GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
1. RMP of nerve
2. Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in blood
3. Serum Ca
4. Serum K
5. Serum Na
6. [Na+] in ECF
DEFINE
7. Donnan effect
8. Gibbs Donnan effect
9. All or none law
10. Generator potential
11. Negative feedback mechanism
12. Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in blood
13. Apoptosis
14. Osmolarity of plasma
15. Homeostasis
16. Gain of a control system
17. Absolute refractory period
EXPLAIN WHY
18. Na is added to glucose in ORS
19. Albumin is mainly responsible for plasma osmotic pressure
DIFFERENCES
20. Primary and secondary active transport
21. Active and passive transport
22. Action potential and Generator potential
SHORT NOTES
23. Gibbs Donnan Effect
24. Secondary active transport and Primary active transport
25. Facilitated diffusion
26. Gap junctions and Tight junctions
27. Myasthenia gravis
28. Na-K pump
29. Osmotic pressure
30. Genesis of RMP
31. Voltage gated and ligand gated channels in cell membrane
NERVE AND MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
BLOOD
NORMAL VALUES
1. Blood pH
2. A:G ratio
3. Platelet count
4. Total plasma proteins
5. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
6. MCHC
7. Hb in adult female and male
8. Ab eosinophil count
9. ESR
10. Lifespan of RBC
11. Mean dia of RBC
12. Reticulocyte count
13. Bleeding time
14. Clotting time
15. Prothrombin time
DEFINE
16. Landsteiner's law
17. Erythroblastosis foetalis
18. Anemia
19. Immunity
EXPLAIN WHY
20. O-ve blood can’t be transfused to AB+ve patient
21. A:G ratio is reversed in liver disease
22. Anti D injections are given to Rh -ve pregnant women
23. B12 def causes megaloblastic anemia
24. Polycythemia is observed in people residing at high altitude
25. Osmotic pressure exerted by the plasma proteins in blood
DIFFERENCES
26. Active and passive immunity
27. Innate and acquired immunity
28. Agglutination and coagulation
29. Fetal and adult Hb
30. T and B lymphocytes
31. Cellular and humoral immunity
32. Hameolytic and Fe def anemia
33. Pre (hemolytic) and post hepatic (obstructive) jaundice
34. Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation
35. Bleeding time and clotting time
SHORT NOTES
36. Granulocyte and macrophage Colony stimulating factor
37. Stages of erythropoiesis
38. Rh incompatibility
39. Fibrinolytic system
40. Complement system
41. Erythropoietin
42. Platelets
43. Factors affecting erythropoiesis
44. Intrinsic mech of clotting
45. Extrinsic mech of clotting
46. Fe def anemia
47. Megaloblastic anemia
48. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
49. Roles of platelets in haemostasis (4)
50. Active immunity
51. Functions of plasma proteins
52. Anticoagulants used in vivo
53. Phagocytosis
54. IgA
55. Haemophilia
DIAGRAM/FLOWCHART
56. Immunoglobulin
57. Fibrinolytic system and its control by protein C
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
1. Duration of cardiac cycle
2. %of blood vol in venous system
3. HR of adult
4. Cardiac index
5. Mean arterial pressure
6. SV
7. CO
8. Ejection fraction
9. EDV
10. Systolic BP
11. Diastolic BP
12. Pulse pressure
13. RMP of cardiac muscle
14. PR interval
15. QT interval
16. ORS duration
17. Mean electrical axis of heart
18. Direction of mean QRS vector of heart
19. Conduction speed of purkinje fibres
20. Conduction speed of AV bundle
21. Range of cardiac axis
22. Mean electrical axis of ventricles
23. Carotid body blood flow
DEFINE
24. Cardiac index
25. Cardiac output
26. Frank starling's law
27. ECG
28. Electrocardiography
29. BP
30. SV
31. Mean pressure
32. BainBridge reflex
33. Marey's law of heart
34. Pacemaker potential
35. Oxygen debt
36. Apex beat
37. Refractory shock
38. Cyanosis
39. Hypoxic hypoxia
40. Law of Laplace
41. Shock
EXPLAIN WHY
42. Isometric exercise should be avoided in hypertensive patients
43. Higher risk of ventricular fibrillation than atrial fibrillation
44. Both systolic and diastolic BP increase with age
45. Digitalis is positively inotropic
46. Subendocardial portion of lt ventricle is commonest site of MI
47. ECG waves are inverted in lead aVR
48. Cardiac muscle is not anatomical but a physiological syncytium
49. Production of heart sounds
50. Depolarisation and repolarisation are in same direction in cardiac muscle
51. Sinus arrhythmias
52. Phenomenon of blushing
