used in engineering, architecture, fashion, electronics, and ICT.

CAD improves accuracy, speeds up the design process, and allows better
visualization.

CAD software comes in many types, and files are stored in specific formats
like .DWG, .DXF, or .STL.

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
(CAD)
✅ LECTURE 2: COMPONENTS AND
FEATURES OF CAD SYSTEMS

In this lesson, we’ll explore the essential components that make up a CAD system
and the key features that users rely on when working with CAD software.

2.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CAD

SYSTEM
A typical CAD system is made up of both hardware and software components.

2.1.1 Hardware Components

Componen
Description
t
A powerful machine with high RAM, CPU speed, and
Computer
GPU for rendering 3D models.
A large, high-resolution screen is preferred for detailed
Monitor
design work.
Input Devices used to draw and interact with software.
Devices Includes mouse, keyboard, stylus, or digitizer tablet.
Output Devices for printing or plotting designs, such as
Devices printers or plotters.
Storage Used to save projects and backups (HDDs, SSDs,
Componen
Description
t
Devices cloud).
Graphics A high-end GPU helps render complex 3D models
Card smoothly.

💽 2.1.2 Software Components

Software
Description
Part
CAD Main design software such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks,
Software etc.
Operating
Supports CAD programs (e.g., Windows, Linux).
System
Device
Drivers for plotters, printers, and input devices.
Drivers
Plug-ins/Add- Additional tools or features to enhance software
ons capabilities.

2.2 FEATURES OF CAD SOFTWARE

CAD software includes several built-in tools and functions. These features help in
creating, modifying, and managing designs easily.

2.2.1 Drawing and Drafting Tools

Line, Circle, Rectangle, Ellipse – to create basic shapes.

Polyline – a series of connected lines and curves.

Spline – smooth curves used in freeform design.

Example: In AutoCAD, the LINE tool allows you to draw straight lines between two
points using coordinates.

2.2.2 Editing Tools

Move – reposition objects.

Rotate – turn objects around a point.

Scale – resize an object.

 Trim – cut off excess lines.

Extend – lengthen objects to meet another

Example: You can select a rectangle and use the SCALE tool to double its size or the
ROTATE tool to spin it 90 degrees.

2.2.3 Layers

CAD software supports layer management to organize drawings.

You can assign different elements to different layers (e.g., walls, windows,
electrical).

Benefits of Layers:

Better control and organization.

Can hide/show parts of the drawing.

Apply different colors, line types, and thicknesses.

2.2.4 Dimensioning and Annotation

Dimensioning tools allow accurate measurements to be displayed.

Annotation tools allow text, labels, or notes to be added.

Tool Use
Linear Measures straight-line
Dimension distance.
Radial/
Measures angles or arcs.
Angular
Text Tool Adds comments or labels.

2.2.5 Object Snapping and Grids

Object Snap (OSNAP): Helps in selecting exact points like midpoint,

endpoint, or center.

Grid & Snap Settings: Shows reference lines to help align objects accurately
2.2.6 2D and 3D Design Capabilities

CAD software supports both 2D drafting and 3D modeling.

Users can extrude 2D shapes into 3D objects, apply materials, and render
them.

2.2.7 Zoom and Pan

Zoom: Get a closer view of the drawing.

Pan: Move the view without changing zoom.

2.2.8 Printing and Plotting

CAD systems allow users to print drawings to scale using plotters or

printers.

Options include paper size, scale, orientation, and title blocks.

2.2.9 File Management

Save, export, and import different file types like:

.dwg, .dxf, .pdf, .stl

Features like:

Save As

Auto Save

Version control

✅ Examples

Example 1:

A designer draws a house floor plan using the LINE,

CIRCLE, and RECTANGLE tools in 2D. Then, they
 assign doors and furniture to different layers and use
the TEXT tool to label each room.

Example 2:

An engineer uses the EXTRUDE command in 3D mode

to convert a 2D gear sketch into a solid model. Later,
the model is exported as .STL for 3D printing.

📝 Summary of Lecture 2:

A CAD system is made up of hardware (PC, input/output devices) and

software (CAD software, OS, plugins).

CAD software includes essential tools like drawing, editing, layering,

dimensioning, and 3D modeling.

Features such as object snap, zoom, and file management improve precision
and productivity.

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
(CAD)
✅ LECTURE 3: BASIC 2D DRAWING AND
DRAFTING TECHNIQUES IN CAD

🎯 Objective of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Understand the concept of 2D drawing in CAD.

Use basic drawing tools such as line, circle, rectangle, and arc.

Use coordinate systems to draw accurately.

