Chapter 1 Patterns in Mathematics

Pattern:
A pattern in math consists of an arrangement of numbers,
shapes, colors, pictures (and so on) that are repeated in a certain
order.

Figure it Out: 1.1(Page No. 2)

1.Can you think of other examples where mathematics helps us in
our everyday lives?
Solution:
Mathematics helps us in everyday life. Some such examples are:
1.Calculating time duration.
2.Estimating different measures.
3.Budgeting to balance income and home expense
2.How has mathematics helped propel humanity forward? (You might
think of examples involving: carrying out scientific experiments;
running our economy and democracy; building bridges, houses, or
other complex structures; making TVs, mobile phones, computers,
bicycles, trains, cars, planes, calendars, clocks, etc.)
Solution:
Mathematics is everywhere. Mathematics has propelled humanity
by economic development eradication of diseases and increase in
living standards.
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)
Figure it Out :1.2(Page No. 3)
1.Can you recognize the pattern in each of the sequences in Table 1?
(a) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,……
The number ‘1’ is repeated.
(b)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,……
Counting numbers starting from ‘1’.
Start from 1 and keep adding 1.
(c) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,…..
Odd numbers starting from ‘1’.
Start from 1 and keep adding 2.
(d) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,…..
Even numbers starting from ‘2’.Start from 2 and keep adding 2.
(e) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28,…..
 Triangular numbers Start from 1.
Add 2: 1 + 2 = 3
Then add 3: 3 + 3 = 6
Then add 4: 6 + 4 = 10 and so on.

(f) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49,…..

Squares (number multiplied by itself) of counting numbers.
1st number = 1 × 1 = 1
2 number = 2 × 2 = 4
nd

3rd number = 3 × 3 = 9
4th number = 4 × 4 = 16 and so on.
(g) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216,……
Cubes (number multiplied by itself and again with itself) of counting
numbers.
1st number = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
2nd number = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
3rd number = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
4th number = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 and so on.
(h) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 …
Virahanka numbers (Sum of last 2 numbers)
1st number = 1; 2nd number = 2;
3rd number = 2nd number + 1st number=2+ 1 = 3
4th number = 3rd number + 2nd number = 3+2 = 5
5th number = 4th number + 3rd number = 5 + 3 = 8
6th number = 5th number + 4th number = 8 + 5 = 13 and so on.
Starting from the 3rd every number is the sum of two previous numbers.

(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 … (Powers of 2)

20 = 1; 21 = 2; 22 = 2 × 2 = 4; 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 and so on.
(j) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729… ( Powers of 3)
30 = 1; 31 = 3; 32 = 3 × 3 = 9; 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 and so on.
2. Rewrite each sequence of Table 1 in your notebook, along with
the next three numbers in each sequence! After each sequence, write
in your own words the rule for forming the numbers in the sequence.
Solution:
(a) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,…
(repeat 1 three times)
(b)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,…
(next three counting numbers)
(c) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,…. .
(next three odd numbers)
(d)2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,…. .
(next three even numbers)
(e) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55,….
(next three triangular numbers)
28 + 8 = 36; 36 + 9 = 45; 45 + 10 = 55
(f) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100,…
 (next three squares)
8 × 8 = 64; 9 × 9 = 81; 10 × 10 = 100
(g)1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729,…
(next three cubes)
7 × 7 × 7 = 343; 8 × 8 × 8 = 512; 9 × 9 × 9 = 729

(h)1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,…

(next three Virahanka numbers)
13 + 21 = 34; 21 + 34 = 55; 34 + 55 = 89
(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512,…
(multiply the previous number by 2)
64 × 2 = 128; 128 × 2 = 256; 256 × 2 = 512
(j) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561, 19683,…
(multiply the previous number by 3)
729 × 3 = 2187 ; 2187 × 3 = 6561; 6561 × 3 = 19683

Visualising Number Sequences Figure it Out (Page No. 5-6)

1.Copy the pictorial representations of the number sequences in Table 2 in

your notebook, and draw the next picture for each sequence!
Solution:
2.(a)Why are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,…… called triangular numbers?
(b)Why are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,… called square numbers or squares?
(c)Why are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,… called cubes?
Solution:
(a) Triangular numbers are called so because these numbers of dots can be
arranged to make a triangle.
1, 3, 6, 10,…...are triangular numbers.

(b) Square numbers are called so because these numbers of dots can be
arranged to make a square. 1, 4, 9, 16,…are square numbers.

(c) Cubes are called so because these many unit cubes can be arranged to
make a cube.
1, 8, 27, 64,…… are cube numbers.

