CACED ~ By Aishwary vardhan (KEC,katihar)

CONTENT

Module-1

• Basic definitions(Elevation,Section,Plan)
• Interpreting typical Draw Engineering Drawing
• Layout of drawing
• Scale
• Introduction to CAD
• Co-ordinate Systems
• Reference Planes
• Basic commands of AutoCAD’s

Module 2

• Symbols
• Types of lines
1. Visible out line
2. Centre line
3. Section line
4. Dimension line
5. Hidden line
• Symbols used for commonly used materials

Module 3

• Bonds
1. Masonry bond
2. Stretcher bond,
3. Header bond
4. English Bond
5. Flemish bond- single, double
• Nomenclature of brick
• Brick position
• Cuts in a brick
1. ¾ bat- stretcher ,header
2. ½ bat
3. Queen closure
4. King closure
5. Quarter bat
6. Course
7. Cross wall
8. One brick wall
9. Half brick wall

Module-4

• Building drawing important points

• Principles of planning building drawing
 • Basic principle of planning are: points with example

Module-5

• Isometric Projection
1. Principle of Isometric Projection
2. Isometric Scale
• Perspective Drawing
1. One point Perspective
2. Two-point perspective
3. Three-point perspective
• Building Information modelling (BIM)
• Interaction among the AEC professional due to BIM without any conflict.
• The Range of BIM maturity level are categorised as :

Module- 6

• 2BHK plan
• 2BHK section
• 2BHK Elevation
• Types of Stairs With Diagram
• Section of Stairs
• Calculation of Riser and tread
• General measurements of different building parts

Module-1

• Basic definitions(Elevation,Section,Plan)

Elevation : - elevation means the entire side of a building, from ground level to the
roofline, as viewed perpendicular to the walls on that side of the building. Building
elevation means the visible vertical plane of the side of a building from ground level to the
roof line.
the term ‘elevation’ refers to an orthographic projection of the exterior (or sometimes the
interior) faces of a building, that is a two-dimensional drawing of the building’s façades. As
buildings are rarely simple rectangular shapes in plan, an elevation drawing is a first angle
projection that shows all parts of the building as seen from a particular direction with the
perspective flattened. Generally, elevations are produced for four directional views, for
example, north, south, east, west.

Section :- A 'section drawing', 'section' or 'sectional drawing' shows a view of a structure as

though it had been sliced in half or cut along another imaginary [Link] buildings, this can
be useful as it gives a view through the spaces and surrounding structures (typically across
a vertical plane) that can reveal the relationships between the different parts of the buildings
that might not be apparent on plan drawings. Plan drawings are in fact a type of section, but
they cut through the building on a horizontal rather than vertical plane.
The direction of the plane through which the section is cut is often represented on plan
drawings and elevations by a line of long and short dashes, called a section plane. If there
are a number of sections, the line may have letters at each end indicating the name of the
section drawing and an arrow showing the direction that the view takes.
Plan :- Plan means a proposal submitted to Authority for approval, which comprises of
architectural drawings, specifications of the design including structural designs, calculations,
details of the land on which building is proposed.
It is a set of construction or working drawings (sometimes called blueprints) that define all
the construction specifications of a residential house such as the dimensions, materials,
layouts, installation methods and techniques.
Interpreting typical Draw Engineering Drawing