Apply modification tools like move, copy, rotate, trim.

Create accurate technical 2D drawings.

3.1 WHAT IS 2D DRAWING IN CAD?
2D drawing refers to flat representations of objects. These drawings are limited to
two dimensions – length (X-axis) and height (Y-axis).

Think of 2D drawings like a blueprint, floor plan, or a

wiring diagram—they have no depth but show precise
measurements and positions.

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE DRAWING

AREA
When you open CAD software (like AutoCAD), you are presented with a drawing
workspace, also known as the model space.

Key Areas of the Interface:

Command Line – where you type commands.

Toolbar/Ribbon – contains drawing/modification tools.

Drawing Area – black or white space where the design is drawn.

Status Bar – shows snap, grid, ortho, coordinates, etc.

Coordinate Display – shows your cursor's X and Y positions.

3.3 UNDERSTANDING COORDINATE

SYSTEMS
CAD drawings are based on a Cartesian coordinate system.

Types of Coordinate Entry:

Method Description Example

Absolute
Measured from origin (0,0). Type: @10,5
Coordinates
Relative Measured from last point Type: @5,0 (move 5
Coordinates using “@”. units right)
 Method Description Example
Polar Type: @10<45 (10
Uses angle and distance.
Coordinates units at 45°)
Direct
Move the mouse in a Move right → type 10
Distance
direction, then type distance. and press Enter
Entry

3.4 BASIC 2D DRAWING TOOLS

3.4.1 LINE Tool

Used to draw straight lines between two points.

Steps to draw a line:

Type LINE or click the Line icon.

Click the start point or type X,Y coordinates.

Move the mouse or enter next point.

Press Enter or Esc to finish.

Example:
To draw a 10-unit horizontal line starting from origin:

Command: LINE

First point: 0,0

Next point: 10,0

Press Enter

3.4.2 RECTANGLE Tool

Creates four-sided shapes with 90° angles.

Steps to draw a rectangle:

Type RECTANGLE or click the icon.

Specify first corner (e.g., 0,0).

 Specify opposite corner (e.g., 10,5).

This draws a 10x5 unit rectangle.

3.4.3 CIRCLE Tool

Draws a circle by center point and radius or diameter.

Steps:

Type CIRCLE.

Specify center (e.g., 5,5).

Type radius (e.g., 2).

You can also choose Diameter from the command options.

3.4.4 ARC Tool

Creates a curved segment of a circle.

Three-point method:

Type ARC.

Specify start point, second point, and end point.

This draws a smooth curve through three points.

3.4.5 POLYGON Tool

Creates shapes with equal sides (e.g., triangle, pentagon, hexagon).

Steps:

Type POLYGON.

Enter number of sides (e.g., 6 for hexagon).

Specify center (e.g., 5,5).

Choose:
 Inscribed in circle – fits inside circle.

Circumscribed about circle – surrounds circle.

Specify radius (e.g., 3).

3.5 OBJECT SNAPS (OSNAP)

Object Snap allows precise selection of points on existing objects.

Common Osnap Options:

Option Description
Endpoint Snaps to end of a line
Midpoint Snaps to center of a line
Center Snaps to center of circle
Intersectio
Snaps to crossing point
n
Perpendicu
Snaps to a 90° point
lar

Shortcut: Press F3 to turn Osnap ON/OFF.

3.6 MODIFY TOOLS

✂️3.6.1 MOVE Tool

Moves objects to a different location.

Steps:

Type MOVE.

Select object(s) → Press Enter.

Specify base point (e.g., 0,0).

Specify new point (e.g., 10,0).

📋 3.6.2 COPY Tool

 Duplicates an object in another location.

Steps:

Type COPY.

Select object(s) → Press Enter.

Pick base point and target point.

🌀 3.6.3 ROTATE Tool

Rotates object around a base point.

Steps:

Type ROTATE.

Select object(s) → Press Enter.

Pick base point.

Enter angle (e.g., 90).

✂️3.6.4 TRIM Tool

Cuts off overlapping or extra parts of lines.

Steps:

Type TRIM.

Select cutting edge(s) → Enter.

Select parts to trim → Enter.

➕ 3.6.5 EXTEND Tool

Extends a line until it meets another object.

Steps:

Type EXTEND.
 Select boundary edge → Enter.

Select line to extend.

3.7 ORTHO MODE AND GRID

Ortho Mode (F8): Restricts movement to 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. Useful for
straight lines.

Grid Display: Shows a grid of dots for alignment.

Snap Mode: Moves the cursor in fixed increments (like 1 unit)

✅ Examples
Example 1: Drawing a Room Layout

Steps:

Draw a rectangle (length 20, width 15) using RECTANGLE.

