Chng 4

3.1

O IN TR

O IN TR BNG VN K V AMPE K

in tr l mt trong nhng i lng in quan trng . Ngi ta phn loi in tr theo gi tr Ohm ca chng , in tr c phn thnh 3 cp

in tr c gi tr ln l in tr c gi tr t 0.1M tr ln in tr c gi tr trung bnh t 1K n 0.1M in tr c gi tr nh t 1K tr xung

Theo nh lut Ohm , ta c R = Nh vy xc nh gi tr in tr ta s dng ampe k v volt k . phng php ny , ta xc nh gi tr in tr ang hot ng ( o nng ) theo yu cu . C hai cch u mch l

Mc r di hay Ampe k mc sau . Ngha l mc volt k trc ampe

k mc sau

Mc r ngn hay ampe k mc trc . Ngha l mc ampe k trc

volt k mc sau
A A

RX

RX

Mc r dai

Mc r ngn

3.1.1 Mc r ngn ( ampe k mc trc ) Do volt k mc song song vi in tr ti nn ta c IA = IV + IR Nu IR >> IV th sai s do nh hng ca volt k khng ng k Tht vy , ni tr ca volt k v in tr ti in tr tng ng c xc nh RX = = Sai s tng i ca php o (%) % = 100% = ( - 1 ) 100%

 sai s (% nh nht th biu thc ( 1 + ) 1 Ngha l 0 hay RV >> RX Nh vy phng php ny c s dng trong trng hp in tr cn o RX c gi tr nh hoc volt k c ni tr ln 3.1.2 Mc r di ( Ampe k mc sau ) Do ampe k mc ni tip vi in tr cn o nn tng tr c xc nh theo biu thc RX = RA + RX Sai s tng i ca php o % = = 100% gim thiu sai s tng i % th RX >> RA ( ngha l URX >> UA ) Nh vy phng php ny c s dng trong trng hp in tr cn o c gi tr ln hoc ampe k c ni tr nh 3.1.3 Phng php so snh phng php ny , ngi ta thng dng cu o Wheatstone xc nh gi tr in tr c chnh xc hn v thng c dng trong phng th nghim v nhng u im ca n C hai phng php o l Phng php cn bng Phng php khng cn bng 3.2 O IN TR BNG OHM K 3.2.1 S mch in o in tr Trong ng h o vn nng cn c tn gi khc l multimeter VOM , y l loi ng h dng o in p , dng in v in tr . trong trng hp dng Ohm k o in tr th trng thi o l phn t in tr o RX khng c nng lng ( o ngui ) mch o s s dng ngun pin ring
RX

hay

U = UA + URX

R1

Rm

y l mch dng in qua c

Ohm k mc ni tip , cu ch th Im

Im =
Rm

Eb Rx + R1 + Rm

R1 in tr chun ca tm o.

in tr ni ca c cu.

Khi Khi

Rx 0 , Im Imax Rx , Im 0
15
45

( dng cc i ca c cu t in ) ( khng c dng qua c cu )

5

Thang o kho g tuye tnh cu Omh ke n n a

V d Cho mch o in tr nh hnh v . Bit rng in p ngun pin l Eb = 1.5V v R1 + Rm = 15 k - Imax = 100A a. Xc nh lch kim ca c cu o khi

b. RX c ni tt c. Xc nh gi tr in tr RX khi kim c cu o lch Dm

Gii T s trn , ta nhn thy khi RX = 0 ( ni tt ) th dng in qua c cu o c gi tr ln nht ( Im = Imax ) Tht vy , ta c Im = Imax = = = 100 A Im = Imax = 100A Khi kim c cu o lch Dm , th dng in qua c cu o c gi tr l Im = Imax = 50 A T ta xc nh c gi tr ca in tr RX l RX = - ( R1 + Rm ) RX = 15 k 3.2.2 Mch o in tr thc t Trong thc t ngun pin Eb c th thay i . Khi Rx 0 , dng in Im qua c cu khng bng Imax do mch o c th mc thm R2 , bin tr ny dng chnh im 0 cho mch o khi b Eb thay i . Nh vy, trc khi o ta phi ngn mch AB ( ni tt in tr RX # ng tc chp 2 que o ) v iu chnh R2 ( nt Adj ca h VOM ) cho kim ch th ca Ohm k ch 0 . Theo mch trn dng Ib
RX R1 Rm I2 E R2 Im

