NCE 1201

ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND

PLANS

INTRODUCTION TO
DESIGN PROCESSES
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE
TRADITIONAL DRAWING PROCESS
PREPARED BY:

ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA

FACULTY – CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN
INTRODUCTION

Engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing
that is used to convey information about an object.
 Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act
and discipline of composing drawings that visually
communicate how something functions or is
constructed.
 A common use is to specify the geometry
necessary for the construction of a component and
is called a detail drawing.
INTRODUCTION

Technical drawing is essential for communicating
ideas in industry and engineering.
 To make the drawings easier to understand, people
use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of
measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and
page layout.
 Such conventions constitute a visual language and
help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous
and relatively easy to understand.
INTRODUCTION

Many of the symbols and principles of technical
drawing are codified in an international standard
called ISO 128.
 It usually takes a number of drawings to completely
specify even a simple component. This is seen in
many machine drawings as well as building plans.
SKETCHING

A sketch is a quickly executed, freehand drawing
that is usually not intended as a finished work.
 In general, sketching is a quick way to record an
idea for later use.
 Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try
out different ideas and establish a composition
before a more finished work, especially when the
finished work is expensive and time-consuming.
SKETCHING

SAMPLE SKETCH OF A MODERN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE

MANUAL DRAFTING

Up until recently, engineering drawings are made
using various manual instruments.
 Manual drafting is still used in a limited manner
since in the hands of an expert, it is deemed much
faster to do compared to computer aided drafting.
 The instruments used for this drafting method
ranged from the basic up to the complex and will
be discussed separately
 Manual drawings are made to translate sketches
that were developed as concept to final working
drawings that can be used for actual construction
MANUAL DRAFTING

SAMPLE PERSPECTIVE OF A MODERN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE

MANUAL DRAFTING

SAMPLE FLOOR PLAN OF A MODERN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE

COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of
computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.
 CAD software is used to increase the productivity
of the designer, improve the quality of design,
improve communications through documentation,
and to create a database for manufacturing.

CAD output is often in the form of electronic files
for print, machining, or other manufacturing
operations.
COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING

CAD software for mechanical design uses either
vector-based graphics to depict the objects of
traditional drafting, or may also produce raster
graphics showing the overall appearance of
designed objects.
 However, it involves more than just shapes. As in
the manual drafting of technical and engineering
drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes,
dimensions, and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions.
COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING

CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D
models or 2D drawings of physical components,
but it is also used throughout the engineering
process from conceptual design and layout of
products, through strength and dynamic analysis of
assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods
of components.
 It can also be used to design objects such as
jewelry, furniture, appliances, etc.
 Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer
advanced rendering and animation capabilities so
engineers can better visualize their product
designs.
COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING

SAMPLE CAD DRAWING OF A MACHINE COMPONENT

COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING

SAMPLE CAD DRAWING OF A HOUSE

TRADITIONAL DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS AND ITS USES

Drafting tools may be used for measurement and
layout of drawings, or to improve the consistency
and speed of creation of standard drawing
elements.

These tools are given as follows:
 Pens
 Rulers
 French Curves
 Compass
 T-square
 Triangles
PENS

Pens are used to draw lines either in freehand or
with the aid of guiding tools such as rulers, T
squares, triangles and even compass to some
extent

Pens or stylus used in technical drawings are
classified into as follows:
 Pencils
 Tecnical Pens
PENS

TRADITIONAL
PEN

RULING GRAFOS TECHNICAL

PEN PEN

MECHANICAL
PEN
T-SQUARE

A T-square is a straightedge which uses the edge
of the drawing board as a support. It is used with
the drafting board to draw horizontal lines and to
align other drawing instruments.
RULERS

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is a
device used in geometry and technical drawing, as
well as the engineering and construction industries,
to measure distances or draw straight lines.

A scale ruler is a tool for measuring lengths and
transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of
length; two common examples are an architect's
scale and engineer's scale. In scientific and
engineering terminology, a device to measure
linear distance and create proportional linear
measurements is called a scale.
RULERS

DESK
RULER
DESK
RULER

ENGINEER
SCALE
FRENCH CURVES

French curves are used for drawing curves which
cannot be drawn with compasses.
 A faint freehand curve is first drawn through the
known points; the longest possible curve that
coincides exactly with the freehand curve is then
found out from the French curves.
 Finally, a neat continuous curve is drawn with the
aid of the French curves.
FRENCH CURVES
COMPASS

A compass, also known as a pair of compasses, is
a technical drawing instrument that can be used for
inscribing circles or arcs.
 As dividers, they can also be used as tools to
measure distances, in particular on maps.
 Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting,
navigation and other purposes.
COMPASS

BEAM
COMPASS
AND
DIVIDER
COMPASS WITH
DIVIDER, PENCIL
AND EXTENDER
TRIANGLES

A set square or triangle in American English is an
object used in engineering and technical drawing,
with the aim of providing a straightedge at a right
angle or other particular planar angle to a baseline.

