Julia Lee 860884396 ETST 5/ DISC 26 TA: Alex February 26, 2012 Week 7 Reading Notes Takaki p315-354

Filipinos did not face the presence of a racist white working class because they were pitted against Japanese workers on the plantations to prevent violence and disrupting work schedule. Filipinos comprised 40% of the total agricultural work force in Salinas Valley. !933, the Filipino Labor Union led strike to protest 20 cent/hr wage. o Replaced the Filipinos with Mexicans, Asian Indians, and Japanese Filipinos often see as criminally minded and troublemakers. Called headhunters and untamed. Filipinos forbidden from mingling with the dominant race in the country: Caucasians. Tydings McDuffie Act- Filipinos reclassified as aliens, became ineligible for assistance from New Deal programs such as NYA and WPA. Relief Appropriation Act of 1937- preference to American citizens in need of relief then aliens who had declared their plan to become citizens. o Supreme Court had already declared that Filipinos could not even apply for naturalized citizenship because they did not look white. Filipinos were at advantage compared to the Chinese and the Japanese since they already knew how to speak English so had access to bigger job opportunities. Filipino queens worked as maids, harvested vegetables and fruits, or cooked for the work crews. Just like any other ethnicities, Filipinos lacked women of the same ethnicity. Bulosan was inspired by many white women and in the end realized that they were all Americans.

America is in the Heart: Intro, Part 1 & 2 The book is about how it feels to be treated as a criminal in a strange and alien society for crimes the Filipinos did not commit. Majority of the Filipinos landed in California. Carlos Bulosan never returned to Philippines or become a U.S. citizen. o Publisher of The End of the War. Philippines was going through a big change from independence which caused the younger generation to be influenced by false American ideals and models of living becoming total strangers of older generation (5). Brother Leon got married and once it was revealed that his wife was not a virgin, they were attacked by people.

Armado was youngest of the four brothers. The parents did not have the money to send him to a good high school and hearing that America was offering free education. Macario wanted to finish school so he continued to ask his parents to sell the land to fund his education The father had lost the land and the family became poor The middle class Filipinos looked down at the peasant family (i.e. calling Allos mom what are you looking at poor woman?) Allos sister Irene died from sickness. The family could not pay the last installment on their land so the moneylender took the land away. The father had lost all hopes and became a pathetic figure in the family while Luciano was getting deeper in local politics. Allos was sick of it so he began to come up with ideas of going to the U.S. to continue his education. Allos managed to get to Chinatown then was sold for five dollars Allos got involved in multiple shootings but managed to survive to head off to California. Ran into a man named Claro who talked about how Filipinos work hard during the day but all the money go to Chinese at the end through gambling. Told to never come back to Stockton until ready to fight for the Filipinos. Finally found his brother Amado who was carrying a knife and didnt recognize his brother until his mothers name was brought up. Filipinos were being shot on the streets for no reason and there was no way to complain because all the blame would be placed on them. Alonzo was arrested in the middle of the night for turning to education when he was not a white man. Alonzo went on anti-American campaign and studied law which gave hopes to Allos that there is a way to fight back for unity in the States. Roldan vs The United States- Filipinos were considered Mongolians. Mongolians were not allowed to marry Caucasian races so Filipinos got involved.