53. Cushing's reflex
54. HR increase with inspiration
55. Dilated heart has to do more work than non-dilated heart
56. Low dose of Aspirin is given to prevent Angina
57. Korotkoff sounds are heard
58. ST segment elevated in MI
59. There is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
60. Blood flow in muscles increases before start of exercise
61. Decreased resting HR is observed in athletes
62. Cardiac muscles cant be tetanised
63. Dopamine is a preferred drug to treat hemorrhagic shock
64. BP falls on standing
65. Physiological AV delay is considered to be beneficial
WHAT WILL HAPPEN AND WHY
66. To the blood flow in a segment of vessel if its radius and length is doubled
67. To venous return during moderate exercise
68. Mean cardiac vector in left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertrophy
69. Effect of raised intracranial tension on heart rate
70. If the right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output
71. Autonomic innervation to heart is cut
72. Change in BP and why after denervation of chemoreceptors and baroreceptors if the
initial mean BP was 100mm Hg and initial BP was 50mmg
SHORT NOTES
73. Hypovolemic shock
74. Pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock
75. Cardiogenic shock
76. Regulation of HR
77. Factors regulating CO
78. Regulation of CO
79. Regulation of BP
80. Factors regulating coronary blood flow
81. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
82. Starling forces
83. Wind Kassel effect
84. Poiseuille's - Huygens formula and its application
85. Reynolds number
86. Mayers waves
87. Ficks principle
88. Starling's law of heart
89. Application of Laplace law in CVS
90. Myocardial contractility
91. Vagal tone
92. Role of arterial baroreceptors in regulation of BP
93. Determinants of BP
94. Long term control of BP
95. Short term control of BP
96. Cardiopulmonary receptors
97. Cardiovascular changes during exercise
98. Effect of endurance training on CVS
99. Effect of exercise on BP
100. Heart blocks
101. ECG changes in MI
102. QRS complex in ECG
103. Cardiac cycle
104. Pressure volume changes in ventricles and atria during cardiac cycle
DIAGRAM/FLOWCHART
105. ECG in all 6 leads
106. Left ventricular and aortic pressure changes during cardiac cycle
107. Action potential of ventricular muscle
108. Relation b/w lt ventricular vol and intraventricular pressure during systole and
diastole
109. Arterial pulse
110. Pacemaker potential
111. Axon reflex
112. Pacemaker potential and effect on sympathetic stimulation of heart
113. Relation between pressure and flow in the ventricular system
114. Blood flow in left coronary artery
115. Correlation of electrical events during a cardiac cycle with left ventricular pressure
and volume changes
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
1. Functional residual capacity
2. Lung compliance
3. Dead space air
4. PO2 in arterial blood
5. Rate of oxygen consumption by an adult individual at rest
6. Vital capacity in man
7. Tidal value in adult
8. Partial pressure of O2 in venous blood
9. Physiological blood space
10. Ventilation perfusion rate
11. Diffusion capacity of lungs for oxygen
12. Timed vital capacity
13. Intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure at rest
14. PCO2 in arterial blood
15. Vital capacity in women
16. FEV1
17. PCO2
18. Compliance of the total respiratory system
19. Alveolar pCO2 at the apnoeic point
20. Compliance of the lungs and the chest wall together
21. Apnoeic pointc
22. Vital capacity in n adult male
23. Total lung capacity in adult male
24. Critical closing pressure
25. Residual volume
26. Water vapour pressure in the alveoli at 23000ft
DEFINE
27. Physiological dead space
28. Compliance
29. Hypoxia
30. Cyanosis
31. Pulmonary ventilation
32. Diffusion ventilation
33. Residual volume
34. Tidal volume
35. O2 debt
36. Forced vital capacity
37. Respiratory reserve volumes
38. Hypercapnea
39. Dead space
40. Functional residual capacity
41. Law of Laplase
42. Bohr’s effect
43. Diffusing capacity of lungs
44. Respiratory alkaolosis
EXPLAIN WHY
45. 100% O2 should not be given to preterm infants
46. Smoking can lead to emphysema in adults
47. Surfactant in important for respiration
48. Anaemia causes breathlessness
49. Hyperbaric O2 therapy is used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning
50. PCV of venous blood is greater than that of arterial blood