Use LINE to divide the space into rooms.

Use TEXT or MTEXT to label each room.

Use TRIM to clean overlapping walls.

Use DIMLINEAR to show measurements.

Example 2: Drawing a Simple Gear Tooth (Outline)

Steps:

Use CIRCLE to draw outer and inner circles.

Use POLYGON to create tooth shapes.

Use COPY and ROTATE to duplicate teeth around the center.

Use TRIM to refine tooth edges.

📝 Summary of Lecture 3
 2D CAD drawing uses X and Y coordinates to create flat technical drawings.

The key drawing tools include: LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, POLYGON,

and ARC.

Coordinate entry (absolute, relative, polar) ensures precise drawings.

Modification tools (MOVE, COPY, TRIM, ROTATE) allow you to change

objects as needed.

OSNAP, ORTHO mode, and grid settings help maintain accuracy and
alignment.

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
(CAD)
✅ LECTURE 4: ADVANCED 2D
DRAFTING – LAYERS, BLOCKS, AND
ANNOTATION

🎯 Objectives of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Understand and manage layers in a drawing.

Create and insert blocks for reusable elements.

Add text annotations and dimensions.

Use hatch patterns for material representation.

Control the visual organization of complex CAD projects.

4.1 UNDERSTANDING LAYERS IN CAD

A layer in CAD is like a transparent sheet used to organize elements of a drawing.

Why Use Layers?

 To group similar objects (e.g., walls, doors, electrical).

To control visibility (on/off), color, line type, and printing.

To make drawings easier to edit and understand.

🔧 How to Create and Use Layers (Step-by-Step)

Open Layer Properties Manager

Type LAYER or click the Layer icon.

Click “New Layer”

Name it (e.g., Walls, Windows, Text).

Set Color and Linetype

Assign distinct colors for better visibility.

Make Layer Current

Select the layer and click “Set Current”.

Draw on That Layer

All objects created now belong to that layer.

💡 Example:

Layer
Color Linetype Use
Name
Continuo
Walls Blue All wall lines
us
Door
Doors Red Dashed
arcs/frames
Continuo
Text Green Annotations
us
Yello
Electrical Dashed Wiring layout
w

4.2 BLOCKS IN CAD

A block is a collection of objects grouped into one reusable unit. Think of it like a
symbol or a template.

🔨 Why Use Blocks?

To reuse common items (e.g., switches, windows, chairs).

To reduce drawing size (blocks are memory-efficient).

To ensure uniformity and accuracy.

🧱 How to Create a Block (Step-by-Step)

Draw the object(s) you want to make into a block.

Type BLOCK or click the Block icon.

In the dialog box:

Name the block (e.g., Chair, Socket).

Pick base point (reference point for placement).

Select objects to include.

Click OK to save the block.

➕ How to Insert a Block

Type INSERT or click Insert Block.

Choose the block from the list.

Specify insertion point, scale, and rotation.

Click to place it in the drawing.

✏️Example:

Create a block for a wall socket:

Draw two circles and a rectangle to represent the socket.

 Use BLOCK to save it as Socket.

Use INSERT to place it anywhere in the electrical layer.

4.3 TEXT AND ANNOTATION

Text is used to label or explain parts of a drawing. CAD supports single-line text and
multi-line text.

📝 Single-Line Text (TEXT)

Used for short labels.

Steps:

Type TEXT.

Specify start point.

Enter height (e.g., 2.5 units).

Enter rotation angle (0 for horizontal).

Type your text (e.g., Room A),

📝 Multi-Line Text (MTEXT)

Used for paragraphs or detailed notes.

Steps:

Type MTEXT or click the Multiline Text icon.

Drag to define a text box.

Type the content (e.g., project description).

Format the text (font, size, bold, etc.).

Click OK or press Ctrl+Enter.

Example: Labeling Rooms

Use TEXT to label “Kitchen”, “Bedroom”, etc.

Place the text inside or next to the rooms.

Use the Text layer to separate text from drawing elements.

4.4 DIMENSIONING A DRAWING

Dimensions show measurements directly on the drawing. They are essential in
communicating size, distance, radius, and angle.

📏 Types of Dimensions:

Type Use
Linear Straight-line distance
Aligned Diagonal or slanted lines
Angular Angle between two lines
Radius/
For circles and arcs
Diameter
Baseline/
Chains of measurements
Continue

✏️How to Add Dimensions

Click Dimension Tool or type:

DIMLINEAR, DIMALIGNED, DIMANGULAR, etc.

Select the points to measure between.

