Prepared by Ong Zeyi & Kriesya

1.1 Patterns
Recognising and Describing Patterns
1. A pattern is a certain arrangement of a set of numbers, objects or shapes
that may repeat or vary.
2. Example: 2,4,6,8….. (even numbers)
1,3,5,7….. (odd numbers)
3. A pattern in a list of numbers is determined by adding, subtracting,
multiplying or dividing the previous number.
4. A pattern in an object is determined by observing the order of the
previous object.
5. This set of numbers is known as Fibonacci Numbers. It has a pattern,
which is a number is formed by adding the two previous numbers.

1 1 2 3 5 8 …..

1+1=2 1 +2 = 3 2+3=5 3+5=8

Example 1

Identify and describe the patterns for the following sets of numbers or objects.
a) The committee of Mathematics Society holds meetings in March 2017 on the
following dates:
1 March, 8 March, 15 March, 22 March, 29 March
b) 3,9,27,81…..

Solution
a) 1 March, 8 March, 15 March, 22 March, 29 March

+7 +7 +7 +7
The first meeting was held on 1 March 2017, and the following meetings were held every 7
days of March.

b) 3, 9, 27, 81, ….

x3 x3 x3
The set of numbers starts with number 3. Then, multiply the previous number with 3 to
obtain the following number.
Practice 1.1
1. State pattern for each of the following numbers.
a) 1, 4, 16, 64, …..
b) 0, 2, 4, 6, ….
c) 40, 35, 30, 25, ….
d) 100, 10, 1, 0, 1, ….

2. Complete the Pascal’s triangle.

1.2 Sequences

Sequence
1. A set of numbers or objects according to certain patterns is called a
sequence.
2. Each number or object in a sequence is the term of the sequence.
3. For example, the sequence of perfect cubes:

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, …..

First second third fourth fifth

term term term term term

Identifying and completing the patterns of a sequence

1. Each sequence has a pattern. Based on the pattern, each term of the
sequence can be determined.
2. As an example, for sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, …. , the pattern of the
sequence is add 3 to the previous term to obtain the next term.
4, 4 + 3 = 7, 7 + 3= 10, 10 + 3 = 13, 13 + 3 = 16, …

Example 2

Describe the pattern for the following sequences and hence, write down the next two
terms.
a) 56, 50, 44, 38, ….
b) 2, 6, 18, 54, …..

Solution
a) 56, 50, 44, 38, 32, 26

-6 -6 -6 -6 -6
Pattern of sequence: Subtract 6 from the previous term.
Next two terms: 32 and 26

b) 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486

x3 x3 x3 x3 x3
Pattern of sequence: Multiply the previous term by 3
Next two terms: 162 and 486
Practice 1.2
1. Describe the pattern of the given sequences. Hence, write down the next two
terms.
a) 9, 12, 15, 18, ….
b) 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, ….

2. Describe the pattern of the given sequences. Hence, write down the next two
terms.
a) 1, 5, 25, 125, ….
b) 243, 81, 27, 9, ….

3. Complete the following sequences.

a) 16, 22, , 34, 40, , 52, …..

b) , -2, 3, 8, , ……

c) 1, 2, 4, , 16, , 64, , ….

d) , 96, 48, , 12,

1.3 Pattern and Sequences

Making generalization about pattern and determining the term of

sequences
1. The value of any term in a sequence can be determined based on the
generalization about the pattern of the sequence.
2. Generalisation about the pattern of a sequence can be written in the form
of algebraic expression for the n-th term, Tn of the sequence.
3. The value of a term can be determined by substituting the value of n, i.e.
the position of the term, into the algebraic expression.

Example 3
It is given that the sequence is : 7, 13, 19, 25, ….
State the pattern in terms of numbers, words and algebraic expression.

Solution
7, 13, 19, 25, ….

+6 +6 +6

Numbers: +6

Words: The sequence starts from 7, the next term is obtained by adding 6 to
the previous number.

Algebraic expressions: 7= 7+ 6 (0)

13 = 7 + 6 (1)
19 = 7 + 6 (2)
25 = 7 + 6 (3)

Therefore, 7 + 6 (n) , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …..

Example 6

It is given that the n-th term of a sequence is Tn = 3n – 7 . Find

a) The first three terms
b) The 18th term

Solution
a) Tn = 3n – 7
T1 = 3 x 1 – 7 T2= 3 x 2 – 7 T 3= 3 x 3 - 7
=-4 =-1 =2

Hence the first three terms are – 4, - 1, and 2.

b) The 18th term = T18

= 3 x 18 - 7
= 47

Practice 1.3
1. Make a generalisation about the nth term for each of the following sequences.
(algebraic expressions) Hence, determine the 10th term and the 18th term.
a) 3, 8, 13, 18, ….
b) 3, 9, 27, 81, ….
c) 4, 12, 20, 28, ….