51. A diver breathing 80% N2 should not ascend rapidly
52. Isometric exercises should be avoided in hypertensive patients
53. Caisson’s disease
54. Describe mechanism of assimilzation at high altitudes
55. Erythropoiesis is enhanced at high altitudes
56. Oxygen dissociation curve at high altitude
DIFFERENCES
57. Haldane and Bohr’s effect
58. Peripheral and central chemoreceptors
59. Composition of inspired and expired air
60. Obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases
61. Hypoxic hypoxia and stagnant hypoxia
62. Hypoxic and cytotoxic hypoxia
63. Apex and base of lungs
64. Static and dynamic lung volumes
65. Hypoxic hypoxia and anaemic hypoxia
66. Haemoglobin and myoglobin
67. Isotonic and isometric exercises
68. Hypoxic hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia
SHORT NOTES
69. Neural regulation of respiration
70. Respiratory changes during exercise
71. Caisson’s disease
72. Timed vital capacity
73. Role of chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
74. Metabolic function of lungs
75. ventilation - perfusion ratio
76. Medullary regulation of respiration
77. non - respiratory functions of lungs
78. Hypoxia
79. Functional residual capacity
80. Decompression sickness
81. Cardio respiratory changes during exercise
82. Body response to high altitude
LONG QUESTIONS
83. Describe in brief the neural control of respiration
84. Describe transport of CO2 in blood
85. Describe transport of CO2 in blood. Add a note on physiological basis of Cheyne Stoke’s
respiration
ILLUSTRATE
86. Chloride shift
87. Oxygen debt
GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
1. Basic electrical rhythm in intestine
2. Volume of pancreatic juice/day
3. Gastric pH
4. Rate of peristalsis in oesophagus
5. 24 hr fecal fat excretion
6. Normal salivary secretion
7. Gastric emptying time
8. Plasma glucose level
DEFINE
9. Migrating motor complexes
EXPLAIN WHY
10. Proton pump inhibitors are given in peptic ulcers disease
11. Omeprazole are given in peptic ulcers disease
12. What will happen in an individual suffers from deficiency of enzyme lactase
13. What will to gastric emptying if a large part of small intestine is resected
14. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes do not produce auto digestion
15. What will happen if total gastrectomy is done in peptic ulcer patient
16. Patients of total surgical gastrectomy suffer from metabolic anaemia
DIFFERENCES
17. Choleretics and cholagogues
18. Meissner’s and myenteric plexuses
19. Bile salt and bile pigment
20. Segmental and peristaltic contractions
SHORT NOTES
21. Movement of intestines
22. Regulation of salivary secretion
23. Mechanism of HCl secretion in stomach
24. Gastric secretion
25. Megacolon
26. Functions of saliva
27. Composition and function of bile
28. Regulation of gastric accretion
29. Gastrin
30. Regulation of secretion of pancreatic juice
31. Pancreatic function test
32. Gastric emptying
33. Action of gastrin
34. Dumping syndrome
35. Specific dynamic action of food
36. Dietary fibres
37. Physiologic basis of treatment of peptic ulcers
38. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
39. Fat absorption in gut
40. Mucosal barrier in stomach
41. BER of duodenum
42. Peristalsis
43. Na+ absorption in small intestine
44. Malabsorption syndrome
45. Factors affecting gastrin secretion
46. Enumerate two factors when present would inhibit iron absorption
47. cholecystokinin
LONG QUESTIONS
48. Discuss interaction of nervous and humoral mechanisms responsible for gastric juice
secretion
49. Give an account of composition regulation of pancreatic secretion and pancreatic
function test
50. Describe the various types of gastrointestinal motility. Discuss the role of various
hormones in its secretion
51. What is the composition of pancreatic secretion? Describe in brief its role in digestion of
food
DIAGRAMS
52. HCl secretion by parietal cells
53. Various pancreatic enzymes and their actions
DISCUSS BRIEFLY
54. Regulation of gastric secretion
55. Movements of intestine
56. Function of exocrine pancreas
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL VALUE
1. Renal threshold for glucose
2. Blood urea
3. Blood pH
4. TmG
5. Renal plasma flow
6. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
7. Obligatory urine output per day
8. Daily urine volume