Click to place the dimension line.

Use DIMSTYLE to customize font, arrowheads, spacing,

and units.

Example:

To dimension a wall:
 Type DIMLINEAR.

Click one endpoint of the wall and then the other.

Move the mouse to set placement.

Click to place the dimension.

4.5 HATCHING
Hatch patterns are used to represent materials (like brick, concrete, glass) or fill areas.

🌄 How to Hatch an Area

Type HATCH or click the Hatch icon.

Choose a pattern (e.g., ANSI31 for steel).

Click inside a closed boundary.

Set scale and angle if needed.

Click OK or press Enter.

🪵 Example: Hatching a Brick Wall

Use RECTANGLE to create the wall.

Type HATCH, select BRICK pattern.

Click inside the rectangle → wall appears filled with brick pattern.

🧠 Summary of Lecture 4
Topic Key Tools/Commands
Layers LAYER, visibility, color control
BLOCK, INSERT, reuse
Blocks
elements
Text TEXT, MTEXT, annotation
Dimensi DIMLINEAR, DIMALIGNED,
 Topic Key Tools/Commands
ons etc.
HATCH, material
Hatching
representation

✅ Benefits of Using These Tools

Layers help organize your project like folders.

Blocks reduce time and keep the drawing uniform.

Text and dimensions make your drawing understandable.

Hatching gives meaning to materials used in the design.

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
(CAD)
✅ LECTURE 5: PLOTTING AND
PRINTING 2D DRAWINGS

🎯 Objectives of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Understand the plotting/printing process in CAD.

Set up layout space with title blocks.

Choose appropriate plot settings (paper size, scale, etc.).

Preview and print a drawing correctly.

Use Plot Styles (CTB/STB) for line weights and colors.

5.1 MODEL SPACE VS LAYOUT SPACE

CAD provides two working environments:
🧱 Model Space:

Where actual drawing is created (real-world dimensions).

1:1 scale.

Only one model space per drawing.

📄 Layout Space (Paper Space):

Used for printing/plotting.

Allows adding viewports, title blocks, and arranging drawings on paper.

Multiple layouts (Layout1, Layout2, etc.) are allowed.

🔄 Switching Between Spaces

Tabs at the bottom of AutoCAD window: Model, Layout1, Layout2, etc.

Use MSPACE and PSPACE commands to toggle (in older versions).

5.2 SETTING UP A LAYOUT

📝 Step-by-Step Layout Setup

Click on Layout1 tab.

Right-click on the tab → Select Page Setup Manager.

Click Modify to open Page Setup window.

Set the following:

Printer/plotter: Select your printer or DWG to PDF.

Paper size: A4, A3, etc.

Plot area: Layout.

Plot scale: Normally 1:1 for layouts.

Plot style table: Choose .ctb or .stb for controlling colors and
lineweights.
 Orientation: Portrait or Landscape.

5.3 CREATING A VIEWPORT

A viewport is a window in layout space that shows the model drawing.

How to Create and Use Viewports

Go to Layout1.

Use command MV (short for MVIEW) → Press Enter.

Click and drag a rectangle where you want to place the viewport.

The model will appear inside it.

Double-click inside the viewport to activate it.

Use zoom and pan to adjust the view.

Double-click outside to deactivate.

💡 Viewport Tips:

Lock the viewport scale (click viewport → right-click → Display Lock).

You can have multiple viewports showing different areas.

5.4 ADDING TITLE BLOCKS

A title block is a standard section that provides project info (name, date, scale, etc.).

How to Add a Title Block:

Insert a predefined block or draw a title block in Layout space.

Common fields:

Drawing Title

Project Name

Date
 Scale

Drawn by:

Checked by:

Example:
------------------------------------------------
| Project: House Plan | Drawn by: J. Omondi |
| Title: Floor Plan | Date: 05/04/2025 |
| Scale: 1:100 | Sheet No: 1 of 3 |
------------------------------------------------

5.5 USING PLOT STYLES (CTB & STB)

Plot styles control how objects are printed—color, line weight, etc.

Types of Plot Style Tables:

Type Description
CTB (Color-
Line weight depends on object color.
dependent)
Line weight assigned by named style, not
STB (Named style)
color.

How to Assign a CTB File

In Page Setup, under Plot Style Table, select a .ctb file (e.g.,
monochrome.ctb).

If you want to print in black and white:

Use monochrome.ctb.

Set object colors clearly but print without color.

To customize lineweights:

Click Edit to change color lineweights.

5.6 PREVIEWING AND PLOTTING
Plot/Print Steps

Type PLOT or press Ctrl+P.

Choose the correct layout and plot style.

