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Class 10 Chapter Matter Notes

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space, consisting of tiny particles like atoms and molecules. It exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas, each with distinct characteristics and behaviors. Changes in state can occur through heating, cooling, or pressure changes, and concepts such as latent heat, diffusion, and compressibility further describe the properties of matter.

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710 views3 pages

Class 10 Chapter Matter Notes

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space, consisting of tiny particles like atoms and molecules. It exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas, each with distinct characteristics and behaviors. Changes in state can occur through heating, cooling, or pressure changes, and concepts such as latent heat, diffusion, and compressibility further describe the properties of matter.

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rajeshkumarc430
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Chapter: Matter (Class 10 Notes)

What is Matter?

- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

- Examples: air, water, stone, iron, etc.

Physical Nature of Matter

- Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms and molecules).

- Particles of matter are very small, beyond ordinary observation.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

1. They have space between them (inter-particle spaces).

2. They are continuously moving (kinetic energy).

3. They attract each other (force of attraction).

States of Matter

Matter exists in three main physical states:

1) Solid

- Fixed shape and volume.

- Particles are tightly packed.

- Incompressible and rigid.

- Examples: wood, ice, stone.

2) Liquid

- No fixed shape but fixed volume.

- Particles are less tightly packed than solids.

- Can flow and take the shape of the container.


- Examples: water, milk, oil.

3) Gas

- Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume.

- Particles are far apart and move freely.

- Highly compressible.

- Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide.

Changes in State of Matter

Matter can change from one state to another by:

- Heating or cooling.

- Changing pressure.

Melting: Solid -> Liquid

Freezing: Liquid -> Solid

Vaporization/Boiling: Liquid -> Gas

Condensation: Gas -> Liquid

Sublimation: Solid -> Gas (directly)

Evaporation

- The process by which a liquid changes into vapor at a temperature below its boiling point.

Factors affecting evaporation:

- Surface area (increases evaporation).

- Temperature (higher temp increases evaporation).

- Humidity (lower humidity increases evaporation).

- Wind speed (higher wind speed increases evaporation).


Latent Heat

- Heat energy supplied to change the state of a substance without a change in temperature.

- Latent heat of fusion: Solid -> Liquid

- Latent heat of vaporization: Liquid -> Gas

Diffusion

- Intermixing of particles of two different substances on their own.

- Faster in gases, slower in liquids, slowest in solids.

Compressibility

- Ability of a substance to be compressed.

- Gases are highly compressible.

- Liquids are slightly compressible.

- Solids are almost incompressible.

Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

- Plasma: Ionized gas (found in stars, lightning).

- BEC: State of matter at extremely low temperature where particles behave as one entity.

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