9. Osmotic pressure exerted by the plasma proteins in blood
10. Serum sodium
11. Blood uric acid
12. Serum creatinine
13. Total plasma proteins
14. GFR
15. Renal blood flow per minute
16. Fluid filtered per day by glomeruli
17. Limiting pH of urine (desirable to know)
18. Fasting blood glucose level
DEFINE
19. Filtration fraction
20. Renal clearance
21. Transport maximum
22. GFR
23. Counter current system
24. Renal threshold for a substance
EXPLAIN WHY
25. Creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR
26. Kidney plays an important role in handling non- carbonic acid
27. Why thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle is called the dilutional segment of nephron
28. Hypokalemia is common compliance in patients receiving loop diuretics as compared to
those on amiloride
29. What will happen and why- (a) to GFr if the B.P. is 170mmHg (b) to GFR if mean B.P. in
an individual falls t 80mmHg [c] effect of high protein diet on concentration of urine (d)
urine pH following a meal
30. Sodium and glucose are essential constituents of oral rehydration solution
DIFFERENCES
31. Counter current multiplier and counter current exchanger
32. Loop and osmotic diuretics
33. Osmotic and water diuresis
34. Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis
35. Composition of urine in DM and diabetes insipidus
36. Automatic and neurogenic bladder
37. TmG and renal threshold for glucose
38. Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
39. Insulin and pH clearance
SHORT NOTES
40. Micturition reflex
41. Determinants of GFR
42. Physiological basis of action of diuretics
43. Countercurrent multiplier system for urine formation
44. Glomerulotubular balance
45. Water reabsorption in renal tubules
46. Role of countercurrent system in concentration and dilution of urine
47. Sodium reabsorption in renal tubules
48. Endocrine function of kidney
49. Autoregulation of renal blood flow
50. Cystometrogram (desirable to know)
51. Role of urea in countercurrent mechanism of kidney
52. Regulation of GFR
53. Osmotic diuresis
54. Tubuloglomerular feedback
55. Glucose reabsorption
56. Mechanism of absorption of potassium sparing diuretics
57. JG apparatus
58. Renal compensation in metabolic acidosis
59. Test of glomerular function
60. Clearance of a substance
LONG QUESTIONS
61. Briefly describe the role of countercurrent system inn concentration and dilution of urine
62. Regulation of the pH by the kidneys
63. Mechanism of H+ secretion and define Limiting pH
64. Regulation of GFR
DIAGRAM /FLOW CHART /TABLE
65. Mechanism of glomerulotubular balance and tubuloglomerular feedback
66. Cystometrogram in a normal human
67. Countercurrent multiplier system in a kidney
68. JG apparatus
69. Urinary bladder innervation
70. H+ secretion in PCT
ENDOCRINOLOGY
NORMAL VALUES
1. Fasting blood glucose
2. Daily iodine requirement in adult
3. Serum calcium level
DEFINE
4. Addison’s disease
5. Cretinism
DIAGRAM
6. Feed-back regulation of Glucocorticoid secretion
7. Feedback control of growth hormone secretion
EXPLAIN WHY
8. Why is it necessary to evaluate thyroid status in a newborn?
9. Hypocalcemia produces tetany
10. Melatonin is used to treat jet lag (desirable to know)
11. Obesity occurs lesions of satiety centre of Hypothalamus
12. Mental retardation is a feature of Cretinism
13. There is exophthalmic goitre in Graves Disease
14. Diuresis seen in Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus
15. Insulin is administered to hypokalemic patients
16. Heat intolerance in hyperthyroidism
17. Chances of renal stone formation are much increased in hyperparathyroidism
18. Why do hyperpigmentation of skin is observed in Addison’s disease
19. Why parathyroid hormone is essential for life
20. Alkalosis may lead to tetany.
21. Hyperglycemia is observed in Cushing’s syndrome?
22. Polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus?
DESCRIBE
23. How can you assess the Functions of Adrenal cortex in an Individual? (desirable to
know) Give the Physiological Basis of use of Corticosteroids.
24. Give an account of hormones regulating carbohydrate metabolism
25. Describe mechanism of action of Insulin hormone. Add a note on Diabetes mellitus
26. Discuss the role of various hormones in spermatogenesis
27. Briefly describe the functions and regulation of growth hormone. Add a note on
abnormalities of GH secretion.