Confirm:

Paper size

Plot area: Layout

Plot scale: 1:1 (or fit to paper)

Orientation

Click Preview to see the result.

If satisfied, click OK to print or save as PDF.

✅ Example Scenario: Printing a Floor

Plan on A3
Create drawing in Model space.

Switch to Layout1.

Set page to A3 Landscape.

Insert a title block and viewport.

Use monochrome.ctb to print in black and white.

Preview and print.

🧠 Summary of Lecture 5
Task Command/Tool
Switch to Layout Layout1 tab
 Task Command/Tool
Set up printer & size PAGESETUP
Create viewport MV (MVIEW)
Insert title block INSERT or draw
Apply plot style Choose .ctb or .stb
Print/Plot PLOT or Ctrl+P

🔐 Key Benefits of Proper Plotting

Ensures drawings are readable, scaled, and professional.

Helps comply with industry standards for printing.

Makes drawings usable in reports, site plans, and approvals.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

– Lecture 6: Layers and Object
Properties

Objectives of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

Understand the purpose of using layers in CAD drawings.

Create and manage layers.

Control object visibility, color, linetype, and lineweight using layers.

Apply and modify object properties (color, linetype, lineweight, transparency).

Use the Properties Palette and the Layer Manager.

6.1 What Are Layers in CAD?

In CAD, layers are like transparent sheets stacked on top of each other. Each layer
contains specific types of objects such as walls, doors, text, dimensions, electrical
wiring, etc.
Key Points:

Layers help organize a drawing by separating elements.

You can turn layers on/off, freeze/thaw, or lock/unlock them.

Layers also control color, linetype, lineweight, and printing behavior.

Example:

Layer 1: Walls (Color: Blue, Lineweight: 0.5mm)

Layer 2: Doors (Color: Green, Linetype: Continuous)

Layer 3: Dimensions (Color: Red, Linetype: Dashed)

6.2 The Layer Properties Manager

You access the Layer Manager in AutoCAD by:

Clicking the Layer Properties button on the ribbon.

Or typing the command: LAYER

Main Features of Layer Manager:

Column Description
Name Name of the layer (e.g., Walls, Text, Dimensions)
On/Off Turns layer visibility on or off
Freeze/ Temporarily hides layer in drawing & regen
Thaw operations
Lock/
Locks layer so objects can't be modified
Unlock
Color Sets default object color for that layer
Linetype Sets default linetype (e.g., Continuous, Dashed)
Lineweight Sets line thickness (e.g., 0.25mm, 0.5mm)
Plot/No Plot Determines if the layer will be printed or not

6.3 Creating and Managing Layers

To Create a New Layer:
 Open Layer Properties Manager.

Click on New Layer.

Type a meaningful name (e.g., Walls, Electrical, Furniture).

Set its color, linetype, and lineweight.

Press Enter to create.

To Modify a Layer:

Simply double-click on any layer property (e.g., color) to change it.

To Set a Current Layer:

Select the layer and click the green tick (✔) or type: LAYER → select → Set
Current.

Example:

You’re drawing a building floor plan. You create:

Layer “Walls” (Blue, 0.5mm, Continuous)

Layer “Doors” (Green, 0.25mm, Dashed)

Layer “Text” (Magenta, 0.2mm, Continuous)

You then assign the respective parts of the drawing to each layer for easy
management and editing.

6.4 Object Properties in CAD

Besides using layers, you can assign individual properties to objects directly.

Main Object Properties:

Color – Controls object color (bylayer, byblock, or specific color)

Linetype – Dashed, dotted, centerline, etc.

Lineweight – Thickness of lines in mm

 Transparency – Opacity level (0% = solid, 90% = almost invisible)

Plot Style – Controls how object appears on printout (based on CTB/STB)

How to Change Object Properties:

Use the Properties Palette (CTRL+1).

Or use the Quick Properties Toolbar.

Example 1: Changing Color of a Single Line

Select the line.

Open Properties palette.

Under “Color”, choose Red.

The line changes color regardless of its layer.

Example 2: Applying Dashed Linetype

Type LINETYPE → Load → Dashed.

Assign to a line or to a layer.

If it doesn’t show, adjust linetype scale (LTSCALE command).

6.5 Using Layer Controls in Drawing

Hide/Show layers: Click the lightbulb icon to turn a layer off.

Lock layers: Prevents editing. Helpful when working with multiple people or
preserving base plans.

Freeze layers: Temporarily removes them from view and improves

performance in large files.

Isolate layers: Temporarily hides all but selected layers (LAYISO command).

Merge layers: Combines two layers into one (LAYMRG command).