2. It is given that the n-th term of a sequence is given by Tn = n(2n-1). Find.

a) The 4th term
b) The 10th term

SUMMING UP

Patterns
Repeated or varying arrangement of
a set of numbers, objects or shapes.
Generalisation of
Patterns and patterns
Sequences Description of patterns
in terms of algebraic
Sequences expression.
A set of numbers that vary according
to a certain pattern.
 Summative
Practice 1
Basic Level
1. Describe the patterns of the following sets of numbers.
a) 32, 28, 24, 20, 16, ….
b) 128 , 64, 32, 16, ….

2. Write down the next two numbers of the following sets of numbers.
a) 2, 7 , 12, 17, ( ), ( ), …..
b) 1, 2, 5, 10, 17, ( ), ( ), …..

3. It is given that the nth term, Tn of a sequence is Tn = 5n + 6. Find

a) The 5th term
b) The 12th term

Intermediate Level
4. Complete each of the following sequences.
a) 4, 9, 14, ( ), 24, ( ), ( ), …
b) 72, ( ), 56, 48, ( ), 32, 24, ( ), …

5. Given the sequence: 11, 15, 19, 23, …

a) Write down the next two terms.
b) Write down the nth term, Tn, of the sequence in the form of
algebraic expression.
c) Hence, determine the 100th term.

Advanced Level
6. Make a generalization about the pattern of sequence of
a) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, …
b) Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …

7. Do the number in bold represents the pattern of the set of numbers

correctly? State ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ .
a) 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, …
b) 70, 40, 30, 20, 10, …
c) 5, 10, 20, 45, 80, …
Answers for Chapter 1

Practice 1.1
1. a) Multiply the previous number by 4.
b)Add 2 to the previous number.
c) Subtract 5 from the previous number.
d) Divide the previous number by 10.

Practice 1.2
1. a) Pattern: Add 3 to the previous term.
The next two terms: 21, 24
b)Pattern: Subtract 2 from the previous term.
The next two terms: 2, 0
2. a) Pattern: Multiply the previous term by 5.
The next two terms: 625, 3125
b)Pattern: Divide the previous term by 3.
The next two terms: 3, 1
3. a) 28, 46
b)-7, 13, 18
c) 8, 32, 128
d) 192, 24, 6

Practice 1.3
1. a) Tn = 5n – 2
T10 = 48 , T18 = 88
b)Tn = 3n
T10 = 310 T18 = 318
c)Tn = 8n – 4
T10 = 76 T18 = 140
2. a) 28
b)190

Summative Practice 1
1. a) Subtract 4 from the previous term.
b)Divide the previous term by 2.
2. a) 22, 27
b)26, 37
3. a) 31
b)66
4. a) 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, …
b) 72, 64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, …
5. a) 27, 31
b)Tn = 4n + 7
c)407
6. a) nth even number = 2n b) nth odd number = 2n -1
7. a) Yes b) No c) No d) Yes
2.1 Expansion

Expansion of two algebraic expressions

1. Expansion of two algebraic expressions is the multiplication of two
algebraic expressions to form a single algebraic expression.
2. Observe the following.
a)
x ( x + 4 )=x 2 + 4 x
b)

( x +3 ) ( x + 4 ) =x2 + 4 x+ 3 x +12
¿ x 2+7 x +12

3. Like terms can be added or subtracted.

Eg. 4p + 7p = 11p

Example 1

Expand:
a) p(2 p+5)
b) −4 q( 2−3 q)
c) −2(4 m+1)2

Solution
a) p ( 2 p+5 )=( p X 2 p ) + ( p X 5 )
¿ 2 p 2+5 p

b) −4 q ( 2−3 q )=(−4 q X 2 ) + (−4 q X−3 q )

2
¿−8 q +12 p

c) −2( 4 m+1)2=−2(4 m+1)(4 m+1)

¿−2¿
2
¿−2(16 m + 8 m+1)
¿−32 m2−16 m−2
Practice 2.1
1. Expand
a) 5 ( 2 x +3 )
b) ( x +4 )( x +6 )
c) (x +4 )2
d) 4 ( m−3 ) +7 m
2.2 Factorisation