28. Describe Clinical Features of Cushing’s syndrome
29. Actions and Regulations of Thyroid hormones secretion
30. Enumerate the hormones of pancreas and describe the functions of insulin in brief
DIFFERENCES
31. Exophthalmic and endemic goitre
32. Pituitary Dwarf and Thyroid Dwarf
33. Hypoglycemic and Hyperglycaemic coma
34. Cushings and Addison’s disease
35. Diabetes mellitus & Diabetes Insipidus
SHORT NOTES
36. Role of parathormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
37. Role of Hypothalamus in Temperature regulation
38. Calcitonin
39. Thyroid function test
40. Initiation of Lactation after Delivery
41. Aldosterone escape phenomenon (desirable to know)
42. Actions of Insulin
43. Type1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
44. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
45. Euthyroid state
46. Cushing's disease
47. Addison's Syndrome
48. Precocious and Delayed Puberty
49. T3 and T4 hormone
50. Grave’s Disease
51. Role of Hypothalamus in emotions and behaviour (desirable to know)
52. Thalamic Syndrome (nice to know)
53. Catecholamine response in stress
54. Factors regulating ADH secretion
55. Actions of Oxytocin
56. Hormonal changes during Menstrual cycle
57. Two actions of Glucocorticoids
58. Two factors regulating insulin secretion
59. Hormones of Placenta
60. Paracrine regulation
61. Abnormalities of GH secretion
62. Indicators of ovulation
63. Conn’s syndrome
DISCUSS
64. The role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation. Add a note on heat stroke.
65. The functions of Insulin. Add a note on Diabetes mellitus.
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
DEFINE
1. Menopause
2. Spermatogenesis
3. Amenorrhea
4. Capacitation of sperm
5. Hormone
6. Spermiogenesis
7. Deuteranomaly
8. Precocious puberty
9. Primary amenorrhea
10. Secondary amenorrhea
11. Menarche
12. Capacitation
EXPLAIN WHY
13. Safe or calendar method for contraception
14. Amenorrhea is seen in lactating mothers
15. Rise in BBT after ovulation
16. If testes remain intra abdominal till puberty
17. IUD prevents implantation of fertilized ovum
18. Menstruation does not occur before puberty & after menopause
19. Menstruation does not occur before puberty
20. Oxytocin is used for induction of labour
21. Nondisjunction of X chromosome during oogenesis
22. If testes are removed before puberty
23. Lactation is a normal contraceptive
24. If testis fails to descend to the scrotum
25. If testes are removed at 8th week of intrauterine life
26. Corpus luteum fails to secrete hormones after fertilization has occurred
SHORT NOTE
27. Spermatogenesis
28. Hormones of placenta
29. Action of testosterone in different periods of life in a male
30. Regulation of menstrual cycle
31. Blood testis barrier
32. Menstrual cycle
33. Ovarian cycle
34. Indicators of ovulation
35. Lactational amenorrhea
36. Oral contraceptives
37. Sertoli cell
38. Feto-placental unit
39. Regulation of spermatogenesis
40. Uterine changes in menstrual cycle
41. Initiation of lactation after delivery
42. Hormonal levels during normal pregnancy
43. Post menopausal osteoporosis
44. Fetoplacental adaptation for oxygen carriage
45. Physiology of lactation
46. Ovarian changes in different phases of menstrual cycle
47. Pseudohermaphrodite
48. Precocious puberty
49. Control of onset of puberty
50. Actions of oxytocin
51. Clinical features of Turner syndrome
DIFFERENCES
52. Secretory & proliferative phases of menstrual cycle
53. Spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis
54. Positive & negative feedback effect of estrogen on gonadotropins
55. True & pseudo hermaphrodites
56. Functions of FSH in males & females
FULL QUESTION
57. Briefly describe hormonal control of menstrual cycle
58. Describe the ovarian & uterine changes occurring during the menstrual cycle. How can
you determine the time of ovulation in a lady?
59. Describe the process of spermatogenesis. Discuss the role of various hormones in
regulation of spermatogenesis.