6.6 Best Practices in Using Layers
Always draw on appropriate layers – don’t leave everything on layer “0”.

Name layers clearly (e.g., "Walls", "Doors", "Plumbing").

Use consistent colors and lineweights.

Lock reference or external layers to avoid accidental changes.

Use templates (.DWT) that already have layers defined.

Summary of Lecture 6
Feature Command / Tool Purpose
Create layer LAYER → New Organize drawing elements
Assign layer Properties toolbar Set current layer
Change PROPERTIES / Ctrl +
Modify color, linetype, etc.
properties 1
Hide/freeze Temporarily remove visual
Layer Manager
layers clutter
Lock icon in Layer
Lock layer Prevent editing
Manager
Adjust dashed line
Linetype scale LTSCALE
appearance

Key Benefits of Using Layers and

Properties
Better drawing organization and readability.

Easier editing and revision.

More professional and standardized outputs.

Efficient plotting and presentation control.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
– Lecture 7: Dimensioning and
Annotation in CAD

Objectives of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

Understand the purpose of dimensions and annotations.

Use dimensioning tools to create accurate measurements.

Format and style dimensions according to drawing standards.

Add and edit text annotations.

Use dimension styles (DIMSTYLE) and text styles (STYLE) effectively.

7.1 Introduction to Dimensioning and

Annotation
What is Dimensioning?

Dimensioning is the process of adding measurements to a CAD drawing. It provides

the exact sizes, locations, and spacing needed to manufacture or construct the design.

What is Annotation?

Annotation includes any text-based information added to a drawing, such as:

Labels

Notes

Titles

Material specifications

Together, dimensioning and annotation make a drawing informative, readable, and

ready for implementation.
7.2 Types of Dimensions in CAD
Type of
Description
Dimension
Measures straight-line distances
Linear
(horizontal/vertical)
Aligned Measures length parallel to an object or edge
Angular Measures angles between two lines or edges
Radial Measures radius of arcs or circles
Diameter Measures full diameter of a circle
Adds multiple dimensions from a common starting
Baseline
point
Continue Adds connected dimensions in a chain
Shows coordinate values rather than lengths or
Ordinate
angles

Examples:

Linear: Length of a wall

Angular: Angle between two beams

Diameter: Hole size in a mechanical part

Ordinate: Coordinates for machine cutting

7.3 Dimensioning Tools and Commands

How to Use Dimensioning Tools:

Go to Annotate tab.

Use tools like:

Linear, Aligned, Angular, Radius, Diameter

OR

Use commands:

DIM – smart dimension tool that auto-detects type

DLI – Linear dimension

 DAL – Aligned dimension

DAN – Angular dimension

DRA – Radius

DIA – Diameter

Example 1: Adding a Linear Dimension

Command: DLI

Click two endpoints of a wall.

Place the dimension line above or beside the object.

Example 2: Angular Dimension Between Lines

Command: DAN

Select two lines forming an angle.

Place the angular value in the open area.

7.4 Creating and Modifying Dimension

Styles (DIMSTYLE)
A dimension style defines the appearance of all your dimensions: text height, arrow
size, line spacing, etc.

Steps to Create a New Dimension Style:

Type DIMSTYLE or click Dimension Style Manager.

Click New, name your style.

Choose a base style to start from (e.g., Standard).

Set preferences for:

Text (font, height)

 Lines (extension and dimension lines)

Arrows (size, type)

Fit (scaling)

Primary Units (precision, suffixes)

Click Set Current to use it in the drawing.

Best Practice:

Use dimension styles for consistency across all drawings.

7.5 Text Annotation in CAD

Adding Text:

You can add single-line or multi-line text using:

DTEXT – Single-line text (fast and simple)

MTEXT – Multi-line rich text (can format, align, etc.)

Example 1: Adding a Label

Command: DTEXT

Specify insertion point.

Type “Column A1” and press Enter

Example 2: Adding Multi-line Note

Command: MTEXT

Draw a text box area.

Type:

All doors to be 900mm wide.

 Use hardwood for main entrances.

7.6 Text Styles (STYLE Command)

Just like dimensions, text can be standardized using text styles.

Steps to Create Text Style:

Command: STYLE

Click New → Enter style name.

Choose:

Font name (e.g., Arial, Romans)

Height

Width factor (stretch)

Oblique angle (slant)

Click Apply.

Then assign that style to DTEXT or MTEXT.

7.7 Editing Dimensions and Annotations

You can modify dimensions using:

Grips – Drag to adjust placement.

Properties palette (Ctrl+1) – Change text, precision, line color.

