Physical Layer
Ijaz Farooq
Lecturer
Higher Education Department
In Today's Lecture
• Physical Layer and its
functionalities
Physical Layer
Bottom-most layer in the Open
Physical and electrical Sends data bits from one
System Interconnection (OSI)
representation of the system device to another (PPSC Mcq)
Model
Responsible for the
communication of the
Defines the types of encoding
unstructured raw data streams
over a physical medium
Why Physical Layer is Important
Transmission Hardware
Topologies
Media Devices
Transmission Circuit
Multiplexing
Mode Switching
Encoding
Transmission Impairment
the loss of energy change in the shape unwanted signal
(PPSC Mcq) of the signal
Attenuation
• loss of energy
• The strength of signal decreases with increasing distance
• Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal
Distortion
• changes in the form or shape of the signal.
• seen in composite signals made up with different frequencies
Transmission
• Each frequency component has its own propagation speed
Impairment
• delay in arriving at the final destination
• Every component arrive at different time which leads to distortion.
Noise
• The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal
• induced noise
• Crosstalk noise
• thermal noise
• impulse noise
Transmission Media
Physical medium Transmits the electromagnetic
through which the waves without using any
signals are transmitted physical medium
Twisted Pair
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial Cable
Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting a single signal at high speed.
Broadband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously
Fiber Optic Total Internal Reflection
(PPSC Mcq)
PPSC Mcq
Microwaves
Line of
Cannot
Sight Directional
Unicast penetrate
(PPSC Antennas
walls
Mcq)
Travel Large Can penetrate
Distance through walls
Radio waves
Omnidirectional
(PPSC Mcq)
Topologies
Bus Topology
Physical and logical
arrangement of nodes Ring Topology
and connections in
a network. Star Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
Bus Topology
Backbone Cable (PPSC Mcq) Drop cable 802.3 (ethernet) CSMA
CSMA CD
CSMA CA
Ring Topology
Token Passing (PPSC
Unidirectional
Mcq)
Star Topology
Central Device (PPSC Hub or Switch Coaxial cable or RJ-45
Mcq)
Mesh topology
COMPUTERS ARE INTERCONNECTED DOES NOT CONTAIN THE SWITCH, HUB
WITH EACH OTHER THROUGH VARIOUS OR ANY CENTRAL COMPUTER
REDUNDANT CONNECTIONS
Number of cables (PPSC Mcq) = (n*(n-1))/2
Tree topology
Bus Topology + Star Topology Hierarchical Fashion Only One Path Exists Between Two
(PPSC Mcq) Nodes For The Data Transmission
Hybrid Topology
Combination of all the Hybrid Topology is used
various types of when the nodes are free
topologies to take any form.
Transmission Modes
• How two devices communicate with each other
Simplex Mode
Unidirectional Only one of the two devices on a link E.g. Keyboard and traditional
can transmit, the other can only monitors
receive
Half Duplex Mode
Each Station Can Both
Transmit And Receive, But E.g. Walkie-talkie
Not At The Same Time
Full Duplex Mode
both Stations Can
Transmit And Receive Telephone
Simultaneously
Technique used to combine and send the multiple
data streams over a single medium
Multiplexer (MUX)
Multiplexing
that combines n input lines to generate a single output line
Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
separates a signal into its component signals
Types of Multiplexing
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing
Bandwidth of a single physical
medium is divided into a number
Analogue Signal (PPSC Mcq)
of smaller, independent
frequency channels
• Inter-channel Cross-talk
• Guard Bands (PPSC Mcq)
Time Division Multiplexing
Total Time Available In
The Channel Is All Signals Operate With
Digital signal Two Types
Distributed Among The Same Frequency
Different Users
Statistical/Asynchronous
Synchronous TDM
TDM
Synchronous
TDM
Time Slot Is Each Device Is Signals Are Sent In
If the device does
Preassigned To Given Some Time The Form Of
not have any data
Every Device Slot Frames (PPSC Mcq)
Irrespective of the
fact that the then the slot will
device contains remain empty
the data or not
Statistical/
Asynchronous
TDM
Time Slots Are Allocated to only
Not Fixed those devices
which have
Dynamically
the data to
allocated
send
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Only in Fiber Optics Same as FDM except Optical signals from Demultiplexer separates Prism
(PPSC Mcq) that the optical signals different source are the signals to transmit
are transmitted combined to form a them to their respective
wider band of light with destinations
the help of multiplexer
Switching Modes
Store and Forward (PPSC Mcq)
• Intermediate nodes store the received frame and then check
for errors before forwarding the packets to the next node
• Wait for Entire Frame
Cut Through
Switching • switch forwards the packets after the destination address
has been identified without waiting for the entire frame to
Modes
be received
• Read only first six bytes
• No Error Checking
Fragment Free
• Read atleast 64 bytes
• Doesn’t Wait for full frame
• Cut Through+ Error Checking
Transferring the information from
one computer network to another
network is known as switching
Switching
Types
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Message
• Physical Layer • Network Layer Switching
Establishes a dedicated path between sender and receiver.
A request signal is sent to the receiver
• receiver sends back the acknowledgment to ensure the availability of the dedicated path
Once the connection is established then
Circuit Switching • the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is terminated.
(PPSC Interview) A complete end-to-end path must exist before the communication takes
place.
Steps
• Connection Establishment
• Acknowledgments
• Transfer
• Termination
E.g. Telephone Network