Relating the Multiplication of algebraic expression and factorisation

1. Factorisation of algebraic expressions is a process of finding factors of an
algebraic expression.
2. Factors of an algebraic expression can be obtained through reversing the
expansion of process.
3. Hence, factorisation is the reverse of expansion.
Expansion

x (3 x+ 4) 3 x 2+ 4 x

Factorisation

4. An algebraic expression with two terms can be factorized using the

highest common factor (HCF),

Example 2
Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions
a) 4h – 20
b) 18xy – 27yz

Solution
a) 4h – 20 = 4( h – 5 )
b) 18xy – 27 yz = 9y (2x – 3z)

5. Factorisation of a 2−b2
2 2
a −b =(a−b)(a+ b)

Example 3
Factorise
a) x 2−16=x2 −4 2
¿(x −4)( x + 4)
 6. An algebraic expression with three terms can be factorised using cross multiplication
method.

Example 4
Factorise the following
a) 4 w2 −8 w−5=4 w 2+ 2 w−10 w−5
¿ 2 w ( 2 w+1 ) −5(2 w+1)
¿(2w−5)(2 w+1)

b) m2 +mn−5 m−5 n=( m2+ mn ) −(5 m+5 n)

¿ m ( m+n )−5( m+n)
¿( m+ n)(m−5)

Practice 2.2
1. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions.
a) 6x + 6y
b) 3p – 3q
c) 3xy – 6yz
d) 5pq – 9pr

2. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions.

a) x 2− y 2
b) y 2−49
c) 9 a 2−16 b2
d) 81 p 2−64 q2

3. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions.

a) x 2+ 8 x+7
b) x 2−14 x−51
c) 2 x 2+ 9 x+10
d) 2 x2 −13 x + 15

4. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions.

a) p( 3 – q ) + 6 ( 3 – q )
b) d( 2e – f ) + e(f – 2e )
 2.3 Algebraic expressions and law of basic
Arithmetic operations

Addition and Subtraction of algebraic expressions

1. In general, the following steps are used to simplify algebraic expressions.

a) Expanding algebraic expressions.
b) Arrange and group like terms.
c) Simplify by adding or subtracting like terms.
d) Factorise algebraic expression, if needed.

Operations involving algebraic fractions

1. Fractions containing variables are called algebraic fractions.
2. Before performing any addition and subtraction, the fractions need to
have a common denominator.

Practice 2.3
1. Express each of the following as fraction in its lowest term.
7 4
a) x+3 + x−2

2 1
b) 2 x +3 y + 4 x+6 y
 Summative
Practice 2
Basic Level
1. Expand each of the following.
a) ( x + 5 )(x – 5 )
b) ( p – 2q )( 3p + q )

2. Factrorise completely the following algebraic expressions.

a) 4x – 20
b) 2a + 14 – ab – 7b
c) m2−6 m+2 mn−12 n
d) 3x + 15 – xy -5y
e) 2 x2 +15 x−8

4 5
3. Express −
x+3 2( x +3) as a single fraction.

Intermediate Level
4. Given the height of a cuboid is ( 3x + 4 ) cm. The length of its square base
is ( x + 2 ) cm. Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the cuboid.

5. Given 2 x2 −2 y 2=175 and x− y =3.5 , find the value of x + y .

Answers for Chapter 2

Practice 2.1
1. a) 10x + 15
b) x 2+ 10 x +24
c) x 2+ 8 x+16
d)11m – 12

Practice 2.2
1. a) 6( x + y )
b)3 ( p – q )
c) 3y ( x – 2z )
d) p ( 5q – 9r )

2. a) 6( x + y )
b) 3( p – q )
c) 3y ( x – 2z)
d) p ( 5q – 9r)

3.a) ( x + 7 )(x + 1 )
b) ( x – 17 )( x + 3 )
c) ( 2x + 5 )( x + 2)
d) ( 2x – 3 )( x – 5 )

4.a) ( 3 – q )( p + 6 )
b) ( 2e – f )( d – e )

Practice 2.3
11 x−2
1. a) ( x +3)(x−2)
5
b) 4 x +6 y

Summative Practice 2
1. a) x 2−25
b)3 p2−5 pq−2 q 2

2. a) 4( x – 5 )
b)( a + 7)( 2 – b )
 c) ( m – 6 )( m + 2n )
d) ( x + 5 )( 3 – y )
e) ( 2x – 1 )( x + 8 )

3
3. 2( x+ 3)
4. (3 x ¿ ¿ 3+16 x2 +28 x +16)cm3 ¿
5. 25

ALL THE BEST!!!

If you believe in yourself, anything is
possible!