DIMEDIT, DIMTEDIT – Modify dimension text only.

To change annotation:

Double-click the text to edit.

Or use the Properties palette to adjust height, font, etc.

7.8 Using Annotative Scaling (Advanced)

Annotative objects (text, dimensions) automatically scale to match different
viewports in layouts.

Enable Annotative Scaling:

In Text or Dimension Style, check "Annotative".

Set the Annotation Scale in the status bar (e.g., 1:100, 1:50).

Your text or dimension will automatically size correctly for the layout.

This helps when printing at different scales.

Summary of Lecture 7
Command /
Tool/Feature Description
Location
Linear
DLI Adds horizontal/vertical distance
Dimension
Angular
DAN Measures angles
Dimension
Diameter/Radius DIA, DRA Measures circles/arcs
DTEXT,
Text Annotation Adds labels or notes
MTEXT
Standardizes dimension
Dimension Style DIMSTYLE
formatting
Controls font, height, spacing for
Text Style STYLE
text
Annotative Annotative Ensures proper scaling in layout
Scaling toggle viewports

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

– Lecture 8: Blocks and
Attributes in CAD

Objectives of This Lecture

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
 Understand the concept of blocks in CAD.

Create and insert blocks into drawings.

Use attributes within blocks to store and manage data.

Edit blocks and their attributes.

Work with external references (Xrefs) and block libraries.

8.1 Introduction to Blocks

What is a Block?

A block in CAD is a group of objects combined together to form a single unit. Instead
of repeating the same object multiple times, you create a block and insert it wherever
needed.

Why Use Blocks?

Efficiency: Reuse the same object multiple times without re-drawing it.

Organization: Keep drawings clean by grouping objects.

File Size: Blocks reduce the size of the drawing by referencing the same
object in multiple places.

Examples:

A door block could be created once and then inserted multiple times in
different locations.

A window block might include the window frame, glass, and hardware.

8.2 Creating a Block

Steps to Create a Block:

Select the objects you want to group into a block.

Type the command BLOCK or click on the Block option in the ribbon.
 In the Block Definition dialog:

Name the block (e.g., Door, Window).

Specify the Base Point (insertion point for the block).

Select Objects to include in the block.

Choose if you want the block to be scalable or if it will have a fixed size.

Press OK to create the block.

Example: Creating a Door Block

Draw a door with its frame.

Type BLOCK → Name it “Door”.

Set the base point at one corner of the door.

Select the door and frame as the block’s objects.

Click OK to create.

Now you can insert the door block wherever required.

8.3 Inserting and Editing Blocks

Inserting a Block:

Command: INSERT or use the Insert tool from the ribbon.

Select the block from the list of available blocks.

Specify the insertion point, scale, and rotation.

Example: Inserting the Door Block

Command: INSERT

Choose the “Door” block from the block library.

Place the door by clicking in the drawing.

 Scale the door if necessary, and rotate it to match the orientation.

Editing a Block:

To edit an existing block, use the BEDIT command or click Block Editor.

Make the necessary changes to the block objects.

Save and close the block editor.

Example: Editing the Door Block

Type BEDIT and select the “Door” block.

Change the door frame design.

Save and close the Block Editor. All instances of the door block are updated
automatically.

8.4 What Are Block Attributes?

What are Attributes?

Attributes allow you to add text data to a block. This text can store information that
varies for each instance of the block, such as serial numbers, part names, material
types, etc.

Why Use Attributes?

To store important data within the drawing.

To allow for easier editing of data related to blocks.

To help with dynamic updating of information when you change attributes in

one block instance.

Examples of Attributes in Blocks:

Door Block Attribute: Door type (e.g., "Single", "Double").

Window Block Attribute: Window size or material (e.g., "3'x4' Glass").

8.5 Creating Blocks with Attributes
Steps to Add Attributes to a Block:

Draw the block (e.g., a door).

Type ATTDEF (Attribute Definition).

Set the Tag (name of the attribute), Prompt (message asking for input), and
Default Value (optional).

Define the location of the attribute inside the block.

Use the BLOCK command to create the block with the attribute.

Example: Adding an Attribute to a Door Block

Command: ATTDEF

Define the Tag as “DoorType”.

Set the Prompt to “Enter Door Type”.

Place the attribute text inside the door block.

Use BLOCK to create the block.

Now, each time you insert the door block, you’ll be prompted to enter the door type.

8.6 Editing Attributes

Steps to Edit Attributes:

Select the block with the attribute.

Type EATTEDIT to edit the attribute values.

Modify the attribute's value directly in the pop-up dialog.