Notice : many companies include the confidentially statement either in the title block
or in other location within the drawing.
Title block : the name address logo of the companies are usually located in the upper
area of the title block.
Drawing title – the drawing title should be descriptive brief & clearly state and
identification of the part of assembly.
Job number - the job number is used to designate the total set of the drawing.
Drawing number- the drawing number is used to identify & Control of the print. this
set of coded number is to specify to company standards.
Branch- the branch number is labelled to designate the department or group.
Revision block one.- The Revision Block area listed the change made to the drawing
after the date of issue. The rectangle of the information shown, the first revision
made to its drawing.
revision Block 2.- The rectangular of. Information shows the second revision made to
this drawing.
The rectangular of information shows the 3rd revision made to this drawing.
CAD number- the CAD number is used by many companies to organise CAD
drawing within the engineering drawing database.
Material area.- the material area in the little block signifies the material used to make
the part.
Scale - scale is the ratio between the part has drawn and the actual part.
Scale = length on map/length on the ground.
DWN – the dwn are shown the initial of the drafter who creates the drawing and the
completion date.
Checked- stands for after the drawing it is checked for accuracy and complements
the checkers. Initial and dates are entered here.
Approved- after all error have been corrected and the drawing is ready to be used for
fabrication. The supervising engineer enters their initial and date in the title block.
Issued - The date indicates that the drawing is official and can be used and sent to
the customer for their approval or the manufacturing floor for fabrication.
Quality requested- the box with a number indicates the number of times this drawing
will be fabricated.
Layout of Drawing:
• A layout drawing is a graphical statement of the overall form of a component
or device that is similar to a detail assembly or installation drawing.
• The layout drawing provides the design saturation used in preparing over
engineering drawing.
• A map of drawing of a construction site showing over the position of road
building or other construction.
Scale : drawing that shows a real object with accurate size reduce or enlarge
by a certain amount called the scale.
The scale is a ratio of the size of the drawing is to the size of the original
object being drawn. This may be referred to as a scale ratio.
The term scale factors is the ratio of a measurement of the drawing compared
to corresponding measurement of the original figure.
A scale factor is a number used as a multiplier in scaling.
The scale factor of one by 60 tells us that the map is one by 60 times the size
of the actual size scale.

Introduction to computer aided drawing.

• The term CAD applies to a wide range of programs that allows the user to
create, drawing plan and design electronically.
• AutoCAD is one such program and its main claim to fame is that it is relatively
easy to use. It is very comprehensive in its ability to create 2D and some 3D
drawings, and it is very popular.
• Computer added design or CAD is an important industry within the tech world.
It involves utilizing computers to help with engineering and design for a wide
range of projects.
• The concept of designing geometric shapes for objectives is very similar to
CAD. It is called computer aided geometric design.
• CAD is also known as computer aided design and drafting.

Coordinate systems.
 • Using coordinates to specify location can be a challenge in
AutoCAD. It helps to take our time to understand the
underlying concepts.
• It is compared to stabs sticking out in the X direction, the Y
direction and the Z direction.
• The ZED direction is hidden if we are working in 2D, but if you
can think of it as coming out of the page or monitor the place
where the stubs interact is called origin.
• Conventionally, the X axis is horizontal with positive number
signifying a move to the right and a negative number
signifying a move to the left.
• Conventionally, while axis is vertical with positive numbers
signifying a move up and the negative number signifying
move down.
Reference planes.
• Using the line load or the pick line tool to draw a reference
plane.
• On the ribbon, click reference plane.
1. Architecture tab. Is work plane panel. Draw a reference
plane.
2. Structure Tab- work plane panel- draw reference plane.
3. Conceptual design environment.- create tab- drop panel
reference panel
• To draw line.
1. On the drop panel click line.
2. In the drawing area, draw the reference plane by
dragging the cursor.
 3. Click modify to end the lines.
• Too pick an existing line.
1. Open the drop panel, click pick lines.
2. On the option bar, specify an offset. If desired.
3. Select the lock option to lock the reference plane to the
line.
4. Move the cursor near the line to which you want to
place the reference plane and click.
# Command of AutoCAD.
L : It can be used for making simple line in the drawing.
C – It is the command used for making a circle in AutoCAD.
PL.- This command can be used to make a polyline in your drawing.
REC- this command will make a rectangle in AutoCAD.
POL – this command can be used to make a Polygon with minimum
of 3 sides and a maximum of 1024 sides.
ARC- as the name suggests, this command can be used to make an
arc in AutoCAD.
Ellipse- as the name suggests, this command can be used to make
an ellipse with the major and minor axes.
REG- this command can be used to make origin geometry.
CO- This command is used to copy object(s) in autocad.
Array – using this command you can make rectangle, polar or path
array.
TR – this command is used for trimming a geometry
O(offset): to draw parallel lines
Op- Using this command you can open option window which
contains most of the setting of AutoCAD.
UN- used for charged the unit of object.
SC- it used to Change the Scale of an object.
D – it is used for Dimension.
F(fillet) – used to add rounded corners to the sharp edges of the
geometry, these round corners art also called fillets.
CHA – Used to add slant edge to the sharp corners there silent
edges are also called chamfers.
MI- MIRROR
E-ERASE
H-HATCHING
BR- BREAK AT POINT
EX(DOUBLE ENTER) – EXTEND
T- TEXT
Namaste + enter- move
Ctrl + v - paste
F8- ortho
A-area
F8-Ortho toggle
F3- Snap toggle
R- Remove
BO- Boundary
UN- Unit
D-Dimension
Z- Zoom
Ro-Rotate
Module 2
• Symbols