A 30 x 60 degree triangle
A 45 degree triangle
And a ruler in the bottom
TYPES OF LINES

Line symbols used in technical drawing are often
referred to as ALPHABET OF LINES.
 The use of line symbols enables
engineers/designers to express features of
designed products clearly and accurately.
 Line features vary not only by width but also by
how they are graphically represented in a
drawing. .
TYPES OF LINES

Line significance is conveyed by line weight or
thickness of the line.
 Every line is drawn at different thickness and
darkness to express contrast as well as
importance.
 Lines that are less important are thin and light.
 The alphabet of lines are given to be as follows
TYPES OF LINES

OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES – Thick dark line use
to show outline of object, visible edges and
surfaces.

 CONSTRUCTION LINE – Very light and thin line

use to construct layout work.

 DIMENSION LINE – Thin and dark lines use to

show the size (span) of an object with a numeric
value. Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick
markings.
TYPES OF LINES

HIDDEN LINE – Short dash lines use to show non
visible surfaces. Usually shows as medium
thickness.

 CENTRE LINE – Long and short dash lines.

Usually indicates centre of holes, circles and arcs.
Line is thin and dark.

 EXTENSION LINE – Thin and dark line use to

show the starting and ending of dimension.
TYPES OF LINES

CUTTING PLANE LINE – Extra thick line use to
show cutaway views or plane of projection where a
section view is taken. Arrow indicates direction of
view.

 SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES –Short and

long medium line use to show cutaway view of a
long section.

 LEADER LINE – Medium line with arrowhead to

show notes or label for size or special information
about a feature.
TYPES OF LINES

PHANTOM LINE – Long line followed by two short
dashes use to show alternate position of a moving
part.

 SECTION LINE – Medium lines drawn at 45

degrees use to show interior view of solid areas of
cutting plane line.
TYPES OF LINES

Samples of and application of the various
alphabets of lines are given in the succeeding
slides
TYPES OF LINES
TYPES OF LINES
TECHNICAL LETTERING

Technical lettering is the process of forming letters,
numerals, and other characters in technical
drawing.
 It is used to describe, or provide detailed
specifications for, an object. With the goals of
legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized and
lettering ability has little relationship to normal
writing ability.
 Engineering drawings use a Gothic sans-serif
script, formed by a series of short strokes.
 Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of
machines.
GUIDES IN TECHNICAL
LETTERING

Technical lettering is the process of forming letters,
numerals, and other characters in technical
drawing.
 It is used to describe, or provide detailed
specifications for, an object. With the goals of
legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized and
lettering ability has little relationship to normal
writing ability.
 Engineering drawings use a Gothic sans-serif
script, formed by a series of short strokes.
 Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of
machines.
GUIDES IN TECHNICAL
LETTERING
GUIDES IN TECHNICAL
LETTERING
SCALES

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an
element of an object as represented in the drawing,
to the real linear dimension of the same element of
the object itself.

Wherever possible, it is desirable to make full size
drawings, so as to represent true shapes and
sizes.

If this is not practicable, the largest possible scale
should be used.
 While drawing very small objects, such as watch
components and other similar objects, it is
advisable to use enlarging scales.
SCALES

The complete designation of a scale should consist
of the word Scale, followed by the indication of its
ratio as:
SCALE 1: 1 for full size,
SCALE ×: 1 for enlarged scales,
SCALE 1: × for reduced scales.

The guides for scaling is given to be as follows:
SCALES
DIMENSIONS

Dimensioning rules is very important for drawing
standards.
 Proper dimensioning will help to manufacturers,
engineers etc. to get better understanding of the
designed parts.
 In making your drawings selected front view should
describe the part the best.
 All dimensions must be in decimals.
DIMENSIONS

All Dimensioning must be described either in
inches or metric, if necessary either one of them
can be described in parenthesis.
 All hidden lines should be removed unless
necessary.
 Dimensions shouldn't be duplicated. Hidden lines
shouldn't be dimensioned unless necessary.
 Dimensioned shouldn't be placed on the body
unless necessary.
 Always given the diameter of a hole, not the radius.
A Ø symbol must be used before the value.
TIPS FOR
DIMENSIONING

As far as possible, dimensions should be placed
outside the view.
 Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines
rather than from hidden lines.
 Dimensioning to a center line should be avoided
except when the center line passes through the
centre of a hole.
 Each feature should be dimensioned once only on
a drawing.
TIPS FOR
DIMENSIONING

Dimensions should be placed on the view or
section that relates most clearly to the
corresponding features.
 Each drawing should use the same unit for all
dimensions, but without showing the unit symbol.
 No more dimensions than are necessary to define
a part should be shown on a drawing.
 No features of a part should be defined by more
than one dimension in any one direction.