Example: Editing Door Type Attribute

Type EATTEDIT.
 Select a door block.

Change the DoorType to “Double”.

The block's attribute will be updated automatically.

8.7 Working with External References

(Xrefs)
What Are External References (Xrefs)?

An Xref is an external file (another drawing) that you reference into your current
drawing. The external drawing file remains separate from your main drawing but can
be updated and automatically reflected in your current drawing.

Why Use Xrefs?

Efficiency: Reduce file size and avoid redundant data.

Collaboration: Multiple users can work on different parts of a project without

interfering with each other’s work.

File Management: Keep large projects organized by splitting them into

smaller files.

Steps to Attach an Xref:

Type XREF.

Click Attach DWG.

Browse and select the external drawing file to reference.

Choose the insertion point, scale, and rotation.

Press OK.

Example: Attaching a Floor Plan Xref

Type XREF.

Click Attach DWG and choose the file “FloorPlan.dwg”.

 Set the insertion point and scale, then press OK.

The floor plan is now part of your current drawing as an external reference.

8.8 Benefits of Using Blocks and

Attributes
Feature Benefit
Blocks Efficient, organized, and reduces file size
Attributes Stores valuable information in a drawing
Keeps projects organized, reduces file
Xrefs
bloat
Editing
Allows quick updates across all instances
Blocks/Attributes

Summary of Lecture 8
Blocks are groups of objects combined together for reuse.

Attributes are text data added to blocks for specific information (e.g., door
type, part number).

Xrefs allow referencing external files into your current drawing for better
collaboration and organization.

LECTURE 9
HATCHING AND GRADIENT FILLS IN CAD

In Computer-Aided Design (CAD), hatching and gradient fills are important tools
used to enhance the clarity, readability, and aesthetics of drawings. These tools are
especially useful in section views, architectural plans, mechanical part drawings, and
presentation layouts.

1. HATCHING IN CAD

Definition:
Hatching is the process of filling a closed area in a 2D CAD drawing with a pattern of
lines, dots, or symbols to represent different materials, differentiate regions, or
illustrate section views.

Purpose of Hatching:
 To represent materials in section views (e.g., steel, wood, concrete).

To distinguish between different components in an assembly.

To enhance visual understanding of technical drawings.

Common Hatch Patterns:

ANSI patterns – used for standardized material representation.

Predefined patterns – such as “AR-CONC” for concrete, “AR-BRSTD” for

brick, etc.

User-defined patterns – customized to specific needs or industries.

Solid fill – a uniform fill, often used for emphasis.

Steps to Apply Hatching in CAD (AutoCAD as reference):

Create or select a closed boundary (circle, rectangle, polyline, etc.).

Type HATCH or select the Hatch tool from the Draw menu.

Choose the desired hatch pattern.

Set properties such as:

Scale: Controls the spacing of the hatch lines.

Angle: Rotates the hatch pattern.

Click inside the boundary to apply the hatch.

Click OK or press Enter to complete.

Editing Hatch:

Use the HATCHEDIT command or double-click on the hatch area.

You can change the pattern, scale, angle, and associative properties.

Associative Hatch:

When associative, the hatch updates automatically if the boundary is modified.

2. GRADIENT FILLS IN CAD

Definition:
Gradient fills are color transitions applied within closed boundaries, moving from one
color to another, used mainly in schematic, illustrative, or architectural drawings to
create visually appealing presentations.

Types of Gradient Fills:

One-Color Gradient: Fades from the chosen color to white or a lighter tone.

Two-Color Gradient: Smoothly transitions between two user-selected colors.

Steps to Apply Gradient Fill:

Ensure the region or boundary is closed.

Type GRADIENT or select Gradient from the Hatch/Fill menu.

Choose:

One-color or two-color option.

Desired colors.

Select the region where the fill will be applied.

Apply and exit the command.

Applications:

Architectural renderings.

Schematic diagrams.

Presentation drawings.

Backgrounds and highlights.

3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HATCHING AND

GRADIENT FILL

Feature Hatching Gradient Fill

Repetitive line/dot
Appearance Smooth color transitions
patterns
Presentation/illustrative
Primary Use Technical drawings
work
Material
Yes No
Indication
 Feature Hatching Gradient Fill
CAD Command HATCH GRADIENT

4. BEST PRACTICES

Use standard hatch patterns for engineering and architectural documents to

maintain clarity and consistency.

Adjust scale and angle to match the drawing context.

Avoid overuse of gradients in technical drawings; reserve them for visual

presentations.

Always ensure hatching is within closed boundaries to avoid errors.

Keep the drawing layer structure organized by placing hatches and fills on
separate layers.