Ib =

Eb R x + R1 + R 2 // R m

Nu R2 // Rm << R1 th :
Ib = Eb R x + R1

Nh vy, in p Vm c xc nh

Vm = I b ( R2 // Rm )
Dng in Im qua c cu ch th

Im =

Vm I b ( R2 // Rm ) = Rm Rm

Do mi ln o ta cho Rx 0 bng cch iu chnh R2 cho

Im =

E b ( R 2 // R m ) = I max R1 Rm

cho khi Eb c s thay i th s ch th RX s khng thay i 3.2.3 Nguyn l o Ohm k tuyn tnh Thang o ca Ohm k theo nguyn l dng in nh cp trn khng tuyn tnh theo in tr o. Do cc mch o Ohm k tuyn tnh trong my o in t ch th kim hoc ch th s, chng ta chuyn tr s o in tr RX sang in p o VX bng cch cung cp ngun dng in I khng i (bt chp tr s Rx) . VX = RX.I . Sau RX c o bi mch in p, VX tuyn tnh theo RX Nh vy, khi Rx 0, Vx 0V Khi Rx , VX gi tr ln nht ca mch o Nh vy nu vn k c in tr chnh my trc khi o, th phi chnh Rx cho mch o. Khng chnh Rx 0 nh mch o dng nguyn l dng trong phn trc

3.3. O IN TR BNG CU O 3.3.1 o in tr dng cu Wheatstone cn bng Cu Wheatstone c mc nh hnh v . Trong R1 , R2 , R3 l cc in tr mu G RX Vn hnh Ta chnh cc gi tr in tr R1 , R2 , R3 cho n khi in k G ch zero . Khi cu cn bng , dng in qua in k G bng khng ( zero ) ngha l UC = UA
R1 R2
R1 I1 A RX C R3 R2 I2

l in k ch th 0 l in tr cn o

Ig r Rg G

RX

R3

UR - US

ie tr ngo n r ra

Ma h Thevenin khi tala c i rg cu ie ke a n

Hay Suy ra

UR1 = UR2 v I1 R1 = I2 R2 v = hay RX =

URX = UR3 I1 RX = I2 R3

Vi phng php o ny RX s c so snh vi cc in tr mu Ta nhn thy , kt qu o in tr RX khng ph thuc vo ngun cung cp cho mch in , y l u im ca cu o Wheatstone . Tuy nhin phng php thao tc phc tp v phi iu chnh cc in tr mu nhiu ln v gi tr in tr cn o R X li ph thuc vo nhy ca in k G , nhy ca in k G cng cao th s xc nh

cn bng cng ngv ph thuc vo dy ni v in tr tip xc cc mi ni . Ngoi ra sai s ca cc in tr mu cng nh hng n sai s ca RX , chng hn , nu sai s ca cc in tr ln lt l R1 = R2 = 0.5% , R3 = 10% th sai s ca in tr khi o l R = R1,2,3 = R1 + R2 + R3 = 0.5% + 1% + 1% = 2.5% Vi in tr bt k RX , cu wheatstone cn bng , ta thay i t s gia R 1/ R2 v thay i gi tr in tr R3 , in tr R3 c gi tr thay i tng cp , mi cp c gi tr 0.1( hoc tng Ohm mt nh cc cu Wheatstone trong phng th nghim ng dng ca phng php dng cu Wheatstone l xc nh ch chm mass ca dy cp in
U X M V Y

U R1 V G

LX

Y R2 X E M

Gi s UV XY l on dy cn tt l on dy b chm v

Cc on dy UV , XY c chiu di l L v in tr ca cc on dy ny l R Khi cu wheatstone cn bng , ta c = Suy ra RX = LX = 2L 3.3.2 o in tr dng cu Wheatstone khng cn bng Trong cng nghip , ngi ta thng dng nguyn l cu Wheatstone khng cn bng ngha l cn c vo in p ra hay dng in ra ng ra ca cu Wheatstone o in t hay sai s (R ca phn t o . Phng php ny cn c ngun cung cp n nh v in p ra ph thuc vo ngun cung cp E , ngoi ra sai s cn ph thuc vo cc in tr mu thnh phn ca cu Wheatstone . Cn nhy ca cu li ph vo ngun cung cp E v ni tr ca b ch th . Khi tho in k G ra khi mch , ta c Tng tr c xc nh
R1 R2 I1 A RX G VR VS C R3 I2