3.You will have noticed that 36 is a triangular and square number! That
is, 36 dots can be arranged perfectly both in a triangle and a square.
Make pictures in your notebook illustrating this! This shows that the
same number can be represented differently, and play different roles)
depending on the context. Try representing some other numbers
pictorially in different ways!
Solution:
Three other such numbers are 1, 1225, and 41616.
1225 is the 49th triangular number.
Also, 1225 can be represented by a square having 36 dots along its side.

4.What would you call the following sequence of numbers?

That’s right, they are called hexagonal numbers! Draw these in
your notebook. What is the next number in the sequence?
Solution:

1st number = 1
2nd number = 1 + 6 = 7 [2nd no = 1st no + (6 × 1)]
3rd number = 7 + 12 = 19 [3rd no = 2nd no+ (6 × 2)]
4th number = 19 + 18 = 37 [4th no = 3rd no + (6 × 3) ]
5th number = 37 + 24 = 61 [5th no = 4th no + (6 × 4)]
Hence, the next number in the sequence is 61.

5.Can you think of pictorial ways to visualize the sequence of Powers of

2? Powers of 3? Here is one possible way of thinking about Powers of 2:

Solution:
Do it yourself
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Relations Among Number Sequences
Figure it Out: 1.4 (Page No. 8-9)
1.Can you find a similar pictorial explanation for why adding counting
numbers up and down, i.e., 1, 1 + 2 + 1, 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1,……., gives square
numbers?
Solution:
 1 = 1 = (1)2
1 + 2 + 1 = 4 = (2)2
1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 9 = (3)2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 16 = (4)2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 25 = (5)2
1+2+3+4+5+6+5+4+3+2+1= 36 = (6)2 and so on.
2.By imagining a large version of your picture, or drawing it partially,
as needed, can you see what will be the value of 1 + 2 + 3+……+99 +
100 + 99+…….+ 3 + 2 + 1?
Solution:
1 + 2 + 3 + …… + 100 + ……. + 3 + 2 + 1 = 100 × 100 = 10000
Hence, it is 1002 = 100 × 100 = 10,000
3.Which sequence do you get when you start to add the All 1’s
sequence up? What sequence do you get when you add the All 1’s
sequence up and down?
Solution:
Adding up: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
Adding down: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
The sum is the same in both ways.

4.Which sequence do you get when you start to add the Counting
numbers up? Can you give a smaller pictorial explanation?
Solution:

Counting numbers adding up:

1, 1 + 2, 1 + 2 + 3, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, (Or) 1, 3, 6, 10

5.What happens when you add up pairs of consecutive triangular

numbers? That is, take 1 + 3, 3 + 6, 6 + 10, 10 + 15,… ? Which
sequence do you get? Why? Can you explain it with a picture?
Solution:
1 + 3 = 4 = 2 × 2;
3 + 6 = 9 = 3 × 3;
6 + 10 = 16 = 4 × 4
The above pairs give square numbers.
 6.What happens when you start to add up powers of 2 starting with
1, i.e., take 1, 1+ 2, 1 + 2 + 4, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8,…..? Now add 1 to each of
these numbers — what numbers do you get? Why does this happen?

Solution:
Let us add powers of 2 starting with 1
Here, 1=1
1+2=3
1+2+4=7
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 31
Hence series 1, 3, 7, 15, 31,….. is
formed. Now let us add 1 to each of the
above numbers
1 + 1 = 2 = 21
1 + 2 + 1 = 4 = 2 × 2 = 22
1 + 2 + 4 + 1 = 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 1 = 16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
This happens because we are adding (1 + 1 = 2), hence the power of 2
increases.

7.What happens when you multiply the triangular numbers by 6 and

add 1? Which sequence do you get? Can you explain it with a picture?
Solution:
Triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21,…….
(1 × 6) + 1 = 7
(3 × 6 )+ 1 = 19 (increase of 12 i.e. 6 × 2)
(6 × 6) + 1 = 37 (increase of 18 i.e. 6 × 3)
(10 × 6)+ 1 = 61 (increase of 24 i.e. 6 × 4)
(15 × 6) + 1 = 91 (increase of 30 i.e. 6 × 5)

We get the sequence: 7, 19, 37, 61, 91,………..