DIAGRAM
60. Mechanism of action of testosterone
61. Fluctuations in plasma gonadotropin levels during a normal menstrual cycle
62. Feedback control of testosterone secretion
NORMAL VALUES
63. Normal sperm count & criteria of male infertility
64. Duration of normal pregnancy
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF
65. Safe or calendar method of contraception
SENSORY SYSTEM
NORMAL VALUES
1. Synaptic delay
2. Conduction velocity in Aδ type of nerve fibre
DEFINE
1. All or none law
2. Generator potential
3. Synapse
4. Receptive field
5. Bell Magendie law
6. Weber Fechner law
7. Habituation
8. Synaptic delay
9. Receptor
10. Doctrine of specific nerve energies
11. Adaptation
EXPLAIN WHY
12. There is pain in phantom limb
13. Phenomenon of occlusion occurs in nervous system
LABELLED DIAGRAMS
14. Chemical synapse
15. Phenomenon of occlusion and facilitation in properties of reflex action
16. Draw a diagram showing the pain pathway. Add a note on referred pain
DIFFERENCES
17. Action potential and EPSP
18. Presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition
19. Action potential and receptor potential
20. Fast pain and slow pain
21. Spatial and temporal summation
22. Visceral and somatic pain
23. Cerebellar & sensory ataxia
SHORT NOTES
24. Origin ,course and projection of slow pain pathway
25. Brown – Sequard syndrome
26. Describe origin, pathway, termination and function of anterolateral system. What is
the pain suppression system of CNS?
27. pathways for touch
28. referred pain
29. classification of nerve fibers
30. phantom limb
31. law of projection and its clinical significance
DISCUSS BRIEFLY
32. Referred pain
33. Brown – Sequard syndrome
MOTOR SYSTEM
NORMAL VALUES
1. Normal CSF pressure
2. Frequency of alpha wave of EEG
3. Duration of spinal shock in humans
4. Amplitude of alpha rhythm in EEG
DEFINE
5. Motor unit
6. Ataxia
7. Neuromodulation
8. Nystagmus
9. Conditioned reflex
10. Fluent aphasia
11. Learning
12. Nonfluent aphasia
13. Physiologic tremor
14. Clonus
15. Muscle tone
16. Posture
17. Recruitment
18. Babinski sign
19. Negative feedback mechanism
20. Synapse
21. Lower motor neuron
22. Memory
EXPLAIN WHY
23. Babinski signs are positive in infants.
24. Deafferentation does not abolish in ischemic decerebration.
25. Obesity occurs in lesions of satiety centre of hypothalamus
26. Pure pyramidal tract lesions produce hypotonia
27. L-Dopa is given in parkinson’s disease
28. Babinski sign is positive in UMN lesion
29. Hemorrhage in internal capsule causes hemiplegia
30. Subtotal lesion of subthalamic nuclei in parkinsonism
31. Rigidity occurs in mid collicular transaction
32. Rubbing/touching local area can reduce pain in that area
33. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus
34. In hemiplegia site of lesion is generally internal capsule
35. Hypertonia occurs in upper motor neuron lesions
SHORT NOTES
36. Decerebrate rigidity
37. Stretch reflex
38. Parkinsonism
39. Kluver bucy syndrome
40. Functions of hypothalamus
41. Paradoxical sleep
42. Sensory aphasia
43. Functions of spinocerebellum
44. Functions of limbic system
45. Role of thalamus in sleep
46. Neuronal circuits of cerebellum
47. Physiological basis of EEG
48. Short term memory
49. Lengthening reaction
50. Reticular formation of brainstem
51. Functions of Reticular formation
52. Papez circuit & its function
53. Muscle tone & deep reflexes in UMN lesion
54. Fluent aphasia
55. Limbic system
56. Types & origin of normal brain waves
57. Alzhiemer’s disease
58. Prefrontal lobotomy
59. Brown sequard syndrome
60. Spinal shock
61. Motor cortex
62. Properties of reflexes
63. Tonic neck reflexes
64. Declarative memory
65. Signs and symptoms of cerebellar disorders
DIFFERENCES
66. Slow wave & paradoxical sleep
67. Intention & static tremor
68. REM sleep & non REM sleep
69. Monosynaptic & polysynaptic reflex
70. Conditioned & unconditioned reflex
71. UMN & LMN lesion
72. Tremors of cerebellar lesion & basal ganglia lesion
73. Classical & ischemic decerebrate rigidity
74. Decerebrate and decorticate rigidity
75. Medial & lateral descending pathways
76. Rigidity & spasticity
77. Cerebellar and sensory ataxia
78. Brocha’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia
79. Pre synaptic and Postsynaptic inhibition
80. Sensory and motor aphasia
81. REM & NREM sleep
82. Declarative and nondeclarative memory
LABELLED DIAGRAMS
83. Reflex pathway for stretch & inverse stretch reflex
84. Phenomenon of occlusion & facilitation in properties of reflex action
85. Draw pathways involved in perception of pain and write a note on referred pain
86. Draw a well labeled diagram of the corticospinal tract. Discuss its role and execution of
motor movements.