•
Type of lines

Visible/Object Lines

• Dark, thick lines

• They are used to show the outline or contour of an object being
drawn.
• They define the features that can be seen in a specific/particular
view.

Center Lines

• A thin line made up of alternating long and short dashes is used to

show the center of round or cylindrical objects, as well as the
symmetry of a feature.
• Long dashes should be used to begin and terminate center lines.
• Center lines should intersect by crossing either the long or short
dashes and should continue a short distance beyond the object or
feature.
• Within a single view, center lines can be joined to represent that two
or more features are in the same plane. The center lines should not
cross the space between views.
• Section Lines
• A thin line is drawn at a 45-degree angle.
• In a sectional view, this indicates the material that has been cut
through

Hidden Lines

• Lines that are light, narrow, short, and dashed.

• Displays the outline of a feature that cannot be seen in a
specific/particular view.
• They are used to help clarify a feature, however, they can be
eliminated if they clog a drawing.
• A dash should always be used to start and end hidden lines, except
where a hidden line begins or terminates at a parallel visible or
hidden line.
• Dashes should meet in the corners.

Dimension Lines
 • Thin lines with arrowheads at the ends that are broken along their
length to make room for the dimension number.
• They represent length.

Leader Lines

• Thin lines are used to connect a specific note to a feature on a

drawing, as well as to direct dimensions, symbols, item numbers, and
part numbers.
• Typically drawn at 45, 30, and 60 degrees.
• Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end that begins at the center
of the vertical height of the text and a standard dimension
arrowhead at the other end that touches the feature.
• Leader lines should not cross one another.
• Leader lines should not be overly long.
• Leader lines should not be vertical or horizontal in orientation.
• Dimension lines, extension lines, and section lines should not be
parallel to leader lines.

Extension Lines

• Thin lines are used to determine the extent of a dimension. It is also

possible to use it to demonstrate the extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection.
• Begin 1.5 mm away from the object and work your way out to 3 mm
beyond the last dimension. Dimension lines should not be crossed.
Sub structure vs super structure

Superstructure
The superstructure is the portion of a building which is constructed above the
ground level and it serves the purpose of structure’s intended use. It includes
columns, beams, slab upwards including all finishes, door and window schedules,
flooring, roofing, lintels, and parapets.
Substructure
The substructure is the lower part of a building which is constructed below the
ground level. The function of substructure is the transfer of loads from the
superstructure to the underlying soil. So, the substructure is in direct contact
with supporting soil. Substructure involves footing and plinth of a building.

An experienced structural engineer should generate plans and works for the
substructure of a building project. Added to that, structural engineers are
responsible for computing stresses and loads which are required to be supported
by the building under consideration. Lastly, structural engineers need to
comprehend how to incorporate support beams, columns and foundations into
the substructure plans.
Module 3

• Bonds

Masonry bond

bond, in masonry, systematic arrangement of bricks or other building units composing a wall or
structure in such a way as to ensure its stability and strength. The various types of bond may
also have a secondary, decorative function.

