Cardiovasular system

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important

substances to cells and organs in the body. 
5 main organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart,veins,arteries and capillaries

Functions of blood and circulation:

 Circulates OXYGEN and removes Carbon Dioxide.

 Provides cells with NUTRIENTS.
 Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory
organs for disposal.
 Protects the body against disease and infection.
 Clotting stops bleeding after injury.
 Transports HORMONES to target cells and organs.
 Helps regulate body temperature.

The main function of the circulatory system is to provide oxygen, nutrients

and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs throughout your body.
Another part of the circulatory system is to remove waste from cells and
organs 

 Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body.

 Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and capillaries.
 Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.


CARDIAC MUSCLES
The cardiac muscle is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping
action. The cardiac muscle must contract with enough force and enough blood to supply the
metabolic demands of the entire body. This concept is termed cardiac output and is defined as
heart rate x stroke volume.

The primary function of cardiac muscle is to pump blood into circulation 
Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three
types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is
surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner
endocardium.

Property's of cardiac muscle

1. Rhythmicity 2. Excitability 3. Contractility 4. Conductivity.

Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the
beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists
of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and
refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust
contraction and pumping of blood, called systole.
a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute,
each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 second to
complete the cycle
Heart sounds

The S1 heart sound is produced as the mitral and tricuspid valves close in systole
The S2 heart sound is produced with the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in
diastole.
What is your heart rate?
A normal resting heart rate should be between 60 to 100 beats per minute, 

Your heart rate is the number of times that your heart beats in a minute

 pulse is how you can feel your heart rate.

Pulse can be obsoverd at

Neck (carotid artery)

Wrist (radial artery)
Inside your elbow (brachial artery)

CARDIAC OUTPUT
Cardiac output is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and is measured in
liters per minute. HR is most commonly defined as the number of times the heart beats in one
minute. SV is the volume of blood ejected during ventricular contraction or for each stroke of the
heart.
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume with heart rate.

Normal cardiac output ranges from 5 to 6 liters per minute in a person at rest.

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each cardiac cycle. It can be
readily calculated by subtracting the end-systolic volume from the end-diastolic volume. Multiplying
the stroke volume by the heart rate yields the cardiac output, typically reported in liters per minute.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood inside

your arteries
Normal blood pressure is <120/<80 millimeters of mercury.
 Your blood pressure reading has two measurements:

 Systolic blood pressure (the top/first number): This is the

pressure in your arteries when your heart is beating and sending
blood into your arteries.
 Diastolic blood pressure (the bottom/second number): This is
the pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between
heartbeats.

Regulation of BP

Short term
The baroreceptor reflex is a neurally-mediated reflex that regulates blood pressure in the
short term. This reflex is crucial for maintaining blood pressure throughout the day, and in its
absence, even a slight change in posture could lead to significant changes in blood pressure.

Intermidiate and long term

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an essential component of blood

pressure regulation that acts to increase blood volume and increase systemic vascular
resistance.1

Five factors influence blood pressure:

 Cardiac output.
 Peripheral vascular resistance.
 Volume of circulating blood.
 Viscosity of blood.
 Elasticity of vessels walls.

ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm
and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals
produced by your heart each time it beats.

It can be used to investigate symptoms of a possible heart problem, such

as chest pain, palpitations (suddenly noticeable
heartbeats), dizziness and shortness of breath.

An ECG can help detect:

 arrhythmias – where the heart beats too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly

 coronary heart disease – where the heart's blood supply is blocked or interrupted by
a build-up of fatty substances
 heart attacks – where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked
 cardiomyopathy – where the heart walls become thickened or enlarged

Coronary circulation

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the
heart muscle

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated.

The coronary arteries provide the main blood supply to the heart. The coronary arteries also
supply the myocardium with oxygen to allow for the contraction of the heart and thus causing
circulation of the blood throughout the body. Two main coronary arteries originate from the base of
the aorta as it exits the left ventricle: the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries further
branch into smaller arteries to supply specific parts of the heart like the atria, ventricles, SA, and

AV n odes
Cutaneous circulation
The cutaneous circulation is the main effector organ for human thermoregulation and has a
high vasodilatory reserve capacity in response to metabolic, thermal (reflex and locally induced),
and pharmacological stimuli.
How does cutaneous circulation work?
Cutaneous blood flow determines the amount of heat that is lost to the environment. When the skin
or core temperatures fall, sympathetic efferent pathways to skin vessels are activated.

EFFECTS OF EXERSISE ON CVS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Short-term effects on the circulatory and respiratory systems

 Increased heart rate
 Increased breathing rate
 Increase in systolic blood pressure
 Increase vasodilation of blood vessels in the working muscles
 Increased volume of air in the lungs
 Increased stroke volume
 Increased cardiac output

Long-term adaptations on the circulatory and respiratory

systems
 Decreased resting and working heart rate
 Increased aerobic capacity
 Normalised blood pressure
 Hypertrophy of left ventricle
 Increased size and elasticity of arteries
 Increased capillary network
 Increased strength of diaphragm and intercostals
 Increased stroke volume and cardiac output
 Reduced levels of LDL cholesterol (harmful cholesterol)
 Increased blood volume
 Increased number and size of mitochondria