8.What happens when you start to add up hexagonal numbers, i.e.,

take 1, 1 + 7, 1 + 7 + 19, 1 + 7 + 19 + 37,……? Which sequence do you
get? Can you explain it using a picture of a cube?
Solution:
Hexagonal No. are: 1, 7, 19, 37,……….
Let us add them:
1 = 13 (third power of 1)
1 + 7 = 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 (third power of 2)
1 + 7 + 19 = 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 33 (third power of 3)
1 + 7 + 19 + 37 = 64 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 43 (third power of 4)
1 + 7 + 19 + 37 + 61 = 125 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 53 (third power of 5)
9.Find your patterns or relations in and among the sequences in
Table 1. Can you explain why they happen with a picture or
otherwise?
Solution:
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,……… (consecutive multiples of 3).
10, 15, 20, 25,… (first number is 10. Then increase of 5 in each term)
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Patterns in Shapes
Figure it Out -1.5 (Page No. 11)
1.Can you recognize the pattern in each of the sequences in Table 3?
Solution:
(a) Regular Polygons: Triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, (the
number of sides increases by 1 at a time). Hence it is a continuous
number sequence starting from 3.
(b)

Here number of lines is as follows:

K2 = 1; K3 = 3; K4 = 6; K5 = 10; K6 = 15
The series formed is 1, 3, 6, 10,15,…….
Hence it is a triangular number sequence.
(c) Stacked Squares:
The number of small squares in each:

The series formed is 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…….

Hence it is a presentation of squares numbers sequence.
(d)Stacked Triangles
The number of small triangles in each:

The series formed is 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…….

Hence it is also a square number sequence shown by triangles.
(e) Koch Snowflake
Number of sides in each becomes 4 times.

2.Try and redraw each sequence in Table 3 in your notebook. Can you
draw the next shape in each sequence? Why or why not? After each
sequence, describe in your own words what is the rule or pattern for
forming the shapes in the sequence.
Solution:
(a) Regular Polygon: Polygon of 11 sides. (hendecagon)

(b)K7=21 lines

(c)
Stacked Squares

Total number of squares = 6 × 6 = 36

(d)Stacked Triangles

Total number of triangles = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36

(e)Koch Snowflake=768x4=2668 lines

Relation to Number Sequences

Figure it Out (Page No. 11-12)
1.Count the number of sides in each shape in the sequence of Regular
Polygons. Which number sequence do you get? What about the number of
corners in each shape in the sequence of Regular Polygons? Do you get the
same number
sequence? Can you explain why this happens?
 Solution:
Both sequences are the same because in a regular polygon number of sides
is equal to several vertices.
2.Count the number of lines in each shape in the sequence of
Complete Graphs. Which number sequence do you get? Can you
explain why?
Solution:

Hence, we get the sequence: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,…… It is a triangular number

sequence.
3.How many little squares are there in each shape of the sequence of
Stacked Squares? Which number sequence does this give? Can you
explain why?
Solution:

We get the sequence: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36,……….

Hence, we get the sequence of square numbers.
4.How many little triangles are there in each shape of the sequence
of StackedTriangles? Which number sequence does this give? Can you
explain why? (Hint: In each shape in the sequence, how many
triangles are there in each row?)
Solution:

We get the sequence: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, This is the sequence of square
numbers. Hence by adding a Stacked Triangle at the bottom, the next number
in the square sequence will come.
5.To get from one shape to the next shape in the Koch Snowflake
sequence, one replaces each line segment ‘—’ with a ‘speed bump’ /\
. As one does this more and more times, the changes become
tinier and tinier with very very small line segments. How many total
line segments are there in each shape of the Koch Snowflake? What is
the corresponding number sequence? (The answer is 3, 12, 48,….., i.e.
3 times Powers of 4; this sequence is not shown in Table 1)
Solution:
We get the sequence: 3, 12, 48, 192, 768,……. The first term is 3. After that,
each term can be obtained by multiplying the previous term by 4. Please also
note that in the next Koch Snowflake, for each line of the previous shape, 4

lines are added in the next one .

Intext Question
Example:
1. What happens when we start adding up odd numbers? ( p g n o - 6
)
Solution:
1 = 1 = square of 1
1 + 3 = 4 = square of 2
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = square of 3
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = square of 4
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = square of 5
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36 = square of 6
2.Why does this happen? Do you think it will happen forever? (Page
6)
Solution:
This happens because each odd number can be represented as (2n – 1),
where (n) is a positive integer.
When we sum the first (n) odd numbers,
we get: 1 + 3 + 5 + ……. + (2n– 1) = n
This pattern will continue forever because it is a fundamental property of
numbers. The sequence of odd numbers and their sums forming perfect
squares is an inherent characteristic of the number system.
3.How can we partition the dots in a square grid into odd numbers of
dots: 1, 3, 5, 7,…..?(Page 6)
Solution:
We can partition the dots in a square grid into odd numbers of dots: 1,
3, 5, 7, as follows:

4.By drawing a similar picture, can you say what is the sum of
the first 10 odd numbers?(Page 7)
Solution:
Sum of first 10 odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
= n2 = (10)2 =
10 × 10 = 100
5.Now by imagining a similar picture, or by drawing it partially, as
needed, can you say what is the sum of the first 100 odd numbers?(Page
7)
Solution:
The sum of the first 100 odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + ………… = n2
= (100)2
= 100 × 100
= 10,000