Bonding may be achieved by overlapping alternate courses (rows or layers) in brickwork, by

using metal ties, and by inserting units vertically so they join adjacent courses. A bond course
of headers (units laid with their ends toward the face of the wall) can be used to bond exterior
masonry to backing masonry.

1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure
below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with
only their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and
above. Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating pattern. But the limitation of
stretcher bond is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent bricks in full width
thick brick walls. They are suitably used only for one-half brick thick walls such as for
the construction half brick thick partition wall. Walls constructed with stretcher bonds
are not stable enough to stand alone in case of longer span and height. Thus they Then
need supporting structure such as brick masonry columns at regular intervals. Stretcher
bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed structures as the
outer facing. These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other common
applications of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.

2. Header bond
Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 9cm x 9cm. Header bond
is also known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as
headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of
walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is used for the construction of walls
with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header bonds, the overlap is kept
equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in
 alternate courses as quoins.

3. English Bond
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header
above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid
centered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is vertically aligned.
To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and end
of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves and
used at corners in brick walls.

4. Flemish Bond
For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in
alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd
number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond. Flemish bond, also
known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and stretchers in a single
course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of the
stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are centered on
the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header
at the corner. The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick.
# Cuts in brick

Module- 4

• Building drawing important points

12 Basic Principles of Building Planning
1. Aspect
2. Prospect
3. Groping
4. Furniture Required
5. Roominess
6. Circulation
7. Flexibility
8. Privacy
9. Economy
10. Elegance
11. Sanitation
12. Practical Consideration
1. Aspect
Aspect means the peculiarity of the arrangement of doors and windows in the
outer walls of a building, particularly of residential buildings, which allow the
occupants to experience the natural gifts such as sunshine, breeze, scenery etc.

One-tenth of the floor area for dry hot climate ;

( b ) One-sixth of the floor area for wet hot climate ;
( c ) One-eighth of the floor area for intermediate climate ;
( d ) One-twelfth of the floor area for cold climate, and cross ventilation using
windows shall be effected either by means of windows in opposite walls or if
this is not possible or advisable, then at least in the adjoining walls

2. Prospects
Prospect is the views as seen while looking through the windows and doors
from a certain room of the house.

3. Grouping
Grouping is the arrangement of various rooms regarding their function. The
relationships of the spaces should be such that there is a feeling of invitation
and transition, rather than a feeling of abrupt change. For the residential
building, planning should be grouped as (a) Living area; (b) Sleeping area; (c)
Service area; and (d) Circulation area.

4. Furniture Required
Furniture silently tells us what this room is made for because the requirements
of furniture for different rooms are also different.

5. Roominess
Roominess is the accomplishment of the economy of space. Planning should
be such that maximum benefit can be obtained from the minimum required
for the functions expected to be available from the space.

6. Circulation
For movement and access to various rooms, a certain amount of free space is
needed, which is known as circulation or free space area. This includes
passages, corridors, porches, halls, lobbies, staircases, etc. The circulation
should be designed in such a way that this will preserve every room’s privacy
and not disturb any householder.

7. Flexibility
The term flexibility means a provision in the original plan for its future
extension or change in inside planning of a room, bathroom, w.c. etc., by
changing the position i.e., flexibility can be availed of. Future extend or
development in public buildings like schools, hospitals, hostels, etc., becomes
necessary stage by stage. So, the present planning for such cases should be
flexible to provide the future demand.

8. Privacy
Privacy is the most important part in case of building planning. It has a very
significant role, particularly for residential buildings. Unless optimum privacy
is secured, all the principles of planning of a building are bound to fail.

9. Economy
The economy is a vital factor in building planning. While planning, the
following points should be carefully considered

(a) The shape of a square building is most economical, since it provides the
maximum amount of floor area, with the least amount of wall area.