LONG QUESTIONS
87. Describe brief functions of cerebellum. Add a note on features of cerebellar disorders.
88. What are the functions of cerebellum? Discuss the signs & symptoms of cerebellar
disease in detail.
89. Describe briefly the role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature.
90. Describe briefly the functions of thalamus. What is thalamic syndrome?
91. Briefly write the role of hypothalamus in thirst & food intake
92. Describe the supraspinal control of stretch reflex
93. Enumerate the sensations carried by Anterolateral and Dorsal Column Pathway.
Describe the pathway for perception of temperature sensation in brief
94. What is posture? Describe briefly its regulation
DISCUSS BRIEFLY
95. Parkinson’s disease
96. Functions of hypothalamus
97. Limbic system
SPECIAL SENSES
NORMAL VALUES
1. Magnification of sound intensity by ear ossicles
2. Intraocular tension
3. Auditory threshold and its value for average human being
4. Dark adaptation time
5. Power of reduced eye
6. Dioptric power of emmetropic eye
EXPLAIN WHY
1. Light reflex is lost but accommodation reflex is present in neurosyphilis
2. Myopia is corrected by concave lenses
3. Presbyopia occurs usually after age of 50 years
4. Explain what will happen and why – if NaCl is injected in scala media of cochlea
5. Irrigation of ear canal causes vertigo in some patients
6. Pilots wear red goggles when flying into night sky
7. Rubbing/touching a local area can reduce pain in that area
8. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus
DEFINE
1. Hypermetropia
2. Diopter
3. Tympanic reflex
4. Dioptric power of emmetropic eye
5. Impedance matching
6. Nystagmus
7. Decibel
8. Presbyopia
9. Near point and its value after maximum accommodation in normal young adult
10. Reduced eye
11. Synapse
12. Visual acuity
13. Masking of a sound
14. Accommodation reflex
15. Adaptation
DIFFERENCES
1. Photopic and scotopic vision.
2. Perceptive and conductive deafness
3. Myopia and hypermetropia
4. Endolymphatic potential and cochlear microphonic potential (nice to know)
5. Conductive and Sensorineural deafness
6. Light reflex and accommodation reflex
7. Rods and cones
8. Hypermetropia and presbyopia
9. Peripheral and central retina
10. Light and Dark adaptation
LABELLED DIAGRAMS
1. Sequence of events in phototransduction in rods and cones
2. Audiogram in conductive deafness (nice to know)
3. Pathways of light reflex
4. Errors of refraction and their correction by appropriate powered lenses
5. Visual defects following lesion of optic chiasma
6. Electrical activity in neurons of retina
SHORT NOTES
1. Mechanism of colour vision/perception
2. Dark adaptation
3. Trichromatic theory of colour vision
4. Phototransduction in rods
5. Colour blindness
6. Effects of lesions in optic pathways at various levels
7. Accommodation reflex
8. Binocular vision
9. Mechanism of image formation in eye
10. Parallel processing in visual pathway
11. Pilots wear red goggles when flying into night sky
12. Visual accommodation
13. Errors of refraction and their correction
14. Functions of middle ear
15. Impedance matching
16. Functions of organ of corti
17. Aqueous circulation in the eye and maintenance of intraocular pressure
18. Olfactory pathways
19. Auditory functions tests
20. Tests of vestibular function
21. Mechanism of hearing
22. Genesis of electric responses of hair cells ( desirable to know)
23. Vestibular apparatus
24. Olfactory transduction
25. Physiological basis of various taste sensation
26. Sensorineural deafness
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Enumerate the sensations carried by Anterolateral & Dorsal column pathways. Describe
the pathway for perception of temperature sensation in brief.
2. Briefly describe the human eye sensory transduction mechanism in Rods.
DISCUSS BRIEFLY
1. Defects of refraction in human eye