Do chiu di dy dn t l vi in tr ca dy dn , nn ta c

ie a ngo e cu ca Wheatstone n p ra h a u

R = ( R1 // RX ) + ( R2 // R3 ) in p ng ra ca cu UA UC = E ( - ) Nh vy mch tng ng Thevenin ca cu c xc nh . Do dng in Ig qua in k khi cu khng cn bng Ig = V d Xc nh s thay nh nht ca gi tr in tr RX m in k G pht hin c khi nhy ca in k G l 1A / DIV ( DIV l mt vch chia ca thang o ) . Bit rng R1 = 3.5 K , R2 = 7 K v R3 = 4 K , RX = 2 K v ni tr ca in k G l rg = 2.5 K , s dng ngun in E = 10V Gii Theo biu thc mch tong ng Thevenin UA UC = Ig ( r + rg ) r = ( R1 // RX ) + ( R2 // R3 ) rg l ni tr ca in k G

r = ( 3.5 x 2 )/ ( 3.5 + 2 ) + ( 7 x 4 ) / ( 7 + 4 ) = 3.82K

Khi Ig thay i 1A th gi tr ( UA UC ) cng thay i . S thay i ny c xc nh

6.32mA
M

( UA UC ) = Ig ( r + rg ) = 1A x ( 3.82 + 2.5 ) = ( UA UC ) = R2 / ( R2 + R3 )

Nh vy Rmin c c khi ( UA UC ) cng ln , nhy cng tng th ngun cung cp E phi ln , nhng vic tng ngun cung cp ch c th tng trong phm vi no . Do khc phc hin tng ny ta phi khuch i ( UA UC ) v tng tr Zi ca mch khuch i phi ln . 3.4 O IN TR T Cc o in tr t c lm bng kim loi ( thng bng ng ) gm mt hoc nhiu thanh dn in c ng xung t , khi chng ta c cc t . Sau cc cc t ny c ni vo mch o bng nhng dy dn in. in tr t in tr ca vng t cn o tip xc vi cc t s c xc nh bi in p ri trn in tr t khi c dng in i qua n . Trong thc t in tr t ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng xung quanh ( nhit , m ), thnh phn ca t. Khong cch gia cc cc t cho in tr t kho st cc cc t khng nh hng vi nhau ( Ngha l cc in tr cc A khng b nh hng bi vng t ca cc

B). Hai cc t cch nhau t 10 m n 20 m s c in tr t khng nh hng ln nhau . Ngun in p cung cp cho mch o ngun tn hiu cung cp cho mch o l ngun tn hiu xoay chiu dng sin hoc xung vung . Chng ta trnh dng ngun DC Do nh hng ca in gii s lm tng sai s do in th in cc. Nu dng in li in lc th phi dng bin p cch ly trnh nh hng dng trung tnh v cc t ca dy trung tnh . Mch o c mc nh hnh

220 V

A A V B C

RX

RB 10 m

RC 10 m

Cc A : cc o in tr t RX Cc B : cc ph o in p Cc C : cc ph o dng in

I I V IV

Theo mch tng ng ca in tr t cc A, B, C . Ta c : VAB = RA.I + RB.IV Ta c : M Nn I = I + IV IV << I I I VAB RA.I RA.I

Suy ra

RA =

V AB I

Vy in tr t cc A c xc nh bi tr s c trn vn k v ampe k. Phng php o gin tip Trong trng hp ny ta o in tr t ca tng hai cc :
220 V

A V A B C

R X

RB 10 m

RC 10 m

Vn k v ampe k s cho gi tr in tr ca tng hai cc :

RA + RB =

V1 I1

Sau , ln lt o cho cc A - C v B C ta c :
RA + RC = RB + RC = V2 I2 V3 I3

Sau gii ba phng trnh ta xc nh c RA, RB, RC.