(b) Cost for bigger rooms are lesser. For the same floor area, a number of
smaller rooms will incur more cost than a bigger room.

(c) Minimum offsets should be provided to satisfy architectural and other

practical considerations, because the cost of constructions for corner walls is
comparatively more than straight walls.

(d) The economy in construction can also be affected by using as many

common walls as possible by arranging two rooms side by side.

(e) Detached building costs more in comparison to that of a semi-detached

one.

(f) Planning on a modular basis:- Dimensions of all rooms, door and

window openings, the wall between to openings etc. should be multiples of
available brick sizes.

(g) Sizes of rooms:- Considering the positions of doors, windows and

furniture, a greater economy can be achieved by reducing the sizes of rooms
without affecting the crowding.

(h) Free space area:- To lower the cost of a building such common paces
should be reduced to the minimum.
(i) Reducing structural cost:- The foundation and other construction
should not be designed to be unnecessarily strong by assuming a large volume
of loads and low value for the working stresses.

(j) Economy in using building material:- As much as possible local

materials should be used in the construction.

10. Elegance
In simple words, elegance means the external appearance of a building
produced by elevation. It depends upon the several factors like; the proportion
of width and height, the position of doors and windows and also the choice of
materials. During the planning of a building architectural design and
composition should be visualized to create an elegant structure.

11. Sanitation
Sanitation term embodies not only sanitary convenience such as w.c., urinals,
bathroom, sinks but also lighting and ventilation of the building as a whole.
Sanitation means the environment of the house and includes;

12. Practical Consideration

In addition to all of the basic principles of planning discussed, the following
practical points should also be taken into account.

Module-5
Module-6
Types of Stairs
Closed Stringer: wall on both sides of the stairs or the stringer is notched to conceal the edge of
the tread and riser

Open Stringer on Right/Left: no wall on right/left side of the staircase looking up. The wall on
the right/left is located under the stringer exposing the edge of the tread and spindles are placed
right on the treads.

Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to
change the direction of the stairs without landings. A series of winders form a circular or spiral
stairway. When three steps are used to turn a 90° corner, the middle step is called a kite winder.

Cantilevered stairs: each tread is independently supported from the wall, there are no risers
and the guard is minimized for a minimalist effect.

Floating stairs: the stairs appear to be floating; risers are typically open to emphasize the open
effect. There may be only one stringer or the stringers otherwise minimized. Where building
codes allow, there may not even be handrails.

Circular or Helical Stairs: curved along a consistent radius but does not have a central pole
and there is a handrail on both sides. These have the advantage of a more uniform tread width
compared to the spiral staircase. Commonly confused with spiral stair.

Spiral Stairs: wind around a central pole, typically having a handrail on the outer side only. A
spiral stair is very space efficient but most building codes limit their use
Tread and Riser
RISER: It is a vertical portion of a step providing support to the tread.
TREAD: It is a top portion or surface of step on which foot of ascender or
descender comes when going up or download by stair.

Tread Riser Formula

Nos. of Riser = Clear Distance between two floors (A) / Size of Riser
Number of threads on single flight = Nos. of Rising of single flight – 1

Thread-In Staircase
Thread in the staircase is a top portion or surface of step on which foot of
ascender or descender comes when going up or download by stair.

Staircase Formula
Formula to calculate riser and tread in a staircase,
Nos. of Riser = Clear Distance between two floors (A) / Size of Riser
Number of threads on single flight = Nos. of Rising of single flight – 1

Length of staircase for 10-foot ceiling

The length of the staircase depends on nos. of risers and tread in stairs. For
10-foot ceiling height, the length of the staircase is 9-10 feet. If the numbers
of tread are 16 and the riser is 17 in the staircase.

Riser Formula
Formula to calculate riser in the staircase,
Nos. of Riser = Clear Distance between two floors (A) / Size of Riser